101
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Arabidopsis thaliana miRNAs promote embryo pattern formation beginning in the zygote. Dev Biol 2017; 431:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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102
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The integration of Gβ and MAPK signaling cascade in zygote development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8732. [PMID: 28821747 PMCID: PMC5562876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to many signals with a limited number of signaling components. Heterotrimeric G proteins and MAPK cascades are universally used by eukaryotic cells to transduce signals in various developmental processes or stress responses by activating different effectors. MAPK cascade is integrated with G proteins by scaffold protein during plant immunity. However, the molecular relationship between G proteins and MAPK modules in plant development is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis Gβ protein AGB1 interacts with MPK3 and 6, MKK4 and 5, as well as the regulatory domains of YODA (YDA), the upstream MEKK of MKK4/5. Remarkably, YDA interacts with the plasma membrane associated SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) through its N- and C-terminal region in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, genetic analysis shows that AGB1 functions together with MPK3/6 signaling cascade during the asymmetric division of the zygote. These data indicate that Gβ may function likely as a scaffold, through direct physical interaction with the components of the MPK signaling module in plant development. Our results provide new insights into the molecular functions of G protein and will advance the understanding of the complex mechanism of kinase signaling cascades.
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103
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Meng LS, Xu MK, Li D, Zhou MM, Jiang JH. Soluble Sugar Accumulation Can Influence Seed Size via AN3-YDA Gene Cascade. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4121-4132. [PMID: 28489361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, seed size is central to many aspects in evolutionary fitness and is a crucial agricultural trait. In this study, Arabidopsis an3 (angustifolia3) mutants present with increased seed size. Target-gene analysis revealed that YDA, which encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, is a target gene of AN3. Indeed, the loss of YDA function decreases seed size. Furthermore, AN3 and YDA mutations both disrupt normal sucrose and glucose contents and cause altered seed size in an3 or yda mutants. With these results, we provide a molecular model in which soluble sugar accumulation might affect seed size regulation via the AN3-YDA gene cascade. Our findings guide the synthesis of a model that predicts the integration of soluble sugar accumulation at AN3 to control the establishment of seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ke Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
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104
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Ueda M, Aichinger E, Gong W, Groot E, Verstraeten I, Vu LD, De Smet I, Higashiyama T, Umeda M, Laux T. Transcriptional integration of paternal and maternal factors in the Arabidopsis zygote. Genes Dev 2017; 31:617-627. [PMID: 28404632 PMCID: PMC5393056 DOI: 10.1101/gad.292409.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Ueda et al. show that paternal SSP/YDA signaling directly phosphorylates WRKY2 that in turn up-regulates transcription of the major patterning gene WOX8 in the plant zygote. Their results reveal a framework of how maternal and paternal factors are integrated in the zygote to regulate embryo patterning in plants. In many plants, the asymmetric division of the zygote sets up the apical–basal axis of the embryo. Unlike animals, plant zygotes are transcriptionally active, implying that plants have evolved specific mechanisms to control transcriptional activation of patterning genes in the zygote. In Arabidopsis, two pathways have been found to regulate zygote asymmetry: YODA (YDA) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which is potentiated by sperm-delivered mRNA of the SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) membrane protein, and up-regulation of the patterning gene WOX8 by the WRKY2 transcription factor. How SSP/YDA signaling is transduced into the nucleus and how these pathways are integrated have remained elusive. Here we show that paternal SSP/YDA signaling directly phosphorylates WRKY2, which in turn leads to the up-regulation of WOX8 transcription in the zygote. We further discovered the transcription factors HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS11/12 (HDG11/12) as maternal regulators of zygote asymmetry that also directly regulate WOX8 transcription. Our results reveal a framework of how maternal and paternal factors are integrated in the zygote to regulate embryo patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Ueda
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.,Laboratory of Plant Growth Regulation, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ernst Aichinger
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wen Gong
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edwin Groot
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.,Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Tech Agency (JST), Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Regulation, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,CREST, JST, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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105
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Vu KV, Nguyen NT, Jeong CY, Lee YH, Lee H, Hong SW. Systematic deletion of the ER lectin chaperone genes reveals their roles in vegetative growth and male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:972-983. [PMID: 27888524 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) are homologous lectin chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that facilitate glycoprotein folding and retain folding intermediates to prevent their transit via the secretary pathway. The Arabidopsis genome has two CNX (CNX1 and CNX2) and three CRT (CRT1, CRT2 and CRT3) homologs. Despite growing evidence of the biological roles of CNXs and CRTs, little is understood about their function in Arabidopsis growth and development under normal conditions. Here, we report that the deletion of CNX1, but not of CNX2, in the crt1 crt2 crt3 triple mutation background had an adverse effect on pollen viability and pollen tube growth, leading to a significant reduction in fertility. The cnx1 crt1 crt2 crt3 quadruple mutation also conferred severe defects in growth and development, including a shortened primary root, increased root hair length and density, and reduced plant height. Disruption of all five members of the CNX/CRT family was revealed to be lethal. Finally, the abnormal phenotype of the cnx1 crt1 crt2 crt3 quadruple mutants was completely rescued by either the CNX1 or CNX2 cDNA under the control of the CNX1 promoter, suggesting functional redundancy between CNX1 and CNX2. Taken together, these results provide genetic evidence that CNX and CRT play essential and overlapping roles during vegetative growth and male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Van Vu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ngoc Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwa Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, Bioenergy Crop Research Center, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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106
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Bayer M, Slane D, Jürgens G. Early plant embryogenesis-dark ages or dark matter? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:30-36. [PMID: 27810634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In nearly all flowering plants, the basic body plan is laid down during embryogenesis. In Arabidopsis, the crucial cell types are established extremely early as reflected in the stereotypic sequence of oriented cell divisions in the developing young embryo. Research into early embryogenesis was especially focused on the role of the infamous tryptophan derivative auxin in establishing embryo polarity and generating the main body axis. However, it is becoming obvious that the mere link to auxin does not provide any mechanistic understanding of early embryo patterning. Taking recent research into account, we discuss mechanisms underlying early embryonic patterning from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bayer
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Slane
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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107
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Pillitteri LJ, Guo X, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plants: mechanisms of symmetry breaking and cell fate determination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4213-4229. [PMID: 27286799 PMCID: PMC5522748 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental mechanism that generates cell diversity while maintaining self-renewing stem cell populations in multicellular organisms. Both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underpin symmetry breaking and differential daughter cell fate determination in animals and plants. The emerging picture suggests that plants deal with the problem of symmetry breaking using unique cell polarity proteins, mobile transcription factors, and cell wall components to influence asymmetric divisions and cell fate. There is a clear role for altered auxin distribution and signaling in distinguishing two daughter cells and an emerging role for epigenetic modifications through chromatin remodelers and DNA methylation in plant cell differentiation. The importance of asymmetric cell division in determining final plant form provides the impetus for its study in the areas of both basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Jo Pillitteri
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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108
