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Tavakol S, Shakibapour S, Bidgoli SA. The Level of Testosterone, Vitamin D, and Irregular Menstruation More Important than Omega-3 in Non-Symptomatic Women Will Define the Fate of Multiple Scleroses in Future. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:462-469. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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102
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Cohen A, Smith Y, Faggio C. Estrogen regulation of gene expression in the teleost fish immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:42-49. [PMID: 27633675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms of estrogens-induced immunomodulation in teleost fish is of great importance due to the observed worldwide continuing decrease in pristine environments. However, little is know about the immunotoxicological consequences of exposure to these chemicals in fish, or of the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. In this review, we summarize the results showing estrogens (natural or synthetic) acting through estrogen receptors and regulating specific target genes, also through microRNAs (miRNAs), leading to modulation of the immune functioning. The identification and characterization of miRNAs will provide new opportunities for functional genome research on teleost immune system and can also be useful when screening for novel molecule biomarkers for environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz BCS, 23090, México
| | - Amit Cohen
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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103
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Crider A, Pillai A. Estrogen Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:48-58. [PMID: 27789681 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens, the primary female sex hormones, were originally characterized through their important role in sexual maturation and reproduction. However, recent studies have shown that estrogens play critical roles in a number of brain functions, including cognition, learning and memory, neurodevelopment, and adult neuroplasticity. A number of studies from both clinical as well as preclinical research suggest a protective role of estrogen in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. Alterations in the levels of estrogen receptors have been found in subjects with ASD or schizophrenia, and adjunctive estrogen therapy has been shown to be effective in enhancing the treatment of schizophrenia. This review summarizes the findings on the role of estrogen in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders with a focus on ASD and schizophrenia. We also discuss the potential of estrogen as a therapeutic target in the above disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Crider
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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104
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Ge QL, Liu SH, Ai ZH, Tao MF, Ma L, Wen SY, Dai M, Liu F, Liu HS, Jiang RZ, Xue ZW, Jiang YH, Sun XH, Hu YM, Zhao YX, Chen X, Tao Y, Zhu XL, Ding WJ, Yang BQ, Liu DD, Zhang XR, Teng YC. RelB/NF-κB links cell cycle transition and apoptosis to endometrioid adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2402. [PMID: 27711077 PMCID: PMC5133976 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling has been causally associated with numerous human malignancies. Although the NF-κB family of genes has been implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis, information regarding the involvement of central regulators of NF-κB signaling in human endometrial cancer (EC) is limited. Here, we investigated the specific roles of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling in endometrial tumorigenesis. We found that NF-κB RelB protein, but not RelA, displayed high expression in EC samples and cell lines, with predominant elevation in endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEC). Moreover, tumor cell-intrinsic RelB was responsible for the abundant levels of c-Myc, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, which are key regulators of cell cycle transition, apoptosis and proliferation in EEC. In contrast, p27 expression was enhanced by RelB depletion. Thus, increased RelB in human EC is associated with enhanced EEC cell growth, leading to endometrial cell tumorigenicity. Our results reveal that regulatory RelB in noncanonical NF-κB signaling may serve as a therapeutic target to block EC initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lin Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - San-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Ai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Fang Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Yun Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Shao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Hang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ding
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin-Cheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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105
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Uchoa MF, Moser VA, Pike CJ. Interactions between inflammation, sex steroids, and Alzheimer's disease risk factors. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:60-82. [PMID: 27651175 PMCID: PMC5123957 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no effective strategies to prevent or slow its progression. Because AD is multifactorial, recent research has focused on understanding interactions among the numerous risk factors and mechanisms underlying the disease. One mechanism through which several risk factors may be acting is inflammation. AD is characterized by chronic inflammation that is observed before clinical onset of dementia. Several genetic and environmental risk factors for AD increase inflammation, including apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution. Additionally, sex steroid hormones appear to contribute to AD risk, with age-related losses of estrogens in women and androgens in men associated with increased risk. Importantly, sex steroid hormones have anti-inflammatory actions and can interact with several other AD risk factors. This review examines the individual and interactive roles of inflammation and sex steroid hormones in AD, as well as their relationships with the AD risk factors apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Uchoa
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - V Alexandra Moser
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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106
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Mak P, Li J, Samanta S, Mercurio AM. ERβ regulation of NF-kB activation in prostate cancer is mediated by HIF-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40247-54. [PMID: 26450901 PMCID: PMC4741892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the regulation of NF-κB in prostate cancer by estrogen receptor β (ERβ) based on the inverse correlation between p65 and ERβ expression that exists in prostate carcinomas and reports that ERβ can inhibit NF-κB activation, although the mechanism is not known. We demonstrate that ERβ functions as a gate-keeper for NF-κB p65 signaling by repressing its expression and nuclear translocation. ERβ regulation of NF-κB signaling is mediated by HIF-1. Loss of ERβ or hypoxia stabilizes HIF-1α, which we found to be a direct driver of IKKβ transcription through a hypoxia response element present in the promoter of the IKKβ gene. The increase of IKKβ expression in ERβ-ablated cells correlates with an increase in phospho-IκBα and concomitant p65 nuclear translocation. An inverse correlation between the expression of ERβ and IKKβ/p65 was also observed in the prostates of ERβ knockout (BERKO) mice, Gleason grade 5 prostate tumors and analysis of prostate cancer databases. These findings provide a novel mechanism for how ERβ prevents NF-κB activation and raise the exciting possibility that loss of ERβ expression is linked to chronic inflammation in the prostate, which contributes to the development of high-grade prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mak
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jiarong Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sanjoy Samanta
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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107
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Tumor necrosis is an important hallmark of aggressive endometrial cancer and associates with hypoxia, angiogenesis and inflammation responses. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39676-91. [PMID: 26485755 PMCID: PMC4741854 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Tumor necrosis is associated with aggressive features of endometrial cancer and poor prognosis. Here, we investigated gene expression patterns and potential treatment targets related to presence of tumor necrosis in primary endometrial cancer lesions. Methods and Results By DNA microarray analysis, expression of genes related to tumor necrosis reflected multiple tumor-microenvironment interactions like tissue hypoxia, angiogenesis and inflammation pathways. A tumor necrosis signature of 38 genes and a related patient cluster (Cluster I, 67% of the cases) were associated with features of aggressive tumors such as type II cancers, estrogen receptor negative tumors and vascular invasion. Further, the tumor necrosis signature was increased in tumor cells grown in hypoxic conditions in vitro. Multiple genes with increased expression are known to be activated by HIF1A and NF-kB. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the presence of tumor necrosis within primary tumors is associated with hypoxia, angiogenesis and inflammation responses. HIF1A, NF-kB and PI3K/mTOR might be potential treatment targets in aggressive endometrial cancers with presence of tumor necrosis.
