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Parmar N, Chandrakar P, Kar S. Leishmania donovani Subverts Host Immune Response by Epigenetic Reprogramming of Macrophage M(Lipopolysaccharides + IFN-γ)/M(IL-10) Polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2762-2778. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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102
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Salah I, Abbasi I, Warburg A, Davidovitch N, Kotler B. Ecology of Leishmaniasis in an urbanized landscape: Relationship of sand fly densities, and Leishmania tropica infection rates with reservoir host colonies. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105332. [PMID: 31926144 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization may influence the transmission of leishmaniasis, which is as a serious public health issue in Palestine. Semi urban environments can provide suitable habitats for the reservoir host species and the vector sand flies to create favorable condition for disease transmission. This study was aimed to evaluating the effect of distance from hyrax (reservoir host) colonies on sand fly (vector) abundance and its relationship to Leishmania infection within a semi urban landscape. In the Aleskan neighborhood the town of Tubas, sand flies were collected in July and September of 2016. Five trapping transects were set running from a rocky area containing hyrax dwelling habitats into an area of inhabited houses. 1051 Phlebotomus sand flies from 9 species were captured. The numbers of Phlebotomus sergenti, the vector species, correlated negatively with the distance from hyrax. Infected, blood engorged female sand flies were captured closer to hyrax colonies than infected, non-fed females. The risk of disease transmission to humans increased with a high density of reservoirs, closer proximity of reservoir hosts, and high densities of sand flies near houses. These results must be taken into account when implementing future interventions to reduce CL in urban environments.
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Sardar AA, Chatterjee M, Jana K, Saha P, Maji AK, Guha SK, Kundu PK. Seasonal variation of sand fly populations in Kala-azar endemic areas of the Malda district, West Bengal, India. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105358. [PMID: 31987778 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vector control is one of the main aspects to reach the target of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis from Indian sub-continent as set by the World Health Organisation. Data on different aspects of vector like ecology, behaviour, population dynamics and their association with environmental factors are very important for formulating an effective vector control strategy. The present work was designed to study the species abundance and impact of environmental factors on population dynamics of vector P. argentipes in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area of Malda district, West Bengal. Adult sand flies were collected using light traps and mouth aspirators from twelve kala-azar affected villages of Habibpur block of Malda district, on a monthly basis from January to December, 2018. Morphological and molecular methods were used for species identification. Population dynamics were assessed by man hour density and per night per trap collection. Data were analysed using SPSS software to determine the impact of environmental factors on vector population P. argentipes was found to the predominant species and prevalent throughout the year. A significantly higher number of sand flies were collected from cattle sheds than human dwellings and peri-domestic vegetation. A portion of the P. argentipes population was exophilic and exophagic as evidenced by their collection from peri-domestic vegetation. The highest population density was recorded during April to September. Population dynamics were mostly influenced by average temperature along humidity and rain fall. Resting behaviour of sand flies was not restricted to the lower portion of the wall but equally distributed throughout the wall and ceiling. Programme officials should consider management of outdoor populations of the sand flies and timings of indoor residual spray for chemical control purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Ali Sardar
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Moytrey Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Kingsuk Jana
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pabitra Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Department of Zoology, A. P. C. Roy Govt. College, Himachal Bihar, Matigara, Siliguri, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ardhendu Kumar Maji
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subhasish Kamal Guha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pratip Kumar Kundu
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Scotti MT, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Bezerra Mendonça Junior FJ, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, De Araújo RSA, Scotti L. Recent Theoretical Studies Concerning Important Tropical Infections. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:795-834. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190711121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) form a group of diseases that are strongly associated
with poverty, flourish in impoverished environments, and thrive best in tropical areas,
where they tend to present overlap. They comprise several diseases, and the symptoms
vary dramatically from disease to disease, often causing from extreme pain, and untold misery
that anchors populations to poverty, permanent disability, and death. They affect more than 1
billion people worldwide; mostly in poor populations living in tropical and subtropical climates.
In this review, several complementary in silico approaches are presented; including
identification of new therapeutic targets, novel mechanisms of activity, high-throughput
screening of small-molecule libraries, as well as in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship
and recent molecular docking studies. Current and active research against Sleeping
Sickness, American trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis and Schistosomiasis infections will hopefully
lead to safer, more effective, less costly and more widely available treatments against
these parasitic forms of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | | | - Hamilton M. Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos A. De Araújo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
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Younis LG, Kroeger A, Joshi AB, Das ML, Omer M, Singh VK, Gurung CK, Banjara MR. Housing structure including the surrounding environment as a risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008132. [PMID: 32150578 PMCID: PMC7062236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Nepal is found in 61 out of 75 districts including areas previously listed as non- endemic. This study focused on the role of housing conditions and its immediate environment in VL transmission, to limit future transmissions, ensure sustainable vector control and support the VL elimination program. The objective was to explore the risk factors in rural housing-and land lot typologies contributing to clinical VL occurrence and transmission. Housing structures and land lots were examined based on characteristics as risk factors of VL transmission in a case-control analysis. VL cases from 2013–2017 were identified based on the existing database from the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division and District Public Health Office from the plain Terai area (Morang, and Saptari districts) and hilly area (Palpa district) of Nepal. Two hundred and three built environments were analyzed (66 cases and 137 controls). Inferential statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association of risk factors with VL. The risk factors with the highest odds of VL were: bamboo walls (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)- 8.1, 95% CI 2.40–27.63, p = 0.001), walls made of leaves/branches (AOR- 3.0, 95% CI 0.84–10.93, p = 0.090), cracks in bedroom walls (AOR- 2.9, 95% CI 0.93–9.19, p = 0.065), and placing sacks near sleeping areas (AOR- 19.2, 95% CI 4.06–90.46, p <0.001). Significant outdoor factors were: lots with Kadam trees (AOR- 12.7, 95% CI 3.28–49.09, p <0.001), open ground-outdoor toilets (AOR- 9.3, 95% CI 2.14–369.85, p = 0.003), moisture in outdoor toilet sheds (AOR- 18.09, 95% CI 7.25–451.01, p = 0.002), nearby- open land (AOR- 36.8, 95% CI 3.14–430.98, p = 0.004), moisture inside animal sheds (AOR- 6.9, 95% CI 1.82–26.66, p = 0.005), and surrounding animals/animals wastes particularly goats (AOR- 3.5, 95% CI 1.09–10.94, p = 0.036). Certain housing and surrounding environmental conditions and characteristics are risk factors for VL. Hence, elimination and educational programs should include the focus on housing improvement and avoidance of risk factors. Longitudinal interventional studies are required to document temporal relationships and whether interventions on these factors will have an impact on Leishmania transmission or burden. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease if not treated in time. It is the disease of the poorest people. Poor housing and sanitation around the house are considered as the risk factors for the occurrence of VL. The main objective of our research was to explore multiple risk factors from different housing and land lot- typologies for VL occurrence and transmission through a case-control study. Some of our results reveal that inside the dwelling the likelihood of having clinical VL was substantially enhanced by providing suitable breeding sites for the insect vectors; as an example: the probability of getting VL disease was about ten times higher when there were sacks (empty or filled) near sleeping areas. Also cracks in walls and floors were found to contribute to vector transmission but also particular wall structures such as bamboo walls, and finishes such as animal manure were shown to be optimal for vector breeding. Furthermore, certain animals and plant types in the immediate environment seem to attract the vectors and to have a substantial effect on VL occurrence. Thus, given the alarming increase of VL in previously non-endemic areas of Nepal, these findings, among others, will allow readers and policymakers to better understand the “hidden” VL transmission factors, and will–hopefully- encourage initiating future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ghassan Younis
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Axel Kroeger
- University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO-TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anand B. Joshi
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Murari Lal Das
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mazin Omer
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chitra Kumar Gurung
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail:
