101
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Quiroga MF, Angerami MT, Santucci N, Ameri D, Francos JL, Wallach J, Sued O, Cahn P, Salomón H, Bottasso O. Dynamics of adrenal steroids are related to variations in Th1 and Treg populations during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV positive persons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33061. [PMID: 22431997 PMCID: PMC3303789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the most frequent cause of illness and death from an infectious agent, and its interaction with HIV has devastating effects. We determined plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its circulating form DHEA-suphate (DHEA-s) and cortisol in different stages of M. tuberculosis infection, and explored their role on the Th1 and Treg populations during different scenarios of HIV-TB coinfection, including the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a condition related to antiretroviral treatment. DHEA levels were diminished in HIV-TB and HIV-TB IRIS patients compared to healthy donors (HD), HIV+ individuals and HIV+ individuals with latent TB (HIV-LTB), whereas dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-s) levels were markedly diminished in HIV-TB IRIS individuals. HIV-TB and IRIS patients presented a cortisol/DHEA ratio significantly higher than HIV+, HIV-LTB and HD individuals. A positive correlation was observed between DHEA-s and CD4 count among HIV-TB individuals. Conversely, cortisol plasma level inversely correlated with CD4 count within HIV-TB individuals. M. tuberculosis-specific Th1 lymphocyte count was increased after culturing PBMC from HIV-TB individuals in presence of DHEA. We observed an inverse correlation between DHEA-s plasma level and Treg frequency in co-infected individuals, and CD4+FoxP3+ Treg frequency was increased in HIV-TB and IRIS patients compared to other groups. Strikingly, we observed a prominent CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ population across HIV-TB and HIV-TB IRIS patients, which frequency correlated with DHEA plasma level. Finally, DHEA treatment negatively regulated FoxP3 expression without altering Treg frequency in co-infected patients. These data suggest an enhancing role for DHEA in the immune response against M. tuberculosis during HIV-TB coinfection and IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Quiroga
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Center for AIDS, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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102
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Rajapaksha M, Thomas JL, Streeter M, Prasad M, Whittal RM, Bell JD, Bose HS. Lipid-mediated unfolding of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 is essential for steroidogenic activity. Biochemistry 2011; 50:11015-24. [PMID: 22106846 DOI: 10.1021/bi2016102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) proteins that do not undergo N-terminal cleavage, the activity may occur in the absence of a receptor present in the mitochondrial membrane. One such protein is human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (3βHSD2), the IMM resident protein responsible for catalyzing two key steps in steroid metabolism: the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. Conversion requires that 3βHSD2 serve as both a dehydrogenase and an isomerase. The dual functionality of 3βHSD2 results from a conformational change, but the trigger for this change remains unknown. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we found that 3βHSD2 interacted strongly with a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). 3βHSD2 became less stable when incubated with the individual lipids, as indicated by the decrease in thermal denaturation (T(m)) from 42 to 37 °C. DPPG, alone or in combination with DPPC, led to a decrease in α-helical content without an effect on the β-sheet conformation. With the exception of the 20 N-terminal amino acids, mixed vesicles protected 3βHSD2 from trypsin digestion. However, protein incubated with DPPC was only partially protected. The lipid-mediated unfolding completely supports the model in which a cavity forms between the α-helix and β-sheet. As 3βHSD2 lacks a receptor, opening the conformation may activate the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshinie Rajapaksha
- Mercer University School of Medicine and Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia 31404, United States
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103
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Conley AJ, Plant TM, Abbott DH, Moeller BC, Stanley SD. Adrenal androgen concentrations increase during infancy in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1229-35. [PMID: 21900126 PMCID: PMC3274962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00200.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated adrenal androgens (AA), gonadotropins, and cortisol in castrated and gonad-intact male rhesus macaques from birth through infancy. Blood samples were collected longitudinally from castrated (n = 6; weekly, 1-40 wk) and intact (n = 4; every other week, 1-17 wk) males. Plasma concentrations of AA were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and plasma concentrations of cortisol and gonadotropins were determined by RIA. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations increased almost threefold (to 8 wk), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increased more than eightfold (to 11 wk), and androstenedione doubled (to 15 wk) in five castrated infant males and declined continuously thereafter. A sixth castrated male had markedly different temporal patterns and concentrations (many times more than 2 SDs from the cohort mean) of AA and gonadotropins from first sampling (3 wk) and was excluded from analysis. Cortisol increased over 16 wk but correlated poorly with DHEAS. Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones increased to peaks at 3 and 7 wk, respectively. Testis-intact males exhibited similar profiles, but with earlier peaks of DHEAS (5 wk) and DHEA and androstenedione (7 wk). Peak concentrations of DHEAS were lower and those of DHEA and androstenedione were higher in intact than castrated infants. Testosterone was undetectable in castrated males and >0.5 ng/ml in intact males but was not correlated with DHEA or DHEAS. These are the first data documenting a transient increase in AA secretion during infancy in an Old World primate and are consistent with the previously documented time course of zona reticularis development that accompanies increases in androgen synthetic capacity of the adrenal. The rhesus is a promising model for androgen secretion from the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Conley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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104
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Ouschan C, Lepschy M, Zeugswetter F, Möstl E. The influence of trilostane on steroid hormone metabolism in canine adrenal glands and corpora lutea—an in vitro study. Vet Res Commun 2011; 36:35-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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105
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Traish AM, Kang HP, Saad F, Guay AT. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)—A Precursor Steroid or an Active Hormone in Human Physiology (CME). J Sex Med 2011; 8:2960-82; quiz 2983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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106
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Shiota M, Yokomizo A, Naito S. Oxidative stress and androgen receptor signaling in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1320-8. [PMID: 21820046 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a critical role in androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa), as well as in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Oxidative stress seems to contribute to the tumorigenesis and progression of PCa, as well as the development of CRPC, via activation of AR signaling. This notion is supported by the fact that there is an aberrant or improper regulation of the redox status in these disorders. Additionally, androgen-deprivation-induced oxidative stress seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders caused by androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), including osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress can be suppressed with antioxidants or via a reduction in reactive oxygen species production. Thus, developing new therapeutic agents that reduce oxidative stress might be useful in preventing the conversion of androgen-dependent PCa into CRPC, as well as reducing the adverse effects associated with ADT. The objective of this review is to provide an overview regarding the relationship between oxidative stress and AR signaling in the context of PCa and especially CRPC. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of antioxidant therapies in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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107
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Chung KF, Qin N, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on proliferation and differentiation of chromaffin progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:141-8. [PMID: 21130143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone producing adrenocortical zona reticularis and the adrenal medulla are in direct contact and are highly intermingled in many species. This results in potentially strong paracrine influences of high local dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations on the adrenal medulla. Dehydroepiandrosterone has neuroprotective properties and increases neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to establish its effects on chromaffin progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Previously, we successfully isolated chromaffin progenitors from bovine adrenal medulla in spherical cultures, so-called chromospheres. Seven days treatment of chromospheres with dehydroepiandrosterone at high concentrations (100 μM) hampered proliferation of chromaffin progenitors. Under differentiation conditions, dehydroepiandrosterone in the presence of retinoic acid, increased tyrosine hydroxylase and decreased dopamine-β-hydroxylase mRNA expression. In addition, there was a tendency to increase dopamine contents. Dehydroepiandrosterone/retinoic acid is therefore suggested to induce dopaminergic differentiation from chromaffin progenitor cells. Furthermore, the high dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations present in the fetal and adult adrenal may play an important role in adrenomedullary cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Chung
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Medical School, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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108
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Kenyon CJ, Nicol MR, Mason JI. Liquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:102-9. [PMID: 21184804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid effects of liquorice are mediated by the inhibitory effects of one of its active components glycyrrhetinic acid on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. However, liquorice is reputed to have many medicinal properties and also contains a number of other potentially biologically active compounds. Here we have investigated the wider effects of oral liquorice on steroidogenesis focussing particularly on possible inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on adrenal sulfotransferase activity. Salivary steroids were profiled by ELISA in groups of normal male and female volunteers after consuming either liquorice-containing or non-liquorice-containing confectionary for one week. Cortisol and cortisone levels reflected expected inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by glycyrrhetinic acid. Salivary aldosterone was decreased but deoxycorticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone were increased. To assess whether glycyrrhetinic acid directly affected steroidogenesis, free and conjugated steroids were measured in incubates of adrenocortical H295 cells, firstly, in the presence or absence of forskolin and secondly, with radiolabeled deoxycorticosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone. Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited cortisone and enhanced cortisol synthesis consistent with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibition. Basal and forskolin-stimulated syntheses of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone conjugates were also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner; glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited the conjugation of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone with IC50 values of 7 μM. Inhibition of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone conjugation was apparent within 4 h of starting glycyrrhetinic acid treatment and was not associated with changes in the expression of SULT 2A1 mRNA. SULT2A1 encodes the enzyme sulfotransferase 2A1 which is responsible for the sulfonation of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone as well as pregnenolone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone in human adrenal glands. We suggest that the glycyrrhetinic acid constituent of liquorice increases circulating and thereby, salivary levels of unconjugated deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone by inhibiting their conjugation at source within the adrenal cortex. This effect may contribute to the mineralocorticoid actions of glycyrrhetinic acid and gives substance to claims that liquorice also has androgenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A S Al-Dujaili
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Queen Margaret University Drive, Musselburgh, East Lothian EH21 6UU, UK.
