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Díez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Jos A, Cameán AM. Occurrence and toxicity of microcystin congeners other than MC-LR and MC-RR: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 125:106-132. [PMID: 30597222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. This is a reason for concern as they can induce toxic effects both in humans and in the environment. Among them, microcystins (MCs) are the best described and most diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins, and MC-LR and MC-RR are the congeners most widely investigated. However, the number of MC variants has also increased in recent years. Some of these minority variants have been shown to have a different toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic profile, but research focused on them is still limited. Moreover, in some water bodies these minority variants can be the predominant toxins. Nonetheless, MC-LR is the only one used for risk evaluation purposes at present. In order to contribute to more realistic risk assessments in the future, the aim of this review was to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding the occurrence and concentration of minority MCs in water and food samples, and their toxic effects. The data retrieved demonstrate the congener-specific toxicity of MCs, as well as many data gaps in relation to analytical or mechanistic aspects, among others. Therefore, further research is needed to improve the toxicological characterization of these toxins and the exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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103
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Xiao CC, Chen MJ, Mei FB, Fang X, Huang TR, Li JL, Deng W, Li YD. Influencing factors and health risk assessment of microcystins in the Yongjiang river (China) by Monte Carlo simulation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5955. [PMID: 30479903 PMCID: PMC6241391 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yongjiang river is a large, shallow, hyper-trophic, freshwater river in Guangxi, China. To investigate the presence of microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR, and microcystin-YR (MC-RR, MC-LR, and MC-YR) in the Yongjiang river and describe their correlation with environmental factors, as well as, assess health risk using Monte Carlo simulation, 90 water samples were collected at three sample points from March to December 2017. Results showed that during the monitoring period, total concentrations of MC-RR (TMC-RR), MC-YR (TMC-YR), and MC-LR (TMC-LR) varied from 0.0224 to 0.3783 μg/L, 0.0329 to 0.1433 μg/L, and 0.0341 to 0.2663 μg/L, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) content appeared to be related to TMC-LR and the total concentrations of microcystins (TMCs), while pH and total nitrogen (TN)/TP ratio appeared to be related to TMC-RR and TMC-YR, respectively. Using the professional health risk assessment software @Risk7.5, the risks of dietary intake of microcystins (MCs), including the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk, were evaluated. It was found that the carcinogenic risk of MC-RR from drinking water was higher than MC-LR and MC-YR, and the presence of MCs would lead to high potential health risks, especially in children. The carcinogenic risk of MC-RR to children was >1 × 10-4, the maximum allowance level recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency; as for adults, it was >5 × 10-5, the maximum allowance level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) of MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR increased successively, indicating that MC-LR was more hazardous to human health than MC-YR and MC-RR, but its HI was <1. This suggests that MCs pose less risk to health. However, it is necessary to strengthen the protection and monitoring of drinking water source for effective control of water pollution and safeguarding of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mao-Jian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fan-Biao Mei
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tian-Ren Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ji-Lin Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Dong Li
- Department of Experimental Research, Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Tao Y, Hou D, Zhou T, Cao H, Zhang W, Wang X. UV-C suppression on hazardous metabolites in Microcystis aeruginosa: Unsynchronized production of microcystins and odorous compounds at population and single-cell level. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:281-289. [PMID: 30041121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UV-C towards the toxin and odor of M. aeruginosa at population and single cell levels were investigated in three ways. In the absence of UV-C, MC-LR and β-cyclocitral production show similar pattern of incremental rate with growth rate on population level shown as intracellular concentrations of MC-LR (CMC) and β-cyclocitral (CBCC), but the cellular quota of MC-LR (QMC) and β-cyclocitral (QBCC) at single-cell level reached the maximum values, 37.5 ± 1.2 fg cell-1 and 4.3 ± 0.1 fg cell-1, just after the early exponential phase. Second, upon UV-C irradiation, the CMC consistently decreased by 10-41% with increase of UV-C dosage (50-200 mJ cm-2) while CBCC increased by 2-14%. Third, during the 14 days' post-UV incubation, UV-C at 75-200 mJ cm-2 induced remarkable suppressing effects on both CMC and CBCC for 3-14 days. The suppressing effects on QMC and QBCC were induced by UV-C at 100 mJ cm-2 and above, with shorter suppressing periods by 1-4 days and lower decremental rates by 21%-30% than that of CMC and CBCC, indicating interruptions on biosynthesis processes partially contribute to suppression effects of CMC and CBCC. The suppression effect on either CBCC or QBCC, with higher decrement rates while lower recovery rates, was more severe than CMC and QMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Delin Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tingru Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC) of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huansheng Cao
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xuejian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC) of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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105
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Bartlett SL, Brunner SL, Klump J, Houghton EM, Miller TR. Spatial analysis of toxic or otherwise bioactive cyanobacterial peptides in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH 2018; 44:924-933. [PMID: 30983692 PMCID: PMC6456082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a growing problem in freshwater systems worldwide. CyanoHABs are well documented in Green Bay, Lake Michigan but little is known about cyanoHAB toxicity. This study characterized the diversity and spatial distribution of toxic or otherwise bioactive cyanobacterial peptides (TBPs) in Green Bay. Samples were collected in 2014 and 2015 during three cruises at sites spanning the mouth of the Fox River north to Chambers Island. Nineteen TBPs were analyzed including 11 microcystin (MC) variants, nodularin, three anabaenopeptins, three cyanopeptolins and microginin-690. Of the 19 TBPs, 12 were detected in at least one sample, and 94% of samples had detectable TBPs. The most prevalent TBPs were MCRR and MCLR, present in 94% and 65% of samples. The mean concentration of all TBPs was highest in the Fox River and lower bay, however, the maximum concentration of all TBPs occurred in the same sample north of the lower bay. MCs were positively correlated with chlorophyll and negatively correlated with distance to the Fox River in all cruises along a well-established south-to-north trophic gradient in Green Bay. The mean concentration of MC in the lower bay across all cruises was 3.0 +/- 2.3 μg/L. Cyanopeptolins and anabaenopeptins did not trend with the south-north trophic gradient or varied by cruise suggesting their occurrence is driven by different environmental factors. Results from this study provides evidence that trends in TBP concentration differ by congener type over a trophic gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Bartlett
- Joseph J Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI, USA
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shelby L. Brunner
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J.Val Klump
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erin M. Houghton
- NEW Water, Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Todd R. Miller
- Joseph J Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI, USA
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106
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Wu JX, Huang H, Yang L, Zhang XF, Zhang SS, Liu HH, Wang YQ, Yuan L, Cheng XM, Zhuang DG, Zhang HZ. Gastrointestinal toxicity induced by microcystins. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:344-354. [PMID: 30283797 PMCID: PMC6163130 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are produced by certain bloom-forming cyanobacteria that can induce toxicity in various organs, including renal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, and immunosuppressive effects. It has been a significant global environmental issue due to its harm to the aquatic environment and human health. Numerous investigators have demonstrated that MC exposure can induce a widespread epidemic of enterogastritis with symptoms similar to food poisoning in areas close to lakes. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have provided evidence of positive associations between MC exposure and gastrointestinal toxicity. The toxicity of MCs on the gastrointestinal tract is multidimensional. MCs can affect gastrointestinal barrier function and shift the structure of gut microbiota in different gut regions. Furthermore, MCs can inhibit the secretion of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes and the release of inflammatory cytokines, which affects the expression of immune-related genes in the intestine. The damage of the intestine is closely correlated to MC exposure because the intestine is the main site for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The damage to the gastrointestinal tract due to MCs was summarized from different aspects, which can be used as a foundation for further exploration of molecular damage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Wu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Nutriology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Nutriology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Shen-Shen Zhang