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108
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Jara EL, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Hormonal Modulation of Dendritic Cells Differentiation, Maturation and Function: Implications for the Initiation and Progress of Systemic Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:123-136. [PMID: 27585815 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal homeostasis is crucial for keeping a competent and healthy immune function. Several hormones can modulate the function of various immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) by influencing the initiation of the immune response and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Hormones, such as estrogens, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids may profoundly affect DCs differentiation, maturation and function leading to either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory (or tolerogenic) phenotype. If not properly regulated, these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. An unbalanced hormonal status may affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of activating/inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules on conventional and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conferring susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling in conventional DCs can promote IFN-α and IL-6 production and induce the expression of CD40, CD86 and MHCII molecules. Furthermore, estrogen modulates the pDCs response to Toll-like receptor ligands enhancing T cell priming. During lupus pathogenesis, ER-α deficiency decreased the expression of MHC II on pDCs from the spleen. In contrast, estradiol administration to lupus-prone female mice increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced the immunogenicity and produced large amounts of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived DCs. These data suggest that estradiol/ER signaling may play an active role during lupus pathology. Similarly, understanding hormonal modulation of DCs may favor the design of new therapeutic strategies based on autologous tolerogenic DCs transfer, especially in sex-biased systemic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent data relative to the role of different hormones (estrogen, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids) in DC function during systemic autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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109
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Sex effects on inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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110
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Alanazi IO, Ebrahimie E. Computational Systems Biology Approach Predicts Regulators and Targets of microRNAs and Their Genomic Hotspots in Apoptosis Process. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:460-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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111
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da Silva LHA, Panazzolo DG, Marques MF, Souza MGC, Paredes BD, Nogueira Neto JF, Leão LMCSM, Morandi V, Bouskela E, Kraemer-Aguiar LG. Low-dose estradiol and endothelial and inflammatory biomarkers in menopausal overweight/obese women. Climacteric 2016; 19:337-43. [PMID: 27170466 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2016.1180676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of low-dose transdermal estrogen on endothelial and inflammatory biomarkers in menopausal overweight/obese women. METHODS We recruited 44 menopausal women (47-55 years; body mass index 27.5-34.9 kg/m(2)) and divided them into estradiol (1 mg/day; n = 22) or placebo groups (n = 22). They were double-blinded, followed and treated for 3 months. At baseline and post-intervention, inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α) and of vascular injury (activated circulating endothelial cells, CEC-a) and repair (endothelial progenitor cells, EPC) were quantified. Resting CECs (CEC-r) were also assessed. Microvascular reactivity and vasomotion were analyzed by laser-Doppler flowmetry. RESULTS Volunteers (51.8 ± 2.3 years; mean body mass index 31.5 ± 2.5 kg/m(2)) had been menopausal for 3 (range 2-5) years. After treatment, no changes were observed in the placebo group, while levels of CEC-r and EPC increased in the estradiol group. In this group, no changes in inflammatory biomarkers were observed but it required a lower cumulative dose of acetylcholine to achieve peak velocity during endothelial-dependent vasodilatation and there was increased endothelial-independent vasodilatation. CONCLUSIONS The short-term use of low-dose transdermal estradiol therapy in overweight/obese menopausal women increased markers of vascular repair and improved microvascular reactivity without changing the inflammatory biomarkers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01295892 at www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- L H A da Silva
- a Clinical and Experimental Research Laboratory on Vascular Biology , Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - D G Panazzolo
- a Clinical and Experimental Research Laboratory on Vascular Biology , Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - M Ferreira Marques
- b Angiogenesis and Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology , Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - M G C Souza
- a Clinical and Experimental Research Laboratory on Vascular Biology , Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - B Dias Paredes
- c Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory , Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - J F Nogueira Neto
- d Lipids Laboratory , Policlínica Piquet Carneiro, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - L M C S M Leão
- e Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Sciences Faculty , State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - V Morandi
- b Angiogenesis and Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology , Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - E Bouskela
- a Clinical and Experimental Research Laboratory on Vascular Biology , Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - L G Kraemer-Aguiar
- a Clinical and Experimental Research Laboratory on Vascular Biology , Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ;,e Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Sciences Faculty , State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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112
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Chi Y, Huang Q, Zhang H, Chen Y, Dong S. In situ combined chemical and biological assessment of estrogenic pollution in a water recycling system. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 43:216-223. [PMID: 27155427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic pollution and its control in aquatic systems have drawn substantial attention around the world. The chemical and biological assessment approaches currently utilized in the laboratory or field cannot give an integrated assessment of the pollution when used separately. In this study, in situ chemical and biological methods were combined to detect pollution in a water recycling system. Data for the water quality index (WQI) demonstrated that the water treatment resulted in the decline of pollution from upstream to downstream. Wild male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was sampled in June and September. The concentrations of four common endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were determined in the tilapia liver by chromatographic analysis methods. The level of 17β-estradiol (E2) declined from upstream to downstream in both months. In contrast, the levels of bisphenol A (BPA), di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalate (DEHP), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) did not display this declining tendency. The highest relative expression of vitellogenin 1 (VTG1) was observed in tilapia from upstream, then the level significantly decreased along the water system. The relative expression levels of CYP1A1 in the water system were also significantly higher than that of the control. However, no declining trend could be observed along the water system. The change of VTG1 expression corresponded well with that of E2 levels in the tilapia liver. Overall, our study assessed the pollution by endocrine disruptors using chemical and biological data with good correspondence. This study also demonstrated the effectiveness of the water recycling system in eliminating estrogen pollution in municipal sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulang Chi
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huanteng Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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113
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Hwang CJ, Choi DY, Jung YY, Lee YJ, Yun JS, Oh KW, Han SB, Oh S, Park MH, Hong JT. Inhibition of p38 pathway-dependent MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in estrogen receptor alpha knockout mice. Horm Behav 2016; 80:19-29. [PMID: 26836768 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Approximately, 7-10 million people in the world suffer from Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, increasing evidence has suggested the protective effect of estrogens against nigrostriatal dopaminergic damage in PD. In this study, we investigated whether estrogen affects 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced behavioral impairment in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-deficient mice. MPTP (15mg/kg, four times with 1.5-h interval)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration was evaluated in ERα wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. Larger dopamine depletion, behavioral impairments (Rotarod test, Pole test, and Gait test), activation of microglia and astrocytes, and neuroinflammation after MPTP injection were observed in ERα KO mice compared to those in WT mice. Immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) after MPTP injection showed fewer TH-positive neurons in ERα KO mice than WT mice. Levels of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC, metabolite of dopamine) were also lowered in ERα KO mice after MPTP injection. Interestingly, a higher immunoreactivity for monoamine oxidase (MAO) B was found in the substantia nigra and striatum of ERα KO mice after MPTP injection. We also found an increased activation of p38 kinase (which positively regulates MAO B expression) in ERα KO mice. In vitro estrogen treatment inhibited neuroinflammation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridium (MPP+)-treated cultured astrocyte cells; however, these inhibitory effects were removed by p38 inhibitor. These results indicate that ERα might be important for dopaminergic neuronal survival through inhibition of p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, South Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea
| | - Yu Yeon Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, South Korea
| | - Young-Jung Lee
- School of Equine Science, Cheju Halla University, 38 Halladaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-708, South Korea
| | - Jae Suk Yun
- Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, South Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, South Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, South Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, South Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, South Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-951, South Korea.