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109
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Conley AJ, Moeller BC, Nguyen AD, Stanley SD, Plant TM, Abbott DH. Defining adrenarche in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), a non-human primate model for adrenal androgen secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:110-6. [PMID: 21184803 PMCID: PMC5881168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adrenarche, defined as a prepubertal increase in adrenal androgen secretion resulting from zona reticularis (ZR) maturation, is thought to occur only in humans and some Great Apes. In the rhesus macaque, studies of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its sulpho-conjugate (DHEAS) have failed to demonstrate a prepubertal rise typical of human adrenarche, but available data are cross-sectional and include few neonatal or early infant samples. However, ZR maturation is complete in rhesus infants by 3 months of age based on morphological and biochemical analyses. Furthermore, preliminary longitudinal studies from birth through infancy of castrated males, and intact males and females, suggests for the first time that there is a transient, prepubertal elevation of adrenal androgen in rhesus macaques. Serum DHEAS concentration increased, peaking between 6 and 8 weeks of age in castrate males, and intact males and females, then declined. These longitudinal profiles add endocrinological support to the morphological and biochemical evidence that adrenarche occurs in a narrow developmental window in infant rhesus macaques. Adrenarche in any species should be defined only after careful longitudinal hormone analysis have been conducted in stages of development that are suggested by morphological and biochemical evidence of ZR maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Conley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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110
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Zhai G, Teumer A, Stolk L, Perry JRB, Vandenput L, Coviello AD, Koster A, Bell JT, Bhasin S, Eriksson J, Eriksson A, Ernst F, Ferrucci L, Frayling TM, Glass D, Grundberg E, Haring R, Hedman ÅK, Hofman A, Kiel DP, Kroemer HK, Liu Y, Lunetta KL, Maggio M, Lorentzon M, Mangino M, Melzer D, Miljkovic I, Nica A, Penninx BWJH, Vasan RS, Rivadeneira F, Small KS, Soranzo N, Uitterlinden AG, Völzke H, Wilson SG, Xi L, Zhuang WV, Harris TB, Murabito JM, Ohlsson C, Murray A, de Jong FH, Spector TD, Wallaschofski H. Eight common genetic variants associated with serum DHEAS levels suggest a key role in ageing mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002025. [PMID: 21533175 PMCID: PMC3077384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) is the most abundant circulating steroid secreted by adrenal glands--yet its function is unknown. Its serum concentration declines significantly with increasing age, which has led to speculation that a relative DHEAS deficiency may contribute to the development of common age-related diseases or diminished longevity. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data with 14,846 individuals and identified eight independent common SNPs associated with serum DHEAS concentrations. Genes at or near the identified loci include ZKSCAN5 (rs11761528; p = 3.15 × 10(-36)), SULT2A1 (rs2637125; p = 2.61 × 10(-19)), ARPC1A (rs740160; p = 1.56 × 10(-16)), TRIM4 (rs17277546; p = 4.50 × 10(-11)), BMF (rs7181230; p = 5.44 × 10(-11)), HHEX (rs2497306; p = 4.64 × 10(-9)), BCL2L11 (rs6738028; p = 1.72 × 10(-8)), and CYP2C9 (rs2185570; p = 2.29 × 10(-8)). These genes are associated with type 2 diabetes, lymphoma, actin filament assembly, drug and xenobiotic metabolism, and zinc finger proteins. Several SNPs were associated with changes in gene expression levels, and the related genes are connected to biological pathways linking DHEAS with ageing. This study provides much needed insight into the function of DHEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John R. B. Perry
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea D. Coviello
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annemarie Koster
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jordana T. Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian Ernst
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Glass
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hixton, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Haring
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Åsa K. Hedman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Hebrew Senior Life Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heyo K. Kroemer
- Center of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Melzer
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Alexandra Nica
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hixton, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hixton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hixton, United Kingdom
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Scott G. Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Li Xi
- Molecular Medicine – Computational Biology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wei Vivian Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine, Cardiology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H. de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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111
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Zhao Y, Xiao J. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation studies of human type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: Toward the understanding of cofactor specificity. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:33-42. [PMID: 20607749 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The human type 1 isoform of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a member of short-chain oxidoreductase family that catalyzes the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. To compare the molecular events underlying cofactor specificity in the wild-type and D35A/K36R mutant enzymes, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of fully solvated cofactor-3β-HSD1 (wild-type and mutant) complex are performed. Molecular modeling methods are applied to construct three-dimensional models of cofactor-3β-HSD1 complexes based on Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose 4-epimerase crystal structure from Escherichia coli. The binding mode and binding energy analysis between four different complexes indicate that Asp35 and Lys36 are key residues for the cofactor specificity of 3β-HSD1, which is in agreement with mutagenesis studies results obtained by Thomas et al.8 The MD results also display that the residue Glu41 may be another important residue except Asp35 and Lys36 for the cofactor specificity and that this result needs further mutational experiment for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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112
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Nakamura Y, Xing Y, Hui XG, Kurotaki Y, Ono K, Cohen T, Sasano H, Rainey WE. Human adrenal cells that express both 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) contribute to adrenal androstenedione production. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 123:122-6. [PMID: 21185375 PMCID: PMC4269365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androstenedione is one of several weak androgens produced in the human adrenal gland. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) are both required for androstenedione production. However, previous studies demonstrated the expression of HSD3B2 within the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and fasciculata (ZF) but low levels in the zona reticularis. In contrast, CYB5A expression increases in the zona reticularis (ZR) in human adrenal glands. Although their colocalization has been reported in gonadal theca and Leydig cells this has not been studied in the human adrenal. Therefore, we immonolocalized HSD3B2 and CYB5A in normal human adrenal glands and first demonstrated their co-expression in the cortical cells located at the border between the ZF and ZR in normal human adrenal. Results of in vitro studies using the human adrenal H295R cells treated with the HSD3B2 inhibitor, trilostane, also demonstrated a markedly decreased androstenedione production. Decreasing CYB5A mRNA using its corresponding siRNA also resulted in significant inhibition of androstenedione production in the H295R cells. These findings together indicate that there are a group of cells co-expressing HSD3B2 and CYB5A with hybrid features of both ZF and ZR in human adrenal cortex, and these hybrid cortical cells may play an important role in androstenedione production in human adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Dawson PA, Hubbert ML, Rao A. Getting the mOST from OST: Role of organic solute transporter, OSTalpha-OSTbeta, in bile acid and steroid metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1801:994-1004. [PMID: 20538072 PMCID: PMC2911127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The organic solute transporter (OST)(alpha)-OST(beta) is an unusual heteromeric carrier expressed in a variety of tissues including the small intestine, colon, liver, biliary tract, kidney, and adrenal gland. In polarized epithelial cells, OSTalpha-OSTbeta protein is localized on the basolateral membrane and functions in the export or uptake of bile acids and steroids. This article reviews recent results including studies of knockout mouse models that provide new insights to the role of OSTalpha-OSTbeta in the compartmentalization and metabolism of these important lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gastroenterology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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115