- Department of Nutriology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yue-Qin Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Le Yuan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Xue-Min Cheng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Dong-Gang Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
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107
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Meneely JP, Hajšlová J, Krska R, Elliott CT. Assessing the combined toxicity of the natural toxins, aflatoxin B 1, fumonisin B 1 and microcystin-LR by high content analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:527-540. [PMID: 30253246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As human co-exposure to natural toxins through food and water is inevitable, risk assessments to safeguard health are necessary. Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1, frequent co-contaminants of maize and microcystin-LR, produced in freshwater by cyanobacteria are all naturally occurring potent toxins that threaten human health. Populations in the poorest regions of the world may suffer repeated simultaneous exposure to these contaminants. Using High Content Analysis, multiple cytotoxicity endpoints were measured for the individual toxins and mixtures in various cell lines. Results highlighted that significant cytotoxic effects were observed for aflatoxin B1 in all cell lines while no cytotoxic effects were observed for fumonisin B1 or microcystin-LR. Aflatoxin B1/microcystin-LR was cytotoxic in the order HepG2 > Caco-2 > MDBK. Fumonisin B1/microcystin-LR affected MDBK cells. The ternary mixture was cytotoxic to all cell lines. Most combinations were additive, however antagonism was observed for binary and ternary mixtures in HepG2 and MDBK cell lines at low and high concentrations. Synergy was observed in all cell lines, including at low concentrations. The combination of these natural toxins may pose a significant risk to populations in less developed countries. Furthermore, the study highlights the complexity around trying to regulate for human exposure to multiple contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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108
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Wang X, Xu L, Li X, Chen J, Zhou W, Sun J, Wang Y. The differential effects of microcystin-LR on mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:68-76. [PMID: 29729571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most abundant toxicant among microcystin variants produced by cyanobacteria. MC-induced toxicity is broadly reported to pose a threat to aquatic animals and humans and has been associated with the dysfunction of some organs such as liver and kidney. However, MC-induced neurotoxicity has not been well characterized after long-term exposure. This study was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects after chronic oral administration of MC-LR. In our trial, C57/BL6 mice received MC-LR at 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L in drinking water for twelve months. Our data demonstrated that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage was evident in the damaged neurons as a result of chronic exposure. Histopathological abnormalities and mtDNA damage were observed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Furthermore, MC-LR exerted distinct effects on these two brain regions. The hippocampus was more susceptible to the treatment of MC-LR compared with the cerebral cortex. However, no strong relationships were observed between the genotoxic effects and exposure doses. In conclusion, this study has provided a mtDNA-related mechanism for underlying chronic neurotoxicity of MC-LR and suggested the presence of differential toxicant effects on the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxiu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiapeng Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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109
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Exposure routes and health effects of microcystins on animals and humans: A mini-review. Toxicon 2018; 151:156-162. [PMID: 30003917 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) pollution has quickly risen in infamy and has become a major problem to public health worldwide. MCs are a group of monocyclic hepatotoxic peptides, which are produced by some bloom-forming cyanobacteria in water. More than 100 different MCs variants posing a great threat to animals and humans due to their potential carcinogenicity have been reported. To reduce MCs risks, the World Health Organization has set a provisional guideline of 1 μg/L MCs in human's drinking water. This paper provides an overview of exposure routes of MCs into the human system and health effects on different organs after MCs exposure including the liver, intestine, brain, kidney, lung, heart and reproductive system. In addition, some evidences on human poisoning and deaths associated with MCs exposure are presented. Finally, in order to protect human life against the health threats posed by MCs, this paper also suggests some directions for future research that can advance MCs control and minimize human exposure to MCs.
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110
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Brown A, Foss A, Miller MA, Gibson Q. Detection of cyanotoxins (microcystins/nodularins) in livers from estuarine and coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Northeast Florida. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 76:22-34. [PMID: 29887202 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins/Nodularins (MCs/NODs) are potent hepatotoxic cyanotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur frequently in the upper basin of the St. Johns River (SJR), Jacksonville, FL, USA. Areas downstream of bloom locations provide critical habitat for an estuarine population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Since 2010, approximately 30 of these dolphins have stranded and died within this impaired watershed; the cause of death was inconclusive for a majority of these individuals. For the current study, environmental exposure to MCs/NODs was investigated as a potential cause of dolphin mortality. Stranded dolphins from 2013 to 2017 were categorized into estuarine (n = 17) and coastal (n = 10) populations. Because estuarine dolphins inhabit areas with frequent or recurring cyanoblooms, they were considered as a comparatively high-risk group for cyanotoxin exposure in relation to coastal animals. All available liver samples from estuarine dolphins were tested regardless of stranding date, and samples from coastal individuals that stranded outside of the known cyanotoxin bloom season were assessed as controls. The MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutiric acid) technique was used to determine total (bound and free) concentrations of MCs/NODS in liver tissues. Free MCs/NODs extractions were conducted and analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS on MMPB-positive samples to compare test results. MMPB testing resulted in low-level total MCs/NODs detection in some specimens. The Adda ELISA produced high test values that were not supported by concurrent LC-MS/MS analyses, indicative of false positives. Our results indicate that both estuarine and coastal dolphins are exposed to MCs/NODs, with potential toxic and immune health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Brown
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Amanda Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | - Melissa A Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Quincy Gibson
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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111
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Karci A, Wurtzler EM, de la Cruz AA, Wendell D, Dionysiou DD. Solar photo-Fenton treatment of microcystin-LR in aqueous environment: Transformation products and toxicity in different water matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 349:282-292. [PMID: 29454260 PMCID: PMC6734565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products and toxicity patterns of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a common cyanotoxin in freshwaters, during degradation by solar photo-Fenton process were studied in the absence and presence of two major water components, namely fulvic acid and alkalinity. The transformation products m/z 795, 835, 515/1030 and 532 can be formed through attack of OH on the conjugated carbon double bonds of Adda. Transformation products with m/z 1010, 966 and 513 can be generated through the attack of OH on the methoxy group of Adda. The transformation products m/z 783, 508 and 1012 can be originated from the attack of OH on the cyclic structure of MC-LR. Transformation products (m/z 522, 1028, 1012, 1046 and 514) formed after hydroxylation of the aromatic ring with OH were also identified in this study. The toxicity study revealed that fulvic acid and alkalinity strongly influence the toxicity profiles of solar photo-Fenton treated MC-LR. Fulvic acid enhanced the detoxification whereas low level total alkalinity (1.8 mg L-1 CaCO3) inhibited the detoxification of MC-LR by solar photo-Fenton process as assessed by protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) inhibition assay. This work provides insights on the utility of solar photo-Fenton destruction of MC-LR in water based on transformation products and toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Karci
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Wurtzler
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Armah A de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - David Wendell
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA.
