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Felizeter S, Jürling H, Kotthoff M, De Voogt P, McLachlan MS. Influence of soil on the uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids by lettuce: A comparison between a hydroponic study and a field study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127608. [PMID: 32683016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores whether mechanistic understanding of plant uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) derived from hydroponic experiments can be applied to soil systems. Lettuces (Lactuca sativa) were grown in outdoor lysimeters in soil spiked with 4 different concentrations of 13 PFAAs. PFAA concentrations were measured in soil, soil pore water, lettuce roots, and foliage. The PFAA uptake by the lettuce was compared with uptake measured in a hydroponic study. The foliage:pore water concentration ratios in the lysimeter were similar to the foliage:water concentration ratios from the hydroponic experiment. In contrast, the root:pore water concentration ratios in the lysimeter were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than in the hydroponic study for PFAAs with 6 or more perfluorinated carbons. Hence, hydroponic studies can be expected to provide a good quantitative measure of PFAA transfer from soil to foliage if one accounts for soil:pore water partitioning and differences in transpiration rate. However, hydroponic studies will be of little value for estimating PFAA transfer from soil to roots because sorption to the root surface is greatly enhanced under hydroponic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Felizeter
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heinrich Jürling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Pim De Voogt
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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102
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Semerád J, Hatasová N, Grasserová A, Černá T, Filipová A, Hanč A, Innemanová P, Pivokonský M, Cajthaml T. Screening for 32 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including GenX in sludges from 43 WWTPs located in the Czech Republic - Evaluation of potential accumulation in vegetables after application of biosolids. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:128018. [PMID: 33113642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly persistent, toxic and bioaccumulative per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents a serious problem for the environment and their concentrations and fate remain largely unknown. The present study consists of a PFAS screening in sludges originating from 43 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Czech Republic. To analyze an extended group of PFAS consisting of 32 PFAS, including GenX and other new replacements of older and restricted PFAS in sludge, a new method was optimized and validated using pressurized solvent extraction, followed by the SPE clean-up step to eliminate the observed matrix effects and LC-MS/MS. The results revealed high PFAS contamination of sewage sludge, reaching values from 5.6 to 963.2 ng g-1. The results showed that in the majority of the samples (about 60%), PFOS was the most abundant among the targeted PFAS, reaching 932.9 ng g-1. Approximately 20% of the analyzed samples contained more short-chain PFAS, suggesting the replacement of long-chain PFAS (especially restricted PFOA and PFOS). GenX was detected in 9 samples, confirming the trend in the use of new PFAS. The results revealed that significantly higher contamination was detected in the samples from large WWTPs (population equivalent > 50,000; p-value <0.05). Concerning the application of sludge in agriculture, our prediction using the respective PFAS bioconcentration factors, the observed concentrations, and the legislatively permitted management of biosolids in Czech Republic agriculture revealed that PFAS can cause serious contamination of cereals and vegetables (oat, celery shoots and lettuce leaves), as well as general secondary contamination of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolette Hatasová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Grasserová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Černá
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Filipová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hanč
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Innemanová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Dekonta a.s., Dřetovice 109, CZ-273 42 Stehelčeves, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pivokonský
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Paťankou 30/5, CZ-166 12, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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103
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Wang W, Rhodes G, Ge J, Yu X, Li H. Uptake and accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127584. [PMID: 32717507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found to be accumulated in agricultural products. Consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products represents a feasible pathway for the trophic transfer of these toxic chemicals along food chains/webs, leading to risks associated with human and animal health. Recently, studies on plant uptake and accumulation of PFASs have rapidly increased; consequently, a review to summarize the current knowledge and highlight future research is needed. Analysis of the publications indicates that a large variety of plant species can take up PFASs from the environment. Vegetables and grains are the most commonly investigated crops, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as the most studied PFASs. The potential sources of PFASs for plant uptake include industrial emissions, irrigation with contaminated water, land application of biosolids, leachates from landfill sites, and pesticide application. Root uptake is the predominant pathway for the accumulation of PFASs in agricultural crops, and uptake by plant aboveground portions from the ambient atmosphere could play a minor role in the overall PFAS accumulation. PFAS uptake by plants is influenced by physicochemical properties of compounds (e.g., perfluorocarbon chain length, head group functionality, water solubility, and volatility), plant physiology (e.g., transpiration rate, lipid and protein content), and abiotic factors (e.g., soil organic matters, pH, salinity, and temperature). Based on literature analysis, the current knowledge gaps are identified, and future research prospects are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Geoff Rhodes
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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104
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Sleep JA, Juhasz AL. REMOVED: Perfluoroalkyl, fluorotelomer sulfonate, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide contamination in biosolids: Composition, co-contamination and re-use implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115120. [PMID: 32682161 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been removed at the request of the Authors. This article has been retracted because the authors did not seek or receive appropriate approvals to use these materials for the purposes of this publication. The authors apologise for any inconvenience caused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sleep
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
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105