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Poché DM, Wang HH, Grant WE. Visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent: Efficacy of fipronil-based cattle treatment in controlling sand fly populations is dependent on specific aspects of sand fly ecology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008011. [PMID: 32069283 PMCID: PMC7048295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly disease transmitted by the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes on the Indian subcontinent, with a promising means of vector control being orally treating cattle with fipronil-based drugs. While prior research investigating the dynamic relationship between timing of fipronil-based control schemes and the seasonality of sand flies provides insights into potential of treatment on a large scale, ecological uncertainties remain. We investigated how uncertainties associated with sand fly ecology might affect our ability to assess efficacy of fipronil-based control schemes. To do this, we used a previously-described, individual-based, stochastic sand fly model to quantify how uncertainties associated with 1) the percentage of female sand flies taking blood meals from cattle, and 2) the percentage of female sand flies ovipositing in organic matter containing feces from treated cattle might impact the efficacy of fipronil-based sand fly control schemes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Assuming no prior knowledge of sand fly blood meal and oviposition sites, the probabilities of achieving effective sand fly population reduction with treatments performed 3, 6 and 12 times per year were ≈5-22%, ≈27-36%, and ≈46-54%, respectively. Assuming ≥50% of sand flies feed on cattle, probabilities of achieving efficacious control increased to ≈8-31%, ≈15-42%, and ≈52-65%. Assuming also that ≥50% of sand flies oviposit in cattle feces, the above probabilities increased further to ≈14-53%, ≈31-81%, and ≈89-97%. CONCLUSIONS Our assessments of the efficacy of fipronil-based cattle treatments in controlling sand fly populations depend on our assumptions regarding key aspects of sand fly ecology. Assessments are most sensitive to assumptions concerning the percentage of sand flies ovipositing in feces of treated cattle, thus emphasizing the importance of identifying sand fly oviposition sites. Our results place the evaluation of fipronil-based cattle treatment within a broader ecological context, which could aid in the planning and execution of a largescale field trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Poché
- Genesis Laboratories, Inc., Wellington, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - William E. Grant
- Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Ngere I, Gufu Boru W, Isack A, Muiruri J, Obonyo M, Matendechero S, Gura Z. Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya, 2016. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227697. [PMID: 31971945 PMCID: PMC6977748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected disease known to cause significant morbidity among the poor. We investigated a suspected outbreak to determine the magnitude of cases, characterize the cases and identify risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gilgil, a peri-urban settlement in Central Kenya. Methods Hospital records for the period 2010–2016 were reviewed and additional cases were identified through active case search. Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis was made based on presence of ulcerative, nodular or papular skin lesion. The study enrolled 58 cases matched by age and neighbourhood to 116 controls in a case control study. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and simple proportions, means and medians were computed, and logistic regression models were constructed for analysis of individual, indoor and outdoor risk factors. Results Of the 255 suspected cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis identified, females constituted 56% (142/255) and the median age was 7 years (IQR 7–21). Cases occurred in clusters and up to 43% of cases originated from Gitare (73/255) and Kambi-Turkana (36/255) villages. A continuous transmission pattern was depicted throughout the period under review. Individual risk factors included staying outside the residence in the evening after sunset (OR 4.1, CI 1.2–16.2) and visiting forests (OR 4.56, CI 2.04–10.22). Sharing residence with a case (OR 14.4, CI 3.8–79.3), residing in a thatched house (OR 7.9, CI 1.9–45.7) and cracked walls (OR 2.3, CI 1.0–4.9) were identified among indoor factors while sighting rock hyraxes near residence (OR 5.3, CI 2.2–12.7), residing near a forest (OR 7.8, CI 2.8–26.4) and having a close neighbour with cutaneous leishmaniasis (OR 6.8, CI 2.8–16.0) were identified among outdoor factors. Conclusions We identify a large burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gilgil with evidence of individual, indoor and outdoor factors of disease spread. The role of environmental factors and rodents in disease transmission should be investigated further
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ngere
- Global Health Program-Kenya, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Waqo Gufu Boru
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Republic of Kenya
| | - Abdikadir Isack
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Republic of Kenya
| | - Joshua Muiruri
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Republic of Kenya
| | - Mark Obonyo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Republic of Kenya
| | | | - Zeinab Gura
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Republic of Kenya
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Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Center of Morocco. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020; 2020:2196418. [PMID: 32377183 PMCID: PMC7199546 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2196418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitic diseases, in particular leishmaniasis, are still a public health problem in several countries and in Morocco. Methods The data used are those of epidemiological surveillance collected in the registers of the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC); however, the socioeconomic data were obtained from the High Commissioner for Planning. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the different variables. Results In total, 70 cases were recorded by the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC) during the period from 2009 to 2015. 46% of the cases come from rural areas while 54% of the cases come from urban areas. The Pearson test shows the existence of a significant relationship between the number of cases recorded and the type of environment (r = 0.49, p value = 0.02), and population rate (R = 0.849 and p ≤ 0.001). However, in our case, the poverty rate does not influence CL's distribution. Conclusion Our results show that the CL affects the majority of the municipalities with predominance of the urban environment, so the distribution of cases of this pathology is not influenced by the poverty; however, the urbanization and the number of inhabitants have a positive impact on the distribution of this scourge.
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109
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Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors associated with visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:365-384. [PMID: 31897789 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review of the literature published since 1900 about leishmaniasis a neglected vector-borne disease, focused on environmental and social risk factors for visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to better understand their impact on the incidence of disease. The search terms were "leishmaniasis" AND "risk factors" using Google Scholar, PudMed, and Scielo. We reviewed 177 articles, 95 studies for VL, 75 for CL, and 7 on both forms. We identified 14 categories of risk factors which were divided into three groups: socioeconomic (7), environmental (5), and climate (2) variables. Socioeconomic factors were also associated with disease incidence in vulnerable human populations of arid and tropical developing regions. Environmental and climate factors showed significant associations with the incidence of VL and CL in all the studies that considered them. Proximity to natural vegetation remnants increased disease risk in both the New and Old World while the climate conditions favorable for disease transmission differed among regions. We propose a common conceptual framework for both clinical forms that highlights networks of interaction among risk factors. In both clinical forms, the interplay of these factors played a major role in disease incidence. Although there are similarities in environmental and socioeconomic conditions that mediate the transmission cycle of tropical, arid, and Mediterranean regions, the behavior of vector and reservoirs in each region is different. Special attention should be given to the possibility of vector adaptation to urban environments in developing countries where populations with low socioeconomic status are particularly vulnerable to the disease.
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110
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Pirouzi A, Forouzandeh H, Raoofi A, Ahmadi I, Abdizadeh R, Zarei E, Farrash RH, Khaledi A. Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in different regions of Larestan and its relationship with public health condition during 2014–2015. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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111
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Sakhaei S, Darrudi R, Motaarefi H, Sadagheyani HE. Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Neyshabur County, East of Iran (2011-2017). Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3710-3715. [PMID: 32010403 PMCID: PMC6986519 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) isn’t a lethal disease, but it has always been taken into consideration due to more involvement of patients with skin ulcers and its long-term treatment. Various factors can play an intervening role in increasing the rate of disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of disease from 2011-2017 and provide appropriate control strategies for reducing its incidence in Neyshabur county. METHODS: All patients with CL, who had medical records in the health centres of Neyshabur from 2011 to 2017, were examined for conducting this cross-sectional analytical study. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square test at a 0.05 using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V.22). RESULTS: Findings indicated that the highest annual incidence was in 2016 (229 patients), and the least incidence was in 2014 (100 patients). The majority of patients were under 10 years of age and 51.7% of patients were male. About 59.5% of patients were living in cities and 35% of them were living in North of Neyshabur city. Hands were the most affected part of the body (56.0%) followed by trunk (1.3%). Most patients (69.9%) were treated with topical regimens. CONCLUSION: This study showed that CL was hypo-endemic in Neyshabur. Also, the disease was more prevalent in urban areas. Therefore, appropriate health measures to improve environmental conditions, public health educations, and the public awareness of the positive impact of early diagnosis of disease in the success of treatment (especially for inhabitance suburbanite) are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sakhaei
- Department of Nursing, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Reza Darrudi
- Department of Health Information Technology, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hossein Motaarefi
- Department of Nursing, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