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Zhao J, Xin H, Cao L, Huang X, Shi C, Zhao P, Fu Y, Sun MX. NtDRP is necessary for accurate zygotic division orientation and differentiation of basal cell lineage toward suspensor formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:598-612. [PMID: 27348863 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant embryogenesis begins with an asymmetric division of the zygote, producing apical and basal cells with distinct cell fates. The asymmetric zygote division is thought to be critical for embryo pattern formation; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating this process, especially maintaining the accurate position and proper orientation of cell division plane, remain poorly understood. Here, we report that a dynamin-related protein in Nicotiana tabacum, NtDRP, plays a critical role in maintaining orientation of zygotic division plane. Down-regulation of NtDRP caused zygotic cell division to occur in different, incorrect orientations and resulted in disruption of suspensor formation, and even development of twin embryos. The basal cell lineage totally integrated with the apical cell lineage into an embryo-like structure, suggesting that NtDRP is essential to accurate zygotic division orientation and differentiation of basal cell lineage toward suspensor formation. We also reveal that NtDRP plays its role by modulating microtubule spatial organization and spindle orientation during early embryogenesis. Thus, we revealed that NtDRP is involved in orientation of the asymmetric zygotic division and differentiation of distinct suspensor and embryo domains, as well as subsequent embryo pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haiping Xin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lingyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaorong Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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109
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Zhao J, Sun MX. Asymmetric zygote division: A mystery starting point of embryogenesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1238546. [PMID: 27662512 PMCID: PMC5257166 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1238546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperm, asymmetric zygote division is critical for embryogenesis. The molecular mechanism underlying this process has gained a great attention recently. Some players involve in the control of both accurate position and correct orientation of zygote division plane have been found, which provide useful clues for the extensive investigations. It is getting clear that both internal and external factors are involved in this complex regulatory mechanism and the asymmetric zygote division seems with great impact in cell fate determination and embryo pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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110
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Palovaara J, de Zeeuw T, Weijers D. Tissue and Organ Initiation in the Plant Embryo: A First Time for Everything. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:47-75. [PMID: 27576120 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-124929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Land plants can grow to tremendous body sizes, yet even the most complex architectures are the result of iterations of the same developmental processes: organ initiation, growth, and pattern formation. A central question in plant biology is how these processes are regulated and coordinated to allow for the formation of ordered, 3D structures. All these elementary processes first occur in early embryogenesis, during which, from a fertilized egg cell, precursors for all major tissues and stem cells are initiated, followed by tissue growth and patterning. Here we discuss recent progress in our understanding of this phase of plant life. We consider the cellular basis for multicellular development in 3D and focus on the genetic regulatory mechanisms that direct specific steps during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Palovaara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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111
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Ho CM, Paciorek T, Abrash E, Bergmann D. Modulators of Stomatal Lineage Signal Transduction Alter Membrane Contact Sites and Reveal Specialization among ERECTA Kinases. Dev Cell 2016; 38:345-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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112
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Shao W, Dong J. Polarity in plant asymmetric cell division: Division orientation and cell fate differentiation. Dev Biol 2016; 419:121-131. [PMID: 27475487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is universally required for the development of multicellular organisms. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a rigid cellulosic extracellular matrix, the cell wall, which provides physical support and forms communication routes. This fundamental difference leads to some unique mechanisms in plants for generating asymmetries during cell division. However, plants also utilize intrinsically polarized proteins to regulate asymmetric signaling and cell division, a strategy similar to the differentiation mechanism found in animals. Current progress suggests that common regulatory modes, i.e. protein spontaneous clustering and cytoskeleton reorganization, underlie protein polarization in both animal and plant cells. Despite these commonalities, it is important to note that intrinsic mechanisms in plants are heavily influenced by extrinsic cues. To control physical asymmetry in cell division, although our understanding is fragmentary thus far, plants might have evolved novel polarization strategies to orientate cell division plane. Recent studies also suggest that the phytohormone auxin, one of the most pivotal small molecules in plant development, regulates ACD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA; Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA.
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113
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Yi J, Lee YS, Lee DY, Cho MH, Jeon JS, An G. OsMPK6 plays a critical role in cell differentiation during early embryogenesis in Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2425-37. [PMID: 26912801 PMCID: PMC4809295 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of body axes is the basis of morphogenesis during plant embryogenesis. We identified embryo-lethal mutants of rice (Oryza sativa) in which T-DNAs were inserted in OsMPK6 Embryonic organs were absent because their development was arrested at the globular stage. Similar to observations made with gle4, shootless, and organless, the osmpk6 mutations affected the initial step of cell differentiation. Expression of an apical-basal axis marker gene, OSH1, was reduced in the mutant embryos while that of the radial axes marker genes OsSCR and OsPNH1 was not detected. The signal for ROC1, a protodermal cell marker, was weak at the globular stage and gradually disappeared. Transcript levels of auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis genes were diminished in osmpk6 embryos. In addition, phytoalexin biosynthesis genes were down-regulated in osmpk6 and a major diterpene phytoalexin, momilactone A, did not accumulate in the mutant embryos. These results indicate that OsMPK6 begins to play a critical role during early embryogenesis, especially when the L1 radial axis is being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakyung Yi
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Seok Lee
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Lee
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea
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114
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Zhang Y, Dong J. Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System. J Vis Exp 2016:53790. [PMID: 27022690 PMCID: PMC4829033 DOI: 10.3791/53790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or "polarization") in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; The Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey;
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115
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Yu TY, Shi DQ, Jia PF, Tang J, Li HJ, Liu J, Yang WC. The Arabidopsis Receptor Kinase ZAR1 Is Required for Zygote Asymmetric Division and Its Daughter Cell Fate. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005933. [PMID: 27014878 PMCID: PMC4807781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric division of zygote is critical for pattern formation during early embryogenesis in plants and animals. It requires integration of the intrinsic and extrinsic cues prior to and/or after fertilization. How these cues are translated into developmental signals is poorly understood. Here through genetic screen for mutations affecting early embryogenesis, we identified an Arabidopsis mutant, zygotic arrest 1 (zar1), in which zygote asymmetric division and the cell fate of its daughter cells were impaired. ZAR1 encodes a member of the RLK/Pelle kinase family. We demonstrated that ZAR1 physically interacts with Calmodulin and the heterotrimeric G protein Gβ, and ZAR1 kinase is activated by their binding as well. ZAR1 is specifically expressed micropylarly in the embryo sac at eight-nucleate stage and then in central cell, egg cell and synergids in the mature embryo sac. After fertilization, ZAR1 is accumulated in zygote and endosperm. The disruption of ZAR1 and AGB1 results in short basal cell and an apical cell with basal cell fate. These data suggest that ZAR1 functions as a membrane integrator for extrinsic cues, Ca2+ signal and G protein signaling to regulate the division of zygote and the cell fate of its daughter cells in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Del Toro-De León G, Lepe-Soltero D, Gillmor CS. Zygotic genome activation in isogenic and hybrid plant embryos. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:148-53. [PMID: 26802806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is the onset of large-scale transcription that occurs after fertilization. In animal embryos, ZGA occurs after a period of transcriptional quiescence that varies between species. In plants, the timing of ZGA may also vary between species, and may or may not occur in a parent-of-origin dependent manner: some studies have shown a maternal bias in mRNA transcripts and gene activity in early embryogenesis, while other experiments have found the contribution of maternal and paternal genomes to be equal. In order to differentiate between maternal and paternal mRNAs, RNA sequencing studies of ZGA in plants have used embryos hybrid for polymorphic accessions. A recent genetic assay in Arabidopsis demonstrated significant variation in paternal allele activity between some hybrid combinations and isogenic embryos, as well as between different hybrid combinations, suggesting a possible source for conflicting results obtained by various experiments on paternal genome activation. We review recent literature on paternal genome activation studies in the zygote in both isogenic and hybrid embryos, and discuss possible explanations for the effects of hybridization on gene expression in early embryogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Del Toro-De León
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Daniel Lepe-Soltero
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - C Stewart Gillmor
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México.