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Sedlacko EM, Chaparro JM, Heuberger AL, Cath TY, Higgins CP. Effect of produced water treatment technologies on irrigation-induced metal and salt accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140003. [PMID: 32559533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a wastewater resulting from hydraulic fracturing and oil and gas production, has been utilized in arid regions for irrigation purposes and potentially presents a new water source for crop irrigation in areas of increasing water scarcity. However, there is a potential for both synthetic and geogenic contaminants in these waters to accumulate in irrigated food crops. This study assessed how water treatment technologies targeted at removal of salinity (i.e., total dissolved solids) and organic chemical content (i.e., dissolved organic carbon) from PW to achieve agricultural irrigation standards altered the impact of inorganic contaminants and nutrient uptake on two salt-tolerant food crops, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The impacts of the treatment technologies on inorganic contaminant loadings in the irrigated soils were also assessed. Treatment technologies to improve PW quality decreased the adverse impacts on plant health; however, plant health was more affected by dilutions of PW than by the treatment technologies employed. Phenotypically, plants irrigated with 90% dilution (low) treatment groups, regardless of treatment technology, were comparable to controls; however, plants watered with high proportions (50%) of raw or treated PW displayed stunted growth, with reduced height and leaf area, and sunflower seed saw 100% yield loss. Although phenotypically similar, plants of the low treatment groups exhibited changes in the ionome, illustrating the influence of PW on plant uptake, translocation, and accumulation of metals, salts, and micronutrients. In addition, bioavailability of metals and nutrients was impacted by the unique and complex PW matrix: bioconcentration factors traditionally used to evaluate risk may therefore over or underestimate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Sedlacko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tzahi Y Cath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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106
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Xiang L, Chen XT, Yu PF, Li XH, Zhao HM, Feng NX, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH, Li QX. Oxalic Acid in Root Exudates Enhances Accumulation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13046-13055. [PMID: 33030897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is bioaccumulative in crops. PFOA bioaccumulation potential varies largely among crop varieties. Root exudates are found to be associated with such variations. Concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in root exudates from a PFOA-high-accumulation lettuce variety are observed significantly higher than those from PFOA-low-accumulation lettuce variety (p < 0.05). Root exudates and their LMWOAs components exert great influences on the linear sorption-desorption isotherms of PFOA in soils, thus activating PFOA and enhancing its bioavailability. Among root exudate components, oxalic acid is identified to play a key role in activating PFOA uptake, with >80% attribution. Oxalic acid at rhizospheric concentrations (0.02-0.5 mM) can effectively inhibit PFOA sorption to soils by decreasing hydrophobic force, electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, and cation-bridge effect. Oxalic acid enhances dissolution of metallic ions, iron/aluminum oxides, and organic matters from soils and forms oxalate-metal complexes, based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, ultraviolet spectra, and analyses of metal ions, iron/aluminum organometallic complexes, and dissolved organic carbon. The findings not only reveal the activation process of PFOA in soils by root exudates, particularly oxalic acid at rhizospheric concentrations, but also give an insight into the mechanism of enhancing PFOA accumulation in lettuce varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Xiao-Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Hong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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107
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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108
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Wang TT, Ying GG, He LY, Liu YS, Zhao JL. Uptake mechanism, subcellular distribution, and uptake process of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid by wetland plant Alisma orientale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139383. [PMID: 32446090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are of particular environmental concern due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity. Phytoremediation may be used to remove PFASs from wastewater. Here we investigated the uptake mechanism, subcellular distribution, and uptake process of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate acid (PFOS) in the wetland plant Alisma orientale by using a series of hydroponic experiments. Active uptake facilitated by water transporters and anion channels was involved in the uptake of PFASs by plant roots. PFOA and PFOS were mainly distributed in the water-soluble fraction (46.2-70.8%) and in cell walls (45.6-58.4%), respectively. The uptake process was proposed as follows: PFOS and PFOA were first distributed in the soluble fraction; a proportion of PFOS and PFOA were adsorbed gradually by the cell wall, and a proportion of PFOS and PFOA in the cell wall passed through the cell wall and plasmalemma and bind with organelles. PFOS and PFOA were transported from the external solution to the vascular bundle of the plant root through both symplastic and apoplastic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Tuan Wang
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Liang-Ying He
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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109
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Kwiatkowski CF, Andrews DQ, Birnbaum LS, Bruton TA, DeWitt JC, Knappe DRU, Maffini MV, Miller MF, Pelch KE, Reade A, Soehl A, Trier X, Venier M, Wagner CC, Wang Z, Blum A. Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:532-543. [PMID: 34307722 PMCID: PMC8297807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This commentary presents a scientific basis for managing as one chemical class the thousands of chemicals known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). The class includes perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluoroalkylether acids, and their precursors; fluoropolymers and perfluoropolyethers; and other PFAS. The basis for the class approach is presented in relation to their physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological properties. Specifically, the high persistence, accumulation potential, and/or hazards (known and potential) of PFAS studied to date warrant treating all PFAS as a single class. Examples are provided of how some PFAS are being regulated and how some businesses are avoiding all PFAS in their products and purchasing decisions. We conclude with options for how governments and industry can apply the class-based approach, emphasizing the importance of eliminating non-essential uses of PFAS, and further developing safer alternatives and methods to remove existing PFAS from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol F. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David Q. Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas A. Bruton
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Detlef R. U. Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | | | - Mark F. Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Katherine E. Pelch
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76126, United States
| | - Anna Reade
- Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Xenia Trier
- European Environment Agency, DK-1050 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Charlotte C. Wagner
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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110