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Fang F, Christian WV, Gorman SG, Cui M, Huang J, Tieu K, Ballatori N. Neurosteroid transport by the organic solute transporter OSTα-OSTβ. J Neurochem 2010; 115:220-33. [PMID: 20649839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of steroids, including pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are synthesized by specific brain cells, and are then delivered to their target sites, where they exert potent effects on neuronal excitability. The present results demonstrate that [(3)H]DHEAS and [(3)H]PREGS are relatively high affinity substrates for the organic solute transporter, OSTα-OSTβ, and that the two proteins that constitute this transporter are selectively localized to steroidogenic cells in the cerebellum and hippocampus, namely the Purkinje cells and cells in the cornu ammonis region in both mouse and human brain. Analysis of Ostα and Ostβ mRNA levels in mouse Purkinje and hippocampal cells isolated via laser capture microdissection supported these findings. In addition, Ostα-deficient mice exhibited changes in serum DHEA and DHEAS levels, and in tissue distribution of administered [(3)H]DHEAS. OSTα and OSTβ proteins were also localized to the zona reticularis of human adrenal gland, the major region for DHEAS production in the periphery. These results demonstrate that OSTα-OSTβ is localized to steroidogenic cells of the brain and adrenal gland, and that it modulates DHEA/DHEAS homeostasis, suggesting that it may contribute to neurosteroid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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116
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Adipose tissue and reproduction in women. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:795-825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Thomas JL, Mack VL, Sun J, Terrell JR, Bucholtz KM. The functions of key residues in the inhibitor, substrate and cofactor sites of human 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 are validated by mutagenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:192-9. [PMID: 20420909 PMCID: PMC2891085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In postmenopausal women, human 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3beta-HSD1) is a critical enzyme in the conversion of DHEA to estradiol in breast tumors, while 3beta-HSD2 participates in the production of cortisol and aldosterone in the human adrenal gland. The goals of this project are to determine if Arg195 in 3beta-HSD1 vs. Pro195 in 3beta-HSD2 in the substrate/inhibitor binding site is a critical structural difference responsible for the higher affinity of 3beta-HSD1 for inhibitor and substrate steroids compared to 3beta-HSD2 and whether Asp61, Glu192 and Thr8 are fingerprint residues for cofactor and substrate binding using site-directed mutagenesis. The R195P-1 mutant of 3beta-HSD1 and the P195R-2 mutant of 3beta-HSD2 have been created, expressed, purified and characterized kinetically. Dixon analyses of the inhibition of the R195P-1 mutant, P195R-2 mutant, wild-type 3beta-HSD1 and wild-type 3beta-HSD2 by trilostane has produced kinetic profiles that show inhibition of 3beta-HSD1 by trilostane (K(i)=0.10microM, competitive) with a 16-fold lower K(i) and different mode than measured for 3beta-HSD2 (K(i)=1.60microM, noncompetitive). The R195P-1 mutation shifts the high-affinity, competitive inhibition profile of 3beta-HSD1 to a low-affinity (trilostane K(i)=2.56microM), noncompetitive inhibition profile similar to that of 3beta-HSD2 containing Pro195. The P195R-2 mutation shifts the low-affinity, noncompetitive inhibition profile of 3beta-HSD2 to a high-affinity (trilostane K(i)=0.19microM), competitive inhibition profile similar to that of 3beta-HSD1 containing Arg195. Michaelis-Menten kinetics for DHEA, 16beta-hydroxy-DHEA and 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA substrate utilization by the R195P-1 and P195R-2 enzymes provide further validation for higher affinity binding due to Arg195 in 3beta-HSD1. Comparisons of the Michaelis-Menten values of cofactor and substrate for the targeted mutants of 3beta-HSD1 (D61N, D61V, E192A, T8A) clarify the functions of these residues as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Thomas
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College St, Macon, GA 31207, United States.
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Ritsner MS. Pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and schizophrenia: alterations and clinical trials. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16:32-44. [PMID: 20070787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids, such as pregnenolone (PREG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and their sulfates (PREGS and DHEAS) are reported to have a modulatory effect on neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. They also have many other functions associated with neuroprotection, response to stress, mood regulation, and cognitive performance. Furthermore, these neurosteroids have been linked to, and their levels are altered in, neuropsychiatric disorders. This review highlights what is currently known about the metabolism and mode of action of PREG and DHEA, as well as about alterations of these neurosteroids in schizophrenia. This review also provides substantial information about clinical trials with DHEA and PREG augmentation with of antipsychotic agents in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Ritsner
- Psychiatry Department, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, and Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Israel.
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Scott HM, Mason JI, Sharpe RM. Steroidogenesis in the fetal testis and its susceptibility to disruption by exogenous compounds. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:883-925. [PMID: 19887492 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Masculinization depends on adequate production of testosterone by the fetal testis within a specific "masculinization programming window." Disorders resulting from subtle deficiencies in this process are common in humans, and environmental exposures/lifestyle could contribute causally because common therapeutic and environmental compounds can affect steroidogenesis. This evidence derives mainly from rodent studies, but because there are major species differences in regulation of steroidogenesis in the fetal testis, this may not always be a guide to potential effects in the human. In addition to direct study of the effects of compounds on steroidogenesis, information also derives from study of masculinization disorders that result from mutations in genes in pathways regulating steroidogenesis. This review addresses this issue by critically reviewing the comparative timing of production and regulation of steroidogenesis in the fetal testis of humans and of rodents and its susceptibility to disruption; where there is limited information for the fetus, evidence from effects on steroidogenesis in the adult testis is considered. There are a number of fundamental regulatory differences between the human and rodent fetal testis, most notably in the importance of paracrine vs. endocrine drives during masculinization such that inactivating LH receptor mutations block masculinization in humans but not in rodents. Other large differences involve the steroidogenic response to estrogens and GnRH analogs and possibly phthalates, whereas for other compounds there may be differences in sensitivity to disruption (ketoconazole). This comparison identifies steroidogenic targets that are either vulnerable (mitochondrial cholesterol transport, CYP11A, CYP17) or not (cholesterol uptake) to chemical interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M Scott
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Goossens K, Juniarto AZ, Timmerman MA, Faradz SMH, Wolffenbuttel KP, Drop SLS, de Jong FH. Lack of correlation between phenotype and genotype in untreated 21-hydroxylase-deficient Indonesian patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71:628-35. [PMID: 19226270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in CYP21A2 lead to deficiency of 21-hydroxylase and can have either severe or moderate effects on phenotype, which can be prevented by early treatment. We studied long-term effects of this deficiency on phenotype in patients who had not been treated for prolonged periods and correlated these phenotypes with the mutations found in our patients. OBJECTIVE To assess the correlation between genotype and phenotype in untreated patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. DESIGN Subjects with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were selected from a large population of Indonesian patients with disorders of sexual differentiation. CYP21A2 mutations in these patients were correlated with their phenotype in terms of genital development and steroid hormone levels. PATIENTS Fifteen 46,XX patients with ages between 1 and 33 years, of whom 12 had never been treated before. MEASUREMENTS Mutations in CYP21A2, genital phenotype and steroid hormone levels. RESULTS We found in all patients CYP21A2 mutations which affect enzyme activity, with a relatively high allele frequency of R356W (40%), I172N (20%) and IVS2 - 1A > G (13%). Clitoris length was directly correlated with levels of testosterone, but not with age. The phenotype was not always concordant with the genotype: different phenotypes (mild to severe virilization) were found in sibling pairs with the mutations IVS2 - 13A > G or I172N. The high frequency of homozygous mutants for R356W in patients aged from 1 to 11 years old is remarkable, as this mutation has been described only in salt-wasting patients. In our study, this mutation caused a urogenital sinus in three out of seven cases, whereas in the remaining cases the labia were at least partially fused. This mutation caused severe virilization with remarkably high serum levels of renin. We found one novel substitution in intron 2 (IVS2 - 37A > G), containing the branch site, which is likely to affect the CYP21-enzyme. Two