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117
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Gillmor CS, Roeder AHK, Sieber P, Somerville C, Lukowitz W. A Genetic Screen for Mutations Affecting Cell Division in the Arabidopsis thaliana Embryo Identifies Seven Loci Required for Cytokinesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146492. [PMID: 26745275 PMCID: PMC4712874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in plants involves the formation of unique cellular structures such as the phragmoplast and the cell plate, both of which are required to divide the cell after nuclear division. In order to isolate genes that are involved in de novo cell wall formation, we performed a large-scale, microscope-based screen for Arabidopsis mutants that severely impair cytokinesis in the embryo. We recovered 35 mutations that form abnormally enlarged cells with multiple, often polyploid nuclei and incomplete cell walls. These mutants represent seven genes, four of which have previously been implicated in phragmoplast or cell plate function. Mutations in two loci show strongly reduced transmission through the haploid gametophytic generation. Molecular cloning of both corresponding genes reveals that one is represented by hypomorphic alleles of the kinesin-5 gene RADIALLY SWOLLEN 7 (homologous to tobacco kinesin-related protein TKRP125), and that the other gene corresponds to the Arabidopsis FUSED ortholog TWO-IN-ONE (originally identified based on its function in pollen development). No mutations that completely abolish the formation of cross walls in diploid cells were found. Our results support the idea that cytokinesis in the diploid and haploid generations involve similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stewart Gillmor
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Patrick Sieber
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Chris Somerville
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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118
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Meng LS, Li YQ, Liu MQ, Jiang JH. The Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3- YODA Gene Cascade Induces Anthocyanin Accumulation by Regulating Sucrose Levels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1728. [PMID: 27920784 PMCID: PMC5118565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation specifically depends on sucrose (Suc) signaling/levels. However, the gene cascades specifically involved in the Suc signaling/level-mediated anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway are still unknown. Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3), a transcription coactivator, is involved in the regulation of leaf shape and drought tolerance. Recently, an AN3-CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 gene cascade has been reported to regulate the light signaling-mediated anthocyanin accumulation. Target gene analysis indicates that AN3 is associated with the YODA (YDA) promoter, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, in vivo for inducing anthocyanin accumulation. Indeed, loss-of-function mutants of YDA showed significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation. YDA mutation can also suppress the decrease in an3-4 anthocyanin accumulation. Further analysis indicates that the mutations of AN3 and YDA disrupt the normal Suc levels because of the changes of invertase activity in mutants of an3 or yda, which in turn induces the alterations of anthocyanin accumulation in mutants of an3 or yda via unknown regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – Edinburgh UniversityXuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lai-Sheng Meng, Ji-Hong, Jiang
| | - Ying-Qiu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – Edinburgh UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Qian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – Edinburgh UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Hong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – Edinburgh UniversityXuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lai-Sheng Meng, Ji-Hong, Jiang
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119
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Daigle C, Matton DP. Genome-wide analysis of MAPKKKs shows expansion and evolution of a new MEKK class involved in solanaceous species sexual reproduction. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1037. [PMID: 26645086 PMCID: PMC4673785 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the plant MAP Kinases superfamily have been mostly studied in Arabidopsis thaliana and little is known in most other species. In Solanum chacoense, a wild species close to the common potato, it had been reported that members of a specific group in the MEKK subfamily, namely ScFRK1 and ScFRK2, are involved in male and female reproductive development. Apart from these two kinases, almost nothing is known about the roles of this peculiar family. Methods MEKKs were identified using BLAST and hidden Markov model (HMM) to build profiles using the 21 MEKKs from A. thaliana. Following protein sequence alignments, the neighbor-joining method was used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees of the MEKK subfamily. Kinase subdomains sequence logos were generated with WebLogo in order to pinpoint FRK distinct motifs. Codon alignments of the FRKs kinase subdomains and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees were used in the codon substitution models of the codeml program in the PAML package to detect selective pressure between FRK groups. Results With the recent progress in Next-Generation Sequencing technologies, the genomes and transcriptomes of numerous plant species have been recently sequenced, giving access to a vast amount of data. With the aim of finding all members of the MEKK subfamily members in plants, we screened the genomes of 15 species from different clades of the plant kingdom. Interestingly, the whole MEKK subfamily has significantly expanded throughout evolution, especially in solanaceous species. This holds true for members of the FRK class, which have also strongly expanded and diverged. Conclusions Expansion and rapid evolution of the FRK class members in solanaceous species support the hypothesis that they have acquired new roles, mainly in male and female reproductive development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2228-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Daigle
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, H1X 2B2, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel P Matton
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, H1X 2B2, QC, Canada.
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120
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García-Aguilar M, Gillmor CS. Zygotic genome activation and imprinting: parent-of-origin gene regulation in plant embryogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 27:29-35. [PMID: 26051360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parent-of-origin dependent gene expression refers to differential activity of alleles inherited from the egg and sperm. In plants, zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and gene imprinting are two examples of this phenomenon, both of which occur during seed development. As its name implies, ZGA is a genome-wide process that occurs in embryos during the first few days after fertilization. Evidence exists that maternal alleles initially predominate during ZGA, although most genes also show some paternal activity. By contrast, imprinting can be defined as a bias in gene expression that lasts beyond the first few days of seed development. Hundreds of imprinted genes have been discovered in the endosperm, and a few have been described in the embryo. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the phenomena and mechanisms of ZGA and imprinting in seeds, with an emphasis on embryo development. Important unanswered questions and areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina García-Aguilar
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - C Stewart Gillmor
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México.