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Fan Y, Chen SJ, Li QQ, Zeng Y, Yan X, Mai BX. Uptake of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) into peanut and corn during the whole life cycle grown in an agricultural field. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114400. [PMID: 32220776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we elucidated the uptake and translocation of numerous halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) into corn and peanut throughout their life cycle cultivated in an agricultural field of an electronic waste recycling area, where plants were simultaneously exposed to contaminants in soil and ambient air. The geometric mean concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 22.3 and 11.9 ng/g in peanut and 16.6 and 13.6 ng/g in corn, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE, 6.07 ng/g) and dechlorane plus (DPs, 6.22 ng/g) also showed significant concentrations in peanuts. The plant uptake was initiated from root absorption at the emergence stage but it was subsequently surpassed by leaves absorption from the air since the late seedling stage or early reproductive stage. There was a rapid uptake of lower halogenated HOCs at the early vegetative stages in both species. However, robust uptake of highly halogenated compounds at the reproductive stages suggests a delayed accumulation of them by the plants. PBDE and PCB congener profiles suggest more noticeable tendency for inter-compartment translocation in peanut than in corn during the plant development. The DP and HBCD isomeric compositions in peanut (enriched with syn-DP and γ-HBCD) were different from those in the rhizosphere soils and air, suggesting a more stereoisomer-selective uptake and/or biotransformation in this species compared to corn. The bioaccumulation factors for root-soil and stem-root of these HOCs in most cases were <1. The tissue-distributions demonstrated that leaves serve as a significant reservoir of absorbed HOCs under the field conditions, whereas the low concentrations in peanut and corn kernels indicated translocation of most HOCs into this compartment was significantly hindered (especially for highly halogenated compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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111
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Determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fats and oils by QuEChERS/micro-HPLC-MS/MS. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109583. [PMID: 33233192 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made chemicals that have been identified as global pollutants. Their widespread occurrence, including in food, is a potential concern for consumers. This work focuses on the application of a simple and reliable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of ten perfluoroalkyl acids in highly complex fatty matrices (fats and oils). The perfluoroalkyl substances were extracted by the QuEChERS method, based on the dispersive-Solid Phase Extraction using styrene-divinylbenzene bulk sorbent, and quantitatively analysed by micro-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries ranged from 72 to 104% with an acceptable relative standard deviation below 10%. Limits of quantification were within the range 0.002-0.075 ng/g depending on the perfluoroalkyl compound. The most predominant compound in fat and oil food samples was perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with a detection frequency of 100%, and the highest levels were found for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). The estimated exposure to PFOA, which was 46% and 19% of the existing TWI for the EU and Polish population, respectively, is relatively high and indicates a potential risk to human health.
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112
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Li P, Xiao Z, Sun J, Oyang X, Xie X, Li Z, Tian X, Li J. Metabolic regulations in lettuce root under combined exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in hydroponic media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138382. [PMID: 32481221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in many agricultural products in contaminated fields and in supply chains. Roots are the main organ in plants to uptake and bio-accumulate PFASs, but the changes of metabolic regulation in roots by PFASs are largely unexplored. Here, lettuce exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at different concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 ng/L) was investigated via metabolomics. Many key metabolites, such as antioxidants, lipids, amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, linolenic acid derivatives, purine and nucleosides, were significantly altered. Tyrosine metabolism, purine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were altered in roots by PFOA and PFOS. Tricarboxylic acid cycle was perturbed by 5000 ng/L exposure. Activation of antioxidant defense pathways, reallocation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, regulation of energy metabolism and purine metabolism were reprogrammed in roots. Lettuce employed multiple strategies to increase tolerance to PFOA and PFOS, which includes the adjustment of membrane composition, elevation of inorganic nitrogen fixation and respiration, accumulation of sucrose and regulation of signaling molecules. The results of this study offer insights into the molecular reprogramming of plant roots in response to PFAS exposure and provide important information for the risk assessment of PFASs in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xihui Oyang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiaocan Xie
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiujun Tian
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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113
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Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Glüge J, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Miller M, Ng CA, Scheringer M, Vierke L, Wang Z. Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1444-1460. [PMID: 32495786 PMCID: PMC7585739 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Grouping strategies are needed for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in part, because it would be time and resource intensive to test and evaluate the more than 4700 PFAS on the global market on a chemical-by-chemical basis. In this paper we review various grouping strategies that could be used to inform actions on these chemicals and outline the motivations, advantages and disadvantages for each. Grouping strategies are subdivided into (1) those based on the intrinsic properties of the PFAS (e.g. persistence, bioaccumulation potential, toxicity, mobility, molecular size) and (2) those that inform risk assessment through estimation of cumulative exposure and/or effects. The most precautionary grouping approach of those reviewed within this article suggests phasing out PFAS based on their high persistence alone (the so-called "P-sufficient" approach). The least precautionary grouping approach reviewed advocates only grouping PFAS for risk assessment that have the same toxicological effects, modes and mechanisms of action, and elimination kinetics, which would need to be well documented across different PFAS. It is recognised that, given jurisdictional differences in chemical assessment philosophies and methodologies, no one strategy will be generally acceptable. The guiding question we apply to the reviewed grouping strategies is: grouping for what purpose? The motivation behind the grouping (e.g. determining use in products vs. setting guideline levels for contaminated environments) may lead to different grouping decisions. This assessment provides the necessary context for grouping strategies such that they can be adopted as they are, or built on further, to protect human and environmental health from potential PFAS-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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114