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112
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Rietzler AC, Botta CR, Ribeiro MM, Rocha O, Fonseca AL. Accelerated eutrophication and toxicity in tropical reservoir water and sediments: an ecotoxicological approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13292-13311. [PMID: 27761862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to jointly show the results of three independent ecotoxicological studies performed to investigate pollutants in three Brazilian tropical reservoirs undergoing accelerated eutrophication. In order to accomplish this goal, the full toxicity identification and evaluation procedure (TIE approach) was performed, at Pampulha (Minas Gerais State) and Salto Grande and Barra Bonita reservoirs (São Paulo State). Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed using the cladocerans Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia dubia (exotic) and Daphnia laevis and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (native) as test organisms. Results from TIE procedure stage I indicated the existence of nonpolar organic and filterable compounds in the water from Pampulha, probably cyanotoxins, and oxidants as part of the toxic agents. TIE results for sediments identified ammonia (Pampulha and Salto Grande), organic compounds (Pampulha), metals (Pampulha, Barra Bonita, and Salto Grande), and acidity (Salto Grande) as responsible for toxicity. Whole-sediment remediation experiments for Pampulha reservoir confirmed, through reproduction decrease, ammonia and organic compounds as contaminants. Such pollutants represent threats to aquatic biota and must be prevented. Higher temperatures as predicted from global climate change will severely affect tropical shallow reservoirs, accelerating eutrophication, the release of contaminants from sediments, and increasing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rietzler
- General Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - C R Botta
- Centre of Water Resources and Environmental Studies, State University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - M M Ribeiro
- General Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - O Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - A L Fonseca
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil
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113
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Pham TL, Utsumi M. An overview of the accumulation of microcystins in aquatic ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 213:520-529. [PMID: 29472035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by toxic cyanobacteria pose a major, worldwide environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins (MCs) are considered to be the most hazardous groups. Indeed, some of the largest aquatic ecosystems on the earth are being contaminated with MCs. Questions have arisen regarding their transfer and bioaccumulation in natural environment. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding toxic cyanobacteria and MCs, with a specific focus on their distribution in different components of aquatic ecosystems. Their accumulation in water columns, aquatic animals, plants, and sediments is summarized. MCs have been contaminating all areas of the aquatic ecosystems. Of these, the water column was the most contaminated with MCs and served as an intermediate transmission substation. Via this route, MCs could enter to other stations such as sediment, animals, aquatic and terrestrial plants. Therefore, the use of water contaminated with MCs may induce food chain contaminations with considerable health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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114
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Qian H, Liu G, Lu T, Sun L. Developmental neurotoxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa in the early life stages of zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:35-41. [PMID: 29304416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cyanotoxins can exert neurotoxic effects on exposed aquatic organisms but most studies have focused on purified toxins rather than on the more complex effects of cyanobacterial blooms. To evaluate this issue in an environmentally relevant model, we assessed the developmental neurotoxicity induced by Microcystis aeruginosa on newly hatched zebrafish. After four days of exposure, the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae was significantly decreased with increasing algae concentration. The levels of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dopamine (DA) were decreased, accompanied by a decline in ache, chrna7 and manf and a compensatory increase in nr4a2b transcription. Furthermore, the expression of nine marker genes for nervous system function or development, namely, elavl3, gap43, gfap, mbp, nestin, ngn1, nkx2.2a, shha and syn2a, similarly decreased after algal exposure. These results demonstrated that Microcystis aeruginosa exposure affected cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, the transcription of key nervous system genes, and consequently the activity level of larval zebrafish. Importantly, discrepancies in the neurotoxic effects observed in this study and in previous reports that were based on exposure to pure cyanotoxin highlight the necessity for further investigation of cyanobacterial bloom mixtures when assessing the ecotoxicity of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Guangfu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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115
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Qu X, Hu M, Shang Y, Pan L, Jia P, Fu C, Liu Q, Wang Y. Liver Transcriptome and miRNA Analysis of Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Intraperitoneally Injected With Microcystin-LR. Front Physiol 2018; 9:381. [PMID: 29692738 PMCID: PMC5902739 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the effects of toxic microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Silver carps were intraperitoneally injected with MC-LR, and RNA-seq and miRNA-seq in the liver were analyzed at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 h. The expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST), which acts as a marker gene for MC-LR, was tested to determine the earliest time point at which GST transcription was initiated in the liver tissues of the MC-LR-treated silver carps. Hepatic RNA-seq/miRNA-seq analysis and data integration analysis were conducted with reference to the identified time point. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect the expression of the following genes at the three time points: heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), interleukin-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and heme binding protein 2 (HBP2). Results showed that the liver GST expression was remarkably decreased at 0.25 h (P < 0.05). RNA-seq at this time point revealed that the liver tissue contained 97,505 unigenes, including 184 significantly different unigenes and 75 unknown genes. Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis suggested that 35 of the 145 enriched GO terms were significantly enriched and mainly related to the immune system regulation network. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 18 of the 189 pathways were significantly enriched, and the most significant was a ribosome pathway containing 77 differentially expressed genes. miRNA-seq analysis indicated that the longest miRNA had 22 nucleotides (nt), followed by 21 and 23 nt. A total of 286 known miRNAs, 332 known miRNA precursor sequences, and 438 new miRNAs were predicted. A total of 1,048,575 mRNA–miRNA interaction sites were obtained, and 21,252 and 21,241 target genes were respectively predicted in known and new miRNAs. qPCR revealed that HO-1, IL-10R1, apoA-I, and HBP2 were significantly differentially expressed and might play important roles in the toxicity and liver detoxification of MC-LR in fish. These results were consistent with those of high-throughput sequencing, thereby verifying the accuracy of our sequencing data. RNA-seq and miRNA-seq analyses of silver carp liver injected with MC-LR provided valuable and new insights into the toxic effects of MC-LR and the antitoxic mechanisms of MC-LR in fish. The RNA/miRNA data are available from the NCBI database Registration No. : SRP075165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Qu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Pan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixuan Jia
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Fu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qigen Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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116
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Greer B, Meneely JP, Elliott CT. Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on exposure through drinking water: An animal model assessing the human health risk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4913. [PMID: 29559706 PMCID: PMC5861052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in freshwater systems and intensified aquaculture have increased the risk to human health through exposure to cyanotoxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). To understand the uptake and processing of MC-LR in humans, the pig was chosen as an animal model. This was assessed by repeated exposure for 13 weeks of eight animals dosed daily with MC-LR at 0.04 µg/kg bw, repeated with six animals over five weeks at a dose 50 times higher at 2 µg/kg bw. An analytical method was developed for MC-LR in porcine serum and also to analyse levels of free MC-LR in harvested porcine tissues, with Lemieux Oxidation employed to determine bound MC-LR in these tissues. MC-LR was not detected in the serum of treated animals from either experiment but free MC-LR was observed in the large intestine and kidney from two animals from the higher dosed group at levels of 1.4 and 1.9 µg/kg dry weight (dw) respectively. The results indicated 50% of higher dosed animals accumulated bound MC-LR in liver tissue, averaging 26.4 µg, approximately 1.1% of the dose administered. These results point to the potential uptake and accumulation of MC-LR in human liver tissue exposed chronically to sub-acute doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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117
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Chaffin JD, Davis TW, Smith DJ, Baer MM, Dick GJ. Interactions between nitrogen form, loading rate, and light intensity on Microcystis and Planktothrix growth and microcystin production. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:84-97. [PMID: 29602509 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The toxin-producing, bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera Microcystis and Planktothrix require fixed nitrogen (N), such as nitrate, ammonium, or organic N (e.g., urea) for growth and production of microcystins (MC). Bioavailable N can enter lakes in pulses via tributary discharge and through in-lake recycling, which can maintain low N concentrations. Additionally, light intensity has been suggested to play a role in MC production. This study examined how three forms of N (nitrate, ammonium, and urea) interacted with N loading rate (one large pulse vs. many small pulses) and light intensity to stimulate Microcystis and Planktothrix growth and MC production using nutrient enrichment experiments. Enrichments of nitrate, ammonium, and urea resulted in greater cyanobacterial biovolumes and MC concentrations than phosphorus-only enrichments, and there was no difference between pulse (100 μmol/L) and press treatments (8.3 μmol/L every 4 h). Analysis of mcyD transcripts showed significant up-regulation within 4 h of ammonium and urea enrichment. High light intensities (300 μmol photons/m2/s) with N enrichment resulted in greater cyanobacterial biovolumes and MC concentrations than lower light intensities (30 and 3 μmol photons/m2/s). Overall, the results suggest Microcystis and Planktothrix can use many forms of N and that high light intensities enhance MC production during elevated N concentrations. Moreover, the results here further demonstrate the importance of considering N, as well as P, in management strategies aimed at mitigating cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave, P.O. Box 119, Put-in-Bay, OH 43456-0119, USA.