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Park MH, Hong JT. Roles of NF-κB in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases and Their Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020015. [PMID: 27043634 PMCID: PMC4931664 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammation, cell growth and survival, and development. NF-κB is critical for human health, and aberrant NF-κB activation contributes to development of various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis and malignant tumors. Thus, inhibiting NF-κB signaling has potential therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
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115
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Ho MF, Bongartz T, Liu M, Kalari KR, Goss PE, Shepherd LE, Goetz MP, Kubo M, Ingle JN, Wang L, Weinshilboum RM. Estrogen, SNP-Dependent Chemokine Expression and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Regulation. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:382-98. [PMID: 26866883 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported, on the basis of a genome-wide association study for aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal symptoms, that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A (TCL1A) gene were associated with aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal pain and with estradiol (E2)-induced TCL1A expression. Furthermore, variation in TCL1A expression influenced the downstream expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine receptors. Specifically, the top hit genome-wide association study SNP, rs11849538, created a functional estrogen response element (ERE) that displayed estrogen receptor (ER) binding and increased E2 induction of TCL1A expression only for the variant SNP genotype. In the present study, we pursued mechanisms underlying the E2-SNP-dependent regulation of TCL1A expression and, in parallel, our subsequent observations that SNPs at a distance from EREs can regulate ERα binding and that ER antagonists can reverse phenotypes associated with those SNPs. Specifically, we performed a series of functional genomic studies using a large panel of lymphoblastoid cell lines with dense genomic data that demonstrated that TCL1A SNPs at a distance from EREs can modulate ERα binding and expression of TCL1A as well as the expression of downstream immune mediators. Furthermore, 4-hydroxytamoxifen or fulvestrant could reverse these SNP-genotype effects. Similar results were found for SNPs in the IL17A cytokine and CCR6 chemokine receptor genes. These observations greatly expand our previous results and support the existence of a novel molecular mechanism that contributes to the complex interplay between estrogens and immune systems. They also raise the possibility of the pharmacological manipulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in a SNP genotype-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Ho
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tim Bongartz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mohan Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Paul E Goss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Lois E Shepherd
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - James N Ingle
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.-F.H., M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Rheumatology (M.-F.H., T.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (K.R.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research, and Division of Medical Oncology (M.P.G., J.N.I.), Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Division of Hematology/Oncology (P.E.G.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K.), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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116
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Chen J, Gong TT, Wu QJ. Parity and gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18766. [PMID: 26727146 PMCID: PMC4698715 DOI: 10.1038/srep18766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed this meta-analysis of epidemiological studies to comprehensively assess the association between parity and gastric cancer risk, because previous studies have shown conflicting results regarding this topic. Relevant prospective studies were identified by searching the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, and random-effects models were used to estimate summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Our search yielded 10 prospective cohort studies involving a total of 6624 gastric cancer cases and 5,559,695 non-cases. The SRRs for ever parity vs. nulliparous and highest vs. lowest parity number were 0.96 (95%CI = 0.87–1.05, I2 = 0%) and 1.03 (95%CI = 0.94–1.13, I2 = 0%), respectively. Additionally, the SRR for an increment of one live birth was 1.00 (95%CI = 0.97–1.03, I2 = 18.6%). These non-significant associations were observed in all subgroups as stratified by the number of gastric cases, follow-up years, geographic location, menopausal status, anatomic subsite of gastric cancer, and adjustment for potential confounders, as well as in sensitivity analyses. Our meta-analysis found no significant association between parity and gastric cancer risk. However, further studies should be conducted to validate our findings and could provide more detailed results by stratifying their findings by Lauren’s subtype, histology, and anatomic site, as well as fully adjusting for potential confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi-Jun Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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117
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Au A, Feher A, McPhee L, Jessa A, Oh S, Einstein G. Estrogens, inflammation and cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:87-100. [PMID: 26774208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of estrogens are pleiotropic, affecting multiple bodily systems. Changes from the body's natural fluctuating levels of estrogens, through surgical removal of the ovaries, natural menopause, or the administration of exogenous estrogens to menopausal women have been independently linked to an altered immune profile, and changes to cognitive processes. Here, we propose that inflammation may mediate the relationship between low levels of estrogens and cognitive decline. In order to determine what is known about this connection, we review the literature on the cognitive effects of decreased estrogens due to oophorectomy or natural menopause, decreased estrogens' role on inflammation--both peripherally and in the brain--and the relationship between inflammation and cognition. While this review demonstrates that much is unknown about the intersection between estrogens, cognition, inflammation, we propose that there is an important interaction between these literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Au
- University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4F Sidney Smith Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Anita Feher
- University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4F Sidney Smith Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Lucy McPhee
- University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4F Sidney Smith Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Ailya Jessa
- University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4F Sidney Smith Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Soojin Oh
- University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4F Sidney Smith Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Gillian Einstein
- University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4F Sidney Smith Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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118
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McNamara AV, Adamson AD, Dunham LSS, Semprini S, Spiller DG, McNeilly AS, Mullins JJ, Davis JRE, White MRH. Role of Estrogen Response Element in the Human Prolactin Gene: Transcriptional Response and Timing. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 30:189-200. [PMID: 26691151 PMCID: PMC4792233 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporter constructs in molecular physiology enables the inclusion of large sections of flanking DNA, likely to contain regulatory elements and enhancers regions that contribute to the transcriptional output of a gene. Using BAC recombineering, we have manipulated a 160-kb human prolactin luciferase (hPRL-Luc) BAC construct and mutated the previously defined proximal estrogen response element (ERE) located -1189 bp relative to the transcription start site, to assess its involvement in the estrogen responsiveness of the entire hPRL locus. We found that GH3 cell lines stably expressing Luc under control of the ERE-mutated hPRL promoter (ERE-Mut) displayed a dramatically reduced transcriptional response to 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment compared with cells expressing Luc from the wild-type (WT) ERE hPRL-Luc promoter (ERE-WT). The -1189 ERE controls not only the response to E2 treatment but also the acute transcriptional response to TNFα, which was abolished in ERE-Mut cells. ERE-WT cells displayed a biphasic transcriptional response after TNFα treatment, the acute phase of which was blocked after treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. Unexpectedly, we show the oscillatory characteristics of hPRL promoter activity in individual living cells were unaffected by disruption of this crucial response element, real-time bioluminescence imaging showed that transcription cycles were maintained, with similar cycle lengths, in ERE-WT and ERE-Mut cells. These data suggest the -1189 ERE is the dominant response element involved in the hPRL transcriptional response to both E2 and TNFα and, crucially, that cycles of hPRL promoter activity are independent of estrogen receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V McNamara
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Antony D Adamson
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lee S S Dunham
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Semprini
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - David G Spiller
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S McNeilly
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - John J Mullins
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R E Davis
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R H White
- Systems Microscopy Centre (A.V.M., A.D.A., D.G.S., M.R.H.W.), Faculty of Life Sciences, and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences (L.S.S.D., J.R.E.D.), Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and The Molecular Physiology Group (S.S., J.J.M.), Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit (A.S.M.), Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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119