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Du W, Liu X, Zhao L, Xu Y, Yin Y, Wu J, Ji R, Sun Y, Guo H. Response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to perfluorooctanoic acid in photosynthesis and metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138257. [PMID: 32247119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) toxicity to plants is essential for future risk assessment of PFOA in agricultural soil. In this study, soil-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was exposed to 0, 0.2, and 5 mg/kg of PFOA for 60 days. At harvest, contaminant accumulation, cucumber biomass, photosynthesis profiles and metabolites were measured. Results showed that PFOA depressed cucumber biomass and accumulated highest in leaves. Photosynthesis analysis revealed that PFOA at both doses reduced the chlorophyll contents and net photosynthesis rate of cucumber leaves. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics revealed that PFOA induced metabolic reprogramming in cucumber leaves, including up-regulation of phenols (at 0.2 and 5 mg/kg) and down-regulation of amino acids (at 5 mg/kg), indicating disrupted nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Results revealed how PFOA represses plant growth by down-regulating photosynthetic pigments and disturbing the metabolism of carbohydroxides, phenols and amino acids. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in plant responses to PFOA-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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115
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Gredelj A, Nicoletto C, Polesello S, Ferrario C, Valsecchi S, Lava R, Barausse A, Zanon F, Palmeri L, Guidolin L, Bonato M. Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in hydroponically grown red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): Growth and developmental toxicity, comparison with growth in soil and bioavailability implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137333. [PMID: 32146391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have shown a high potential for plant (crop) uptake, making them possibly significant contributors to the total dietary exposure to PFAAs. The plant uptake of PFAAs is a complex process that needs better characterization, as it does not only depend on perfluoroalkyl chain length, but also on their polar terminal group, on the plant species and the exposure media. Here, a plant uptake study with nine perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) was carried out under the hydroponic (soilless) exposure conditions. Red chicory was grown in a nutrient solution, spiked with PFAAs mixture at three different concentrations (i.e. 62.5, 125 and 250 μg/L), in order to extend the range of levels tested and reported in the literature so far. Bioaccumulation metrics and transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCFs) were employed for the plant uptake characterization and consequent comparison with the results of soil uptake experiment we previously performed with the same crop. The results showed that calculated root concentration factors (RCFs) increase with PFAA chain length, while the opposite chain length dependence was present for shoots. Plants from two treatments with the highest PFAAs concentrations manifested physiological changes (discoloration, inhibited roots and leaves growth), despite of the used exposure concentrations being much lower than previously published phytotoxicity thresholds. A comparison among RCFs and TSCFs derived from hydroponic and from the soil experiment has emphasized their different magnitudes and PFAAs chain length dependence patterns. They could not be ascribed only to soil sorption as a process decreasing PFAAs bioavailability for plants, but also to developmental differences between the root systems formed in soil and in nutrient solution and to the potential competitive PFAAs sorption to roots in hydroponics. The interchangeable use of bioaccumulation and translocation parameters derived in hydroponic and soil systems would lead to erroneous conclusions and plant uptake predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gredelj
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo Nicoletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Roberto Lava
- ARPAV (Regional Environmental Agency of Veneto), Via Lissa 6, 30174 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Barausse
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanon
- ARPAV (Regional Environmental Agency of Veneto), Via Lissa 6, 30174 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Luca Palmeri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Guidolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
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116
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Wang TT, Ying GG, Shi WJ, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Chen J, Ma DD, Xiong Q. Uptake and Translocation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) by Wetland Plants: Tissue- and Cell-Level Distribution Visualization with Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy Equipped with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6009-6020. [PMID: 32324390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent chemicals in the environment. So far, little is known about their uptake potential in wetland plants. Here, we investigated the uptake and translocation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in eight common wetland plants, namely, Canna indica (Ci), Thalia dealbata (Td), Cyperus alternifolius (Ca), Phragmites australis (Pa), Arundo donax (Ad), Pontederia cordata (Pc), Cyperus papyrus (Cp), and Alisma orientale (Ao) by hydroponic experiments and visualized their tissue- and cell-level distribution with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and transmission electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The results showed that the PFASs accumulated in plants accounted for 1.67-16.7% of the total mass spiked into the hydroponic systems, and PFOS accumulated largely in roots (48.8-95.8%), while PFOA was stored mostly in the aboveground part (29.3-77.4%). DESI-MS and TEM-EDS analysis showed that PFASs in Ci, Td, Pa, and Ca were transported from the hydroponic solution to the root cortex via both apoplastic (e.g., across cell walls and/or intercellular spaces) and symplastic routes (e.g., across plasma membranes or via plasmodesmata) and further to the vascular bundle via symplastic route in Td and Pa and via both routes in Ci and Ca. These two chemicals were transported from roots to stems mainly through the cortex in Td and through both the cortex and vascular bundles in Ci and Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Tuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- The Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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117
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Li P, Oyang X, Xie X, Li Z, Yang H, Xi J, Guo Y, Tian X, Liu B, Li J, Xiao Z. Phytotoxicity induced by perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate via metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121852. [PMID: 31848096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are becoming common pollutants in natural environment, while the toxic effects and defense mechanisms in agricultural plants are poorly understood. Here, lettuce exposed to either perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at two different concentrations (500, 5000 ng/L) in hydroponic media was investigated via metabolomics. Under the tested conditions, the growth and biomass of lettuce were not affected by PFOA and PFOS, but metabolic profiles in leaves were altered. The composition and metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids and some antioxidants were regulated, compromising the nutritional quality of the plants. Key pathways in energy metabolism were disturbed by both PFOA and PFOS, including tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and pyruvate metabolism. Amino acid metabolism, e.g., phenylalanine and tyrosine, was disturbed by PFOA. The metabolism of linoleic acid was disturbed by PFOS. The changes of antioxidants and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress and DNA damage under PFOA or PFOS exposure. The main defense processes against PFASs exposure in lettuce included alteration in plasma membrane, activation of antioxidant systems, increase of tolerance and repair of DNA injury. These findings help elucidate the response of plants to PFASs in a molecular-scale perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Xihui Oyang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiaocan Xie
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongju Yang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Jialin Xi
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiujun Tian
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China.