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Pawar SV, Upadhyay PK, Burade S, Kumbhar N, Patil R, Dhavale DD. Synthesis and anti-leishmanial activity of TRIS-glycine-β-alanine dipeptidic triazole dendron coated with nonameric mannoside glycocluster. Carbohydr Res 2019; 485:107815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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113
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Lee SM, Kim MS, Hayat F, Shin D. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E3886. [PMID: 31661934 PMCID: PMC6864685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases have serious health, social, and economic impacts, especially in the tropical regions of the world. Diseases caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Globally, the burden of protozoan diseases is increasing and is been exacerbated because of a lack of effective medication due to the drug resistance and toxicity of current antiprotozoal agents. These limitations have prompted many researchers to search for new drugs against protozoan parasites. In this review, we have compiled the latest information (2012-2017) on the structures and pharmacological activities of newly developed organic compounds against five major protozoan diseases, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis, with the aim of showing recent advances in the discovery of new antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
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Adegboye MA, Olumoh J, Saffary T, Elfaki F, Adegboye OA. Effects of time-lagged meteorological variables on attributable risk of leishmaniasis in central region of Afghanistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:533-541. [PMID: 31176974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis remains one of the world's most neglected vector-borne diseases, affecting predominantly poor communities mainly in developing countries. Previous studies have shown that the distribution and dynamics of leishmaniasis infections are sensitive to environmental factors, however, there are no studies on the burden of leishmaniasis attributable to time-varying meteorological variables. METHODS This study used data from 3 major leishmaniosis afflicted provinces of Afghanistan, between 2003 and 2009, to provide empirical analysis of change in heat/cold-leishmaniosis association. Non-linear and delayed exposure-lag-response relationship between meteorological variables and leishmaniasis were fitted with a distributed lag non-linear model applying a spline function which describes the dependency along the range of values with a lag of up to 12 months. We estimated the risk of leishmaniasis attributable to high and low temperature. RESULTS The median monthly mean temperature and rainfall were 16.1 °C and 0.6 in., respectively. Seasonal variations of leishmaniasis were consistent between males and females, however significant differences were observed among different age groups. Temperature effects were immediate and persistent (lag 0-12 months). The cumulative risks were highest at cold temperatures. The cumulative relative risks (logRR) for leishmaniasis were 6.16 (95% CI: 5.74-6.58) and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.32-1.31) associated with the 10th percentile temperature (2.16 °C) and the 90th percentile temperature (28.46 °C). The subgroup analysis showed increased risk for males as well as young and middle aged people at cold temperatures, however, higher risk was observed for the elderly in heat. The overall leishmaniasis-temperature attributable fractions was estimated to be 7.6% (95% CI: 7.5%-7.7%) and mostly due to cold. CONCLUSION Findings in this study highlight the non-linearity, delay of effects and magnitude of leishmaniasis risk associated with temperature. The disparity of risk between different subgroups can hopefully advise policy makers and assist in leishmaniasis control program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamiu Olumoh
- Department of Mathematics, American University of Nigeria, 640001 Yola, Nigeria
| | | | - Faiz Elfaki
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Oyelola A Adegboye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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115
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Loiseau R, Nabet C, Simon S, Ginouves M, Brousse P, Blanchet D, Demar M, Couppie P, Blaizot R. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana: an epidemiological update and study of environmental risk factors. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58:1323-1328. [PMID: 31524286 PMCID: PMC6900021 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic in French Guiana. Its epidemiology is evolving, notably because of immigration, anthropization of natural areas, and new microbiological methods. Our first objective was to update epidemiological data. Our second objective was to look for risk factors of ACL. Methods This multicentric study was conducted from October 2017 to June 2018 in French Guiana. Patients with suspicion of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis were included in case of positive smear, culture, or PCR‐RFLP on skin biopsy. Results One hundred and twenty‐three patients met the inclusion criteria. Among those patients, 59.3% were Brazilian, mostly gold miners. Most of them (58%) were between 16 and 40 years old, and 69% were male. A large proportion of patients lived in traditional wooden houses (51%). Patients living in coastal towns were usually infected during trips to the primary forest (60%) and had a shorter time to diagnosis than workers of the hinterland. Among environmental risk factors, the presence of a water spring (40%) and dogs around houses (40%) were frequently reported. Leishmania guyanensis represented 80% of cases, followed by Leishmania braziliensis (6%), Leishmania naiffi (2%), and Leishmania amazonensis (1%). Conclusions Gold mining and trips to the primary forest represent high‐risk situations for ACL in French Guiana, where the population of infected patients is dominated by Brazilian immigrants. Possible environmental risk factors such as the presence of dogs, water sources, and traditional wooden houses require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Loiseau
- Département de Médecine Générale, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Cecile Nabet
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Simon
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Marine Ginouves
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Paul Brousse
- Pôle des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Couppie
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
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116
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Calderon-Anyosa R, Galvez-Petzoldt C, Garcia PJ, Carcamo CP. Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:1547-1554. [PMID: 30382013 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major neglected tropical disease associated with high rates of disability and death. This disease is associated with poverty, which can be reflected in housing quality, especially in rural areas. This systematic review found that mud walls with cracks and holes, damp, and dark houses were risk factors for transmission of leishmaniasis. These characteristics create favorable conditions for sand fly breeding and resting as sand flies prefer humidity, warmth, and protection from sunlight during the day. Housing interventions might be a promising research area with a special focus on education as individual and collective protection for the effective control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Calderon-Anyosa
- Kuskaya Program, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Camila Galvez-Petzoldt
- Kuskaya Program, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia J Garcia
- Kuskaya Program, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar P Carcamo
- Kuskaya Program, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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117
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Muñoz C, Martínez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J, Pérez-Cutillas P, Navarro R, Ortuño M, Bernal LJ, Ortiz J, Soriguer R, Berriatua E. Molecular xenomonitoring and host identification of Leishmania sand fly vectors in a Mediterranean periurban wildlife park. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2546-2561. [PMID: 31376338 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological cycle of zoonotic phlebotomine-borne Leishmania infantum is a complex system in which domestic animals and wildlife interact and participate in its maintenance and transmission. In this study, we combined entomological surveillance, xenomonitoring of L. infantum and identification of host feeding sources of engorged females to investigate the potential contribution of a periurban wildlife park to leishmaniosis in neighbouring residential areas. Overall, 7,309 sand flies were collected in 111 trap-days during the summers of 2016-2018 in an endemic area in south-east Spain. Five different sand fly species were captured, with Phlebotomus perniciosus, the main L. infantum vector in this region, representing the most common species. Sand fly distribution was spatially heterogeneous in terms of species, sexes and female physiological stage (unfed, gravid and engorged females) and related to host distribution and management, and environmental features. None of the 602 sand flies analysed for L. infantum infection by kinetoplast real-time PCR were positive. We used molecular tools to identify the vertebrate hosts of sand flies and identified 17 host species, mainly mammals. Human DNA was not identified in engorged sand flies. This study provides evidence that wildlife parks in south-east Spain are ideal grounds for sand fly vectors but do not necessarily increase L. infantum infection risk to humans and dogs living in surrounding residential areas. This is probably because vectors feed mostly on non-L. infantum competent hosts and this should be investigated for a better understanding of the contribution of wildlife parks to the local epidemiology of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Ciber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Ciber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Cutillas
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Letras, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María Ortuño
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis J Bernal
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana Ortiz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Ciber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Targeting pteridine reductase 1 and dihydrofolate reductase: the old is a new trend for leishmaniasis drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2107-2130. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases in the world and it is considered endemic in 88 countries. This disease is transmitted by a Leishmania spp. infected sandfly and it may lead to cutaneous or systemic manifestations. The preconized treatment has low efficacy and there are cases of resistance to some drugs. Therefore, the search for new efficient molecular targets that can lead to the preparation of new drugs must be pursued. This review aims to evaluate both Leishmania enzymes PTR1 and DHFR-TS as potential drug targets, highlight their inhibitors and to discuss critically the use of chemoinformatics to elucidate interactions and propose new molecules against these enzymes.