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 S. State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-9719, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA
| | - Mikayla M Baer
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave, P.O. Box 119, Put-in-Bay, OH 43456-0119, USA
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA
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118
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Walter JM, Lopes FAC, Lopes-Ferreira M, Vidal LM, Leomil L, Melo F, de Azevedo GS, Oliveira RMS, Medeiros AJ, Melo ASO, De Rezende CE, Tanuri A, Thompson FL. Occurrence of Harmful Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water from a Severely Drought-Impacted Semi-arid Region. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29541063 PMCID: PMC5835534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms have become increasingly common in freshwater ecosystems in recent decades, mainly due to eutrophication and climate change. Water becomes unreliable for human consumption. Here, we report a comprehensive study carried out to investigate the water quality of several Campina Grande reservoirs. Our approach included metagenomics, microbial abundance quantification, ELISA test for three cyanotoxins (microcystin, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin), and in vivo ecotoxicological tests with zebrafish embryos. Cytometry analysis showed high cyanobacterial abundance, while metagenomics identified an average of 10.6% of cyanobacterial sequences, and demonstrated the presence of Microcystis, Cylindrospermopsis, and toxin coding genes in all ponds. Zebrafish embryos reared with pond water had high mortality and diverse malformations. Among the ponds analyzed, Araçagi showed the highest lethality (an average of 62.9 ± 0.8%), followed by Boqueirão (lethality average of 62.5 ± 0.8%). Here, we demonstrate that water from ponds undergoing extremely drought conditions have an abundance of potentially harmful cyanobacteria and their toxins. Our findings are consistent with a scenario in which polluted drinking water poses a great risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juline M Walter
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, and SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabyano A C Lopes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, and SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia M Vidal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, and SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, and SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Melo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Professor Joaquim Amorim Neto, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alba J Medeiros
- Secretaria de Saúde de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Adriana S O Melo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Professor Joaquim Amorim Neto, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Carlos E De Rezende
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, and SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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119
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Abstract
Early on August 2, 2014, in the city of Toledo, Ohio, a media alert informed the public that traces of microcystin, a hazardous toxin, had been detected in the drinking water. The warning stated that residents should not drink, boil, or even touch the contaminated water. A water crisis of this magnitude was recognized to pose a potentially serious and significant impact on patient care and safety in health care environments. ProMedica Toledo Hospital's Emergency Operation Plan addressed 3 critical issues: safe water availability, alternate cleaning solutions, and preparations for a prolonged crisis. This report details some of the lessons learned throughout the response to the crisis: particularly, because the impact was county-wide which affected other hospitals who used the same vendors, alternate water sources should have been secured in advance; the courier service was vital to delivery of supplies and moving equipment to alternate areas for sterilization processes; and finally, communication with staff and patients was jeopardized by external media outlets. Changes to the emergency plan considering these unanticipated aspects proved useful in a later incident and should be considered by all health care facilities as water emergency policies and procedures are created and reviewed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:666-668).
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120
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Proteomic evidences for microcystin-RR-induced toxicological alterations in mice liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1310. [PMID: 29358693 PMCID: PMC5778043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the isolation and purification of an important variant of microcystins namely microcystin-RR (MCYST-RR) from Microcystis aeruginosa and reports its effects on mice liver protein profile and cellular functions. Protein profiling by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed changes in the number and accumulation of protein spots in liver of mice treated with different concentrations of MCYST-RR. Untreated (control) mice liver showed 368 protein spots while the number was 355, 348 and 332 in liver of mice treated with 200, 300 and 400 µg kg body wt−1 of MCYST-RR respectively. Altogether 102, 97, and 92 spots were differentially up-accumulated and 93, 91, and 87 spots were down- accumulated respectively with the treatment of 200, 300, 400 µg kg body wt−1. Eighteen differentially accumulated proteins present in all the four conditions were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Of these eighteen proteins, 12 appeared to be involved in apoptosis/toxicological manifestations. Pathway analysis by Reactome and PANTHER database also mapped the identified proteins to programmed cell death/apoptosis clade. That MCYST-RR induces apoptosis in liver tissues was also confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results of this study elucidate the proteomic basis for the hepatotoxicity of MCYST-RR which is otherwise poorly understood till date.
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121
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Omori K, Sato M, Amano Y, Machida M. Induction of Colony Formation of Microcystis aeruginosa by Controlling Extracellular Polysaccharides and Metal Cation Concentrations. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Omori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
| | | | - Yoshimasa Amano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
- Safety and Health Organization, Chiba University
| | - Motoi Machida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
- Safety and Health Organization, Chiba University
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122
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Sivasankar V, Nkonde MA, Govender P, Omine K, Kuvarega AT, Prabhakaran M, Msagati TA. Dendrimer supported Fe/Ni bimetallic composites immobilized in polyethersulfone membranes for effective degradation of arginine containing microcystins. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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123
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Padoveze MC, Melo S, Bishop S, Poveda VDB, Fortaleza CMCB. Public policies on healthcare-associated infections: a Brazil and UK case study. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:119. [PMID: 29236881 PMCID: PMC5718108 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To summarize the historical events and drivers underlying public policy for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections in Brazil and in the United Kingdom. In doing so, the article aims to identify lessons and recommendations for future development of public policy. The analysis is based on a historical overview of national healthcare-associated infections programs taken from previously published sources. Findings highlight how the development of healthcare-associated infections prevention and control policies followed similar trajectories in Brazil and the United Kingdom. This can be conceptualized around four sequential phases: Formation, Consolidation, Standardization, and Monitoring and Evaluation. However, while we identified similar phases of development in Brazil and the United Kingdom, it can be seen that the former entered each stage around 20 years after the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Padoveze
- Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Enfermagem. Departamento de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sara Melo
- Queen's University Belfast. Queen's Management School. Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bishop
- University of Nottingham. Nottingham University Business School. Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa de Brito Poveda
- Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Enfermagem. Departamento de Enfermagem Médico Cirúrgica. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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124
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Churro C, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V, Silva A. Detection of a Planktothrix agardhii Bloom in Portuguese Marine Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120391. [PMID: 29207501 PMCID: PMC5744111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms are frequent in freshwaters and are responsible for water quality deterioration and human intoxication. Although, not a new phenomenon, concern exists on the increasing persistence, scale, and toxicity of these blooms. There is evidence, in recent years, of the transfer of these toxins from inland to marine waters through freshwater outflow. However, the true impact of these blooms in marine habitats has been overlooked. In the present work, we describe the detection of Planktothrix agardhii, which is a common microcystin producer, in the Portuguese marine coastal waters nearby a river outfall in an area used for shellfish harvesting and recreational activities. P. agardhii was first observed in November of 2016 in seawater samples that are in the scope of the national shellfish monitoring system. This occurrence was followed closely between November and December of 2016 by a weekly sampling of mussels and water from the sea pier and adjacent river mouth with salinity ranging from 35 to 3. High cell densities were found in the water from both sea pier and river outfall, reaching concentrations of 4,960,608 cells·L−1 and 6810.3 × 106 cells·L−1 respectively. Cultures were also established with success from the environment and microplate salinity growth assays showed that the isolates grew at salinity 10. HPLC-PDA analysis of total microcystin content in mussel tissue, water biomass, and P. agardhii cultures did not retrieve a positive result. In addition, microcystin related genes were not detected in the water nor cultures. So, the P. agardhii present in the environment was probably a non-toxic strain. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on a P. agardhii bloom reaching the sea and points to the relevance to also monitoring freshwater harmful phytoplankton and related toxins in seafood harvesting and recreational coastal areas, particularly under the influence of river plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Churro