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118
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Gredelj A, Polesel F, Trapp S. Model-based analysis of the uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil into plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125534. [PMID: 32050335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) bioaccumulate in crops, with uptake being particularly high for short-chain PFAAs that are constantly transported with transpiration water to aerial plant parts. Due to their amphiphilic surfactant nature and ionized state at environmental pH, predicting the partitioning behavior of PFAAs is difficult and subject to considerable uncertainty, making experimental data highly desirable. Here, we applied a plant uptake model that combines advective flux with measured partition coefficients to reproduce the set of empirically derived plant uptake and soil-partitioning data for nine PFAAs in red chicory, in order to improve the mechanistic understanding and provide new insights into the complex uptake processes. We introduced a new parameter for retarded uptake (R) to explain the slow transfer of PFAA across biomembranes of the root epidermis, which has led to low transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCFs) presented in literature so far. We estimated R values for PFAAs using experimental data derived for red chicory and used the modified plant uptake model to simulate uptake of PFAA into other crops. Results show that this semi-empirical model predicted PFAAs transport to shoots and fruits with good accuracy based on experimental root to soil concentration factors (RCFdw) and soil to water partition coefficients (Kd) as well as estimated R values and plant-specific data for growth and transpiration. It can be concluded that the combination of rather low Kd with high RCFdw and the absence of any relevant loss are the reason for the observed excellent plant uptake of PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gredelj
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark; DHI A/S, Agern Allé 5, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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119
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Gredelj A, Nicoletto C, Valsecchi S, Ferrario C, Polesello S, Lava R, Zanon F, Barausse A, Palmeri L, Guidolin L, Bonato M. Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) under various treatments with pre-contaminated soil and irrigation water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134766. [PMID: 31791778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), particularly short-chained ones, have high potential for crop uptake, posing a threat to human health in contaminated areas. There is a scarcity of studies using contaminated water as the medium for PFAAs delivery to crops, and a lack of data on the partitioning of PFAA mixtures in growing media. In this context, a controlled experimental study was carried out in a greenhouse to investigate the uptake of a PFAA mixture into red chicory, a typical crop from a major PFAA contamination hot-spot in northern Italy, under treatments with environmentally relevant concentrations in spiked irrigation water and soil, separately and simultaneously. To our knowledge, this is the first study involving multiple exposure media and laboratory adsorption/desorption batch tests as a way of assessing the decrease in the bioavailability of PFAAs from soil. Exposure concentrations for each of the 9 utilized PFAAs were 0, 1, 10 and 80 µg/L in irrigation water and 0, 100 and 200 ng/gdw in soil, combined into 12 treatments. The highest bioaccumulation was measured for PFBA in roots (maximum of 43 µg/gdw), followed by leaves and heads of the chicory plants in all treatments, with the concentrations exponentially decreasing with an increasing PFAA chain length in all plant compartments. The use of irrigation water as the delivery medium increased the transport of PFAAs to the aerial chicory parts, long-chain substances in particular. Additionally, the distribution of PFAAs in the soil was assessed by depth and compared with laboratory measured soil-water equilibrium partition coefficients, revealing only partial dependency of PFAAs bioavailability on the adsorption in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gredelj
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Carlo Nicoletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Roberto Lava
- ARPAV (Regional Environmental Agency of Veneto), Via Lissa 6, 30174 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanon
- ARPAV (Regional Environmental Agency of Veneto), Via Lissa 6, 30174 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Barausse
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Palmeri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Guidolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Uddin M, Chen J, Qiao X, Tian R, Zhu M. Insight into dynamics and bioavailability of antibiotics in paddy soils by in situ soil moisture sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135562. [PMID: 31767303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil systems have complex regulatory mechanisms for xenobiotics uptake by plant, and these chemicals in soil pore water (SPW) are regarded as the bioavailable fraction. To date, little is known about the role of SPW in regard to the bioavailability of antibiotics for plant. In this study, in situ soil moisture sampler (SMS) was adopted to collect SPW from four paddy soils without disrupting the rhizosphere zone to evaluate antibiotic uptake in rice. The results show that SMS is applicable for antibiotics that have small molecular sizes and Log Kow values, e.g., sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), trimethoprim (TRM), and florfenicol (FLR). However, SMS performance was not feasible for large size and medium hydrophobic clarithromycin (CLR). Antibiotics in SPW demonstrated differences among chemicals and soils. Relatively higher levels of SDZ, SMZ, and FLR were observed in SPW than TRM, and neutral Panjin soil had the highest levels of antibiotics in SPW among four soils. The levels of antibiotics in SPW were negatively correlated with their soil partition parameter, Kd. Rapid decreases of SMZ, FLR, and SDZ in the SPW were consistent with their low residues in the final soils. All antibiotics were detectable in rice roots, followed by low detection levels in a few shoot samples, while no antibiotics were detectable in the grains of four soils. Relatively higher levels of SDZ, SMZ and FLR were observed in the roots of Panjin soil, consistent with their levels in SPW and Kd values. Furthermore, CLR and TRM were observed to have higher levels in roots, which was regarded as a consequence of their relatively longer persistence. Our study indicates that SMS is an applicable technique for in situ sampling of SPW, and level of antibiotics in SPW can work as a useful indicator to explore their bioavailability to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Uddin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xianliang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Run Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minghua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
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121