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121
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Boyer F, Simon R. Asymmetric cell divisions constructing Arabidopsis stem cell niches: the emerging role of protein phosphatases. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:935-45. [PMID: 26012742 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cell niches (SCNs) can be maintained in time through asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) that allow the production of new cell types while constantly renewing the pools of stem cells (SCs). ACDs in plants require the asymmetric distribution of molecular components inside the cells as well as external asymmetric positional information. These two types of asymmetric information are controlled by inter- and intracellular signalling events. Phosphorylation of proteins is a major intermediate step in these signalling events, serving either as an activator or repressor of signalling, via fast auto- and trans-phosphorylation mechanisms. Whereas protein kinases, which phosphorylate proteins on serine, threonine or tyrosine residues, have been thoroughly studied, less attention has been given to protein phosphatases, which de-phosphorylate their protein targets on these same residues. Phosphatases modulate the activity of signalling pathways by balancing the action of kinases, and are therefore critical in the regulation of ACDs in plants. In this review, we first present the different types of ACDs that operate during Arabidopsis embryonic and post-embryonic development and participate in the construction and maintenance of its root and shoot SCNs; we then give a brief description of the main protein phosphatases so far described in the Arabidopsis genome; and finally discuss their functions toward the regulation of the ACDs introduced in the first part of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boyer
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Simon
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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122
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Meng LS, Yao SQ. Transcription co-activator Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) regulates water-use efficiency and drought tolerance by modulating stomatal density and improving root architecture by the transrepression of YODA (YDA). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:893-902. [PMID: 25599980 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One goal of modern agriculture is the improvement of plant drought tolerance and water-use efficiency (WUE). Although stomatal density has been linked to WUE, the causal molecular mechanisms and engineered alternations of this relationship are not yet fully understood. Moreover, YODA (YDA), which is a MAPKK kinase gene, negatively regulates stomatal development. BR-INSENSITIVE 2 interacts with phosphorylates and inhibits YDA. However, whether YDA is modulated in the transcriptional level is still unclear. Plants lacking ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) activity have high drought stress tolerance because of low stomatal densities and improved root architecture. Such plants also exhibit enhanced WUE through declining transpiration without a demonstrable reduction in biomass accumulation. AN3 negatively regulated YDA expression at the transcriptional level by target-gene analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that AN3 was associated with a region of the YDA promoter in vivo. YDA mutation significantly decreased the stomatal density and root length of an3 mutant, thus proving the participation of YDA in an3 drought tolerance and WUE enhancement. These components form an AN3-YDA complex, which allows the integration of water deficit stress signalling into the production or spacing of stomata and cell proliferation, thus leading to drought tolerance and enhanced WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shun-Qiao Yao
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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123
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Meng X, Chen X, Mang H, Liu C, Yu X, Gao X, Torii KU, He P, Shan L. Differential Function of Arabidopsis SERK Family Receptor-like Kinases in Stomatal Patterning. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2361-72. [PMID: 26320950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants use cell-surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to sense diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues and elicit distinct biological responses. In Arabidopsis, ERECTA family RLKs recognize EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTORS (EPFs) to specify stomatal patterning. However, little is known about the molecular link between ERECTA activation and intracellular signaling. We report here that the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) family RLKs regulate stomatal patterning downstream of EPF ligands and upstream of a MAP kinase cascade. EPF ligands induce the heteromerization of ERECTA and SERK family RLKs. SERK and ERECTA family RLKs transphosphorylate each other. In addition, SERKs associate with the receptor-like protein (RLP) TMM, a signal modulator of stomata development, in a ligand-independent manner, suggesting that ERECTA, SERKs, and TMM form a multiprotein receptorsome consisting of different RLKs and RLP perceiving peptide ligands to regulate stomatal patterning. In contrast to the differential requirement of individual SERK members in plant immunity, cell-death control, and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, all four functional SERKs are essential but have unequal genetic contributions to stomatal patterning, with descending order of importance from SERK3/BAK1 to SERK2 to SERK1 to SERK4. Although BR signaling connects stomatal development via multiple components, the function of SERKs in stomatal patterning is uncoupled from their involvement in BR signaling. Our results reveal that the SERK family is a shared key module in diverse Arabidopsis signaling receptorsomes and that different combinatorial codes of individual SERK members regulate distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiquan Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Ingram G, Gutierrez-Marcos J. Peptide signalling during angiosperm seed development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015. [PMID: 26195729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is pivotal for the coordination of various features of plant development. Recent studies in plants have revealed that, as in animals, secreted signal peptides play critical roles during reproduction. However, the precise signalling mechanisms in plants are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the known and putative roles of secreted peptides present in the seeds of angiosperms as key signalling factors involved in coordinating different aspects of seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/UMR 0879 INRA, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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125
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Frank MH, Scanlon MJ. Cell-specific transcriptomic analyses of three-dimensional shoot development in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:743-51. [PMID: 26123849 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Haploid moss gametophytes harbor distinct stem cell types, including tip cells that divide in single planes to generate filamentous protonemata, and bud cells that divide in three planes to yield axial gametophore shoots. This transition from filamentous to triplanar growth occurs progressively during the moss life cycle, and is thought to mirror evolution of the first terrestrial plants from Charophycean green algal ancestors. The innovation of morphologically complex plant body plans facilitated colonization of the vertical landscape, and enabled development of complex vegetative and reproductive plant morphologies. Despite its profound evolutionary significance, the molecular programs involved in this transition from filamentous to triplanar meristematic plant growth are poorly understood. In this study, we used single-cell type transcriptomics to identify more than 4000 differentially expressed genes that distinguish uniplanar protonematal tip cells from multiplanar gametophore bud cells in the moss Physcomitrella patens. While the transcriptomes of both tip and bud cells show molecular signatures of proliferative cells, the bud cell transcriptome exhibits a wider variety of genes with significantly increased transcript abundances. Our data suggest that combined expression of genes involved in shoot patterning and asymmetric cell division accompanies the transition from uniplanar to triplanar meristematic growth in moss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Frank
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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126
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Virk N, Li D, Tian L, Huang L, Hong Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu B, Zhang H, Song F. Arabidopsis Raf-Like Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Gene Raf43 Is Required for Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222830 PMCID: PMC4519275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are critical signaling modules that mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli into intracellular response. A relatively large number of MAPKKKs have been identified in a variety of plant genomes but only a few of them have been studied for their biological function. In the present study, we identified an Arabidopsis Raf-like MAPKKK gene Raf43 and studied its function in biotic and abiotic stress response using a T-DNA insertion mutant raf43-1 and two Raf43-overexpressing lines Raf43-OE#1 and Raf43-OE#13. Expression of Raf43 was induced by multiple abiotic and biotic stresses including treatments with drought, mannitol and oxidative stress or defense signaling molecule salicylic acid and infection with necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Seed germination and seedling root growth of raf43-1 were significantly inhibited on MS medium containing mannitol, NaCl, H2O2 or methyl viologen (MV) while seed germination and seedling root growth of the Raf43-OE#1 and Raf43-OE#13 lines was similar to wild type Col-0 under the above stress conditions. Soil-grown raf43-1 plants exhibited reduced tolerance to MV, drought and salt stress. Abscisic acid inhibited significantly seed germination and seedling root growth of the raf43-1 line but had no effect on the two Raf43-overexpressing lines. Expression of stress-responsive RD17 and DREB2A genes was significantly down-regulated in raf43-1 plants. However, the raf43-1 and Raf43-overexpressing plants showed similar disease phenotype to the wild type plants after infection with B. cinerea or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Our results demonstrate that Raf43, encoding for a Raf-like MAPKKK, is required for tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Virk
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Limei Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yafen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zhang Y, Wang P, Shao W, Zhu JK, Dong J. The BASL polarity protein controls a MAPK signaling feedback loop in asymmetric cell division. Dev Cell 2015; 33:136-49. [PMID: 25843888 PMCID: PMC4406870 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization is linked to fate determination during asymmetric division of plant stem cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In Arabidopsis, BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL) is polarized to control stomatal asymmetric division. A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade determines terminal stomatal fate by promoting the degradation of the lineage determinant SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here, we demonstrate that a positive-feedback loop between BASL and the MAPK pathway constitutes a polarity module at the cortex. Cortical localization of BASL requires phosphorylation mediated by MPK3/6. Phosphorylated BASL functions as a scaffold and recruits the MAPKKK YODA and MPK3/6 to spatially concentrate signaling at the cortex. Activated MPK3/6 reinforces the feedback loop by phosphorylating BASL and inhibits stomatal fate by phosphorylating SPCH. Polarization of the BASL-MAPK signaling feedback module represents a mechanism connecting cell polarity to fate differentiation during asymmetric stem cell division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wanchen Shao
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA.