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton, Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton, Departamento do Mar e Recursos Marinhos, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Ciências do MAR, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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125
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Labine M, Gong Y, Minuk GY. Long-Term, Low-Dose Exposure to Microcystin-LR Does not Cause or Increase the Severity of Liver Disease in Rodents. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:959-965. [PMID: 29055933 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to high concentrations of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause significant hepatocyte injury. AIM To document the effects of long-term, low-dose MC-LR exposure on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in mice with healthy and diseased livers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male CD1 mice (N = 20/group) were exposed to 1.0 μg/L of MC-LR in drinking water; 1.0 μg/L MC-LR plus 300 mg/L of the hepatotoxin thioacetamide (MC-LR/TAA); or 300 mg/L TAA alone for 28 weeks. Liver biochemistry and histology were documented at the end of the study period. In addition, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), were exposed in vitro to MC-LR (0.1-10,000 μg/L) and monitored for changes in cell metabolism, proliferation and activation. RESULTS Liver biochemistry and histology were essentially normal in MC-LR alone exposed mice. MC-LR/TAA and TAA alone exposed mice had significant hepatic inflammation and fibrosis but the extent of the changes were similar in the two groups. In vitro, MC-LR had no effect on HSC metabolism, proliferation or activation. CONCLUSION Long-term, low-dose exposure to MC-LR is unlikely to lead to chronic liver disease in the setting of a normal liver or exacerbate existing liver disease in the setting of ongoing hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Labine
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculties of Medicine. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuewen Gong
- Pharmacy. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gerald Y Minuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculties of Medicine. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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126
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Zhang H, Yang S, Beier RC, Beloglazova NV, Lei H, Sun X, Ke Y, Zhang S, Wang Z. Simple, high efficiency detection of microcystins and nodularin-R in water by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 992:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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127
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Hu M, Qu X, Pan L, Fu C, Jia P, Liu Q, Wang Y. Effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the silver carp Hypophthalmichtys molitrix revealed by hepatic RNA-seq and miRNA-seq. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10456. [PMID: 28874710 PMCID: PMC5585339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze the effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Silver carps were exposed to two cyanobacteria species (toxic and non-toxic) for RNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis. RNA-seq revealed that the liver tissue contained 105,379 unigenes. Of these genes, 143 were significantly differentiated, 82 were markedly up-regulated, and 61 were remarkably down-regulated. GO term enrichment analysis indicated that 35 of the 154 enriched GO terms were significantly enriched. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that 17 of the 118 enriched KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. A considerable number of disease/immune-associated GO terms and significantly enriched KEGG pathways were also observed. The sequence length determined by miRNA-seq was mainly distributed in 20-23 bp and composed of 882,620 unique small RNAs, and 53% of these RNAs were annotated to miRNAs. As confirmed, 272 known miRNAs were differentially expressed, 453 novel miRNAs were predicted, 112 miRNAs were well matched with 7,623 target genes, and 203 novel miRNAs were matched with 15,453 target genes. qPCR also indicated that Steap4, Cyp7a1, CABZ01088134.1, and PPP1R3G were significantly differentially expressed and might play major roles in the toxic, detoxifying, and antitoxic mechanisms of microcystin in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiancheng Qu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Pan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chunxue Fu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peixuan Jia
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qigen Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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128
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Augusti PR, Brasil AVS, Souto C, Göethel G, de Oliveira Rios A, Emanuelli T, Bürger ME, Garcia SC. Microcystin-LR exposure induces oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans: Protective effect of lutein extracted from marigold flowers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:60-67. [PMID: 28866331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MIC-LR) is a hepatotoxin, with toxicity mechanisms linked to oxidative stress. Besides, neurotoxic effects of MIC-LR have recently been described. Herein, we evaluated the effects of environmentally important concentrations of MIC-LR (1, 10, 100, 250, and 500 μg/L) on oxidative stress markers and the survival rate of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In addition, a possible protective effect of the carotenoid lutein (LUT) extracted from marigold flowers against MIC-LR toxicity was investigated. Higher concentrations (250 and 500 μg/L) of MIC-LR induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulted in a survival loss in C elegans. Meanwhile, all MIC-LR concentrations caused an increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression, while catalase (CAT) expression was only affected at 500 μg/L. The carotenoid LUT prevented the ROS generation, impairment in the CAT expression, and the survival loss induced by MIC-LR in C. elegans. Our results confirm the toxicity of MIC-LR even in a liver-lacking invertebrate and the involvement of oxidative events in this response. Additionally, LUT appears to be able to mitigate the MIC-LR toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rossini Augusti
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43.212, Campus do Vale, Porto Alegre, CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Allana Von Sulzback Brasil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43.212, Campus do Vale, Porto Alegre, CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Souto
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Oliveira Rios
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43.212, Campus do Vale, Porto Alegre, CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Núcleo Integrado de Desenvolvimento em Análises Laboratoriais (NIDAL), Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilise Escobar Bürger
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia (FARMATOX), Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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129
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Mello FD, Braidy N, Marçal H, Guillemin G, Nabavi SM, Neilan BA. Mechanisms and Effects Posed by Neurotoxic Products of Cyanobacteria/Microbial Eukaryotes/Dinoflagellates in Algae Blooms: a Review. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:153-167. [PMID: 28836116 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their ability to damage several tissues in humans. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Furthermore, other toxins such as anatoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin, nodularin and ciguatoxin also have a different range of effects on human tissues, including hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. However, the vast majority of known environmental toxins have not yet been examined in the context of neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to investigate whether neurotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated in all aforementioned toxins, and whether there exists a link to neurodegeneration. Management of toxin exposure and potential neuroprotective compounds is also discussed. Collectively, all aforementioned microbial toxins are likely to exert some form of neuronal damage, with many of their modes of action consistent with neurodegeneration. This is important in advancing our current understanding of the cytotoxic potential of environmental toxins upon human brain function, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Mello
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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130
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Liu T, Mazmouz R, Ongley SE, Chau R, Pickford R, Woodhouse JN, Neilan BA. Directing the Heterologous Production of Specific Cyanobacterial Toxin Variants. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2021-2029. [PMID: 28570054 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are globally the most commonly occurring freshwater cyanotoxins, causing acute poisoning and chronically inducing hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the detection and toxicological study of microcystins is hampered by the limited availability and high cost of pure toxin standards. Biosynthesis of microcystin variants in a fast-growing heterologous host offers a promising method of achieving reliable and economically viable alternative to isolating toxin from slow-growing cyanobacterial cultures. Here, we report the heterologous expression of recombinant microcystin synthetases in Escherichia coli to produce [d-Asp3]microcystin-LR and microcystin-LR. We assembled a 55 kb hybrid polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 using Red/ET recombineering and replaced the native promoters with an inducible PtetO promoter to yield microcystin titers superior to M. aeruginosa. The expression platform described herein can be tailored to heterologously produce a wide variety of microcystin variants, and potentially other cyanobacterial natural products of commercial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Liu
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
- School
of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New
South Wales 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Ongley