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Zhang M, Wang P, Lu Y, Lu X, Zhang A, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Khan K, Sarvajayakesavalu S. Bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in vegetables from the largest vegetable production base of China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105347. [PMID: 31794940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in edible parts of vegetables, soils, and irrigation water in greenhouse and open filed, for the first time, in Shouguang city, the largest vegetable production base in China, which is located nearby a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated, and the human exposures of PFAAs via consumption of the vegetables for different age groups assuming the maximum levels detected in each vegetable and average consumption rates were also estimated. The ΣPFAA levels ranged from 1.67 to 33.5 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the edible parts of all the vegetables, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) being the dominant compound with an average contribution of 49% to the ΣPFAA level. The leafy vegetables showed higher ΣPFAA levels (average 8.76 ng/g dw) than the fruit and root vegetables. For all the vegetables, the log10 BAF values of perfluorinated carboxylic acids showed a decreasing trend with increasing chain length, with PFBA having the highest log10 BAF values (average 0.98). Cabbage had higher bioaccumulation of PFBA (log10 BAF 1.24) than other vegetables. For the greenhouse soils and vegetables, the average contribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to ΣPFAA was lower than that in the open field samples, while the contributions of PFBA, PFHxA, PFPeA to ΣPFAA were higher. Irrigation water may be an important source of PFAAs in greenhouse, while for open field vegetables and soils, atmospheric deposition may be an additional contamination pathway. The estimated maximum exposure to PFOA through vegetable consumption for urban preschool children (aged 2-5 years) was 63% of the reference dose set by the European Food Safety Authority. Suggestions are also provided for mitigating the health risks of human exposure to PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
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Zhang DQ, Wang M, He Q, Niu X, Liang Y. Distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic plant-based systems: From soil adsorption and plant uptake to effects on microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113575. [PMID: 31733970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically explored the distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through soil adsorption and plant bioaccumulation in aquatic plant-based systems, derived from a surface flow constructed wetland (CW) planted with Typha angustifolia. The water-soil-plant systems were fortified with eight perfluoroalkyl subsntances (PFASs) at different concentrations. The potential for individual PFAS adsorption onto soil substrate and bioaccumulation in the plants increased with the increasing PFAS initial concentrations. Longer-chain PFASs exhibited higher affinity to soil substrate compared to shorter-chain PFASs. The highest concentration in the soil was observed for PFOS (51.3 ng g-1), followed by PFHxS (9.39 ng g-1), and PFOA (5.53 ng g-1) at low PFAS level. The perfluoroalkyl chain length dependent trend was also seen in the roots with the highest individual PFAS concentration for PFOS (68.9 ng g-1), followed by PFOA (18.5 ng g-1) and PFHxS (13.4 ng g-1). By contrast, shorter-chain PFASs were preferentially translocated from roots to shoots in Typha angustifolia. A significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between bioaccumulation factor (BAFplant/water) (whole plant) and perfluoroalkyl chain length was observed. PFASs content in the plant compartments increased with increasing PFAS concentrations in the soil. Mass balance analysis indicates that approximately 40.7-99.6% of PFAS mass added to the system was adsorbed onto the soil and bioaccumulated in the plant tissues of T. angustifolia. Soil adsorption played a vital role in PFAS mass distribution. The results of Illumina high-throughput sequencing show that the bacterial diversity decreased upon PFAS exposure. The most predominant phyla retrieved were Proteobacteria (24.7-39.3%), followed by Actinobacteria (4.2-41.1%), Verrucomicrobia (7.9-25.1%), Bacteroidetes (10.2-20.4%), Cyanobacteria (0.4-16.5%), and Firmicutes (1.1-6.4%). The PFAS enrichment caused the changes (p > 0.05) in the structure and composition of bacterial community. This study helps to gain insight into a better understanding of the potential for PFASs distribution in an aquatic plant-based system and the impact on dynamic of microbial community exposed to PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qing Zhang
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Mo Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiaochong He
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany NY 12222, USA.
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123
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Eun H, Yamazaki E, Taniyasu S, Miecznikowska A, Falandysz J, Yamashita N. Evaluation of perfluoroalkyl substances in field-cultivated vegetables. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124750. [PMID: 31526995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in three types of vegetables (fruit, leafy, and root vegetables) that were cultivated and harvested from 2014 to 2017. The cultivated soil was mainly affected by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCAs; 91.8% detection rate) rather than perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs; 8.2%). The cultivated soil (i.e., a volcanic cohesive soil) had a high total organic carbon (TOC = 3.4%) and therefore showed strong adsorption of long-chain PFASs. Short-chain PFCAs (i.e., under C9) were mainly detected in vegetables; specifically, PFBA showed high concentration in tomato shoots. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots clearly showed that PFASs in vegetables were different from those of cultivated soil, air, and rainwater. Interestingly, the whole potato (i.e., including peel) was in the same group as soil, indicating that the whole potato can easily be affected by the cultivated soil. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry-Scanning Electron Microscope (EDS-SEM) results showed that presence of unremovable micron-sized cultivated soil particles on the potato surface. Comparing the regional differences between the cultivated area of Tsukuba city (East Japan) and Osaka city (West Japan), PFASs patterns were similar in cucumber but differed in green perilla and potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesoo Eun
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Agata Miecznikowska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, University of Gdañsk, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, University of Gdañsk, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
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Li P, Oyang X, Xie X, Guo Y, Li Z, Xi J, Zhu D, Ma X, Liu B, Li J, Xiao Z. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate co-exposure induced changes of metabolites and defense pathways in lettuce leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113512. [PMID: 31706779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence shows plants are at risks of exposure to various per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), however the phytotoxicity induced by these compounds remains largely unknown on the molecular scale. Here, lettuce exposed to both perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at different concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 ng/L) in hydroponic media was investigated via metabolomics. Under the co-exposure conditions, the growth and biomass were not affected by PFOA and PFOS, but metabolic profiles of mineral elements and organic compounds in lettuce leaves were significantly altered. The contents of Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Ca and Mo were decreased 1.8%-47.8%, but Zn was increased 7.4%-24.2%. The metabolisms of amino acids and peptides, fatty acids and lipids were down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner, while purine and purine nucleosides were up-regulated, exhibiting the stress response to PFOA and PFOS co-exposure. The reduced amounts of phytol (14.8%-77.0%) and abscisic acid (60.7%-73.8%) indicated the alterations in photosynthesis and signal transduction. The metabolism of (poly)phenol, involved in shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathway and flavonoid branch pathway, was strengthened, to cope with the stress of PFASs. As the final metabolites of (poly)phenol biosynthesis, the abundance of various antioxidants was changed. This study offers comprehensive insight of plant response to PFAS co-exposure and enhances the understanding in detoxifying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Xihui Oyang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiaocan Xie
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jialin Xi
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Dongxue Zhu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China.