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Fan P, Maximov PY, Curpan RF, Abderrahman B, Jordan VC. The molecular, cellular and clinical consequences of targeting the estrogen receptor following estrogen deprivation therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:245-63. [PMID: 26052034 PMCID: PMC4760743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past 20 years our understanding of the control of breast tumor development, growth and survival has changed dramatically. The once long forgotten application of high dose synthetic estrogen therapy as the first chemical therapy to treat any cancer has been resurrected, refined and reinvented as the new biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis. High dose estrogen therapy was cast aside once tamoxifen, from its origins as a failed "morning after pill", was reinvented as the first targeted therapy to treat any cancer. The current understanding of the mechanism of estrogen-induced apoptosis is described as a consequence of acquired resistance to long term antihormone therapy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. The ER signal transduction pathway remains a target for therapy in breast cancer despite "antiestrogen" resistance, but becomes a regulator of resistance. Multiple mechanisms of resistance come into play: Selective ER modulator (SERM) stimulated growth, growth factor/ER crosstalk, estrogen-induced apoptosis and mutations of ER. But it is with the science of estrogen-induced apoptosis that the next innovation in women's health will be developed. Recent evidence suggests that the glucocorticoid properties of medroxyprogesterone acetate blunt estrogen-induced apoptosis in estrogen deprived breast cancer cell populations. As a result breast cancer develops during long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT). A new synthetic progestin with estrogen-like properties, such as the 19 nortestosterone derivatives used in oral contraceptives, will continue to protect the uterus from unopposed estrogen stimulation but at the same time, reinforce apoptosis in vulnerable populations of nascent breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ramona F Curpan
- Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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120
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Nagari A, Franco HL. Interplay between inflammatory and estrogen signaling in breast cancer. Cytokine 2015; 76:588-590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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121
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Gharwan H, Bunch KP, Annunziata CM. The role of reproductive hormones in epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R339-63. [PMID: 26373571 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises ∼85% of all ovarian cancer cases. Despite acceptance regarding the influence of reproductive hormones on ovarian cancer risk and considerable advances in the understanding of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis on a molecular level, complete understanding of the biologic processes underlying malignant transformation of ovarian surface epithelium is lacking. Various hypotheses have been proposed over the past several decades to explain the etiology of the disease. The role of reproductive hormones in epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis remains a key topic of research. Primary questions in the field of ovarian cancer biology center on its developmental cell of origin, the positive and negative effects of each class of hormones on ovarian cancer initiation and progression, and the role of the immune system in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. The development of the female reproductive tract is dictated by the hormonal milieu during embryogenesis. Intensive research efforts have revealed that ovarian cancer is a heterogenous disease that may develop from multiple extra-ovarian tissues, including both Müllerian (fallopian tubes, endometrium) and non-Müllerian structures (gastrointestinal tissue), contributing to its heterogeneity and distinct histologic subtypes. The mechanism underlying ovarian localization, however, remains unclear. Here, we discuss the role of reproductive hormones in influencing the immune system and tipping the balance against or in favor of developing ovarian cancer. We comment on animal models that are critical for experimentally validating existing hypotheses in key areas of endocrine research and useful for preclinical drug development. Finally, we address emerging therapeutic trends directed against ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Gharwan
- National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 12N226, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1906, USAWomen's Malignancies BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USADepartment of Gynecologic OncologyWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen P Bunch
- National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 12N226, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1906, USAWomen's Malignancies BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USADepartment of Gynecologic OncologyWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 12N226, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1906, USAWomen's Malignancies BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USADepartment of Gynecologic OncologyWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M Annunziata
- National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 12N226, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1906, USAWomen's Malignancies BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USADepartment of Gynecologic OncologyWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Raloxifene Inhibits NF-kB Pathway and Potentiates Anti-Tumour Activity of Cisplatin with Simultaneous Reduction in its Nephrotoxictiy. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:145-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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123
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Pratap UP, Sharma HR, Mohanty A, Kale P, Gopinath S, Hima L, Priyanka HP, ThyagaRajan S. Estrogen upregulates inflammatory signals through NF-κB, IFN-γ, and nitric oxide via Akt/mTOR pathway in the lymph node lymphocytes of middle-aged female rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:591-598. [PMID: 26440402 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The alterations in the secretion of sex steroids, especially estrogen, in females throughout reproductive life and its decline with age alters the functions of the neuroendocrine-immune network and renders them susceptible to age-related diseases and cancers. This study investigates the mechanisms of estrogen-induced alterations in cell-mediated immune and inflammatory responses in the lymphocytes from lymph nodes (axillary and inguinal) of ovariectomized (OVX) middle-aged female rats. Ovariectomized middle-aged (MA) Sprague-Dawley female rats (n=8) were implanted with 17β-estradiol (E2) 30-day release pellets (0.6 and 300μg). At the end of the treatment period, lymph nodes (axillary and inguinal) were isolated and examined for serum 17β-estradiol, lymphoproliferation, cytokine production, expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-IκB-α and p-NF-κB (p50 and p65), extent of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) production, cytochrome c oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. There was an OVX-related decline in serum 17β-estradiol level, Con A-induced lymphoproliferation, p-Akt and p-mTOR expression, and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. E2 supplementation increased serum 17β-estradiol level, lymphoproliferation, expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-IκB-α and p-NF-κB (p50 and p65), lipid peroxidation, IFN-γ, TNF-α, ROS and NO production, while it decreased IL-6 production. E2 mediates inflammatory responses by increasing the levels of NO and TNF-α by up regulating IFN-γ and simultaneously promotes aging through the generation of free radicals as reflected by increased lipid peroxidation and ROS production in lymph nodes. These findings may have wide implications to immunity and inflammatory disorders including autoimmune diseases predominantly prevalent in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday P Pratap
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Himanshu R Sharma
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aparna Mohanty
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathamesh Kale
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Gopinath
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lalgi Hima
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hannah P Priyanka
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan ThyagaRajan
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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124
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Eijo G, Gottardo MF, Jaita G, Magri ML, Moreno Ayala M, Zárate S, Candolfi M, Pisera D, Seilicovich A. Lack of Oestrogenic Inhibition of the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway in Somatolactotroph Tumour Cells. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:692-701. [PMID: 26052658 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. We have previously shown that oestrogens sensitise normal anterior pituitary cells to the apoptotic effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation. In the present study, we examined whether oestrogens also modulate the NF-κB signalling pathway and apoptosis in GH3 cells, a rat somatolactotroph tumour cell line. As determined by Western blotting, 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (10(-9) m) increased the nuclear concentration of NF-κB/p105, p65 and p50 in GH3 cells. However, E2 did not modify the expression of Bcl-xL, a NF-κB target gene. TNF-α induced apoptosis of GH3 cells incubated in either the presence or absence of E2 . Inhibition of the NF-kB pathway using BAY 11-7082 (BAY) (5 μm) decreased the viability of GH3 cells and increased the percentage of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive GH3 cells. BAY also increased TNF-α-induced apoptosis of GH3 cells, an effect that was further increased by an inhibitor of the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway, SP600125 (10 μm). We also analysed the role of the NF-κB signalling pathway on proliferation and apoptosis of GH3 tumours in vivo. The administration of BAY to nude mice bearing GH3 tumours increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells and decreased the number of proliferating GH3 cells. These findings suggest that GH3 cells lose their oestrogenic inhibitory action on the NF-κB pathway and that the pro-apoptotic effect of TNF-α on these tumour pituitary cells does not require sensitisation by oestrogens as occurs in normal pituitary cells. NF-κB was required for the survival of GH3 cells, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of the NF-κB pathway could interfere with pituitary tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eijo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M F Gottardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Jaita
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Magri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Moreno Ayala
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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125
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Estrogen receptor signal in regulation of B cell activation during diverse immune responses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:42-7. [PMID: 26299327 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of signalling through oestrogen receptors (ERs) in the regulation of B cell activation is an area of growing importance not only in terms protective immunity but also in the determination of the mechanisms of the onset of autoimmune disorders and cancers. The mode of signalling action of this single chain nuclear receptor protein molecule depends on its ability to bind to the promoters of Pax5, HOXC4 and apolipoprotein B RNA-editing enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) genes. ER-mediated transcriptional regulation induces class switch recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (VH) to DH-JH genes and somatic hypermutation in developing B cells. The mode of action of ER is associated with BCR-signal pathways that involve the regulator proteins BAFF and APRIL. Additionally, the plasma membrane-bound G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor-1 (GEPR1) directs diverse cell signalling events in B cells that involve the MAPK pathways. These signals are immensely important during progenitor and precursor B cell activation. We have focused our goals on the medicinal aspects of ER-signalling mechanisms and their effects on polyclonal B cell activation.