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
- School
of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New
South Wales 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rocky Chau
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical
Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, New
South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason N. Woodhouse
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
- Leibniz
Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Experimental Limnology, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School
of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Sydney, Australia
- School
of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New
South Wales 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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131
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Wang J, Zhang L, Fan J, Wen Y. Impacts of Rac- and S-metolachlor on cyanobacterial cell integrity and release of microcystins at different nitrogen levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:619-626. [PMID: 28476001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues and nitrogen overload (which caused cyanobacteria blooms) have been two serious environmental concerns. In particular, chiral pesticides with different structures may have various impacts on cyanobacteria. Nitrogen may affect the behavior between pesticides and cyanobacteria (e.g., increase the adverse effects of pesticides on cyanobacteria). This study evaluated the impacts of Rac- and S-metolachlor on the cell integrity and toxin release of Microcystis aeruginosa cells at different nitrogen levels. The results showed that (both of the configurations: Rac-, S-) metolachlor could inhibit M. aeruginosa cell growth under most conditions, and the inhibition rates were increased with the growing concentrations of nitrogen and metolachlor. However, cyanobacterial growth was promoted in 48 h under environmental relevant condition (1 mg/L metolachlor and 0.15 mg/L nitrogen). Therefore, the water authorities should adjust the treatment parameters to remove possible larger numbers of cyaonbacteria under that condition. On the other hand, the inhibition degree of M. aeruginosa cell growth by S-metolachlor treatments was obviously larger than Rac-metolachlor treatments. S-metolachlor also had a stronger ability in compromising M. aeruginosa cells than Rac-metolachlor treatments. Compared to control samples, more extracellular toxins (12%-86% increases) were detected after 5 mg/L S-metolachlor treatment for 72 h at different nitrogen levels, but the variations of extracellular toxins caused by 5 mg/L Rac-metolachlor addition could be neglected. Consequently, higher concentrations of metolachlor in source waters are harmful to humans, but it may prevent cyanobacterial blooms. However, the potential risks (e.g. build-up of extracellular toxins) should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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132
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Howard MDA, Nagoda C, Kudela RM, Hayashi K, Tatters A, Caron DA, Busse L, Brown J, Sutula M, Stein ED. Microcystin Prevalence throughout Lentic Waterbodies in Coastal Southern California. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E231. [PMID: 28737685 PMCID: PMC5535178 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin producing cyanobacterial blooms have increased globally in recent decades in both frequency and intensity. Despite the recognition of this growing risk, the extent and magnitude of cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxin prevalence is poorly characterized in the heavily populated region of southern California. Recent assessments of lentic waterbodies (depressional wetlands, lakes, reservoirs and coastal lagoons) determined the prevalence of microcystins and, in some cases, additional cyanotoxins. Microcystins were present in all waterbody types surveyed although toxin concentrations were generally low across most habitats, as only a small number of sites exceeded California's recreational health thresholds for acute toxicity. Results from passive samplers (Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT)) indicated microcystins were prevalent throughout lentic waterbodies and that traditional discrete samples underestimated the presence of microcystins. Multiple cyanotoxins were detected simultaneously in some systems, indicating multiple stressors, the risk of which is uncertain since health thresholds are based on exposures to single toxins. Anatoxin-a was detected for the first time from lakes in southern California. The persistence of detectable microcystins across years and seasons indicates a low-level, chronic risk through both direct and indirect exposure. The influence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is a more complex stressor than presently recognized and should be included in water quality monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D A Howard
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Carey Nagoda
- San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, 2375 Northside Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92108, USA.
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
| | - Kendra Hayashi
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
| | - Avery Tatters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA.
| | - Lilian Busse
- German Federal Environmental Agency, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany.
| | - Jeff Brown
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Eric D Stein
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
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133
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Yan W, Li L, Li G, Zhao S. Microcystin-LR induces changes in the GABA neurotransmitter system of zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 188:170-176. [PMID: 28535436 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that exposure to microcystins altered adult zebrafish swimming performance parameters, but the possible mechanisms of action remain unknown. Neuronal activity depends on the balance between the number of excitatory and inhibitory processes which are associated with neurotransmitters. In the present study, zebrafish embryos (5 d post-fertilization) were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3 and 30μg/L (microcystin-LR) MCLR for 90day until reaching sexual maturity. To investigate the effects of MCLR on the neurotransmitter system, mRNA levels involved in amino acid g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate metabolic pathways were tested using quantitative real-time PCR. Significant increase of GABAA receptor, alpha 1 (gabra1), glutamate decarboxylase (gad1b), glutaminase (glsa) and reduction of mRNA expression of GABA transporter (gat1) at transcriptional level were observed in the brain. Meanwhile, western blotting showed that the protein levels of gabra1, gad1b were induced by MCLR, whereas the expression of gat1 was decreased. In addition, MCLR induced severe damage to cerebrum ultrastructure, showing edematous and collapsed myelinated nerve fibers, distention of endoplasmic reticulum and swelling mitochondria. Our results suggested that MCLR showed neurotoxicity in zebrafish which might attribute to the disorder of GABA neurotransmitter pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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134
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Saoudi A, Brient L, Boucetta S, Ouzrout R, Bormans M, Bensouilah M. Management of toxic cyanobacteria for drinking water production of Ain Zada Dam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:361. [PMID: 28667413 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in Algerian reservoirs represent a potential health problem, mainly from drinking water that supplies the local population of Ain Zada (Bordj Bou Arreridj). The objective of this study is to monitor, detect, and identify the existence of cyanobacteria and microcystins during blooming times. Samples were taken in 2013 from eight stations. The results show that three potentially toxic cyanobacterial genera with the species Planktothrix agardhii were dominant. Cyanobacterial biomass, phycocyanin (PC) concentrations, and microcystin (MC) concentrations were high in the surface layer and at 14 m depth; these values were also high in the treated water. On 11 May 2013, MC concentrations were 6.3 μg/L in MC-LR equivalent in the drinking water. This study shows for the first time the presence of cyanotoxins in raw and treated waters, highlighting that regular monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins must be undertaken to avoid potential health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Saoudi
- Faculty of Sciences, Ecobiology Laboratory for Marine Environments and Coastal Areas, BP 12 El-Hadjar, University of Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Luc Brient
- UMR/CNRS Ecobio 6553, University of Rennes I, Rennes, 35 042, France
| | - Sabrine Boucetta
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, University Ferhat Abbas Sétif 1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Rachid Ouzrout
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of natural and life sciences, Chadli Bendjedid University, Box. P.0.73, 36000, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR/CNRS Ecobio 6553, University of Rennes I, Rennes, 35 042, France
| | - Mourad Bensouilah
- Faculty of Sciences, Ecobiology Laboratory for Marine Environments and Coastal Areas, BP 12 El-Hadjar, University of Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
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135
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Miller TR, Beversdorf LJ, Weirich CA, Bartlett SL. Cyanobacterial Toxins of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Their Toxicological Effects, and Numerical Limits in Drinking Water. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E160. [PMID: 28574457 PMCID: PMC5484110 DOI: 10.3390/md15060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic bacteria that inhabit diverse environments across the planet. Seasonally, they dominate many eutrophic lakes impacted by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forming dense accumulations of biomass known as cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms or cyanoHABs. Their dominance in eutrophic lakes is attributed to a variety of unique adaptations including N and P concentrating mechanisms, N₂ fixation, colony formation that inhibits predation, vertical movement via gas vesicles, and the production of toxic or otherwise bioactive molecules. While some of these molecules have been explored for their medicinal benefits, others are potent toxins harmful to humans, animals, and other wildlife known as cyanotoxins. In humans these cyanotoxins affect various tissues, including the liver, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive organs among others. They induce acute effects at low doses in the parts-per-billion range and some are tumor promoters linked to chronic diseases such as liver and colorectal cancer. The occurrence of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxins in lakes presents challenges for maintaining safe recreational aquatic environments and the production of potable drinking water. CyanoHABs are a growing problem in the North American (Laurentian) Great Lakes basin. This review summarizes information on the occurrence of cyanoHABs in the Great Lakes, toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, and appropriate numerical limits on cyanotoxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Lucas J Beversdorf