additional intron 2 substitutions were discovered, which are supposed to affect the 21-hydroxylase (i.e. IVS2 + 33A > C and IVS2 + 67C > T). CONCLUSION We conclude that a correlation exists between the concentration of androgens and the extent of virilization. However, there was no clear correlation between genotype and phenotype, except for the mutation R356W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Goossens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hui XG, Akahira JI, Suzuki T, Nio M, Nakamura Y, Suzuki H, Rainey WE, Sasano H. Development of the human adrenal zona reticularis: morphometric and immunohistochemical studies from birth to adolescence. J Endocrinol 2009; 203:241-52. [PMID: 19723922 PMCID: PMC4159054 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related morphologic development of human adrenal zona reticularis (ZR) has not been well examined. Therefore, in this study, 44 human young adrenal autopsy specimens retrieved from large archival files (n=252) were examined for immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses. Results demonstrated that ZR became discernible around 4 years of age, and both thickness and ratio per total cortex of ZR increased in an age-dependent fashion thereafter, although there was no significant increment in total thickness of developing adrenal cortex. We further evaluated immunoreactivity of both KI67 and BCL2 in order to clarify the equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis in the homeostasis of developing human adrenals. Results demonstrated that proliferative adrenocortical cells were predominantly detected in the zona glomerulosa and partly in outer zona fasciculata (ZF) before 4 years of age and in ZR after 4 years of age, but the number of these cells markedly decreased around 20 years of age. The number of BCL2-positive cells increased in ZR and decreased in ZF during development. Adrenal androgen synthesizing type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B5 or AKR1C3 as listed in the Hugo Database) was almost confined to ZR of human adrenals throughout development. HSD17B5 immunoreactivity in ZR became discernible and increased from around 9 years of age. Results of our present study support the theory of age-dependent adrenocortical cell migration and also indicated that ZR development is not only associated with adrenarche, but may play important roles in an initiation of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gang Hui
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Akahira
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Nio
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, 983-8520, Sendai, Japan
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 30912, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan
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Nakamura Y, Xing Y, Sasano H, Rainey WE. The mediator complex subunit 1 enhances transcription of genes needed for adrenal androgen production. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4145-53. [PMID: 19497978 PMCID: PMC2736083 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There are three enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1) and 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) metabolize cholesterol into DHEA, whereas steroid sulfotransferase family 2A1 (SULT2A1) is responsible for conversion of DHEA to DHEA sulfate. We previously examined the mechanisms regulating CYP11A1, CYP17, and SULT2A1 transcription and found that each is regulated, in part, by the transcription factor GATA-6. Previous studies suggested that mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1, also called PPARBP or TRAP220) is a cofactor involved in not only the regulation of nuclear receptors but also the activation of GATA-6 transcription. Herein we demonstrated a role for MED1 in the regulation of CYP11A1, CYP17, and SULT2A1 transcription. Transient transfection assays with SULT2A1 deletion and mutation promoter constructs allowed the determination of specific the GATA-6 binding cis-regulatory elements necessary for transactivation of SULT2A1 transcription. Binding of MED1 and GATA-6 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation/Western analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We demonstrated expression of MED1 mRNA and protein in the human adrenal and determined that knockdown of MED1 expression via specific small interfering RNA attenuated CYP11A1, CYP17, and SULT2A1 expression levels in H295R cells. In addition, we demonstrated that MED1 enhanced GATA-6 stimulated transcription of promoter constructs for each of these genes. Moreover, the activity of MED1 for SULT2A1 promoter was mediated by GATA-6 via the -190 GATA-binding site. These data support the hypothesis that MED1 and GATA-6 are key regulators of SULT2A1 expression, and they play important roles in adrenal androgen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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123
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Pistritto G, Papacleovoulou G, Ragone G, Di Cesare S, Papaleo V, Mason JI, Barbaccia ML. Differentiation-dependent progesterone synthesis and metabolism in NT2-N human neurons. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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124
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Krug AW, Langbein H, Ziegler CG, Bornstein SR, Eisenhofer G, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) promotes neuroendocrine differentiation of chromaffin pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:126-31. [PMID: 19022340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The major source for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphate compound DHEA-S is the inner zone of the adrenal cortex, which is in direct contact to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Due to their close proximity, direct interactions of DHEA and DHEA-S with chromaffin cells during adrenal gland development and throughout the whole life span are hypothesized. A possible direct effect of DHEA-S and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DHEA-S action on chromaffin cells remain unresolved. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at clarifying DHEA-S effects and mechanisms of action on rat chromaffin PC12 cells. DHEA-S (10(-6)mol/l) inhibited nerve growth factor (NGF, 20ng/ml)-induced cell proliferation by 66% (n=4, p<0.001). In NGF-stimulated cells, neuronal differentiation was inhibited by DHEA-S, as demonstrated by a 22% reduction (n=3; p<0.05) of neuronal differentiation marker expression, synaptosome-associated protein of 25kDa (SNAP-25), and a 59% (n=6; p<0.001) decrease in neurite outgrowth. Moreover, DHEA-S stimulated expression of endocrine marker chromogranin A (CgA) by 31% (n=4; p<0.05 vs. control) and catecholamine release from NGF-treated PC12 cells by 229% (n=3-5; p<0.001), indicating a DHEA-S-induced shift towards neuroendocrine differentiation. On a molecular level, DHEA-S diminished NGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, DHEA-S inhibited NGF-induced proliferation and neuronal differentiation and shifted cells towards a more endocrine phenotype. Interference of DHEA-S with NGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation might be involved in this effect. Our study provides support for the notion that adrenocortical-derived DHEA-S impacts adrenomedullary chromaffin cells during development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Krug
- Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Medical Clinic III, University of Dresden, Germany.
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125
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Abstract
The mechanisms causing the rise in adrenal androgen production during the course of adrenarche remain to be defined. However, the increase in steroid release is clearly associated with a series of intra-adrenal changes in the expression of steroidogenic enzymes needed for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) production, as well as an expansion of the adrenal zona reticularis (ZR). We and others have defined the adrenal expression pattern of key steroidogenic enzymes during adrenarche. As adrenarche proceeds, the expanding ZR expresses greater levels of cytochrome b5 (CYB5) and steroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) than the adjacent fasciculata. In contrast, the growing ZR is deficient in 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2). The resulting profile of steroidogenic enzymes lends itself to the production of adrenal androgens and appears to track the progression of adrenarche. This article reviews the intra-adrenal changes of the adrenal cortex associated with adrenarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan 980-8575
| | - Hui Xiao Gang
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan 980-8575
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan 980-8575
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan 980-8575
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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126
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Evolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms linking attachment and life history: The social neuroendocrinology of middle childhood. Behav Brain Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x09000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn extended period of childhood and juvenility is a distinctive aspect of human life history. This stage appears to be important for learning cultural, social, and ecological skills that help prepare the child for the adult socio-competitive environment. The unusual pattern of adrenarche in humans (and chimpanzees) may facilitate adaptive modification of the neurobiological mechanisms that underpin reproductive strategies. Longitudinal monitoring of DHEA/S in naturalistic context could provide important new insights into these aspects of child development.