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128
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Qin Y, Dong J. Focusing on the focus: what else beyond the master switches for polar cell growth? MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:582-94. [PMID: 25744359 PMCID: PMC5124495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, often associated with polarized cell expansion/growth in plants, describes the uneven distribution of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, signaling molecules, vesicles, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles, which may ultimately modulate cell shape, structure, and function. Pollen tubes and root hairs are model cell systems for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying sustained tip growth. The formation of intercalated epidermal pavement cells requires excitatory and inhibitory pathways to coordinate cell expansion within single cells and between cells in contact. Strictly controlled cell expansion is linked to asymmetric cell division in zygotes and stomatal lineages, which require integrated processes of pre-mitotic cellular polarization and division asymmetry. While small GTPase ROPs are recognized as fundamental signaling switches for cell polarity in various cellular and developmental processes in plants, the broader molecular machinery underpinning polarity establishment required for asymmetric division remains largely unknown. Here, we review the widely used ROP signaling pathways in cell polar growth and the recently discovered feedback loops with auxin signaling and PIN effluxers. We discuss the conserved phosphorylation and phospholipid signaling mechanisms for regulating uneven distribution of proteins, as well as the potential roles of novel proteins and MAPKs in the polarity establishment related to asymmetric cell division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; The Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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129
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Lafleur E, Kapfer C, Joly V, Liu Y, Tebbji F, Daigle C, Gray-Mitsumune M, Cappadocia M, Nantel A, Matton DP. The FRK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) from Solanum chacoense is involved in embryo sac and pollen development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1833-43. [PMID: 25576576 PMCID: PMC4378624 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fertilization-related kinase 1 (ScFRK1), a nuclear-localized mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) from the wild potato species Solanum chacoense, belongs to a small group of pMEKKs that do not possess an extended N- or C-terminal regulatory domain. Initially selected based on its highly specific expression profile following fertilization, in situ expression analyses revealed that the ScFRK1 gene is also expressed early on during female gametophyte development in the integument and megaspore mother cell and, later, in the synergid and egg cells of the embryo sac. ScFRK1 mRNAs are also detected in pollen mother cells. Transgenic plants with lower or barely detectable levels of ScFRK1 mRNAs lead to the production of small fruits with severely reduced seed set, resulting from a concomitant decline in the number of normal embryo sacs produced. Megagametogenesis and microgametogenesis were affected, as megaspores did not progress beyond the functional megaspore (FG1) stage and the microspore collapsed around the first pollen mitosis. As for other mutants that affect embryo sac development, pollen tube guidance was severely affected in the ScFRK1 transgenic lines. Gametophyte to sporophyte communication was also affected, as observed from a marked change in the transcriptomic profiles of the sporophytic tissues of the ovule. The ScFRK1 MAPKKK is thus involved in a signalling cascade that regulates both male and female gamete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lafleur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Christelle Kapfer
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Valentin Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Faiza Tebbji
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada Institut de recherche en biotechnologie, Conseil national de recherches du Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Caroline Daigle
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Madoka Gray-Mitsumune
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Mario Cappadocia
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - André Nantel
- Institut de recherche en biotechnologie, Conseil national de recherches du Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Daniel P Matton
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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130
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Xu J, Zhang S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in signaling plant growth and development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:56-64. [PMID: 25457109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are ubiquitous signaling modules in eukaryotes. Early research of plant MAPKs has been focused on their functions in immunity and stress responses. Recent studies reveal that they also play essential roles in plant growth and development downstream of receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). With only a limited number of MAPK components, multiple functional pathways initiated from different receptors often share the same MAPK components or even a complete MAPK cascade. In this review, we discuss how MAPK cascades function as molecular switches in response to spatiotemporal-specific ligand-receptor interactions and the availability of downstream substrates. In addition, we discuss other possible mechanisms governing the functional specificity of plant MAPK cascades, a question central to our understanding of MAPK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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131
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Çakır B, Kılıçkaya O. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in Vitis vinifera. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:556. [PMID: 26257761 PMCID: PMC4511077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important mechanisms to control cellular functions in response to external and endogenous signals. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are universal signaling molecules in eukaryotes that mediate the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals resulting in the induction of appropriate cellular responses. MAPK cascades are composed of four protein kinase modules: MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), and MAPKs. In plants, MAPKs are activated in response to abiotic stresses, wounding, and hormones, and during plant pathogen interactions and cell division. In this report, we performed a complete inventory of MAPK cascades genes in Vitis vinifera, the whole genome of which has been sequenced. By comparison with MAPK, MAPK kinases, MAPK kinase kinases and MAPK kinase kinase kinase kinase members of Arabidopsis thaliana, we revealed the existence of 14 MAPKs, 5 MAPKKs, 62 MAPKKKs, and 7 MAPKKKKs in Vitis vinifera. We identified orthologs of V. vinifera putative MAPKs in different species, and ESTs corresponding to members of MAPK cascades in various tissues. This work represents the first complete inventory of MAPK cascades in V. vinifera and could help elucidate the biological and physiological functions of these proteins in V. vinifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Çakır
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege UniversityIzmir, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Birsen Çakır, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Bornova/Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Ozan Kılıçkaya
- Department of Pharmacetical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet UniversitySivas, Turkey
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132
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Kumari A, Jewaria PK, Bergmann DC, Kakimoto T. Arabidopsis reduces growth under osmotic stress by decreasing SPEECHLESS protein. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:2037-46. [PMID: 25381317 PMCID: PMC4318929 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants, which are sessile unlike most animals, have evolved a system to reduce growth under stress; however, the molecular mechanisms of this stress response are not well known. During programmed development, a fraction of the leaf epidermal precursor cells become meristemoid mother cells (MMCs), which are stem cells that produce both stomatal guard cells and epidermal pavement cells. Here we report that Arabidopsis plants, in response to osmotic stress, post-transcriptionally decrease the protein level of SPEECHLESS, the transcription factor promoting MMC identity, through the action of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The growth reduction under osmotic stress was lessened by inhibition of the MAPK cascade or by a mutation that disrupted the MAPK target amino acids in SPEECHLESS, indicating that Arabidopsis reduces growth under stress by integrating the osmotic stress signal into the MAPK-SPEECHLESS core developmental pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Pawan K Jewaria
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan Present address: Molecular Genetics, Leobener Str. 2, NW2, B 1030D, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
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133
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Stanko V, Giuliani C, Retzer K, Djamei A, Wahl V, Wurzinger B, Wilson C, Heberle-Bors E, Teige M, Kragler F. Timing is everything: highly specific and transient expression of a MAP kinase determines auxin-induced leaf venation patterns in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1637-1652. [PMID: 25064848 PMCID: PMC4228985 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transduction modules present in all eukaryotes. In plants, MAPK cascades were shown to regulate cell division, developmental processes, stress responses, and hormone pathways. The subgroup A of Arabidopsis MAPKs consists of AtMPK3, AtMPK6, and AtMPK10. AtMPK3 and AtMPK6 are activated by their upstream MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) AtMKK4 and AtMKK5 in response to biotic and abiotic stress. In addition, they were identified as key regulators of stomatal development and patterning. AtMPK10 has long been considered as a pseudo-gene, derived from a gene duplication of AtMPK6. Here we show that AtMPK10 is expressed highly but very transiently in seedlings and at sites of local auxin maxima leaves. MPK10 encodes a functional kinase and interacts with the upstream MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) AtMKK2. mpk10 mutants are delayed in flowering in long-day conditions and in continuous light. Moreover, cotyledons of mpk10 and mkk2 mutants have reduced vein complexity, which can be reversed by inhibiting polar auxin transport (PAT). Auxin does not affect AtMPK10 expression while treatment with the PAT inhibitor HFCA extends the expression in leaves and reverses the mpk10 mutant phenotype. These results suggest that the AtMKK2-AtMPK10 MAPK module regulates venation complexity by altering PAT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Stanko
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/4, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Present address: Felix-Klein-Gymnasium, Böttingerstraße 17, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Concetta Giuliani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/4, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Present address: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/4, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Present address: Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/4, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Present address: Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wurzinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/5, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Present address: Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cathal Wilson
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/4, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Present address: Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131-Naples, Italy
| | - Erwin Heberle-Bors
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/4, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Biochemistry, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/5, Vienna, A-1030, Austria; Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Max. F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/5, Vienna, A-1030, Austria.