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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136
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Greer B, Maul R, Campbell K, Elliott CT. Detection of freshwater cyanotoxins and measurement of masked microcystins in tilapia from Southeast Asian aquaculture farms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4057-4069. [PMID: 28429062 PMCID: PMC5437195 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a rise in freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) globally, as well as increasing aquaculture practices. HABs can produce cyanotoxins, many of which are hepatotoxins. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for nine cyanotoxins across three classes including six microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a. The method was used to analyse free cyanotoxin(s) in muscle (n = 34), liver (n = 17) and egg (n = 9) tissue samples of 34 fish sourced from aquaculture farms in Southeast Asia. Conjugated microcystin was analysed by Lemieux oxidation to ascertain the total amount of microcystin present in muscle. Some tilapia accumulated free microcystin-LR in the muscle tissue at a mean of 15.45 μg/kg dry weight (dw), with total microcystin levels detected at a mean level of 110.1 μg/kg dw, indicating that the amount of conjugated or masked microcystin present in the fish muscle accounted for 85% of the total. Higher levels of cyanotoxin were detected in the livers, with approximately 60% of those tested being positive for microcystin-LR and microcystin-LF, along with cylindrospermopsin. Two fish from one of the aquaculture farms contained cylindrospermopsin in the eggs; the first time this has been reported. The estimated daily intake for free and total microcystins in fish muscle tissue was 2 and 14 times higher, respectively, than the tolerable daily intake value. This survey presents the requirement for further monitoring of cyanotoxins, including masked microcystins, in aquaculture farming in these regions and beyond, along with the implementation of guidelines to safeguard human health. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Ronald Maul
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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137
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Zhao Y, Cao Q, He Y, Xue Q, Xie L, Yan Y. Impairment of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in β-cell dysfunction induced by microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:587-594. [PMID: 28162804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) widely distributed in freshwaters have posed a significant risk to human health. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to MC-LR impairs pancreatic islet function, however, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) impairment in β-cell dysfunction caused by MC-LR. The result showed that MC-LR modified ER morphology evidenced by increased ER amount and size at low doses (15, 30 or 60 μM) and vacuolar and dilated ER ultrastructure at high doses (100 or 200 μM). Also, insulin content showed increased at 15 or 30 μM but declined at 60, 100, or 200 μM, which was highly accordant with ER morphological alteration. Transcriptomic analysis identified a number of factors and several pathways associated with ER protein processing, ER stress, apoptosis, and diabetes mellitus in the cells treated with MC-LR compared with non-treated cells. Furthermore, MC-LR-induced ER stress significantly promoted the expression of PERK/eIF2α and their downstream targets (ATF4, CHOP, and Gadd34), which indicates that PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway is involved in MC-LR-induced insulin deficiency. These results suggest that ER impairment is an important contributor to MC-LR-caused β-cell failure and provide a new insight into the association between MCs contamination and the occurrence of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Yaojia He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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138
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Du Y, Ye J, Wu L, Yang C, Wang L, Hu X. Physiological effects and toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis exposed to herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7752-7763. [PMID: 28127689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FPE) was studied for possible ecotoxicity on two representative toxigenic cyanobacteria including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis. Growth curves, chlorophyll a content, protein content, microcystin levels, oxidative stress, and apoptosis rates were measured for the two cyanobacteria after exposure to different concentrations of FPE. Results showed that the changes in chlorophyll a content and protein content were consistent with cell density, and M. viridis was more sensitive than M. aeruginosa to FPE. The results of oxidative stress indicated that FPE induced the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in these two cyanobacteria. To further explore the toxicity of FPE, apoptosis rates and toxin levels were measured for the two cyanobacteria. Different degrees of apoptosis rates were observed in the two cyanobacteria, and the apoptosis rates increased with the increase concentration of FPE. The intracellular and extracellular MC-LR were both affect by FPE. The presence of FPE in aquatic ecosystem may stimulate the synthesis and release of MC-LR, which may cause serious water pollution and pose threats to human health. These results may be useful for the ecotoxicity assessment of FPE and guiding the rational use of pesticides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Du
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Chuyao Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Lumei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology and Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
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139
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Wu C, Fang Y, Tirusew AH, Xiang M, Huang Y, Chen C. Photochemical oxidation mechanism of microcystin-RR by p-n heterojunction Ag/Ag 2 O-BiVO 4. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(16)62583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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140
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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141
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Chen Y, Li J, Wei J, Kawan A, Wang L, Zhang X. Vitamin C modulates Microcystis aeruginosa death and toxin release by induced Fenton reaction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:888-895. [PMID: 27745956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms and their associated toxins pose a great threat to human beings. The situation is even worse for those whose drinking water source is a cyanotoxin-polluted water body. Therefore, efficient and safe treatments urgently need to be developed. The present study verified the application of vitamin C on the inhibition of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa. Our results showed that vitamin C drove the Fenton reaction and significantly sterilized cultures of M. aeruginosa. The algicidal activity of vitamin C was dependent on its involvement in iron (Fe) metabolism. Vitamin C enhanced iron absorption leading to high ferrous ion levels. The ferrous ion increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Fenton reaction, which play a crucial role in the killing process. Interestingly, vitamin C also dramatically decreased the release of microcystins. This study highlights the possible benefits of using a vitamin C-induced Fenton reaction to remove M. aeruginosa and microcystins from drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin Wei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Atufa Kawan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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142
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Svirčev Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Mijović B, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. Toxicology of microcystins with reference to cases of human intoxications and epidemiological investigations of exposures to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:621-650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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143
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Microcystin-LR induced liver injury in mice and in primary human hepatocytes is caused by oncotic necrosis. Toxicon 2016; 125:99-109. [PMID: 27889601 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria. Uptake of microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B2 in hepatocytes results in inhibition of protein phosphatase 1A and 2A, and subsequent cell death. Studies performed in primary rat hepatocytes demonstrate prototypical apoptosis after MC-LR exposure; however, no study has directly tested whether apoptosis is critically involved in vivo in the mouse, or in human hepatocytes. MC-LR (120 μg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6J mice and cell death was evaluated by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release, caspase-3 activity in the liver, and histology. Mice exposed to MC-LR had increases in plasma ALT values, and hemorrhage in the liver, but no increase in capase-3 activity in the liver. Pre-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk failed to protect against cell death measured by ALT, glutathione depletion, or hemorrhage. Administration of MC-LR to primary human hepatocytes resulted in significant toxicity at concentrations between 5 nM and 1 μM. There were no elevated caspase-3 activities and pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk failed to protect against cell death in human hepatocytes. MC-LR treated human hepatocytes stained positive for propidium iodide, indicating membrane instability, a marker of necrosis. Of note, both increases in PI positive cells, and increases in lactate dehydrogenase release, occurred before the onset of complete actin filament collapse. In conclusion, apoptosis does not contribute to MC-LR-induced cell death in the in vivo mouse model or in primary human hepatocytes in vitro. Thus, targeting necrotic cell death mechanisms will be critical for preventing microcystin-induced liver injury.