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127
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Burgess JP, Green JS, Hill JM, Zhan Q, Lindeblad M, Lyubimov A, Kapetanovic IM, Schwartz A, Thomas BF. Identification of [14C]fluasterone metabolites in urine and feces collected from dogs after subcutaneous and oral administration of [14C]fluasterone. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1089-97. [PMID: 19196848 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was the identification of the metabolic profile of fluasterone, a synthetic derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone, in dogs treated orally or subcutaneously with [4-(14)C]fluasterone. Separation and characterization techniques used to identify the principal metabolites of fluasterone in urine and feces included high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid scintillation spectrometry, HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry, and NMR. In urine, the majority of the radioactivity was present as two components that had apparent molecular weights consistent with their tentative identification as monoglucuronide conjugates of 4alpha-hydroxy-16alpha-fluoro-5-androsten-17beta-ol and X(alpha or beta)-4alpha-dihydroxy-16alpha-fluoro-5-androsten-17beta-ol. The identification of the monoglucuronide conjugate of 4alpha-hydroxy-16alpha-fluoro-5-androsten-17beta-ol was also supported by NMR data. In support of this identification, these metabolites were cleaved with glucuronidase enzyme treatment, which gave rise to components with molecular weights again consistent with the aglycones of a monohydroxylated, 17-keto reduced (dihydroxy) fluasterone metabolite and a dihydroxylated, 17-keto reduced (trihydroxy) fluasterone metabolite. In feces, nonconjugated material predominated. The primary metabolites eliminated in feces were the two hydroxy fluasterone metabolites arising from 17-reduction (16alpha-fluoro-5-androsten-17beta-ol and 16alpha-fluoro-5-androsten-17alpha-ol) and 4alpha-hydroxy-16alpha-fluoro-5-androsten-17beta-ol that was present in urine in glucuronide form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Burgess
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Group, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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128
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Kumar V, Majumdar C, Roy P. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals from leather industry effluents on male reproductive system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:208-16. [PMID: 18606229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The leather tanning industry is characterized by the production of different kinds of effluents, generated in each step of leather processing. These effluents have various chemical compounds which may cause toxicity and endocrine disruption and are thus known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This study was aimed to examine the androgenic potential of leather industry effluents collected from northern region of India. Hershberger assay data showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the weight and structure of sex accessory tissues of castrated rats. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated a significant change (p<0.05) in the expression patterns of the major steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal and testes namely, cytochrome P450scc, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydorgenase in castrated and intact rats. This was further supported by increased enzymatic activities measured in vitro spectrophotometrically. Serum hormone profile demonstrated a dose dependent increase in testicular and adrenal testosterone productions in intact and castrated rats, respectively. This was further supported by decreased level of gonadotrophic hormones (LH and FSH) in treated groups of animals. Further, the effluent treatment resulted in the development of hyperplasia in seminiferous tubules of testes in treated rats as evident from histopathological studies and about two-fold increases in daily sperm production. On analysis of water samples using GC-MS, it was found to contain various aromatic compounds (nonylphenol, hexaclrobenzene and several azo dyes) some of which independently demonstrated similar effects as shown by water samples. Our data suggests that the effluents from leather industry have potential EDC demonstrating androgenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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129
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Thomas JL, Mack VL, Glow JA, Moshkelani D, Terrell JR, Bucholtz KM. Structure/function of the inhibition of human 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 by trilostane. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:66-73. [PMID: 18524572 PMCID: PMC2580795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human type 1 (placenta, breast tumors) and type 2 (gonads, adrenals) isoforms of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD) are key enzymes in biosynthesis of all active steroid hormones. Human 3beta-HSD1 is a critical enzyme in the conversion of DHEA to estradiol in breast tumors and may be a major target enzyme for the treatment of breast cancer. 3beta-HSD2 participates in the production of cortisol and aldosterone in the human adrenal gland. The goals of this project are to evaluate the role of the 2alpha-cyano group on trilostane (2alpha-cyano-4alpha,5alpha-epoxy-17beta-ol-androstane-3-one) and determine which amino acids may be critical for 3beta-HSD1 specificity. Trilostane without the 2alpha-cyano group, 4alpha,5alpha-epoxy-testosterone, was synthesized. Using our structural model of 3beta-HSD1, trilostane or 4alpha,5alpha-epoxy-testosterone was docked in the active site using Autodock 3.0, and the potentially critical residues (Met187 and Ser124) were identified. The M187T and S124T mutants of 3beta-HSD1 were created, expressed and purified. Dixon analyses of the inhibition of wild-type 3beta-HSD1, 3beta-HSD2, M187T and S124T by trilostane and 4alpha,5alpha-epoxy-testosterone suggest that the 2alpha-cyano group of trilostane is anchored by Ser124 in both isoenzymes. Kinetic analyses of cofactor and substrate utilization as well as the inhibition kinetics of M187T and the wild-type enzymes suggest that the 16-fold higher-affinity inhibition of 3beta-HSD1 by trilostane may be related to the presence of Met187 in 3beta-HSD1 and Thr187 in 3beta-HSD2. This structure/function information may lead to the production of more highly specific inhibitors of 3beta-HSD1 to block the hormone-dependent growth of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Thomas
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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130
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Abstract
The human adrenal reticularis produces the so-called adrenal androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S). As opposed to the cortisol and aldosterone little is known regarding the mechanisms that regulate the production of the adrenal androgens. Several recent studies have shown that type II 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2), cytochrome b5 (CYB5), and steroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) play an important role in the regulation of adrenal androgen production. Specifically, adrenal production of DHEA-S is correlated with reticularis expression of SULT2A1 and CYB5. In contrast, HSD3B2 has an inverse correlation with adrenal androgen production likely due to its unique ability to remove precursors from the pathway leading to DHEA. Therefore, its expression is limited to the adrenal glomerulosa/fasciculata but not in reticularis. The differential expression of these three proteins appears to be critical for reticularis function. In this review, we focus on studies that have begun to define the mechanisms regulating the transcription of these genes. Understanding the mechanisms controlling differential expression of these proteins should provide novel information about the human adrenal reticularis and its production of DHEA and DHEA-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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131
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Abstract
Steroid hormones are essential regulators of a vast number of physiological processes. The biosynthesis of these chemical messengers occurs in specialized steroidogenic tissues via a multi-step process that is catalyzed by members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Though numerous signaling mediators, including cytokines and growth factors control steroidogenesis, trophic peptide hormones are the primary regulators of steroid hormone production. These peptide hormones activate a cAMP/cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) signaling pathway, however, studies have shown that crosstalk between multiple signal transduction pathways and signaling molecules modulates optimal steroidogenic capacity. Sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingomyelin, and gangliosides have been shown to control the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway at multiple levels, including regulating steroidogenic gene expression and activity as well as acting as second messengers in signaling cascades. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies that have investigated the role of sphingolipids in adrenal, gonadal, and neural steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Lucki
- School of Biology and Parker H, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
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132
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Kumar V, Chakraborty A, Viswanath G, Roy P. Androgenic endocrine disruptors in wastewater treatment plant effluents in India: Their influence on reproductive processes and systemic toxicity in male rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 226:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Heemers HV, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:778-808. [PMID: 17940184 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), are responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis, the achievement of sexual maturation at puberty, and the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior in adulthood. In addition, androgens affect a wide variety of nonreproductive tissues. Moreover, aberrant androgen action plays a critical role in multiple pathologies, including prostate cancer and androgen insensitivity syndromes. The formation of a productive AR transcriptional complex requires the functional and structural interaction of the AR with its coregulators. In the last decade, an overwhelming and ever increasing number of proteins have been proposed to possess AR coactivating or corepressing characteristics. Intriguingly, a vast diversity of functions has been ascribed to these proteins, indicating that a multitude of cellular functions and signals converge on the AR to regulate its function. The current review aims to provide an overview of the AR coregulator proteins identified to date and to propose a classification of these AR coregulator proteins according to the function(s) ascribed to them. Taken together, this approach will increase our understanding of the cellular pathways that converge on the AR to ensure an appropriate transcriptional response to androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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134