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126
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Martin LJ. Fucoxanthin and Its Metabolite Fucoxanthinol in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4784-98. [PMID: 26264004 PMCID: PMC4557004 DOI: 10.3390/md13084784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid present in the chloroplasts of brown seaweeds. When ingested, it is metabolized mainly to fucoxanthinol by digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. These compounds have been shown to have many beneficial health effects, including anti-mutagenic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic actions. In every cancer tested, modulatory actions of fucoxanthinol on viability, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and members of the NF-κB pathway were more pronounced than that of fucoxanthin. Anti-proliferative and cancer preventing influences of fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol are mediated through different signalling pathways, including the caspases, Bcl-2 proteins, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, AP-1, GADD45, and several other molecules that are involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis or inhibition of metastasis. In this review, we address the mechanisms of action of fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol according to different types of cancers. Current findings suggest that these compounds could be effective for treatment and/or prevention of cancer development and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
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127
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Yuan FL, Xu RS, Jiang DL, He XL, Su Q, Jin C, Li X. Leonurine hydrochloride inhibits osteoclastogenesis and prevents osteoporosis associated with estrogen deficiency by inhibiting the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Bone 2015; 75:128-37. [PMID: 25708053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the primary bone resorbing cells, are responsible for destructive bone diseases such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Many plant-derived traditional medicines that might suppress the formation and/or function of osteoclasts are promising treatments for osteoclast-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of leonurine hydrochloride (LH) on receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and ovariectomy-induced bone loss. LH is a synthetic chemical compound based on the structure of leonurine, which is found in motherwort and has been reported to exhibit phytoestrogenic activity. In RAW 264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow monocytes (BMMs), LH suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and actin ring formation in a dose-dependent manner. LH targeted RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption at an early stage. Molecular analysis demonstrated that LH attenuated RANKL-induced NF-κB signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. LH inhibited the RANK-TRAF6 association triggered by RANKL binding and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt axis, without significantly affecting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AP-1 signaling pathways. LH attenuated the RANKL-stimulated expression of osteoclast-related genes including NFATc1, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR). Consistent with the in vitro results, LH administration attenuated osteoclast activity, thus preventing bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency in mice. In this study, LH suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via RANK-TRAF6, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt signaling. These data provide the first evidence that LH might be a promising therapeutic compound to treat osteoclast-related diseases, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Dong-Lin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Xing-Long He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
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128
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Lee CG, Lee HW, Kim BO, Rhee DK, Pyo S. Allicin inhibits invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the suppression of VCAM-1: Regulation of association between p65 and ER-α. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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129
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DeBo RJ, Register TC, Caudell DL, Sempowski GD, Dugan G, Gray S, Owzar K, Jiang C, Bourland JD, Chao NJ, Cline JM. Molecular and cellular profiling of acute responses to total body radiation exposure in ovariectomized female cynomolgus macaques. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:510-8. [PMID: 25786585 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The threat of radiation exposure requires a mechanistic understanding of radiation-induced immune injury and recovery. The study objective was to evaluate responses to ionizing radiation in ovariectomized (surgically post-menopausal) female cynomolgus macaques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals received a single total-body irradiation (TBI) exposure at doses of 0, 2 or 5 Gy with scheduled necropsies at 5 days, 8 weeks and 24 weeks post-exposure. Blood and lymphoid tissues were evaluated for morphologic, cellular, and molecular responses. RESULTS Irradiated animals developed symptoms of acute hematopoietic syndrome, and reductions in thymus weight, thymopoiesis, and bone marrow cellularity. Acute, transient increases in plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were observed in 5 Gy animals along with dose-dependent alterations in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) signatures in thymus, spleen, and lymph node. Expression of T cell markers was lower in thymus and spleen, while expression of macrophage marker CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68) was relatively elevated in lymphoid tissues from irradiated animals. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomized female macaques exposed to moderate doses of radiation experienced increased morbidity, including acute, dose-dependent alterations in systemic and tissue-specific biomarkers, and increased macrophage/T cell ratios. The effects on mortality exceeded expectations based on previous studies in males, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne J DeBo
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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130
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Shi C, Luo X, Wang J, Long D. Incorporation of β-sitosterol into the membrane prevents tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and gonadotropin-releasing hormone decline. Steroids 2015; 96:1-6. [PMID: 25554578 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that hypothalamus has a programmatic role in aging development, and this role of hypothalamus is mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-directed gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) decline. β-Sitosterol (BS), one of the most common phytosterols in the diet, is able to inhibit pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. It has been demonstrated that dietary BS can enter the brain and accumulates in brain cell membranes. However, it is unknown whether and how membrane BS affects GnRH release. Using GT1-7 cells, a cell line of GnRH neurons, this study investigated if membrane BS had an influence on GnRH release. It was found that incorporation of BS into the membrane could prevent tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced GnRH decline. The underlying basis involves inhibition of NF-κβ activation via estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated inhibition of inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (Iκβ) processing. These results extend existing data regarding the beneficial effects of BS, and suggest the use of BS-enriched foods as anti-aging nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China.
| | - XiuMei Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Dahong Long
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
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131
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The role of ovarian sex steroids in metabolic homeostasis, obesity, and postmenopausal breast cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:140196. [PMID: 25866757 PMCID: PMC4383469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/140196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obese postmenopausal women have an increased risk of breast cancer and are likely to have a worse prognosis than nonobese postmenopausal women. The cessation of ovarian function after menopause results in withdrawal of ovarian sex steroid hormones, estrogen, and progesterone. Accumulating evidence suggests that the withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone causes homeostasis imbalances, including decreases in insulin sensitivity and leptin secretion and changes in glucose and lipid metabolism, resulting in a total reduction in energy expenditure. Together with a decrease in physical activity and consumption of a high fat diet, these factors significantly contribute to obesity in postmenopausal women. Obesity may contribute to breast cancer development through several mechanisms. Obesity causes localized inflammation, an increase in local estrogen production, and changes in cellular metabolism. In addition, obese women have a higher risk of insulin insensitivity, and an increase in insulin and other growth factor secretion. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the molecular actions of estrogen and progesterone and their contributions to cellular metabolism, obesity, inflammation, and postmenopausal breast cancer. We also discuss how modifications of estrogen and progesterone actions might be used as a therapeutic approach for obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer.