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134
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Non-equivalent contributions of maternal and paternal genomes to early plant embryogenesis. Nature 2014; 514:624-7. [PMID: 25209660 DOI: 10.1038/nature13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zygotic genome activation in metazoans typically occurs several hours to a day after fertilization, and thus maternal RNAs and proteins drive early animal embryo development. In plants, despite several molecular studies of post-fertilization transcriptional activation, the timing of zygotic genome activation remains a matter of debate. For example, two recent reports that used different hybrid ecotype combinations for RNA sequence profiling of early Arabidopsis embryo transcriptomes came to divergent conclusions. One identified paternal contributions that varied by gene, but with overall maternal dominance, while the other found that the maternal and paternal genomes are transcriptionally equivalent. Here we assess paternal gene activation functionally in an isogenic background, by performing a large-scale genetic analysis of 49 EMBRYO DEFECTIVE genes and testing the ability of wild-type paternal alleles to complement phenotypes conditioned by mutant maternal alleles. Our results demonstrate that wild-type paternal alleles for nine of these genes are completely functional 2 days after pollination, with the remaining 40 genes showing partial activity beginning at 2, 3 or 5 days after pollination. Using our functional assay, we also demonstrate that different hybrid combinations exhibit significant variation in paternal allele activation, reconciling the apparently contradictory results of previous transcriptional studies. The variation in timing of gene function that we observe confirms that paternal genome activation does not occur in one early discrete step, provides large-scale functional evidence that maternal and paternal genomes make non-equivalent contributions to early plant embryogenesis, and uncovers an unexpectedly profound effect of hybrid genetic backgrounds on paternal gene activity.
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135
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Smékalová V, Luptovčiak I, Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Doskočilová A, Takáč T, Vadovič P, Novák O, Pechan T, Ziemann A, Košútová P, Šamaj J. Involvement of YODA and mitogen activated protein kinase 6 in Arabidopsis post-embryogenic root development through auxin up-regulation and cell division plane orientation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1175-1193. [PMID: 24923680 PMCID: PMC4414326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of YODA MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE 4 (MAPKKK4) upstream of MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 6 (MPK6) was studied during post-embryonic root development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss- and gain-of-function mutants of YODA (yda1 and ΔNyda1) were characterized in terms of root patterning, endogenous auxin content and global proteomes. We surveyed morphological and cellular phenotypes of yda1 and ΔNyda1 mutants suggesting possible involvement of auxin. Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were up-regulated in both mutants. Proteomic analysis revealed up-regulation of auxin biosynthetic enzymes tryptophan synthase and nitrilases in these mutants. The expression, abundance and phosphorylation of MPK3, MPK6 and MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 65-1 (MAP65-1) were characterized by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses and interactions between MAP65-1, microtubules and MPK6 were resolved by quantitative co-localization studies and co-immunoprecipitations. yda1 and ΔNyda1 mutants showed disoriented cell divisions in primary and lateral roots, abortive cytokinesis, and differential subcellular localization of MPK6 and MAP65-1. They also showed deregulated expression of TANGLED1 (TAN1), PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN 1 (POK1), and GAMMA TUBULIN COMPLEX PROTEIN 4 (GCP4). The findings that MPK6 localized to preprophase bands (PPBs) and phragmoplasts while the mpk6-4 mutant transformed with MPK6AEF (alanine (A)-glutamic acid (E)-phenylanine (F)) showed a root phenotype similar to that of yda1 demonstrated that MPK6 is an important player downstream of YODA. These data indicate that YODA and MPK6 are involved in post-embryonic root development through an auxin-dependent mechanism regulating cell division and mitotic microtubule (PPB and phragmoplast) organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Smékalová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Luptovčiak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Metabolomics, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, 2 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Anja Ziemann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Košútová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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136
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Ohnishi Y, Hoshino R, Okamoto T. Dynamics of Male and Female Chromatin during Karyogamy in Rice Zygotes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1533-1543. [PMID: 24948834 PMCID: PMC4119036 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the conversion of an egg cell into a zygote involves two sequential gametic processes: plasmogamy, the fusion of the plasma membranes of male and female gametes, and karyogamy, the fusion of the gametic nuclei. In this study, the nuclei and nuclear membranes of rice (Oryza sativa) gametes were fluorescently labeled using histones 2B-green fluorescent protein/red fluorescent protein and Sad1/UNC-84-domain protein2-green fluorescent protein, respectively, which were heterologously expressed. These gametes were fused in vitro to produce zygotes, and the nuclei and nuclear membranes in the zygotes were observed during karyogamy. The results indicated that the sperm nucleus migrates adjacent to the egg nucleus 5 to 10 min after plasmogamy via an actin cytoskelton, and the egg chromatin then appears to move unidirectionally into the sperm nucleus through a possible nuclear connection. The enlargement of the sperm nucleus accompanies this possible chromatin remodeling. Then, 30 to 70 min after fusion, the sperm chromatin begins to decondense with the completion of karyogamy. Based on these observations, the development of early rice zygotes from plasmogamy to karyogamy was divided into eight stages, and using reverse transcription PCR analyses, paternal and de novo synthesized transcripts were separately detected in zygotes at early and late karyogamy stages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinosuke Ohnishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Rina Hoshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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137
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Wu J, Wang J, Pan C, Guan X, Wang Y, Liu S, He Y, Chen J, Chen L, Lu G. Genome-wide identification of MAPKK and MAPKKK gene families in tomato and transcriptional profiling analysis during development and stress response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103032. [PMID: 25036993 PMCID: PMC4103895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have important functions in plant growth, development, and response to various stresses. The MAPKK and MAPKKK gene families in tomato have never been systematically analyzed. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the MAPKK and MAPKKK gene families in tomato and identified 5 MAPKK genes and 89 MAPKKK genes. Phylogenetic analyses of the MAPKK and MAPKKK gene families showed that all the MAPKK genes formed four groups (groups A, B, C, and D), whereas all the MAPKKK genes were classified into three subfamilies, namely, MEKK, RAF, and ZIK. Evolutionary analysis showed that whole genome or chromosomal segment duplications were the main factors responsible for the expansion of the MAPKK and MAPKKK gene families in tomato. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the majority of MAPKK and MAPKKK genes were expressed in all tested organs with considerable differences in transcript levels indicating that they might be constitutively expressed. However, the expression level of most of these genes changed significantly under heat, cold, drought, salt, and Pseudomonas syringae treatment. Furthermore, their expression levels exhibited significant changes in response to salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid treatment, implying that these genes might have important roles in the plant hormone network. Our comparative analysis of the MAPKK and MAPKKK families would improve our understanding of the evolution and functional characterization of MAPK cascades in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changtian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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138
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Auxin inhibits stomatal development through MONOPTEROS repression of a mobile peptide gene STOMAGEN in mesophyll. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3015-23. [PMID: 25002510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400542111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, must coordinate various physiological processes to adapt to ever-changing surrounding environments. Stomata, the epidermal pores facilitating gas and water exchange, play important roles in optimizing photosynthetic efficiency and adaptability. Stomatal development is under the control of an intrinsic program mediated by a secretory peptide gene family--namely, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR, including positively acting STOMAGEN/EPFL9. The phytohormone brassinosteroids and environment factor light also control stomatal production. However, whether auxin regulates stomatal development and whether peptide signaling is coordinated with auxin signaling in the regulation of stomatal development remain largely unknown. Here we show that auxin negatively regulates stomatal development through MONOPTEROS (also known as ARF5) repression of the mobile peptide gene STOMAGEN in mesophyll. Through physiological, genetic, transgenic, biochemical, and molecular analyses, we demonstrate that auxin inhibits stomatal development through the nuclear receptor TIR1/AFB-mediated signaling, and that MONOPTEROS directly binds to the STOMAGEN promoter to suppress its expression in mesophyll and inhibit stomatal development. Our results provide a paradigm of cross-talk between phytohormone auxin and peptide signaling in the regulation of stomatal production.