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Thomas JL, Huether R, Mack VL, Scaccia LA, Stoner RC, Duax WL. Structure/function of human type 1 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: An intrasubunit disulfide bond in the Rossmann-fold domain and a Cys residue in the active site are critical for substrate and coenzyme utilization. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 107:80-7. [PMID: 17624763 PMCID: PMC2292410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human type 1 (placenta, breast tumors) and type 2 (gonads, adrenals) isoforms of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD) are key enzymes in steroidogenic pathways leading to the production of all active steroid hormones. Kinetic analyses of purified 3beta-HSD1 show that the Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for substrates and cofactor are decreased dramatically (three- to eight-fold) by the addition of beta-mercaptoethanol (BME), which suggest that a disulfide bond may be critical to ligand utilization. Western immunoblots and SDS-PAGE of purified 3beta-HSD1 in the presence or absence of BME showed a lack of intersubunit disulfide bonds in the dimeric enzyme. The Rossmann-fold domain of 3beta-HSD1 contains two Cys residues, Cys72 and Cys111, which are capable of forming an intrasubunit disulfide bond based on their proximity in our structural model. Our structural model also predicts that Cys83 may affect the orientation of substrate and cofactor. To test these predictions, the C72S, C72F, C111S, C111A, C83S and C83A mutants of 3beta-HSD1 were produced, expressed, and purified. BME failed to diminish the Km values of substrate and cofactor for C72S, C72F, C111S and C111A but produced a 2.5 decrease in Km values for C83A ligands similar to wild-type 3beta-HSD. Thus, our results support the presence of an intrasubunit disulfide bond between Cys72 and Cys111 that participates in the tertiary structure of the Rossmann-fold domain. Although C83S had no enzyme activity, the C83A mutant enzyme exhibited two- to five-fold higher Km values for substrate and cofactor but had similar K(cat) values compared to wild-type 3beta-HSD. These data characterize the roles of Cys residues in 3beta-HSD and validate the predictions of our structural model.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Thomas
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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135
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Laine M, Porola P, Udby L, Kjeldsen L, Cowland JB, Borregaard N, Hietanen J, Ståhle M, Pihakari A, Konttinen YT. Low salivary dehydroepiandrosterone and androgen-regulated cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 levels in Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2575-84. [PMID: 17665393 DOI: 10.1002/art.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sjögren's syndrome (SS), an autoimmune disease of exocrine glands, typically starts at the time of adrenopause. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that SS is characterized by an insufficient androgen effect at the target tissue level. METHODS We searched for androgen response elements (AREs) in the cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (crisp-3) gene. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) responsiveness was experimentally studied using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining of human submandibular gland-derived acinar cells and labial salivary gland explants with or without DHEA. Finally, glandular and salivary CRISP-3 in healthy controls and SS patients was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) and salivary DHEA levels were measured using a radioimmunometric method. RESULTS Literature analysis and a search for AREs in gene banks suggested androgen dependency of human CRISP-3, and this was verified by studies of human submandibular gland acinar cells cultured with or without DHEA, in which DHEA increased CRISP-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (P = 0.018). This finding was confirmed by the results of DHEA stimulation of labial salivary gland explants. Glandular CRISP-3 mRNA and protein labeling was weak and diffuse, coupled with low secretion in saliva (mean +/- SEM 21.1 +/- 2.7 mug CRISP-3/15 minutes in SS patients versus 97.6 +/- 12.0 mug CRISP-3/15 minutes in healthy controls; P < 0.0001). Compared with healthy controls, SS patients had low serum levels of DHEAS (P = 0.008) and also low salivary levels of DHEA (mean +/- SEM 224 +/- 33 pmoles versus 419 +/- 98 pmoles; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION CRISP-3 pathology was seen in acini remote from lymphocyte foci and is apparently not secondary to local inflammation, but may represent some systemic effect in SS. Indeed, androgen deprivation in the salivary glands of SS patients is evidenced both by low salivary levels of DHEA and by low levels of DHEA-regulated CRISP-3. This may explain some of the characteristic features of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Laine
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, and University of Helsinki, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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136
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Bácsi K, Kósa J, Lazáry A, Horváth H, Balla B, Lakatos P, Speer G. [Significance of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in different diseases]. Orv Hetil 2007; 148:651-7. [PMID: 17403638 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2007.27903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate are precursors of androgens and estrogens, support the gonadal sexual steroid production. The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate are maximal between the ages of 20 and 30 years, then start a decline of 2% per year, leaving a residual of 10-20% of the peak production by the eight decade of life. The age-associated decrease may lead to osteoporosis, deterioration of lipid-metabolism, cardiovascular diseases and second type of diabetes mellitus. Decreased levels were found in autoimmune diseases and in sexual dysfunction, too. Intracrinology describes the formation of active hormones which exert their action in the same cells where synthesis took place without release into the pericellular compartment. The high local androgen and estrogen concentration may be important in the pathomechanism of hirsutism, acne, seborrhea, breast and prostate cancer. Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone resulted in a reduction of postmenopausal osteoporosis, also the decreased symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosis, psychiatric diseases and sexual disfunction. The authors summarize the metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and their role in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Bácsi
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar, I. Belgyógyászati Klinika, Budapest.
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137
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Kamenicky P, Houdoin L, Ferlicot S, Salenave S, Brailly S, Droupy S, Meduri G, Sasano H, Suzuki T, Young J, Chanson P. Benign cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas produce small amounts of androgens. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66:778-88. [PMID: 17408424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum androgen levels are below normal in patients with benign cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas, owing to ACTH suppression. Associated androgen secretion is usually considered as indicative of malignancy. The objective of the study was to analyse the androgen-producing ability of cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas. DESIGN Retrospective data collection in a single referral hospital centre. METHODS Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), Delta4androstenedione and testosterone concentrations were measured before and after adrenalectomy and then at 6-month intervals in 20 women (eight cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas, six subclinical cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas, and six nonfunctional adenomas). RESULTS Before adrenalectomy, serum androgen concentrations were measurable in all women with clinically apparent and subclinical cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas. DHEAS levels were either at the lower end of the normal range or below normal, but were always clearly detectable. Postoperatively, during adrenocortical insufficiency, DHEAS, Delta4androstenedione and testosterone concentrations fell to near the detection limit in all patients with cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas (P = 0.008 for each marker) and showed a similar tendency to fall in all patients with subclinical cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas. Pre- and post-treatment androgen concentrations did not differ in patients with nonfunctional adenomas. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed CYP17, HSD3B2, SULT2A1 and CYB5 expression by all cortisol-producing tumours. The intensity of CYP17 and SULT2A1 expression was stronger in cortisol-secreting adenomas than in their adjacent normal adrenal tissue. CONCLUSION Both clinically apparent and subclinical cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas appear to show moderate autonomous androgen production. Thus, weak androgen secretion in patients with adrenocortical tumours should not necessarily be considered as a sign of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kamenicky
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, and Inserm, U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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138
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Schlinger BA, Pradhan DS, Soma KK. 3beta-HSD activates DHEA in the songbird brain. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:611-20. [PMID: 17643555 PMCID: PMC2441539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an abundant circulating prohormone in humans, with a variety of reported actions on central and peripheral tissues. Despite its abundance, the functions of DHEA are relatively unknown because common animal models (laboratory rats and mice) have very low DHEA levels in the blood. Over the past decade, we have obtained considerable evidence from avian studies demonstrating that (1) DHEA is an important circulating prohormone in songbirds and (2) the enzyme 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD), responsible for converting DHEA into a more active androgen, is expressed at high levels in the songbird brain. Here, we first review biochemical and molecular studies demonstrating the widespread activity and expression of 3beta-HSD in the adult and developing songbird brain. Studies examining neural 3beta-HSD activity show effects of sex, stress, and season that are region-specific. Second, we review studies showing seasonal and stress-related changes in circulating DHEA in captive and wild songbird species. Third, we describe evidence that DHEA treatment can stimulate song behavior and the growth of neural circuits controlling song behavior. Importantly, brain 3beta-HSD and aromatase can work in concert to locally metabolize DHEA into active androgens and estrogens, which are critical for controlling behavior and robust adult neuroplasticity in songbirds. DHEA is likely secreted by the avian gonads and/or adrenals, as is the case in humans, but DHEA may also be synthesized de novo in the songbird brain from cholesterol or other precursors. Irrespective of its source, DHEA seems to be an important prohormone in songbirds, and 3beta-HSD is a key enzyme in the songbird brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney A Schlinger
- Department of Physiological Science, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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139