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Fan L, Tang J, Zhang D, Ma M, Wang Y, Han Y. Investigations on the phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1131-1143. [PMID: 31820230 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has raised concerns for years. Yet, little information on its phytotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms in higher plants is available. To this end, comparative analyses of the responses to PFOA exposure between shoots and roots in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana were performed at the physiological and molecular levels. Our results showed that PFOA exposure reduced Arabidopsis biomass in a dose-related manner, and shoot growth was more sensitive to PFOA than root growth. Consistently, PFOA accumulation and the levels of several metal elements, including Zn, Ca, Cu, and K, in addition to Fe, were more substantially affected in the shoots than in the roots. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that the shoot transcriptional profile was distinguishable from that of roots upon PFOA exposure. Nevertheless, some overlapping genes were present between the shoots and roots, mainly including transporter genes, Fe-deficiency-responsive genes, and oxidative stress-related genes. More importantly, a comparative analysis of ROS-associated genes in combination with other oxidative stress assays pointed out that PFOA triggered certain oxidative stress-associated events more strongly in shoots than in roots. Overall, the results demonstrated that PFOA exposure caused alterations in PFOA distribution, metal element balance, reconfiguration of transcriptomes, and induction of oxidative stress in a tissue-dependent manner in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Hefei Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Mingyue Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
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126
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Zhang D, Zhang W, Liang Y. Distribution of eight perfluoroalkyl acids in plant-soil-water systems and their effect on the soil microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134146. [PMID: 31484094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) appears to be a green remediation technique. To understand distribution of PFAS in plant-soil-water systems, eight perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) at three different concentrations were spiked to Juncus effusus grown in a greenhouse for 21 days. Results from this study demonstrated that mass-based plant uptake of PFAAs correlated positively with concentrations and time. On the basis of removal percentages, the higher the initial PFAA concentrations, the less removal by plant was observed. With the low level of PFAA spike, J. effusus roots and shoots accumulated 30-40% of PFAAs (C4 to C8) except PFOS with a lower uptake of approximately 20%. Together with soil sorption, >82.8% of PFAAs were removed from the aqueous solution in 21 days. Uptake of PFAAs also depended on their carbon chain length and plant compartments (roots or shoots). This dependence resulted in different bioaccumulation factors and translocation factors for different PFAAs. Besides physical and chemical distribution, PFAAs, especially those added at the high level led to significant change of soil bacterial communities in terms of composition and structure. Potential impact to the community's functions warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, United States of America.