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144
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Bulc Rozman K, Jurič DM, Šuput D. Selective cytotoxicity of microcystins LR, LW and LF in rat astrocytes. Toxicol Lett 2016; 265:1-8. [PMID: 27864109 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) comprise a group of cyanobacterial toxins with hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and, possibly, neurotoxic activity in mammals. In order to understand the development of their neurotoxicity we investigated the toxic effects of MC variants, MC-LR, MC-LW and MC-LF, in astrocytes that play a central role in maintaining brain homeostasis. 24h exposure of cultured rat cortical astrocytes to MCs revealed dose-dependent toxicity of MC-LF and MC-LW, but not of MC-LR, observed by significant reduction in cell number, declined viability monitored by MTT test and an increased percentage of apoptotic cells, confirmed by Annexin-V labelling. The cultured astrocytes expressed organic anion-transporting polypeptides (Oatp) Oatp1a4, Oatp1c1 and Oatp1a5, but not Oatp1b2. Intracellular localisation of MC-LF and MC-LW, proven by anti-Adda primary antibody, demonstrated transport of tested MCs into cultured astrocytes. Acute MC-LW and MC-LF intoxication induced cytoskeletal disruption as seen by the degradation of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), actin and the tubulin network. In this in vitro study, MC-LF and MC-LW, but not MC-LR, are shown to cause the dysfunction of astrocytic homeostatic capabilities, already at low concentrations, suggesting that astrocyte atrophy, with loss of function, could be expected in the brain response to the toxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Bulc Rozman
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Damijana Mojca Jurič
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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145
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Legrand B, Lamarque A, Sabart M, Latour D. Characterization of akinetes from cyanobacterial strains and lake sediment: A study of their resistance and toxic potential. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:42-50. [PMID: 28073505 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nostocalean cyanobacteria are known to proliferate abundantly in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems, and to produce several cyanotoxins, including anatoxin-a. In this study, we investigated both the resistance and toxic potential of the akinetes (resistant cells), using cyanobacterial cultures and akinetes extracted from the sediment of Lake Aydat (France) sampled in the winter and spring. Intact and lysed akinetes were differentiated using a double control based on the autofluorescence of akinetes and SYTOX-green staining. The percentage of resistant akinetes found in several different abiotic stress conditions was highly variable, depending on the species and also on the sampling season. Thus, the resistance of akinetes and their ability to germinate seems to follow a species-specific process, and akinetes can undergo physiologic changes during the sedimentary phase of the Nostocale life cycle. This study also revealed the first evidence of anatoxin-a genes in akinetes, with anaC and anaF genes detected in akinetes from all cyanobacterial producer cultures. The low number of anaC genes, almost exclusively detected using nested PCR, in the sediment at Lake Aydat suggests a limited but existent past population of toxic Nostocales in this lake. Given the key role of akinetes in the annual cycle and subsequent summer proliferation, it can be interesting to integrate the surveillance of akinetes in the management of lakes exposed to recurrent cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Legrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex F-63171, France; Athos-environnement, 112 Avenue du Brézet, Clermont-Ferrand F-63100, France.
| | - Amélie Lamarque
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex F-63171, France
| | - Marion Sabart
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex F-63171, France
| | - Delphine Latour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex F-63171, France
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146
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Tuo X, Chen J, Zhao S, Xie P. Chemical proteomic analysis of the potential toxicological mechanisms of microcystin-RR in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1206-1216. [PMID: 25854999 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are common toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria, and they represent a potential health risk to aquatic organisms and animals, including humans. Specific inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A is considered the typical mechanism of MCs toxicity, but the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. To further our understanding of the toxicological mechanisms induced by MCs, this study is the first to use a chemical proteomic approach to screen proteins that exhibit special interactions with MC-arginine-arginine (MC-RR) from zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. Seventeen proteins were identified via affinity blocking test. Integration of the results of previous studies and this study revealed that these proteins play a crucial role in various toxic phenomena of liver induced by MCs, such as the disruption of cytoskeleton assembly, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorder. Moreover, in addition to inhibition of protein phosphate activity, the overall toxicity of MCs was simultaneously modulated by the distribution of MCs in cells and their interactions with other target proteins. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1206-1216, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Basic Chemistry Experimental Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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147
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148
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Davenport A. Complications of hemodialysis treatments due to dialysate contamination and composition errors. Hemodial Int 2016; 19 Suppl 3:S30-3. [PMID: 26448385 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although hemodialysis is a routine outpatient treatment for millions of patients with a proven safety record, accidents and errors do occur from time to time. Many nephrologists are unaware of the technical aspects of providing a safe and reliable dialysate and rely on the support and advice of renal technologists. Complications may arise due to bacterial and chemical contamination of potable water, errors in dialysate acid or bicarbonate solution composition and proportioning, and resetting machine conductivity and temperature controls. As such, clinicians need to be aware of the possible complications of hemodialysis so that these are recognized promptly to provide appropriate management and minimize patient harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Davenport
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, UK
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149
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Jia J, Chen Q, Lauridsen TL. A Systematic Investigation into the Environmental Fate of Microcystins and The Potential Risk: Study in Lake Taihu. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E170. [PMID: 27271667 PMCID: PMC4926137 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic investigation was conducted in Lake Taihu in autumn of 2013 and 2014, in order to understand the environmental fate of microcystins (MCs) and evaluate the health risk from MCs. Samples of water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish were taken to detect MCs by HPLC-MS/MS after solid phase extraction. Widespread MC contamination in water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish was found in Lake Taihu. The ubiquitous presence of MCs in water, algal cells and biota was found in 100% of samples. MC accumulation was in the order of primary producer > tertiary consumer > secondary consumer > primary consumer. The highest levels of MCs in macrophytes, shrimps and fish tissue were found in Potamogeton maackianus, Exopalaemon modestus, and Hyporhamphus intermedius, respectively. The MCs level in shrimps and the tissues of three fish species, Neosalanx tangkahkeii taihuensis, Coilia ectenes and silver carp, was closely linked to their dietary exposure. Ceratophyllum demersum L. was an ideal plant for introduction into lakes to protect against Microcystis blooms and MCs, due to its ability to absorb nutrients, accumulate large amounts of MCs and tolerate these toxins compared to other macrophytes. The average daily intakes (ADIs) of MCs for Exopalaemon modestus and three fish species, Coilia ectenes, Hyporhamphus intermedius and Carassius carassius, were all above the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) set by the World Health Organization (WHO), implying there existed potential threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Qiuwen Chen
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Torben L Lauridsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing 100190, China.
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150
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Su Y, Li L, Hou J, Wu N, Lin W, Li G. Life-cycle exposure to microcystin-LR interferes with the reproductive endocrine system of male zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 175:205-212. [PMID: 27060240 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, MC-LR reproductive toxicity drew great attention. Limited information was available on endocrine-disrupting effects of MC-LR on the reproduction system in fish. In the present study, zebrafish hatchlings (5 d post-fertilization) were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3 and 30μg/L MC-LR for 90 d until they reached sexual maturity. Male zebrafish were selected, and changes in growth and developmental parameters, testicular histological structure as well as the levels of gonadal steroid hormones were studied along with the related-gene transcriptional responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-axis). The results, for the first time, show a life cycle exposure to MC-LR causes growth inhibition, testicular damage and delayed sperm maturation. A significant decrease in T/E2 ratio indicated that MC-LR disrupted sex steroid hormones balance. The changes in transcriptional responses of HPG-axis related genes revealed that MC-LR promoted the conversion of T to E2 in circulating blood. It was also noted that vtg1 mRNA expression in the liver was up-regulated, which implied that MC-LR could induce estrogenic-like effects at environmentally relevant concentrations and long-term exposure. Our findings indicated that a life cycle exposure to MC-LR causes endocrine disruption with organic and functional damage of the testis, which might compromise the quality of life for the survivors and pose a potent threat on fish reproduction and thus population dynamics in MCs-contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ning Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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