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Bernstein RM, Leigh SR, Donovan SM, Monaco MH. Hormones and body size evolution in papionin primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 132:247-60. [PMID: 17133434 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the evolution of size differences among papionin primates by measuring hormones that regulate size growth during ontogeny and influence ultimate adult size (insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), growth hormone binding protein (GHBP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, estradiol). The analyses assess longstanding ideas about circulating hormone levels and body size. Importantly, because the consensus papionin molecular phylogeny implies at least two episodes of size increase, this study offers opportunities to determine whether or not similar hormone profiles regulate this apparent evolutionary convergence (i.e., do larger-bodied papionins have higher levels of growth-related hormones than smaller-bodied papionins?). Five hundred and sixty serum samples (from 161 individuals) from 11 papionin species were analyzed using a two-level approach to address this issue. One used mixed longitudinal samples from two papionin species to test whether, during growth, large- and small-bodied species have higher and lower hormone levels, respectively. The second compared multiple papionin species to assess whether or not hormone levels covary with size in adult animals. Result show that size and hormone levels do not covary consistently across papionins, either during growth or in adulthood. Specifically, some smaller-bodied papionin species have higher absolute hormone levels than larger-bodied species. Differences in some hormone levels appear to track phylogeny more closely than body size. In contrast to studies based on single species, we demonstrate that, while the hormones analyzed affect growth, absolute circulating hormone levels either during growth or adulthood may be decoupled from interspecific differences in body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Bernstein
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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140
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Sicard F, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Corbeil D, Sperber S, Krug AW, Ziegler CG, Rettori V, McCann SM, Bornstein SR. Age-dependent regulation of chromaffin cell proliferation by growth factors, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2007-12. [PMID: 17264205 PMCID: PMC1794270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610898104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland comprises two endocrine tissues of distinct origin, the catecholamine-producing medulla and the steroid-producing cortex. The inner adrenocortical zone, which is in direct contact with the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, produces dehydroepiandrostendione (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). These two androgens exhibit potential effects on neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and neuronal stem cell proliferation. Unlike the closely related sympathetic neurons, chromaffin cells are able to proliferate throughout life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DHEA and DHEAS on proliferation of bovine chromaffin cells from young and adult animals. We demonstrated that graded concentrations of leukemia inhibitory factor induced proliferation of chromaffin cells from young animals, whereas EGF had no effect. On the contrary, EGF increased the cell proliferation in cells from adult animals, whereas leukemia inhibitory factor was inactive. In both cases, DHEA decreased the proliferative effect induced by the growth factors. Surprisingly, DHEAS enhanced, in a dose-dependent-manner, the effect of growth factors on proliferation in cells from adult animals but not from young animals. Flutamide, ICI 182,780, and RU 486 had no effect on the action of DHEA or DHEAS on chromaffin cell proliferation. These data show that DHEA and its sulfated form, DHEAS, differentially regulate growth-factor-induced proliferation of bovine chromaffin cells. In addition, the sensitivity of chromaffin cells to different growth factors is age-dependent. Furthermore, these two androgens may act through a receptor other than the classical steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Sicard
- *Department of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Medical School, and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany. E-mail:
| | | | - Denis Corbeil
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Biotechnology Center, University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Simone Sperber
- *Department of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Medical School, and
| | - Alexander W. Krug
- *Department of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Medical School, and
| | | | - Valeria Rettori
- Centro de Estudios Farmocógicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Serrano 669, 1414 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Samuel M. McCann
- Centro de Estudios Farmocógicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Serrano 669, 1414 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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141
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Brown KA, Bouchard N, Lussier JG, Sirois J. Down-regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding an importer of sulfoconjugated steroids during human chorionic gonadotropin-induced follicular luteinization in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:10-9. [PMID: 17049229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (SLCO/OATP) superfamily are capable of importing anionic compounds across the lipid bilayer in a sodium-independent manner. Member 2B1 has been shown to transport few substrates, two of which are dihydroepiandrosterone-3-sulfate (DHEA-S) and estrone-3-sulfate. Steroid sulfatase (STS) catalyses the hydrolysis of these steroids into their unconjugated counterparts. The objective of this study was to investigate the regulation of SLCO2B1 and STS mRNAs during human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation/luteinization. The equine SLCO2B1 cDNA was cloned and shown to encode a 709-amino acid protein (OATP2B1) that is highly conserved when compared to mammalian orthologs. RT-PCR/Southern blot analyses were performed to study the regulation of SLCO2B1 and STS transcripts in equine preovulatory follicles isolated between 0 and 39h after hCG treatment. Results showed high levels of SLCO2B1 mRNA expression before hCG, with a marked decrease observed in follicles obtained 24-39h post-hCG (P<0.05). Analyses of isolated granulosa and theca interna cells identified high mRNA expression in both cell types prior to hCG treatment, with granulosa cells showing a more rapid SLCO2B1 mRNA down-regulation. No significant change in STS mRNA was observed in intact follicle walls. However, when both cell types were isolated, a significant decrease in STS mRNA was observed in granulosa cells 24-39h post-hCG. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the hCG-dependent induction of follicular luteinization is accompanied by the down-regulation of SLCO2B1 and STS transcripts. Considering that OATP2B1 can import sulfoconjugated DHEA and estrogens, and that STS can remove the sulfonate moiety from these steroids, their down-regulation in luteinizing preovulatory follicles may provide an additional biochemical basis for the decrease in ovarian 17beta-estradiol biosynthesis after the LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Brown
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale et Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
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142
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Abstract
Adrenarche, the prepubertal onset of adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), is a distinctive aspect of the human life course. Yet its evolutionary origins remain unexplained. Production of DHEAS is associated with the development of the zona reticularis, a novel histological layer within the adrenal gland, derived from the fetal adrenal gland, and associated with primates more generally. Evidence that DHEAS is a neurosteroid, together with the fact that increases in DHEAS parallel patterns of cortical maturation from approximately age 6 years to the mid-20s, suggests that DHEAS may play an important role in extended brain maturation among humans. DHEAS has demonstrated effects on mood in humans, and acts at neuron receptor sites. I suggest three ways in which DHEAS may play a role in human brain maturation: 1) increasing activity of the amgydala; 2) increasing activity of the hippocampus; and 3) promoting synaptogenesis within the cortex. I propose that associated changes in fearfulness and anxiety, and memory, could act to increase social interaction with nonfamiliar individuals and shape cognitive development. Comparison with the African apes suggests that the timing of adrenarche in chimpanzees may be similar to that in humans, though the full course of age-related changes in DHEAS and their relationship to reproductive and brain maturation are not clear. The role of DHEAS as a physiological mechanism supporting increased brain development, extended life span, and decreased sexual dimorphism is most compatible with Kaplan et al.'s (2000) theory of the evolution of human life history and intergenerational transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Campbell
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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143
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Hanley NA, Arlt W. The human fetal adrenal cortex and the window of sexual differentiation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:391-7. [PMID: 17046275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding normal development is fundamental to appreciating postnatal morphology, physiology and, in some instances, pathophysiology. Developmental biology tends to interrogate models in nonprimate species, for instance the mouse, where genetic manipulation gives privileged insight into the function of particular genes. Some human developmental processes, as occur in the adrenal gland, are not faithfully reproduced in these rodent models, yet have an impact on the pathophysiology and treatment of endocrine disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In this setting, in vitro research of normal human development complements clinical investigation of patients born with congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Hanley
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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144
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Ceballos NA, France CR, al'Absi M. Influence of naltrexone administration on dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in male and female participants. Biol Psychol 2006; 74:414-6. [PMID: 16963172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is an excitatory neurosteroid with anti-glucocorticoid properties. Endogenous opioid system blockade is known to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other hormonal systems. However, the literature is sparse regarding the extent to which this blockade acutely influences DHEAS activity. Further, the stability of DHEAS concentrations across short term laboratory studies is not well established. The current study examined these issues in human participants. Using a double-blind, counterbalanced design, 50mg of naltrexone and placebo were administered. Repeated salivary samples were then obtained over a 3h period while participants completed a nociceptive testing paradigm. DHEAS and cortisol concentrations were determined. Naltrexone administration was associated with an increase in cortisol concentrations; however, DHEAS was unaffected by naltrexone and did not vary across the course of the study. This finding is an important contribution to the methodological literature, and may be used to verify the stability of DHEAS for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Ceballos
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666-2526, USA
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145