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119
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Chavy A, Ferreira Dales Nava A, Luz SLB, Ramírez JD, Herrera G, Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Ginouves M, Demar M, Prévot G, Guégan JF, de Thoisy B. Ecological niche modelling for predicting the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Neotropical moist forest biome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007629. [PMID: 31412022 PMCID: PMC6693739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge of eco-epidemiology is to determine which factors promote the transmission of infectious diseases and to establish risk maps that can be used by public health authorities. The geographic predictions resulting from ecological niche modelling have been widely used for modelling the future dispersion of vectors based on the occurrence records and the potential prevalence of the disease. The establishment of risk maps for disease systems with complex cycles such as cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can be very challenging due to the many inference networks between large sets of host and vector species, with considerable heterogeneity in disease patterns in space and time. One novelty in the present study is the use of human CL cases to predict the risk of leishmaniasis occurrence in response to anthropogenic, climatic and environmental factors at two different scales, in the Neotropical moist forest biome (Amazonian basin and surrounding forest ecosystems) and in the surrounding region of French Guiana. With a consistent data set never used before and a conceptual and methodological framework for interpreting data cases, we obtained risk maps with high statistical support. The predominantly identified human CL risk areas are those where the human impact on the environment is significant, associated with less contributory climatic and ecological factors. For both models this study highlights the importance of considering the anthropogenic drivers for disease risk assessment in human, although CL is mainly linked to the sylvatic and peri-urban cycle in Meso and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Chavy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Medicine Department, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Alessandra Ferreira Dales Nava
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, EDTA Instituto Lêonidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luiz Bessa Luz
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, EDTA Instituto Lêonidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanny Herrera
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
- Parasitology Unit, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Marine Ginouves
- Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Medicine Department, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire Associé du CNR Leishmaniose, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Medicine Department, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean-François Guégan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche ASTRE Cirad-INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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120
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Saleh F, Khan MF, Kabir MR. Awareness of residents about kala-azar and its related practices in two endemic areas of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219591. [PMID: 31318906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kala-azar, a worldwide disease, is caused by the parasitic protozoan species of genus Leishmania and transmitted by species of sandflies. Awareness of the population about the disease is essential to run a successful control-strategies program. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the awareness of residents about it and related practices in two highly-endemic areas of Bangladesh. In total, 511 household respondents were selected conveniently from two unions (Kushmail and Kanihari) under two sub-districts (Trishal and Fulbaria) of Mymensingh district. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used for assessing the awareness of the respondents about kala-azar and their practices. Knowledge scores were categorized as poor (<mean -1SD), average (mean ±1SD), good (>mean +1SD). Statistical tests were considered significant at p value of ≤5% (≤0.05). Chi-squared and Student's t-tests were performed for statistical analysis. The mean knowledge score of the respondents of Kanihari union regarding kala-azar was significantly higher than that of the respondents of Kushmail union (mean ±SD, 4.30 ±0.86 versus 4.12 ±0.75, p = 0.002). Of the respondents, 11% and 20% had good (>5.04), 77% and 72% had average (3.43-5.04), 12% and 8% had poor (<3.43) (GAP) knowledge on kala-azar in Kushmail union and Kanihari union respectively. However, the mean knowledge score of the respondents of Kanihari union relating sandfly was significantly lower compared to that of the respondents of Kushmail union (mean ±SD, 2.49 ±0.79 versus 2.65 ±0.85, p = 0.03). Of them, 22% and 19% had good (>3.39), 67% and 64% had average (3.39-1.75), and 11% and 17% had poor (<1.75) knowledge on sandfly in Kushmail union and Kanihari union respectively. More than 70% of the respondents from Kushmail and Kanihari mentioned only injection as the preferred treatment of kala-azar. Eighty-seven percent and 88% of the respondents in the two unions had chosen upazilla health complex for the treatment of their kala-azar. About 50% of the respondents in Kushmail and Kanihari liked to use coil or mat as a preventive measure to avoid sandfly bites. The findings of this study indicate the importance of awareness and related practices of the community people in two endemic areas that will help implement the kala-azar-elimination program successfully in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Saleh
- Department of Community Nutrition, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Darussalam, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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121
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Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Babaei Z, Sharifi F, Keyhani A, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Khamesipour A, Mohebali M, Nadim A, Bamorovat M. Emerging Epidemics of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran: Operational Aspects, Management and Implemented Control Approaches. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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122
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Braliou GG, Kontou PI, Boleti H, Bagos PG. Susceptibility to leishmaniasis is affected by host SLC11A1 gene polymorphisms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2329-2342. [PMID: 31230160 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral diseases affecting humans and domesticated animals mostly in the tropical and subtropical areas of the planet. Host genetics have been widely investigated for their role in developing various infectious diseases. The SLC11A1 gene has been reported to play a role in neutrophil function and is associated with susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis or rheumatoid arthritis. In the present meta-analysis, we investigate the genetic association of SLC11A1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to leishmaniasis. Genotypes and other risk-related data were collected from 13 case-control and family-based studies (after literature search). Conventional random-effects meta-analysis was performed using STATA 13. To pool case-control and family-based data, the weighted Stouffer's method was also applied. Eight polymorphisms were investigated: rs2276631, rs3731865, rs3731864, rs17221959, rs201565523, rs2279015, rs17235409, and rs17235416. We found that rs17235409 (D543N) and rs17235416 (1729 + 55del4) are significantly associated with a risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), whereas rs17221959, rs2279015, and rs17235409 are associated with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Our results suggest that polymorphisms in SLC11A1 affect susceptibility to CL and VL. These findings open new pathways in understanding macrophage response to Leishmania infection and the genetic factors predisposing to symptomatic CL or VL that can lead to the usage of predictive biomarkers in populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia G Braliou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 2-4, Papasiopoulou str., 35131, Lamia, Greece.
| | - Panagiota I Kontou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 2-4, Papasiopoulou str., 35131, Lamia, Greece
| | - Haralabia Boleti
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis G Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 2-4, Papasiopoulou str., 35131, Lamia, Greece.
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Kanani K, Amr ZS, Shadfan B, Khorma R, Rø G, Abid M, Gabrielli AF, Haskew J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees in Jordan. Acta Trop 2019; 194:169-171. [PMID: 30974096 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most prevalent vector-borne diseases within the World Health Organization's Eastern Mediterranean Region. The conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic generated large population movements and raised concerns about spreading of CL to countries where Syrians have relocated, including Jordan. METHODS A review of electronic and paper-based registries of CL cases in Jordan was conducted to assess burden of disease and associated socio-demographic factors. RESULTS Increasing numbers of CL cases have been reported in Jordan between 2010 and 2016 (from 140 to 281), paralleled by significant increases in incidence rate (from 2.09 per 100 000 person-years, 95% CI (1.77-2.47), to 2.87 per 100 000 person-year, 95% CI (2.55-3.22), p = 0.002) and in the proportion of cases who are Syrian (from 8.6%-55.2%, p < 0.001). Syrian refugees have higher odds of presenting with leishmaniasis than Jordanian nationals (adjusted OR 7.1, 95% CI (6.3-8.0), p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Presence of large numbers of Syrian refugees within Jordan has so far not contributed to increased risk of developing CL for Jordanians, however surveillance, diagnosis and case management for CL should be reinforced to meet the increased burden. Electronic surveillance can help identify priority populations and areas for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuhair S Amr
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | | | - Gunnar Rø
- World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Abid
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Al-Jabi SW. Arab world's growing contribution to global leishmaniasis research (1998-2017): a bibliometric study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:625. [PMID: 31118003 PMCID: PMC6532175 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan of the Leishmania genus, and is considered a neglected tropical disease. It still remains a main public health concern at global level and in Arab world mainly in low-income countries. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the Arab world's growing contribution to global leishmaniasis research. METHODS This study describes a bibliometric review of all leishmaniasis research publications published between January 1998 and December 2017 indexed on the Scopus database. RESULTS The total number of publications published at global level was 17,570 papers, which achieves an average annual productivity of 878.50 papers publications. Brazil was responsible for the greatest output with the total number of publications of 3865 followed by the Unites States (n = 2729), India (n = 2119), the United Kingdom (n = 1363), and Spain (n = 1274). By limiting the analysis to the publications that have been published by Arab world, the research productivity was 993 papers, which represents 5.65% of total research output at global level in research regarding leishmaniasis. Tunisia was responsible for the greatest output from Arab world with the total number of publications of 297 followed by Sudan (n = 192), Saudi Arabia (n = 131), Morocco (n = 119) and Egypt (n = 67). Since 1998, the growth of publications on leishmaniasis fluctuates, overall showing a rising trend in both global and Arab world. There is a highly significant correlation between publication productivity related to leishmaniasis at global level and the Arab world (r = 0.936; p-value< 0.001). Leishmaniasis treatment, intracellular mechanism of infection, and lifecycle of leishmania are the major current hot topics for the research in this subject at global level and the Arab world. CONCLUSIONS The current study presents a novel review of the current Arab leishmaniasis-related research, and how these results are related to worldwide output. In comparison to the global research output, the Arab world produced less leishmaniasis research. The data presented in the current study by this innovative approach may serve relevant researchers to direct the global leishmaniasis research to Arab counties in which leishmaniasis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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125
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Swain SK, Behera IC, Sahu MC, Panda M. Isolated cutaneous leishmaniasis over face – A diagnostic dilemma. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Swain
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, K8, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Ishwar C. Behera
- Department of Community Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, K8, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Mahesh C. Sahu
- Central Research Laboratory, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, K8, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Maitreyee Panda