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139
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Abstract
The astonishingly long lives of plants and their regeneration capacity depend on the activity of plant stem cells. As in animals, stem cells reside in stem cell niches, which produce signals that regulate the balance between self-renewal and the generation of daughter cells that differentiate into new tissues. Plant stem cell niches are located within the meristems, which are organized structures that are responsible for most post-embryonic development. The continuous organ production that is characteristic of plant growth requires a robust regulatory network to keep the balance between pluripotent stem cells and differentiating progeny. Components of this network have now been elucidated and provide a unique opportunity for comparing strategies that were developed in the animal and plant kingdoms, which underlie the logic of stem cell behaviour.
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140
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Soriano M, Li H, Jacquard C, Angenent GC, Krochko J, Offringa R, Boutilier K. Plasticity in Cell Division Patterns and Auxin Transport Dependency during in Vitro Embryogenesis in Brassica napus. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2568-2581. [PMID: 24951481 PMCID: PMC4114952 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, zygotic embryo divisions are highly regular, but it is not clear how embryo patterning is established in species or culture systems with irregular cell divisions. We investigated this using the Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis system, where the male gametophyte is reprogrammed in vitro to form haploid embryos in the absence of exogenous growth regulators. Microspore embryos are formed via two pathways: a zygotic-like pathway, characterized by initial suspensor formation followed by embryo proper formation from the distal cell of the suspensor, and a pathway characterized by initially unorganized embryos lacking a suspensor. Using embryo fate and auxin markers, we show that the zygotic-like pathway requires polar auxin transport for embryo proper specification from the suspensor, while the suspensorless pathway is polar auxin transport independent and marked by an initial auxin maximum, suggesting early embryo proper establishment in the absence of a basal suspensor. Polarity establishment in this suspensorless pathway was triggered and guided by rupture of the pollen exine. Irregular division patterns did not affect cell fate establishment in either pathway. These results confirm the importance of the suspensor and suspensor-driven auxin transport in patterning, but also uncover a mechanism where cell patterning is less regular and independent of auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Soriano
- Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Li
- Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne-EA 4707, Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Moulin de la Housse, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Krochko
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Remko Offringa
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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141
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Muñoz-Nortes T, Wilson-Sánchez D, Candela H, Micol JL. Symmetry, asymmetry, and the cell cycle in plants: known knowns and some known unknowns. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2645-55. [PMID: 24474806 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The body architectures of most multicellular organisms consistently display both symmetry and asymmetry. Here, we discuss some of the available knowledge and open questions on how symmetry and asymmetry appear in several conspicuous plant cells and tissues. We focus, where possible, on the role of genes that participate in the maintenance or the breaking of symmetry and that are directly or indirectly related to the cell cycle, under an organ-centric point of view and with an emphasis on the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Nortes
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - David Wilson-Sánchez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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142
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Sakakibara K, Reisewitz P, Aoyama T, Friedrich T, Ando S, Sato Y, Tamada Y, Nishiyama T, Hiwatashi Y, Kurata T, Ishikawa M, Deguchi H, Rensing SA, Werr W, Murata T, Hasebe M, Laux T. WOX13-like genes are required for reprogramming of leaf and protoplast cells into stem cells in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Development 2014; 141:1660-70. [PMID: 24715456 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many differentiated plant cells can dedifferentiate into stem cells, reflecting the remarkable developmental plasticity of plants. In the moss Physcomitrella patens, cells at the wound margin of detached leaves become reprogrammed into stem cells. Here, we report that two paralogous P. patens WUSCHEL-related homeobox 13-like (PpWOX13L) genes, homologs of stem cell regulators in flowering plants, are transiently upregulated and required for the initiation of cell growth during stem cell formation. Concordantly, Δppwox13l deletion mutants fail to upregulate genes encoding homologs of cell wall loosening factors during this process. During the moss life cycle, most of the Δppwox13l mutant zygotes fail to expand and initiate an apical stem cell to form the embryo. Our data show that PpWOX13L genes are required for the initiation of cell growth specifically during stem cell formation, in analogy to WOX stem cell functions in seed plants, but using a different cellular mechanism.
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143
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Zhao C, Nie H, Shen Q, Zhang S, Lukowitz W, Tang D. EDR1 physically interacts with MKK4/MKK5 and negatively regulates a MAP kinase cascade to modulate plant innate immunity. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004389. [PMID: 24830651 PMCID: PMC4022593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades play important roles in the regulation of plant defense. The Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) EDR1 negatively regulates plant defense responses and cell death. However, how EDR1 functions, and whether it affects the regulation of MAPK cascades, are not well understood. Here, we showed that EDR1 negatively regulates the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 kinase cascade in Arabidopsis. We found that edr1 mutants have highly activated MPK3/MPK6 kinase activity and higher levels of MPK3/MPK6 proteins than wild type. EDR1 physically interacts with MKK4 and MKK5, and this interaction requires the N-terminal domain of EDR1. EDR1 also negatively affects MKK4/MKK5 protein levels. In addition, the mpk3, mkk4 and mkk5 mutations suppress edr1-mediated resistance, and over-expression of MKK4 or MKK5 causes edr1-like resistance and mildew-induced cell death. Taken together, our data indicate that EDR1 physically associates with MKK4/MKK5 and negatively regulates the MAPK cascade to fine-tune plant innate immunity. Plant immunity must be tightly regulated, as over- or constitutive activation of plant defenses can cause detrimental effects, such as dwarf stature and enhanced cell death. EDR1, a Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase, negatively regulates defenses in Arabidopsis. The highly conserved MAPK cascades modulate diverse biological processes, including plant immunity. However, whether EDR1 affects the regulation of one of the MAPK pathways was not previously known. Here, we show that EDR1 physically associates with MKK4 and MKK5, two MAP kinase kinases, and negatively regulates the protein levels of MKK4, MKK5, MPK3 and MPK6. We further show that edr1-mediated disease resistance requires MKK4, MKK5 and MPK3 function. Over-expression of MKK4 or MKK5 in wild-type increased resistance to powdery mildew and caused mildew-induced cell death. Our study suggests that EDR1 negatively regulates defenses and directly modulates the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 cascade to fine-tune plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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144
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Costa LM, Marshall E, Tesfaye M, Silverstein KAT, Mori M, Umetsu Y, Otterbach SL, Papareddy R, Dickinson HG, Boutiller K, VandenBosch KA, Ohki S, Gutierrez-Marcos JF. Central Cell-Derived Peptides Regulate Early Embryo Patterning in Flowering Plants. Science 2014; 344:168-72. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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145
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Abstract
During early embryogenesis, flowering plants establish their principal body plan starting with an apical–basal axis. An asymmetric division of the zygote gives rise to apical and basal cells with different developmental fates. Besides WOX (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX) transcription factors and the plant hormone auxin, the YDA (YODA)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway plays a major role in establishing different cell fates after the first zygotic division. In the present review, we summarize the available data on YDA signalling during embryogenesis. The role of YDA in other developmental processes was taken into account to highlight possible implications for this pathway in the embryo.