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132
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Franco HL, Nagari A, Kraus WL. TNFα signaling exposes latent estrogen receptor binding sites to alter the breast cancer cell transcriptome. Mol Cell 2015; 58:21-34. [PMID: 25752574 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between mitogenic and proinflammatory signaling pathways plays key roles in determining the phenotypes and clinical outcomes of breast cancers. Using GRO-seq in MCF-7 cells, we defined the immediate transcriptional effects of crosstalk between estradiol (E2) and TNFα, identifying a large set of target genes whose expression is rapidly altered with combined E2 + TNFα treatment, but not with either agent alone. The pleiotropic effects on gene transcription in response to E2 + TNFα are orchestrated by extensive remodeling of the ERα enhancer landscape in an NF-κB- and FoxA1-dependent manner. In addition, expression of the de novo and synergistically regulated genes is strongly associated with clinical outcomes in breast cancers. Together, our genomic and molecular analyses indicate that TNFα signaling, acting in pathways culminating in the redistribution of NF-κB and FoxA1 binding sites across the genome, creates latent ERα binding sites that underlie altered patterns of gene expression and clinically relevant cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector L Franco
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anusha Nagari
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - W Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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133
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Kovats S. Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways. Cell Immunol 2015; 294:63-9. [PMID: 25682174 PMCID: PMC4380804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity,
suggesting sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ER)
regulate cells and pathways in the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as immune
cell development. ERs are ligand-dependent transcription factors that mediate long-range
chromatin interactions and form complexes at gene regulatory elements, thus promoting
epigenetic changes and transcription. ERs also participate in membrane-initiated steroid
signaling to generate rapid responses. Estradiol and ER activity show profound dose- and
context-dependent effects on innate immune signaling pathways and myeloid cell
development. While estradiol most often promotes the production of type I interferon, innate pathways
leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine production may be enhanced or dampened by ER
activity. Regulation of innate immune cells and signaling by ERs may contribute to the
reported sex differences in innate immune pathways. Here we review the recent literature
and highlight several molecular mechanisms by which ERs regulate the development or
functional responses of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kovats
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States.
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134
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Yang M, Qiu W, Chen B, Chen J, Liu S, Wu M, Wang KJ. The in vitro immune modulatory effect of bisphenol A on fish macrophages via estrogen receptor α and nuclear factor-κB signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1888-1895. [PMID: 25565130 DOI: 10.1021/es505163v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical. Employing primary macrophages from head kidney of red common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the present study aimed to evaluate the immune modulatory effect of BPA and to explore its potential action mechanism associated with estrogen receptor (ER) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. A dynamic response process was observed in macrophages upon various concentrations of BPA exposure, which significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of macrophages at 0.1, 1, or 10 μg/L, but instead induced the apoptosis at 100, 1000, and 10,000 μg/L. A potential pro-inflammatory effect of BPA exposure was suggested, judging from the increased production of nitrite oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the induction of interleukin-1β mRNA and protein, as well as NF-κB and other NF-κB-associated immune gene expression. Following BPA coexposure with the ER or NF-κB antagonist, the induction of ROS, ERα, and NF-κB-associated immune gene expression was significantly inhibited, implying interaction between those two pathways. This study thus indicated that low doses of BPA exposure alone could significantly disturb the immune response of fish primary macrophages in vitro, and for the first time revealed the synergistic action of ERα and NF-κB transcription factors in the BPA effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 China
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135
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Estrogen modulates β2-adrenoceptor-induced cell-mediated and inflammatory immune responses through ER-α involving distinct intracellular signaling pathways, antioxidant enzymes, and nitric oxide. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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136
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Furman D. Sexual dimorphism in immunity: improving our understanding of vaccine immune responses in men. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:461-71. [PMID: 25278153 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Weaker immune responses are often observed in males compared to females. Since female hormones have proinflammatory properties and androgens have potent immunomodulatory effects, this sexual dimorphism in the immune response seems to be hormone dependent. Despite our current knowledge about the effect of sex hormones on immune cells, definition of the factors driving the sex differences in immunoclinical outcomes, such as the diminished response to infection and vaccination observed in men or the higher rates of autoimmunity observed in females, remains elusive. Recently, systems approaches to immune function have started to suggest a way toward establishing this connection. Such studies promise to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the sexual dimorphism observed in the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Furman
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, B240 Beckman Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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Nasuti C, Carloni M, Fedeli D, Di Stefano A, Marinelli L, Cerasa LS, Meda C, Maggi A, Gabbianelli R. Effect of 17β-estradiol on striatal dopaminergic transmission induced by permethrin in early childhood rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:496-502. [PMID: 25048945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A positive effect of estrogen treatment has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Since 17β-estradiol can modulate positively dopaminergic system, here we sought to evaluate the effect of 17β-estradiol supplementation on an animal model developing dopaminergic alterations on nucleus of striatum after neonatal exposure to permethrin pesticide. The goal of the study was to verify if the co-treatment with 17β-estradiol could protect against the damage induced by pesticide exposure in early life. Permethrin treated rats showed a decrease of dopamine and Nurr1 gene expression in striatum, while a more pronounced decrease of dopamine was observed in rats co-administered with permethrin+17β-estradiol. No difference between control and permethrin treated rats was observed in both mRNA of ERα and ERβ, whereas the rats co-administered with permethrin+17β-estradiol showed a down-regulation of ERα expression. The in vitro studies showed that permethrin, at high concentration may have an antagonist effect on ERα and even more pronounced in ERβ, thus suggesting that permethrin may block the estrogen neuroprotective effects. In conclusion, in male rats, the administration of estrogen further enhanced the impairment of dopaminergic transmission due to exposure to permethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Nasuti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Manuel Carloni
- School of Pharmacy, Molecular Biology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Donatella Fedeli
- School of Pharmacy, Molecular Biology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Serafina Cerasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara Meda
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosita Gabbianelli
- School of Pharmacy, Molecular Biology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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138
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Jia Z, Gao S, M'Rabet N, De Geyter C, Zhang H. Sp1 is necessary for gene activation of Adamts17 by estrogen. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1829-39. [PMID: 24906090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adamts17 is a member of a family of secreted metalloproteinases. In this report, we show that knockdown of Adamts17 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits breast cancer cell growth. Adamts17 expression can rapidly be induced by estrogens. siRNA knockdown of Sp1 or Myc demonstrated that Sp1 is required to induce Adamts17 gene expression in response to estrogen. Moreover, reporter assays showed that the proximal promoter and the upstream sequences were not capable of conferring estrogen responsiveness, suggesting that Sp1 elements may be located in the downstream intronic region. We further demonstrated that Sp1 and Myc binding in the proximal promoter region contributed to the Adamts17 basal expression. Furthermore, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and methylase inhibitors also induced Adamts17 expression, indicating that epigenetic alterations, such as aberrant HDAC and/or methylation are associated with dysregulated Adamts17 expression. By meta-analysis using Oncomine microarray data, we found that higher Adamts17 expression is found in several human cancer cell subtypes, especially in breast ductal carcinoma. Moreover, we found that there is an inverse correlation between higher Adamts17 expression and patients' survival. Our study suggests that Adamts17 may support breast cancer cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanhui Jia