- Department of Dermatology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, K8, Kalinganagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
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126
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Razavinasab SZ, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Babaei Z, Mohammadi MA, Salarkia E, Sharifi F, Aghaei Afshar A, Bamorovat M. Expansion of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis into rural areas of southeastern Iran: Clinical, epidemiological and phylogenetic profiles explored using 7SL high resolution melting-PCR analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1602-1610. [PMID: 30912874 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has increased remarkably in Iran and has expanded into new areas. The present study aimed to assess the emerging CL outbreak in southeastern Iran using high resolution melting-polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) and phylogenetic analysis using the 7SL RNA gene marker. A cross-sectional and analytical survey was conducted during a house-to-house census of 11,021 inhabitants in Narmashir County in southeastern Iran in 2016. The cases were detected by direct smear microscopic examination and sequencing and were characterized using the 7SL RNA gene. All age groups and sexes were equally affected. Most were single lesions (70.7%). The hands (55.2%) and face (37.9%) were the main sites of involvement. The disease was more common among illiterate persons. Sequencing and HRM-PCR revealed that Leishmania tropica (accession no. MH632168 Qale-Shahid) was the principal causative agent of anthroponotic CL (ACL) in new areas of expansion. This is the first emergence of ACL in rural areas of Narmashir County. Based on the molecular data, the causative parasite species confirmed to be L. tropica. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that a single clone of the organism derived from a single source has spread into the affected villages. Construction of a main road, population movement and recent urbanization in the area are likely the major factors associated with the establishment of this new outbreak. This study was essential to enable the planning of effective therapeutic and prophylactic measures to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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127
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Exploration of organotin(IV) derivatives for medicinal applications: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, structural elucidation and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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128
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Sales KGDS, de Oliveira Miranda DE, Costa PL, da Silva FJ, Figueredo LA, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F. Home sweet home: sand flies find a refuge in remote indigenous villages in north-eastern Brazil, where leishmaniasis is endemic. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:118. [PMID: 30909958 PMCID: PMC6434633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2012 to 2013, an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania braziliensis was detected in indigenous villages located in a remote rural area of Pernambuco state, north-eastern Brazil. Considering that the principal activities of this indigenous community are farming and crop plantation, and also that the outbreak involved many children, we investigated the presence of sand fly vectors inside human houses and also the exposure of dogs to leishmanial parasites. Our general objective was to gather epidemiological data that could indicate the occurrence of a peri-domestic/domestic transmission cycle of L. braziliensis in these indigenous villages. METHODS From March 2015 to March 2016, sand flies were collected using light traps in the indoor and immediate outdoor environments in the three indigenous villages that reported the most cutaneous leishmaniasis cases during the 2012-2013 outbreak. Moreover, samples obtained from 300 dogs living in the outbreak villages and two nearby villages were tested by a rapid immunochromatographic test and by a real-time PCR for detecting anti-Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA, respectively. RESULTS In total, 5640 sand flies belonging to 11 species were identified. Males (n = 3540) predominated over females (n = 2100). Migonemyia migonei (84.3%) was the most abundant species, followed by Evandromyia lenti (5.5%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (4.1%), Nyssomyia intermedia (1.6%) and Micropygomyia capixaba (1.4%), representing together ~97% of the sand flies collected. Nine out of the 11 species identified in this study were found indoors, including M. migonei, L. longipalpis and N. intermedia, which are proven vectors of Leishmania spp. Out of 300 dogs tested, 26 (8.7%) presented anti-Leishmania antibodies and six (2%) were Leishmania DNA-positive. The level of exposure in dogs living in the indigenous villages where the 2012-2013 outbreak of human CL was detected was almost 2-fold higher than in the two nearby villages (11.0 vs 6.2% for serology and 2.6 vs 1.4% for real-time PCR). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that different sand fly vectors may be adapted to human dwellings, thus increasing the risk of transmission in the indoor and immediate outdoor environments. The adaptation of sand flies to the indoor environment in the studied indigenous villages may be partly explained by the poor housing conditions and the proximity of the houses to crop plantations and forest fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando José da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
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129
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Fidalgo LM. Essential Oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides as a Promising Antileishmanial Agent. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700201214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chenopodium ambrosioides has been used traditionally against parasitic diseases. The essential oil of the plant is a complex mixture of compounds with a rich structural diversity. This review focuses on recent evaluation of the essential oil from C. ambrosioides as a promising antileishmanial agent. The tested product showed activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and L. donovani. An optimal dose of 30 mg/Kg was effective by intraperitoneal and oral routes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. The chenopodium oil had a moderate toxicity against peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice and no side effects were detected in animals treated by the oral route. Isolates of L. amazonensis from treated mice were susceptible to the essential oil. Synergic effects were observed when the essential oil was incubated in conjunction with pentamidine on L. amazonensis promastigote cultures. Future studies focusing on formulation, toxicity and mechanism of action may help in the development of chenopodium oil as a new antileishmanial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianet Monzote Fidalgo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”. Apartado Postal No. 601, Marianao 13, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
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130
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Bora N, Nath Jha A. An integrative approach using systems biology, mutational analysis with molecular dynamics simulation to challenge the functionality of a target protein. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:1050-1060. [PMID: 30891955 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis affects millions of people worldwide in areas where Leishmania donovani is endemic. The protozoan species serves a greater threat as it has gradually evolved drug resistance whereby requiring newer approaches to treat the infection. State-of-art techniques are mostly directed toward finding better targets extracted from the available proteome data. In light of recent computational advancements, we ascertain and validate one such target, adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) by implementation of in-silico methods which led to the identification of critical amino acid residues that affects its functional attributes. Our target selection was based on comprehensive topological analysis of a knowledge-based protein-protein interaction network. Subsequently, mutations were incorporated and the dynamic behavior of mutated and native proteins was traced using MD simulations for a total time span of 600 ns. Comparative analysis of the native and mutated structures exhibited perceptible changes in the ligand-bound catalytic region with respect to time. The unfavorable changes in the orientations of specific catalytic residues, His118 and His196, induced by generated mutations reduce the enzyme specificity. In summary, this integrative approach is able to select a target against pathogen, identify crucial residues, and challenge its functionality through the selected mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Bora
- Computational Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Computational Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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131
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Godana AA, Mwalili SM, Orwa GO. Dynamic spatiotemporal modeling of the infected rate of visceral leishmaniasis in human in an endemic area of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212934. [PMID: 30822344 PMCID: PMC6396920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a very dangerous form of leishmaniasis and, shorn of appropriate diagnosis and handling, it leads to death and physical disability. Depicting the spatiotemporal pattern of disease is important for disease regulator and deterrence strategies. Spatiotemporal modeling has distended broad veneration in recent years. Spatial and spatiotemporal disease modeling is extensively used for the analysis of registry data and usually articulated in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. In this study, we have developed the hierarchical spatiotemporal Bayesian modeling of the infected rate of Visceral leishmaniasis in Human (VLH). We applied the Stochastics Partial Differential Equation (SPDE) approach for a spatiotemporal hierarchical model for Visceral leishmaniasis in human (VLH) that involves a GF and a state process is associated with an autoregressive order one temporal dynamics and the spatially correlated error term, along with the effect of land shield, metrological, demographic, socio-demographic and geographical covariates in an endemic area of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. The model encompasses a Gaussian Field (GF), affected by an error term, and a state process described by a first-order autoregressive dynamic model and spatially correlated innovations. A hierarchical model including spatially and temporally correlated errors was fit to the infected rate of Visceral leishmaniasis in human (VLH) weekly data from January 2015 to December 2017 using the R package R-INLA, which allows for Bayesian modeling using the stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach. We found that the mean weekly temperature had a significant positive association with infected rate of VLH. Moreover, net migration rate, clean water coverage, average number of households, population density per square kilometer, average number of persons per household unit, education coverage, health facility coverage, mortality rate, and sex ratio had a significant association with the infected rate of visceral leishmaniasis (VLH) in the region. In this study, we investigated the dynamic spatiotemporal modeling of Visceral leishmaniasis in Human (VLH) through a stochastic partial differential equation approach (SPDE) using integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA). Our study had confirmed both metrological, demographic, sociodemographic and geographic covariates had a significant association with the infected rate of visceral leishmaniasis (VLH) in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Asmare Godana
- Pan African University Institute for Basic Science, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Musili Mwalili
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Otieno Orwa
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
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132
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Machado de Machado FC, Lessa MM, Cielo CA, Souza TMDO, Prates de Souza FV, Ribeiro CS, Silva JA, Filho EMDC, Machado PRL, Montagner T, Muniz MM, Barbosa TN, Gonçalves DDS, Cincurá C. Phonotherapeutic Intervention in Patients With Mucosal Leishmaniasis Sequelae. J Voice 2019; 34:720-731. [PMID: 30795925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the voice before and after speech-language intervention, with Humming nasal sound in patients with sequelae Mucosal Leishmaniasis (ML) and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). METHODS Collection of phonation /a:/ from 44 patients with ML and CL for perceptual voice analysis and computed acoustic. The Wilcoxon nonparametric test and Fisher's exact test were used, with significance level of 5%. RESULTS It was observed, prespeech therapy, that 27.7% of participants with ML presented asthenic vocal quality, and for the acoustics characteristics there was a statistically significant result for measures of frequency, frequency disturbance, noise, and subharmonic measurements, indicating phonatory instability, weakness, and noise emission giving the emission a feeling of vocal weakness. After therapy, the subharmonic segment measurements for the group with ML, showing reduction noise emission. Patients with CL had more grade 1 instability (36.4%), indicating tremor in vocal tract structures. After speech therapy, this group presented a reduction in the degree of roughness and reduction of the frequency disturbance measures, indicating a decrease in tension in the larynx and pharynx. CONCLUSION Even after completing treatment for LM, patients may experience vocal changes due to the sequelae of the disease, like vocal alterations due to nasal lesions or in other locations that interfere in the correct vocal emission. As for participants with CL, no vocal changes would be expected, since these patients present thorax, leg and arm lesions that would not cause problems for the voice. Nevertheless, the two groups of participants presented vocal changes to different degrees before vocal therapy. However, it was observed that patients with ML present vocal alterations with more severe degrees. After the speech-language intervention, the participants of both groups showed vocal improvement, but the group with CL presented more vocal benefits, possibly due to the previous vocal alterations not being so severe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Miranda Lessa