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146
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Luo A, Shi C, Zhang L, Sun MX. The expression and roles of parent-of-origin genes in early embryogenesis of angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:729. [PMID: 25566300 PMCID: PMC4267172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental transcripts during embryogenesis may arise due to gamete delivery during fertilization or genomic imprinting. Such transcripts have been found in a number of plant species and appear critical for the early development of embryo or endosperm in seeds. Although the regulatory expression mechanism and function of these genes in embryogenesis require further elucidation, recent studies suggest stage-specific and highly dynamic features that might be essential for critical developmental events such as zygotic division and cell fate determination during embryogenesis. Here, we summarize the current work in this field and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
| | - Ce Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng-Xiang Sun, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China e-mail:
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147
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López-Bucio JS, Dubrovsky JG, Raya-González J, Ugartechea-Chirino Y, López-Bucio J, de Luna-Valdez LA, Ramos-Vega M, León P, Guevara-García AA. Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is involved in seed formation and modulation of primary and lateral root development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:169-83. [PMID: 24218326 PMCID: PMC3883294 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) cascades are signal transduction modules highly conserved in all eukaryotes regulating various aspects of plant biology, including stress responses and developmental programmes. In this study, we characterized the role of MAPK 6 (MPK6) in Arabidopsis embryo development and in post-embryonic root system architecture. We found that the mpk6 mutation caused altered embryo development giving rise to three seed phenotypes that, post-germination, correlated with alterations in root architecture. In the smaller seed class, mutant seedlings failed to develop the primary root, possibly as a result of an earlier defect in the division of the hypophysis cell during embryo development, but they had the capacity to develop adventitious roots to complete their life cycle. In the larger class, the MPK6 loss of function did not cause any evident alteration in seed morphology, but the embryo and the mature seed were bigger than the wild type. Seedlings developed from these bigger seeds were characterized by a primary root longer than that of the wild type, accompanied by significantly increased lateral root initiation and more and longer root hairs. Apparently, the increment in primary root growth resulted from an enhanced cell production and cell elongation. Our data demonstrated that MPK6 plays an important role during embryo development and acts as a repressor of primary and lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. López-Bucio
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - J. G. Dubrovsky
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - J. Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio A-1′, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Y. Ugartechea-Chirino
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 3er circuito exterior SN, Del. Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - J. López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio A-1′, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - L. A. de Luna-Valdez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - M. Ramos-Vega
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - P. León
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - A. A. Guevara-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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148
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Xu J, Xie J, Yan C, Zou X, Ren D, Zhang S. A chemical genetic approach demonstrates that MPK3/MPK6 activation and NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative burst are two independent signaling events in plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:222-34. [PMID: 24245741 PMCID: PMC4017028 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 triggers rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Arabidopsis has at least four PAMP/pathogen-responsive MAPKs: MPK3, MPK6, MPK4 and MPK11. It was speculated that these MAPKs may function downstream of ROS in plant immunity because of their activation by exogenously added H2 O2 . MPK3/MPK6 or their orthologs in other plant species have also been reported to be involved in the ROS burst from the plant respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) of the human neutrophil gp91phox. However, detailed genetic analysis is lacking. Using a chemical genetic approach, we generated a conditional loss-of-function mpk3 mpk6 double mutant. Consistent with results obtained using a conditionally rescued mpk3 mpk6 double mutant generated previously, the results obtained using the new conditional loss-of-function mpk3 mpk6 double mutant demonstrate that the flg22-triggered ROS burst is independent of MPK3/MPK6. In Arabidopsis mutants lacking a functional AtRbohD, the flg22-induced ROS burst was completely blocked. However, activation of MPK3/MPK6 was not affected. Based on these results, we conclude that the rapid ROS burst and MPK3/MPK6 activation are two independent early signaling events in plant immunity, downstream of FLS2. We also found that MPK4 negatively affects the flg22-induced ROS burst. In addition, salicylic acid pre-treatment enhances the AtRbohD-mediated ROS burst, which is again independent of MPK3/MPK6 based on analysis of the mpk3 mpk6 double mutant. The establishment of an mpk3 mpk6 double mutant system using a chemical genetic approach provides a powerful tool to investigate the function of MPK3/MPK6 in the plant defense signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chengfei Yan
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physics, and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Xiaoqin Zou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physics, and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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149
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Lin W, Ma X, Shan L, He P. Big roles of small kinases: the complex functions of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases in plant immunity and development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1188-97. [PMID: 23710768 PMCID: PMC4391744 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) that often functionally and physically associate with receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to modulate plant growth, development and immune responses. Without any apparent extracellular domain, RLCKs relay intracellular signaling often via RLK complex-mediated transphosphorylation events. Recent advances have suggested essential roles of diverse RLCKs in concert with RLKs in regulating various cellular and physiological responses. We summarize here the complex roles of RLCKs in mediating plant immune responses and growth regulation, and discuss specific and overlapping functions of RLCKs in transducing diverse signaling pathways. [Figure: see text] Ping He (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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150
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Bemis SM, Lee JS, Shpak ED, Torii KU. Regulation of floral patterning and organ identity by Arabidopsis ERECTA-family receptor kinase genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5323-33. [PMID: 24006425 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of cell migration, plant organogenesis relies on coordinated cell proliferation, cell growth, and differentiation. A flower possesses a complex structure, with sepals and petals constituting the perianth, and stamens and pistils where male and female gametophytes differentiate. While advances have been made in our understanding of gene regulatory networks controlling flower development, relatively little is known of how cell-cell coordination influences floral organ specification. The Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER)-family receptor kinases, ER, ER-LIKE1 (ERL1), and ERL2, regulate inflorescence architecture, organ shape, and epidermal stomatal patterning. Here it is reported that ER-family genes together regulate floral meristem organization and floral organ identity. The stem cell marker CLAVATA3 exhibits misplaced expression in the floral meristems of the er erl1 erl2 mutant. Strikingly, homeotic conversion of sepals to carpels was observed in er erl1 erl2 flowers. Consistently, ectopic expression of AGAMOUS, which determines carpel identity, was detected in er erl1 erl2 flower primordia. Among the known downstream components of ER-family receptor kinases in stomatal patterning, YODA (YDA) is also required for proper floral patterning. YDA and the ER-family show complex, synergistic genetic interactions: er erl1 erl2 yda quadruple mutant plants become extremely small, callus-like masses. While a constitutively active YDA fully rescues stomatal clustering in er erl1 erl2, it only partially rescues er erl1 erl2 flower defects. The study suggests that ER-family signalling is crucial for ensuring proper expression domains of floral meristem and floral organ identity determinants, and further implies the existence of a non-canonical downstream pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bemis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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