- Clinic of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, P.R. China
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139
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Ribeiro JR, Freiman RN. Estrogen signaling crosstalk: Implications for endocrine resistance in ovarian cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:160-73. [PMID: 24565562 PMCID: PMC4127339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anti-estrogen therapies is a prominent challenge in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Tumors develop endocrine resistance by acquiring adaptations that help them rely on alternative oncogenic signaling cascades, which crosstalk with estrogen signaling pathways. An understanding of estrogen signaling crosstalk with these growth promoting cascades is essential in order to maximize efficacy of anti-estrogen treatments in ovarian cancer. Herein, we provide an overview of estrogen signaling in ovarian cancer and discuss the major challenges associated with anti-estrogen therapies. We also review what is currently known about how genomic and non-genomic estrogen signaling pathways crosstalk with several major oncogenic signaling cascades. The insights provided here illustrate existing strategies for targeting endocrine resistant ovarian tumors and may help identify new strategies to improve the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Ribeiro
- Brown University, Pathobiology Graduate Program, 70 Ship St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Richard N Freiman
- Brown University, Pathobiology Graduate Program, 70 Ship St., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, 70 Ship St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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140
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Kireev RA, Vara E, Viña J, Tresguerres JAF. Melatonin and oestrogen treatments were able to improve neuroinflammation and apoptotic processes in dentate gyrus of old ovariectomized female rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9707. [PMID: 25135305 PMCID: PMC4453938 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of oestrogen and melatonin treatments following long-term ovarian hormone depletion on neuroinflammation and apoptotic processes in dentate gyrus of hippocampi. Forty-six female Wistar rats of 22 months of age were used. Twelve of them remained intact, and the other 34 were ovariectomized at 12 months of age. Ovariectomized animals were divided into three groups and treated for 10 weeks with oestrogens, melatonin or saline. All rats were killed by decapitation at 24 months of age, and dentate gyri were collected. A group of 2 month-old intact female rats was used as young control. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) were analysed by ELISA. The expressions of TNFα, IL1β, GFAP, nNOS, iNOS, HO-1, NFκB, Bax, Bad, AIF, Bcl2 and SIRT1 genes were detected by real-time (RT)-PCR. Western blots were used to measure the protein expression of NFκB p65, NFκB p50/105, IκBα, IκBβ, p38 MAPK, MAP-2 and synapsin I. We have assessed the ability of 17β-oestradiol and melatonin administration to downregulate markers of neuroinflammation in the dentate gyrus of ovariectomized female rats. Results indicated that 17β-oestradiol and melatonin treatments were able to significantly decrease expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and HO-1 in the hippocampus when compared to non-treated animals. A similar age- and long-term ovarian hormone depletion- related increase in GFAP was also attenuated after both melatonin and oestradiol treatments. In a similar way to oestradiol, melatonin decreased the activation of p38 MAPK and NFκB pathways. The treatments enhanced the levels of synaptic molecules synapsin I and MAP-2 and have been shown to modulate the pro-antiapoptotic ratio favouring the second and to increase SIRT1 expression. These findings support the potential therapeutic role of melatonin and oestradiol as protective anti-inflammatory agents for the central nervous system during menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Kireev
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Vigo, SERGAS, Biomedical Research Unit, Hospital Rebullón (CHUVI), Puxeiros s/n, 36415, MOS Pontevedra, Spain,
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141
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The direct effect of estrogen on cell viability and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:99-107. [PMID: 24934239 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology researches indicated that gastric cancer is a male-predominant disease; both expression level of estrogen and expression pattern of estrogen receptors (ERs) influence its carcinogenesis. But the direct effect of estrogen on gastric cancer cells is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the direct effect of β-estradiol (E2) on gastric cancer cells. SGC7901 and BGC823 were treated with a serial of concentrations of E2. The survival rates of both the cell lines were significantly reduced, and the reduction of viability was due to apoptosis triggered by E2 treatment. Caspase 3 was activated in response to the increasing E2 concentration in both SGC7901 and BGC823. Cleaved Caspase 3 fragments were detected, and the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were reduced. Apoptosis was further confirmed by flow cytometry. The expression level of PEG10, an androgen receptor target gene, was reduced during E2 treatment. Both ERα and ERβ were expressed in these cell lines, and the result of bioinformatics analysis of gastric cancer from GEO datasets indicated that the expression levels of both ERα and ERβ were significantly higher in noncancerous gastric tissues than in gastric cancer tissues. Our research indicated that estrogen can reduce cell viability and promote apoptosis in gastric cancer cells directly; ERs expression level is associated with gastric cancer. Our research will help to understand the mechanism of gender disparity in gastric cancer.
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142
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Venkatasubramanian G, Debnath M. Neuroimmunological aberrations and cerebral asymmetry abnormalities in schizophrenia: select perspectives on pathogenesis. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 12:8-18. [PMID: 24851116 PMCID: PMC4022772 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2014.12.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the wide-ranging gamut of factors that comprise gene-environment interactions postulated to underlie schizophrenia, the crosstalk between environmental factors and feto-maternal immune components has been put forth as one of the important mechanisms that increase the risk towards schizophrenia in the offspring. Interestingly, immune factors have been shown to critically modulate the brain development during the prenatal stages. Moreover the past many decades, influential theoretical propositions and evidence base (albeit not unequivocally) have compellingly linked prenatal sex hormonal status to critically provoke long lasting immunological changes and subsequently affect developmental programming of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia. In this review, we summarize the select perspectives emphasizing the role of neuroimmunoendocrine pathways in anomalous cerebral asymmetry in contemporary understanding of schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. ; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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143
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Inhibitory effects of fucoxanthinol on the viability of human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 are correlated with modulation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:157-67. [PMID: 24760606 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid present in the chloroplasts of brown seaweeds. When ingested, it is metabolized mainly to fucoxanthinol in the gastrointestinal tract by digestive enzymes. These compounds have been shown to have many beneficial health effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of action of fucoxanthin and/or of its metabolite fucoxanthinol against viability of estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 and estrogen-resistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol reduced the viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners as a result of increased apoptosis. Furthermore, fucoxanthinol-induced apoptosis was more potent than that of fucoxanthin and correlated, for MDA-MB-231 cells, with inhibitory actions on members of the NF-κB pathway p65, p50, RelB, and p52. Being overexpressed and regulated by NF-κB in different types of cancers, the transcription factor SOX9 was also decreased at the nuclear level by fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol in MDA-MB-231. Taken together, the current results suggest that fucoxanthinol and fucoxanthin could be potentially effective for the treatment and/or prevention of different types of cancers, including breast cancer.