- Immunology Department, Edgard Santos University Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carla Aparecida Cielo
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Post-Graduation Program in Human Communication Disorders, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho Filho
- Gonçalo Muniz Institute (Fiocruz-Bahia), Immunology Service at the Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- Immunology Service, Edgard Santos University Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Montagner
- Speech Therapist, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Mailane Mota Muniz
- Degree in Speech Therapy, Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carolina Cincurá
- Immunology Department, Edgard Santos University Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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133
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Erguler K, Pontiki I, Zittis G, Proestos Y, Christodoulou V, Tsirigotakis N, Antoniou M, Kasap OE, Alten B, Lelieveld J. A climate-driven and field data-assimilated population dynamics model of sand flies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2469. [PMID: 30792449 PMCID: PMC6385250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sand flies are responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease claiming more than 50,000 lives annually. Leishmaniasis is an emerging health risk in tropical and Mediterranean countries as well as temperate regions in North America and Europe. There is an increasing demand for predicting population dynamics and spreading of sand flies to support management and control, yet phenotypic diversity and complex environmental dependence hamper model development. Here, we present the principles for developing predictive species-specific population dynamics models for important disease vectors. Based on these principles, we developed a sand fly population dynamics model with a generic structure where model parameters are inferred using a surveillance dataset collected from Greece and Cyprus. The model incorporates distinct life stages and explicit dependence on a carefully selected set of environmental variables. The model successfully replicates the observations and demonstrates high predictive capacity on the validation dataset from Turkey. The surveillance datasets inform about biological processes, even in the absence of laboratory experiments. Our findings suggest that the methodology can be applied to other vector species to predict abundance, control dispersion, and help to manage the global burden of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Erguler
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Irene Pontiki
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Zittis
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yiannis Proestos
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsirigotakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Alten
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Sadeghi B, Shafiian A, Oliaee RT, Keyhani A, Afshar AA, Khosravi A, Mostafavi M, Parizi MH, Khatami M, Arefinia N. Host's immune response in unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by meglumine antimoniate: A case-control study of Th1 and Th2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:321-327. [PMID: 30771740 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the host's immune responses between unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) treated by meglumine antimoniate. A case-control study was carried out in an endemic focus in Iran. Blood samples were taken from patients and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Two wells were considered for each isolate of unresponsive and responsive patients; one was exposed to L. tropica (Lt-stimulated cells) and the other remained non-exposed (non-stimulated cells). After 24 h of incubation, whole RNA was extracted from each sample. Real-time quantitative PCR was carried out to confirm the differences in expression levels of IL-12 P40, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 among isolates. Data were analyzed and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In our study, Lt-stimulated cells and non-stimulated cells in unresponsive groups demonstrated significantly lower expression levels of IL-1β, IL-12 P40 and IFN-γ genes and higher expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10 genes, compared to Lt-stimulated cells and non-stimulated cells in responsive groups. There was a negative correlation between IL-12 P40 with IL-10 and IL-1β with IL-10 in ACL Lt-stimulated cells in unresponsive group, while a positive correlation between IL-12 P40 with IL-1β and IL-12 P40 with IFN-γ in ACL Lt-stimulated cells in responsive group. Probably, different immune responses caused by various factors play a major role in the pathogenesis and development of unresponsiveness in ACL patients. The profile and timing of cytokine production correlated well with the treatment outcome of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Food Hygiene and Public Health Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Shafiian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Dadbin Health Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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135
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Hijawi KJF, Hijjawi NS, Ibbini JH. Detection, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania isolates collected from infected Jordanian residents and Syrian refugees who suffered from cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:793-805. [PMID: 30729301 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is a parasitic protozoan which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia sand flies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by Leishmania major and L. tropica, is an endemic disease in many areas of Jordan and considered as a major public health problem. The political instability in the Syrian Arab Republic has resulted in the immigration of large number of refugees into Jordan where most of them resided in camps near the Syrian borders. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to inspect Leishmania species/genotypes which are responsible for CL infections among Syrian refugees and compare them with the recovered species/genotypes isolated from Jordanian patients. Three molecular-based assays (ITS1-PCR-RFLP, Nested ITS1-5.8S rDNA PCR, and Kinetoplast DNA PCR) followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were undertaken and compared for their efficiency to confirm CL diagnosis and genotype the infecting Leishmania species. Thereafter, the evolutionary relationships among various Leishmania isolates from Syrian and Jordanian CL patients were elucidated. Results from the present study indicated that 20 and 9 out of the inspected 66 patients (39 Jordanian and 27 Syrian) were infected with L. major and L. tropica respectively. ITS1-PCR RFLP typing proved to be more sensitive in the detection of Leishmania species (positive in 44% of the isolates) compared to both ITS1-5.8S rDNA gene and Kinetoplast DNA PCR which were successful in identifying Leishmania species only in 23% and 33% of the isolates respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 and ITS1-5.8S rDNA genes revealed high levels of heterogeneity among the sequenced isolates. One sample typed as L. tropica from Jordanian patient showed high similarity with L. tropica sample isolated from a Syrian patient in a Lebanon refugee camp; therefore, the need for comprehensive studies to confirm if any new L. tropica strains might be introduced to Jordan by Syrian refugees is urgently indicated. These observations highlighted the need for further studies to clarify the risk status of species and strains which might be introduced from Syria to Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal J F Hijawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan.
| | - Nawal S Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
| | - Jwan H Ibbini
- Department of Land Management and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
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Augusto de Oliveira Guerra J, Vale Barbosa Guerra MDG, Vasconcelos ZS, da Silva Freitas N, Rodrigues Fonseca F, Celso Andrade da Silva Júnior R, Soares da Silva A, Sampaio V, Gonçalves Maciel M, de Sousa Melo Cavalcante M, de Albuquerque BC, Mendes dos Santos G, Garnelo L. Socioenvironmental aspects of the Purus Region - Brazilian Amazon: Why relate them to the occurrence of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211785. [PMID: 30730951 PMCID: PMC6366772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze factors related to the occurrence of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the Purus Region, based on the reporting of cases between 2001 and 2013, correlating them with livelihoods and subsistence farming in the region, and analyzing them in regards to sex, age, clinical form, occupation, diagnostic methods and seasonality. The analysis parameter which was used included all cases of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in each sub-region by municipality. The Purus Region, between the states of Amazonas and Acre, consists of three sub-regions: Upper, Middle, and Lower Purus. We observed that socio-environmental impacts influenced the livelihoods of the human population and that the interaction with extractive activities, especially latex and Brazil nut collecting, where the labor regime implies a long stay in the jungle, leads to socio-environmental conditions that are favorable to the contraction of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. During the referred period, there were 13,971 cases of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis distributed among the sub-regions: High (12611 cases = 90.27%), Middle (1225 cases = 8.77%) and Lower (135 cases = 0.96%). Among the 22 municipalities that were studied, Rio Branco stands out with 31.6% of cases, followed by Xapuri with 12.6% and Sena Madureira with 12.5%. In the results, we highlight the high percentage (20.8%) of mucous forms; the age group from 11 to 50 (70.2%), however, 20.2% were in the age group of 1 month to 10 years of age; cases in males were 69.8%, and, in the reports examined, 43.7%. cited their occupation as extractivism. A statistically significant negative association was demonstrated between cutaneous leishmaniasis and rainfall between Purus municipalities. However, in regards to the association of cutaneous leishmaniasis for both, temperature and Municipal Human Development Index-MHDI, no significant associations were found in Purus. We concluded that American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis occurring in the Purus Region is related to two distinct aspects: the development of enterprises that extend the agricultural frontier, and a change in lifestyle, namely the extraction of wood as an occupation, which has, as a consequence, an environmental impact and creates difficulties in accessing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Augusto de Oliveira Guerra
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas–UEA–Manaus–AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Vieira Dourado—FMT HVD,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
- Faculdade Metropolitana de Manaus–FAMETRO,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas–UEA–Manaus–AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Vieira Dourado—FMT HVD,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
- Faculdade Metropolitana de Manaus–FAMETRO,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Arineia Soares da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas–UEA–Manaus–AM, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas–UEA–Manaus–AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde—FVS-AM,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
| | - Marcel Gonçalves Maciel
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas–UEA–Manaus–AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Vieira Dourado—FMT HVD,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiza Garnelo
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Manaus–ILMD/FIOCRUZ,–Manaus–AM, Brazil
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137