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Pletnev VZ, Thomas JL, Rhaney FL, Holt LS, Scaccia LA, Umland TC, Duax WL. Rational proteomics V: structure-based mutagenesis has revealed key residues responsible for substrate recognition and catalysis by the dehydrogenase and isomerase activities in human 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 101:50-60. [PMID: 16889958 PMCID: PMC1971842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD) is a member of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase. It is a key steroidogenic enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the multienzyme pathway conversion of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone to active steroid hormones. A three dimensional model of a ternary complex of human 3beta-HSD type 1 (3beta-HSD_1) with an NAD cofactor and androstenedione product has been developed based upon X-ray structures of the ternary complex of E. coli UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (UDPGE) with an NAD cofactor and substrate (PDB_AC: 1NAH) and the ternary complex of human type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD_1) with an NADP cofactor and androstenedione (PDB_AC: 1QYX). The dimeric structure of the enzyme was built from two monomer models of 3beta-HSD_1 by respective 3D superposition with A and B subunits of the dimeric structure of Streptococcus suis DTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (PDB_AC: 1KEP). The 3D model structure of 3beta-HSD_1 has been successfully used for the rational design of mutagenic experiments to further elucidate the key substrate binding residues in the active site as well as the basis for dual function of the 3beta-HSD_1 enzyme. The structure based mutant enzymes, Asn100Ser, Asn100Ala, Glu126Leu, His232Ala, Ser322Ala and Asn323Leu, have been constructed and functionally characterized. The mutagenic experiments have confirmed the predicted roles of the His232 and Asn323 residues in recognition of the 17-keto group of the substrate and identified Asn100 and Glu126 residues as key residues that participate for the dehydrogenase and isomerization reactions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Z. Pletnev
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute & Dept. of Structural Biology, SUNY at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - James L. Thomas
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
- Department of Ob-Gyn, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Felicia L. Rhaney
- Department of Ob-Gyn, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Lynley S. Holt
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Launa A. Scaccia
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Timothy C. Umland
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute & Dept. of Structural Biology, SUNY at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - William L. Duax
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute & Dept. of Structural Biology, SUNY at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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146
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Tang W, Eggertsen G, Chiang JYL, Norlin M. Estrogen-mediated regulation of CYP7B1: a possible role for controlling DHEA levels in human tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 100:42-51. [PMID: 16720094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines regulation of CYP7B1, a DHEA 7alpha-hydroxylase, by sex hormones. Transfection with estrogen receptor alpha and treatment with 17beta-estradiol in human embryonic kidney 293 cells significantly increased CYP7B1 catalytic activity and mRNA, and stimulated a human CYP7B1 reporter gene. Transfection with estrogen receptor beta showed similar but less significant effects. In the absence of receptors, 17beta-estradiol suppressed CYP7B1 activity, suggesting that estrogenic effects may be different in cells not expressing receptors. Quantitation of CYP7B1 mRNA in adult and fetal human tissues showed markedly higher CYP7B1 mRNA levels in fetal tissues compared with the corresponding adult ones, except in the liver. This indicates a tissue-specific, developmental regulation of CYP7B1 and suggests an important function for this enzyme in fetal life. DHEA secreted by fetal adrenals is an essential precursor for placental estrogen formation. Since CYP7B1 diverts DHEA from the sex hormone biosynthetic pathway, estrogen receptor-mediated up-regulation of CYP7B1 should lead to less DHEA available for sex hormone synthesis and may help to maintain normal levels of estrogens and androgens in human tissues, especially during fetal development. Regulation by estrogens may also be of importance in other processes where CYP7B1 is involved, including cholesterol homeostasis, cellular proliferation, and CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 578, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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147
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Webb SJ, Geoghegan TE, Prough RA, Michael Miller KK. The biological actions of dehydroepiandrosterone involves multiple receptors. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 38:89-116. [PMID: 16684650 PMCID: PMC2423429 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600569877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone has been thought to have physiological functions other than as an androgen precursor. The previous studies performed have demonstrated a number of biological effects in rodents, such as amelioration of disease in diabetic, chemical carcinogenesis, and obesity models. To date, activation of the peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha, pregnane X receptor, and estrogen receptor by DHEA and its metabolites have been demonstrated. Several membrane-associated receptors have also been elucidated leading to additional mechanisms by which DHEA may exert its biological effects. This review will provide an overview of the receptor multiplicity involved in the biological activity of this sterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Webb
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40292, USA
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148
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Huang YH, Lee CY, Tai PJ, Yen CC, Liao CY, Chen WJ, Liao CJ, Cheng WL, Chen RN, Wu SM, Wang CS, Lin KH. Indirect regulation of human dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase family 1A member 2 by thyroid hormones. Endocrinology 2006; 147:2481-9. [PMID: 16469813 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone, T(3), regulates cell metabolism, differentiation, and development. cDNA microarrays were performed to study the mechanism of target gene regulation after T(3) treatment in a thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (TRalpha)-overexpressing hepatoma cell line (HepG2-TRalpha). The differentially expressed target genes are several metabolic enzymes, including dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfotransferase family 1A member 2 (SULT2A1). Enzyme SULT2A1 was elevated roughly 5-fold at the protein level and 9-fold increase at the mRNA level after 48 h T(3) treatment in HepG2-TRalpha cells. Cycloheximide inhibited T(3)-induced SULT2A1 expression, suggesting that regulation was indirect. SULT2A1 has been reported to be regulated by the two transcription factors, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) and GATA, in the human adrenal gland. T(3) induced a 2.5- to 3.5-fold elevation of SF1 at the protein level and a 6.2-fold increase at the RNA level in HepG2-TRalpha cells. About seven SF1 binding sites exist on the SULT2A1 gene. To identify and localize the critical SF1 binding site, series of deletion mutants of SULT2A1 promoter fragments in pGL2 plasmid were constructed. The promoter activity of the SULT2A1 gene was enhanced about 2.8- to 7.1-fold by T(3). The -228 SF1 binding site was identified as the most critical site because deleting this region reduced T(3)-induced expression. Transcription factor SF1 application enhanced the -228 but not -117 reporter plasmid activities. SULT2A1 and SF1 up-regulation at protein and RNA levels in thyroidectomized rats occurred after T(3) application. In summary, this work demonstrated that the SULT2A1 gene was mediated by SF1 and indirectly regulated by T(3). Further study is required to elucidate the physiological importance of SULT2A1 induction mediated by T(3).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, Reporter
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Male
- Models, Genetic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Steroidogenic Factor 1
- Sulfotransferases/biosynthesis
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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149
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Kauffman RP, Baker VM, DiMarino P, Castracane VD. Hyperinsulinemia and circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in white and Mexican American women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:1010-6. [PMID: 16580388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 09/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Mexican American women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a population more insulin resistant than white women with PCOS, demonstrate differences in adrenal androgen production. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University gynecology clinic and research laboratory. PATIENT(S) One hundred eleven white women and 50 Mexican American women with PCOS based on the 2003 Rotterdam Consensus Statement. INTERVENTION(S) Blood sampling, oral glucose tolerance testing, and ultrasonography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum total T, free T, DHEAS, and calculation of multiple insulin sensitivity indices after an oral glucose challenge. RESULT(S) Mexican American women with PCOS were significantly more insulin resistant than their white counterparts but had lower circulating levels of DHEAS, a reliable index of adrenal androgen production. Age and body mass index (BMI) were each inversely proportional to serum DHEAS, but no association was found between circulating insulin and serum DHEAS levels. Testosterone levels were similar between groups. CONCLUSION(S) The lower levels of DHEAS observed in the more insulin resistant Mexican American group with PCOS (compared to a similar group of white women living in the same locale) further corroborates the extent of phenotypic variability among specific PCOS populations. Hyperinsulinemia does not appear to significantly influence circulating adrenal androgen levels in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Kauffman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA.
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150
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Kang HG, Jeong SH, Cho JH, Kim DG, Park JM, Cho MH. Evaluation of estrogenic and androgenic activity of butylated hydroxyanisole in immature female and castrated rats. Toxicology 2005; 213:147-56. [PMID: 16023279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the estrogenic and androgenic activity of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) using immature rat uterotrophic assay and Hershberger assay. To investigate (anti-) estrogenicity, BHA alone or with 17beta-estradiol was administered to 20-days-old immature female rats for three consecutive days. Absolute and relative uterine weights were significantly decreased by BHA (50, 100, 250, 500 mg/kg) alone and 17beta-estradiol-stimulated weights of uterine and vagina were also decreased by BHA (500 mg/kg), while uterine epithelial cell height was not affected. In Hershberger assay, BHA alone or with testosterone propionate (TP) was administered daily to 51-days-old castrated male rats for 10 days. BHA alone or with testosterone propionate (TP) caused no significant effect on androgen-dependent accessory sex organ weights; seminal vesicle/coagulative glands, glans penis, Cowper's gland, ventral prostate gland and levator ani plus bulbocarvernosus muscle. Although, the relative weight of ventral prostate gland was increased by the co-treatment of BHA 250 mg/kg with TP 0.4 mg/kg compared to that of TP alone, the relative and absolute weights of other androgen-dependent organs and absolute and formalin-fixed ventral prostate gland weight showed no changes. Our studies suggest that BHA have anti-estrogenic activity for the decrease of uterine weight in immature female rat but have negligible effect on the androgenic activity in castrated male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Goo Kang
- Toxicology Lab, Division of Toxicology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang 6-Dong, Anyang 430-824, Republic of Korea
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