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144
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Shi L, Feng Y, Lin H, Ma R, Cai X. Role of estrogen in hepatocellular carcinoma: is inflammation the key? J Transl Med 2014; 12:93. [PMID: 24708807 PMCID: PMC3992128 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and accounts for the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Over the past decades, advances have been made in the field of surgery, but effective treatment of HCC is lacking. Due to a marked male predominance in morbidity and mortality in HCC patients, it has long been considered that sex hormones play a role in HCC development. Recently estrogen has been proven to exert protective effects against HCC through IL-6 restrictions, STAT3 inactivation and tumour-associated macrophage inhibition. While IL-6-dependent STAT3 activation is considered a key event in inflammation-induced liver cancer, the anti-inflammation effect of estrogen is well documented. The roles of the estrogen receptor and aromatase and interactions between microRNAs and estrogen in HCC have been investigated. In this review, we present a novel model to elucidate the mechanism of estrogen-mediated inhibition of HCC development through an anti-inflammation effect and provide new insights into the roles of estrogen in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiujun Cai
- Chawnshang Chang Live Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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145
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Che Q, Liu BY, Liao Y, Zhang HJ, Yang TT, He YY, Xia YH, Lu W, He XY, Chen Z, Wang FY, Wan XP. Activation of a positive feedback loop involving IL-6 and aromatase promotes intratumoral 17β-estradiol biosynthesis in endometrial carcinoma microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:282-94. [PMID: 24347287 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Che
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Bin-Ya Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yin-Yan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yu-Hong Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Ying He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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146
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Sas L, Vermeulen PB, van Dam P, Dirix LY, Lardon F, Van Laere SJ. Contribution of ER and NF-κB to endocrine resistance in inflammatory breast cancer. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a very aggressive form of breast cancer with a high mortality rate. Most patients have lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis and 30% of patients already have metastases in distant organs. IBC is normally treated with multimodality therapy. Endocrine therapy is administered in cases of ER-positive tumors. Nevertheless, IBC has a high HOXB13:Il17RB ratio, predicting a poor response to tamoxifen treatment. These data suggest a possible role for IBC as a model for endocrine resistance. Previous studies have shown that NF-κB, a transcription factor regulating different cellular processes, is more highly activated in IBC than in non-IBC, while ER is often downregulated in this tumor type. This article summarizes the activity of ER and NF-κB in IBC and their possible contribution to endocrine resistance in this breast cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Sas
- Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology GZA, Hospitals Sint Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology GZA, Hospitals Sint Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter van Dam
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology GZA, Hospitals Sint Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Y Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology GZA, Hospitals Sint Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven J Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Laboratory of Pathology GZA, Hospitals Sint Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Gyneacological Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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147
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The role of inflammation in inflammatory breast cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:53-73. [PMID: 24818719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer. Despite extensive study, whether inflammation contributes to the tumorigenicity or aggressiveness of IBC remains largely unknown. In this chapter, we will review the potential role played by inflammation in IBC based on the results of in vitro, in vivo, and patient studies. Current evidence suggests that several major inflammatory signaling pathways are constitutively active in IBC and breast cancer. Among them, the NF-κB, COX-2, and JAK/STAT signaling systems seem to play a major role in the tumorigenesis of IBC. Inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon have been shown to contribute to malignant transformation in preclinical studies of IBC, while transforming growth factor-β, interleukins 8 and 1β, as well as TNF-α appear to play a role in proliferation, survival, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. In this chapter, we also describe work thus far involving inhibitors of inflammation in the development of prevention and treatment strategies for IBC.
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148
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Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is a family of proteins involved in signaling pathways essential for normal cellular functions and development. Deletion of various components of this pathway resulted with abnormal skeletal development. Research in the last decade has established that NF-κB signaling mediates RANK ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis. Consistently, it was shown that inhibition of NF-κB was an effective approach to inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorptive activity. Identification of the molecular machinery underlying NF-κB activation permitted osteoclast-specific deletion of the major components of this pathway. As a result, it was clear that deletion of members of the proximal IKK kinase complex and the distal NF-κB subunits and downstream regulators affected skeletal development. These studies provided several targets of therapeutic intervention in osteolytic diseases. NF-κB activity has been also described as the centerpiece of inflammatory responses and is considered a potent mediator of inflammatory osteolysis. Indeed, inflammatory insults exacerbate physiologic RANKL-induced NF-κB signals leading to exaggerated responses and to inflammatory osteolysis. These superimposed NF-κB activities appear to underlie several bone pathologies. This review will describe the individual roles of NF-κB molecules in bone resorption and inflammatory osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Abu-Amer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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149
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Modeling the estrogen receptor to growth factor receptor signaling switch in human breast cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3327-34. [PMID: 23994522 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells develop resistance to endocrine therapies by shifting between estrogen receptor (ER)-regulated and growth factor receptor (GFR)-regulated survival signaling pathways. To study this switch, we propose a mathematical model of crosstalk between these pathways. The model explains why MCF7 sub-clones transfected with HER2 or EGFR show three GFR-distribution patterns, and why the bimodal distribution pattern can be reversibly modulated by estrogen. The model illustrates how transient overexpression of ER activates GFR signaling and promotes estrogen-independent growth. Understanding this survival-signaling switch can help in the design of future therapies to overcome resistance in breast cancer.
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150
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Huan J, Wang L, Xing L, Qin X, Feng L, Pan X, Zhu L. Insights into significant pathways and gene interaction networks underlying breast cancer cell line MCF-7 treated with 17β-estradiol (E2). Gene 2013; 533:346-55. [PMID: 23978611 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogens are known to regulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells and to alter their cytoarchitectural and phenotypic properties, but the gene networks and pathways by which estrogenic hormones regulate these events are only partially understood. METHODS We used global gene expression profiling by Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis, with KEGG pathway enrichment, PPI network construction, module analysis and text mining methods to identify patterns and time courses of genes that are either stimulated or inhibited by estradiol (E2) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. RESULTS Of the genes queried on the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 microarray, we identified 628 (12h), 852 (24h) and 880 (48 h) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that showed a robust pattern of regulation by E2. From pathway enrichment analysis, we found out the changes of metabolic pathways of E2 treated samples at each time point. At 12h time point, the changes of metabolic pathways were mainly focused on pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, and chemokine signaling pathway. At 24h time point, the changes were mainly enriched in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and calcium signaling pathway. At 48 h time point, the significant pathways were pathways in cancer, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), axon guidance and ErbB signaling pathway. Of interest, our PPI network analysis and module analysis found that E2 treatment induced enhancement of PRSS23 at the three time points and PRSS23 was in the central position of each module. Text mining results showed that the important genes of DEGs have relationship with signal pathways, such as ERbB pathway (AREG), Wnt pathway (NDP), MAPK pathway (NTRK3, TH), IP3 pathway (TRA@) and some transcript factors (TCF4, MAF). CONCLUSIONS Our studies highlight the diverse gene networks and metabolic and cell regulatory pathways through which E2 operates to achieve its widespread effects on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Huan
- Department of General Surgery, The Eighth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200235, China.
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