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Sulaiman AA, Elmadhoun WM, Noor SK, Bushara SO, Almobarak AO, Awadalla H, Farag E, Ahmed MH. An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis among a displaced population in North Sudan: Review of cases. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:556-563. [PMID: 30984672 PMCID: PMC6436281 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_432_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease in many parts of Sudan. OBJECTIVE To document an outbreak of CL among internally displaced people (IDP) in north Sudan. METHODS A household survey was conducted in the rural region of New Manasir, at El Damer Locality in north Sudan during the year 2013. All villagers were screened for recent and old skin lesions in addition to other urgent medical problems. Written consent was obtained from each participant before data collection. A pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants. The diagnosis of CL was based on clinical findings and/or identification of the amastigotes on skin smears. RESULTS Out of the 1,236 individuals enrolled in this survey, 688 were diagnosed as cases of CL, giving an infection rate of 55.7%. Children constituted 244 (35.5%) of infected cases. Majority of skin lesions were found in the Extremities 524 (76.2%). The average duration of skin lesions was 3.6 months (±1.6). CONCLUSION This outbreak among IDPs affected a large proportion of inhabitants of the newly established villages in north Sudan. Preventive measures might have help control such outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Abdalrhim Sulaiman
- Community Medicine Specialist, Department of Public Health - MOH, Qassim Region-Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadie Mohammed Elmadhoun
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine- Nile Valley University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sufian Khalid Noor
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine- Nile Valley University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sarra Osman Bushara
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine- Nile Valley University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O. Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Heitham Awadalla
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mohamed H. Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Rodrigues MGDA, Sousa JDDB, Dias ÁLB, Monteiro WM, Sampaio VDS. The role of deforestation on American cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence: spatial-temporal distribution, environmental and socioeconomic factors associated in the Brazilian Amazon. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:348-355. [PMID: 30578585 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the temporal and spatial distribution as well as the environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in the state of Amazonas, Brazil from 2007 to 2015. METHODS Spatial and temporal distribution was evaluated from sequential thematic maps of the mean incidence rates of the disease. A negative binomial regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of the factors studied with the mean incidence rate of ACL. RESULTS The average proportion of deforestation was negatively associated with the average incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities (β = -2.178; P = 0.019; 95%CI -3.996, -0.361), and the health system performance index (effectiveness) (β = -0.852; P = 0.008; 95%CI -1.481, -0.225). Conversely, the municipal human development index (MHDI) was a factor positively related to the average incidence among the municipalities (β = 7.728; P = 0.003; 95%CI 2.716, 12.738). CONCLUSION Our study shows the important impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors on ACL incidence in the Amazonas State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela de Almeida Rodrigues
- Sala de Análise de Situação em Saúde, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Sala de Análise de Situação em Saúde, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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139
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Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Health Workers of East Azerbaijan, Ilam and Khorasan Razavi Provinces about Leishmaniasis During 2015 - 2016: A Comparative Study Before and After Intervention. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.64282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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140
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Aghaei M, Aghaei S, Sokhanvari F, Ansari N, Hosseini SM, Mohaghegh MA, Hejazi SH. The therapeutic effect of ozonated olive oil plus glucantime on human cutaneous leishmaniasis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:25-30. [PMID: 30944704 PMCID: PMC6437465 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.29232.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is one of the main health problems in developing countries, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. Although research has been successful in discovering vaccines and anti-parasitic drugs like antimony compounds, their side effects like high toxicity, prolonged regeneration, etc., have raised the replacement importance of natural products with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can be said that an appropriate alternative to this is the ozonated olive oil. Ozone by introducing O2 in involved tissues and bloodstream could degrade parasite amastigotes and lead to cleared leishmaniasis infections. So, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ozonated olive oil in Iranian leishmaniasis patients compared to glucantime, a choice drug for the treatment of Leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with confirmed leishmaniasis lesions were included and divided into two groups, 15 cases as control and 15 cases as test with lesions of 30-50 mm2 in diameter. The control group received glucantime intralesionally and the test group ozonated olive oil plus glucantime, 2 times daily. RESULTS The mean of lesion size was (50.94±33.20) before and (15±14.34) after treatment in control (P<0.00) and (50.88±31.74) before and (9.93±14.18) after treatment in the test group (P<0.00). Moreover, the mean course of therapy was 10.4(±1.84) weeks and 8.93(±2.15) weeks in control and test groups, respectively (P=0.636). Significant differences were reported in lesion size after treatment between the two groups (P<0.00). CONCLUSION Data suggested ozonated olive oil can have synergistic effects with glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghaei
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Aghaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies,Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sokhanvari
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazli Ansari
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohsen Hosseini
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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141
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Abstract
While epidemiological models have traditionally assumed that diseases spread by the mass action principle, actual contact networks within social groups do not meet this assumption. Theoretical models have shown that disease dynamics could vary considerably under different types of contact networks, but these models face challenges in terms of their evaluation due to the difficulty of collecting empirical data. The honeybee colony with its elaborate social organization and large repertoire of diseases provides an ideal setting to explore how the structure of the contact network contributes to the transmission of a disease.
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142
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Jones RT, Tusting LS, Smith HMP, Segbaya S, Macdonald MB, Bangs MJ, Logan JG. The impact of industrial activities on vector-borne disease transmission. Acta Trop 2018; 188:142-151. [PMID: 30165072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Industrial activities have produced profound changes in the natural environment, including the mass removal of trees, fragmentation of habitats, and creation of larval mosquito breeding sites, that have allowed the vectors of disease pathogens to thrive. We conducted a review of the literature to assess the impact of industrial activities on vector-borne disease transmission. Our study shows that industrial activities may be coupled with significant changes to human demographics that can potentially increase contact between pathogens, vectors and hosts, and produce a shift of parasites and susceptible populations between low and high disease endemic areas. Indeed, where vector-borne diseases and industrial activities intersect, large numbers of potentially immunologically naïve people may be exposed to infection and lack the knowledge and means to protect themselves from infection. Such areas are typically associated with inadequate access to quality health care, thus allowing industrial development and production sites to become important foci of transmission. The altered local vector ecologies, and the changes in disease dynamics that changes affect, create challenges for under-resourced health care and vector-control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Jones
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucy S Tusting
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh M P Smith
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael J Bangs
- International SOS, Ltd., Papua Province, Indonesia; International SOS, Ltd., Lualaba Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - James G Logan
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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143
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An Insight into the Constitutive Proteome Throughout Leishmania donovani Promastigote Growth and Differentiation. Int Microbiol 2018; 22:143-154. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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144
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Farajzadeh S, Ahmadi R, Mohammadi S, Pardakhty A, Khalili M, Aflatoonian M. Evaluation of the efficacy of intralesional Glucantime plus niosomal zinc sulphate in comparison with intralesional Glucantime plus cryotherapy in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis, a randomized clinical trial. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:616-620. [PMID: 30538362 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment modalities in cutaneous leishmaniasis have low efficacy and high toxicity as well as high rate of resistance to treatment. In this study, for the first time we decided to evaluate efficacy of intralesional Glucantime plus niosomal zinc sulphate in comparison with intralesional Glucantime plus cryotherapy in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. This is a case-control study on 64 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kerman-Iran. Patients were categorized in 2 groups A and B whom were treated with weekly intralesional meglumine antimonite plus twice daily niosomal topical zinc sulphate versus weekly intralesional Glucantime plus every other week cryotherapy, respectively. We assessed the efficacy of treatment modalities (as partial and complete response) and their adverse effects by measuring size of the lesions every 2 weeks up to maximum of 12 weeks and 3 months after the end of the treatment. Partial response rate was 16.6% and 12.9% in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.784). Complete response rate was 73.3% and 80.6% in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.784). Complete response rate was achieved in 4.73 ± 0.29 weeks and 4.69 ± 0.28 weeks in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.925). Partial response rate was achieved in 2.92 ± 0.23 weeks and 2.65 ± 0.18 weeks, respectively (P = 0.365). Combination of niosomal zinc sulphate with intralesional Glucantime has equal efficacy versus combination of cryotherapy plus intralesional Glucantime in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. So, it can be used in cases that have resistance to first-line treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahim Ahmadi
- 2Dermatology Department, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saman Mohammadi
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- 3Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Khalili
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahin Aflatoonian
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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145
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QSAR Study of (5-Nitroheteroaryl-1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-yl) Piperazinyl Derivatives to Predict New Similar Compounds as Antileishmanial Agents. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/2569129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To search for newer and potent antileishmanial drugs, a series of 36 compounds of 5-(5-nitroheteroaryl-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were subjected to a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for studying, interpreting, and predicting activities and designing new compounds using several statistical tools. The multiple linear regression (MLR), nonlinear regression (RNLM), and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed using 30 molecules having pIC50 ranging from 3.155 to 5.046. The best generated MLR, RNLM, and ANN models show conventional correlation coefficients R of 0.750, 0.782, and 0.967 as well as their leave-one-out cross-validation correlation coefficients RCV of 0.722, 0.744, and 0.720, respectively. The predictive ability of those models was evaluated by the external validation using a test set of 6 molecules with predicted correlation coefficients Rtest of 0.840, 0.850, and 0.802, respectively. The applicability domains of MLR and MNLR transparent models were investigated using William’s plot to detect outliers and outsides compounds. We expect that this study would be of great help in lead optimization for early drug discovery of new similar compounds.
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Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in north-central Pacific region of Ecuador: A clinico-epidemiological feature. Acta Trop 2018; 185:204-211. [PMID: 29852129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The current four year study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and epidemiological features of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis infections in Valle Hermoso, Santo Domingo de Los Tsachilas province, north-central Pacific areas of Ecuador. A total of 155 parasitologically confirmed (Leishmania-amastigote-positive) clinical cases diagnosed at a rural health center during January 2014-December 2017 were analyzed thoroughly. Molecular characterization of the causative Leishmania parasites from different endemic sites within the study areas was performed by PCR amplification of cytochrome b (cyt b) sequencing. All the FTA-card and/or smear impregnated materials tested were characterized, and identified as L. (V.) guyanensis, without detecting any other Leishmania species. The following features were described: 1) the majority of patients were suffered from a single ulcer lesion (simple and mild to chronic), followed by multiple lesions, including recidiva cutis-"like" and Chiclero's ulcer-"like" clinical forms; 2) the majority (65.70%) of lesions were less than 10 mm in size, and distributed mainly on the upper body regions (arm, forearm, face, and neck including ear and head); 3) about 30% (29.68%) of the subjects tested were less than 10 years of age, strongly suggesting the intra- and/or peri-domestic transmission of the disease in the areas. The current clinico-epidemiological feature detected emphasizes the need for further such investigations of the L. (V.) guyanensis infections prevalent at different Pacific ecoregions of Ecuador, including Amazon regions.
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147
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Recent Development of Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatments: Successes, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:31/4/e00048-18. [PMID: 30158301 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00048-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in visceral leishmaniasis in the last decade has been focused on how better to use the existing medicines as monotherapy or in combination. Systematic research by geographical regions has shown that a universal treatment is far from today's reality. Substantial progress has been made in the elimination of kala-azar in South Asia, with a clear strategy on first- and second-line therapy options of single-dose liposomal amphotericin B and a combination of paromomycin and miltefosine, respectively, among other interventions. In Eastern Africa, sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and paromomycin in combination offer an advantage compared to the previous SSG monotherapy, although not exempted of limitations, as this therapy requires 17 days of painful double injections and bears the risk of SSG-related cardiotoxicity. In this region, attempts to improve the combination therapy have been unsuccessful. However, pharmacokinetic studies have led to a better understanding of underlying mechanisms, like the underexposure of children to miltefosine treatment, and an improved regimen using an allometric dosage. Given this global scenario of progress and pitfalls, we here review what steps need to be taken with existing medicines and highlight the urgent need for oral drugs. Furthermore, it should be noted that six candidates belonging to five new chemical classes are reaching phase I, ensuring an optimistic near future.
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148
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Willen L, Mertens P, Volf P. Evaluation of the rSP03B sero-strip, a newly proposed rapid test for canine exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus, vector of Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006607. [PMID: 30071017 PMCID: PMC6071949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease, caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by Phlebotomus perniciosus in the Mediterranean basin. Previously, an ELISA based on the P. perniciosus salivary protein SP03B was proposed as a valid tool to screen for canine exposure to sand fly bites across regions endemic for CanL. Although this approach is useful in laboratory settings, a practical tool for immediate application in the field is needed. In this study we propose the rSP03B sero-strip, the first immunochromatographic test (ICT) in the field of vector exposure able to rapidly screen dogs living in endemic areas for the presence of P. perniciosus and to aid in the evaluation of vector control programs. Methodology/Principal findings The ICT was prepared using the bacterially expressed recombinant protein rSP03B as antigen. For test optimization, pre-immune sera from non-bitten laboratory-bred Beagles were used as negative controls. In order to validate the test, sera from laboratory-bred Beagles experimentally exposed to P. perniciosus bites were used as positive controls. Additionally, all samples were tested by ELISA using whole salivary gland homogenate (SGH) and the rSP03B protein as antigen. An almost perfect degree of agreement was found between the ICT and the SGH-ELISA. Furthermore, the newly proposed rSP03B sero-strip showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 86.79%. Conclusions/Significance We developed a simple and rapid ICT based on the P. perniciosus rSP03B salivary protein, able to replace the standard ELISA used in previous studies. Our rSP03B sero-strip showed to be highly sensitive and specific in the detection of antibodies (IgG) against P. perniciosus saliva. In the future, this test can be employed during large-scale epidemiological studies of CanL in the Mediterranean area to evaluate the efficacy of vector control programs. The sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus is the principle vector of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. While the sand fly female takes a blood meal, it injects saliva into the host skin, evoking a specific antibody response in the host. The antibody level in the host correlates with the intensity of exposure to sand flies. Previously, the specific antibody response (IgG) against a salivary protein of P. perniciosus—SP03B—has been proposed as a valid biomarker to estimate dog exposure to P. perniciosus in the Mediterranean area. Since standard serological methods are impractical and time-consuming in field conditions, we propose the rSP03B sero-strip—a rapid test that can be immediately applied to screen large cohorts of dogs for the presence of anti-P. perniciosus antibodies. Our test is the first rapid test in the field of vector exposure, it is highly sensitive and specific and shown to be a valid replacement for standard serological assays. In addition, this test could be used as an evaluation tool for vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Willen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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149
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Nyambura LW, Jarmalavicius S, Walden P. Impact of Leishmania donovani infection on the HLA I self peptide repertoire of human macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200297. [PMID: 30001391 PMCID: PMC6042751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are specialized antigen-presenting cells that process and present self-antigens for induction of tolerance, and foreign antigens to initiate T cell-mediated immunity. Despite this, Leishmania donovani (LD) are able to parasitize the macrophages and persist. The impact of this parasitizing and persistence on antigen processing and presentation by macrophages remains poorly defined. To gain insight into this, we analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and compared the HLA-I self-peptidomes, proteasome compositions, HLA expression and activation states of non-infected and LD-infected THP1-derived macrophages. We found that, though both HLA-I peptidomes were dominated by nonapeptides, they were heterogeneous and individualized, with differences in HLA binding affinities and anchor residues. Non-infected and LD-infected THP1-derived macrophages were able to sample peptides from source proteins of almost all subcellular locations and involved in various cellular functions, but in different proportions. In the infected macrophages, there was increased sampling of plasma membrane and extracellular proteins, and those involved in immune responses, cell communication/signal transduction and metabolism/energy pathways, and decreased sampling of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and those involved in protein metabolism, RNA binding and cell growth and/or maintenance. Though the activation state of infected macrophages was unchanged, their proteasome composition was altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydon Wainaina Nyambura
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Clinical Research Group 'Tumor Immunology', Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saulius Jarmalavicius
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Clinical Research Group 'Tumor Immunology', Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Walden
- Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Clinical Research Group 'Tumor Immunology', Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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150
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Ayaz MM, Nazir MM, Ullah N, Zaman A, Akbar A, Zeeshan M, Hussain Z, Naz S, Zheng Y, Javed A, Lindsay DS. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Metropolitan City of Multan, Pakistan, a Neglected Tropical Disease. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1040-1042. [PMID: 29415246 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection caused by flagellated parasitic protozoans in the genus Leishmania. Promastigotes are the infective stage, which are transmitted by the bite of female sand flies of the genera Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia. Three clinical forms of Leishmania infection are recognized in humans, and they are caused by different Leishmania species. They are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Up to 2 million cases of leishmaniasis are reported annually worldwide. In Pakistan, CL is widely distributed in endemic areas. In the current study, a survey was conducted to investigate the occurrence of CL in an endemic area of the metropolitan city of Multan, Pakistan. The material for diagnosis of CL was obtained from 461 patients from 239 clinical laboratories and health care centers in Multan. Of these patients, 42.9% (198 of 461) having positive findings of amastigotes in Giemsa stained tissue impression smears. The distribution of CL skin lesions was highly variable. Most patients (76.2%) had a single lesion. Most CL lesions were found on a single hand (23.7%). The prevalence of two CL lesions per patient was 21.7%, while three or more positive CL lesions were observed in 2.0% of patients. The 198 CL-positive patients ranged in age 10-40 yr old, 101 were males, and 97 were females. Logistic regression analysis of leishmaniasis versus age and gender showed that both the age and gender had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the occurrence of infection. Outbreaks of CL were reported in 14 of the 68 Union Councils of Multan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, B.Z University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mudasser Nazir
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, B.Z University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, B.Z University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aqil Zaman
- Department of Zoology, B.Z University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Atif Akbar
- Department of Statistics, B.Z University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, G. C University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Naz
- Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) No 1, Xujiaping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Asghar Javed
- Department of Pathology, Nishtar Medical College, Multan, Pakistan
| | - David S Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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