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Pietrini F, Passatore L, Fischetti E, Carloni S, Ferrario C, Polesello S, Zacchini M. Evaluation of morpho-physiological traits and contaminant accumulation ability in Lemna minor L. treated with increasing perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations under laboratory conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133828. [PMID: 31419689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about the effects of releasing emerging contaminants (i.e. endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal-care products and flame retardants) into the environment. Particular attention is being paid to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) because of their persistence and bioaccumulation, especially in the aquatic environment. In this paper, we present results of a study aimed at evaluating the effects of different perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations (2, 20 and 200 μg/L) on morpho-physiological traits in Lemna minor L. plants. The accumulation of PFOA in the plant's tissues was also monitored. L. minor was selected as a model plant for ecotoxicological studies, and we performed a seven-day assay for this investigation. The results highlight the lack of inhibitory effects on biometric parameters such as mean frond area, total frond number, multiplication rate, doubling time of frond number and average specific growth rate, for each of tested PFOA concentrations. Also, at photosynthetic level, physiological measurements showed that chlorophyll content and electron transport rate (ETR) were not affected by the exposure to PFOA. Remarkably, the chlorophyll fluorescence images, used for the first time in a study on PFOA, evidenced no impairment to the photosynthetic efficiency, measured by the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm), the quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) over the leaf surface of PFOA-treated plants, in comparison to control. Quantification of PFOA in the growth medium at the end of the seven-day test revealed no statistically different concentrations in plates with or without L. minor plants. We detected increasing PFOA accumulation in plant tissues, in accordance with the PFOA concentrations in the medium. Therefore, the L. minor plants were capable of taking up and accumulating PFOA. The ecological impact of the environmentally relevant PFOA concentrations tested in this work on biological organisms of the aquatic environment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pietrini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Passatore
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Fischetti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Carloni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Brugherio, via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Brugherio, via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Massimo Zacchini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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128
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Li P, Zhi D, Zhang X, Zhu H, Li Z, Peng Y, He Y, Luo L, Rong X, Zhou Y. Research progress on the removal of hazardous perfluorochemicals: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109488. [PMID: 31499465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated substances are global and ubiquitous pollutants. The persistent organic pollution of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have drawn attentions worldwide. In view of the current need for sustainable development, many researchers began to study the remediation techniques for PFCs. Due to its unique hydrophobic and oil-phobic characteristics, the requirements for the PFCs removal process are different, so that their remediation techniques are still under continuous exploration. Hence, this review summarized the removal behaviors of various PFCs on different materials which supply a good foundation for future investigations in this field. It is evident from previous literature that every remediation techniques for PFCs has its own advantages. Among various currently evaluated removal methods, adsorption seems to be one of the most commonly used and recognized techniques for PFCs pollution control. Other innovative and promising techniques, such as physical and/or chemical methods, have also been tested for their effectiveness in removing perfluorinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dan Zhi
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yutao Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yangzhou He
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiangmin Rong
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Lasee S, Subbiah S, Thompson WA, Karnjanapiboonwong A, Jordan J, Payton P, Anderson TA. Plant Uptake of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Acids under a Maximum Bioavailability Scenario. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2497-2502. [PMID: 31408228 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have evaluated the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in aquatic environments, few have observed their fate in terrestrial environments. It has been proposed that ingestion could be a major PFAA exposure route for humans. We determined PFAA uptake in radish, carrot, and alfalfa under a maximum bioavailability scenario. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were determined in the edible tissue of radish (perfluorobutanesulfonate [PFBS] = 72; perfluorohexanesulfonate [PFHxS] = 13; perfluoroheptanoate [PFHpA] = 65; perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] = 18; perfluorooctanesulfonate [PFOS] = 2.9; and perfluorononanoate [PFNA] = 9.6), carrot (PFBS = 5.9; PFHxS = 1.1; PFHpA = 29; PFOA = 3.1; PFOS = 1; and PFNA = 1.4), and alfalfa (PFBS = 107; PFHxS = 12; PFHpA = 91; PFOA = 10; PFOS = 1.4; and PFNA = 1.7). Some of these PFAA BCFs are as much as 2 orders of magnitude higher than those measured previously in plants grown in biosolid-amended soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2497-2502. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lasee
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - William A Thompson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Juliette Jordan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Paxton Payton
- Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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130
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Liu Y, Hou X, Chen W, Kong W, Wang D, Liu J, Jiang G. Occurrences of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in tree bark: Interspecies variability related to chain length. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1388-1395. [PMID: 31466174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurrences of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tree bark from four species were investigated. Species-dependent congener distribution patterns were firstly reported for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The majority of PFSAs and PFCAs in Chinese red pine bark were C5-C7 PFSAs and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, containing six carbon atoms, C6), whereas perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS, C4) and longer chain congeners (PFCAs: C ≥ 7; PFSAs: C ≥ 8) took a larger proportion in the fissured bark from Canadian poplar, Chinese scholartree and weeping willow. The species-dependent congener profiles depended on the structures and chemical compositions of tree bark, as well as the translocation of PFASs within plants. Different tree bark characteristics caused different retention abilities for particle-bound and gaseous PFASs. Particle-bound PFASs retained in the rougher structures of fissured bark led to preferential retention of long chain congeners (the major fraction in the particle phase), while lipid-rich Chinese red pine bark retained more gaseous PFASs (mainly short chain congeners). Besides, the abundance of short chain PFASs in red pine bark was consistent with the chain length-dependent translocation behaviors of PFASs in various plants, suggesting that translocation of PFASs within plants to tree bark may be invovled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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131
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Kim H, Ekpe OD, Lee JH, Kim DH, Oh JE. Field-scale evaluation of the uptake of Perfluoroalkyl substances from soil by rice in paddy fields in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:714-721. [PMID: 30939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 17 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in paddy soil, void water, and brown rice collected from 30 paddy fields to examine the uptake of PFASs from soil by rice. The total concentrations of PFASs ranged from 7.76 to 3020 ng/L (average = 166 ng/L) in void water, 0.120 to 13.9 ng/g dry-weight (dw) (1.92 ng/g dw) in paddy soils, and from not-detected to 1.85 ng/g (0.403 ng/g) in brown rice samples. The highest PFAS concentrations were observed in brown rice cultivated in a paddy field where high levels of PFASs were observed in void water and paddy soil. Among target PFAS compounds, perfluorocarboxylic acids were dominant and detected in all matrices, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most predominant compound in brown rice and void water. Significant positive correlations were examined for some detected PFASs between each matrix. PFOA in brown rice was positively correlated with PFOA in void water as well as perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) in paddy soil (p < 0.01). PFOA in void water also had correlated with PFDA in paddy soil. However, there was no correlation of other compounds between each matrix, except for correlations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and PFDA in paddy soil with those in void water, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, PFOA concentration in brown rice (0.093 ng/g) was much higher than one in white rice detected with a non-detectable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- EH R&C, 114, A-dong, Environmental Industry Research Park, Jeongseojin-ro 410, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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132
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Li P, Oyang X, Zhao Y, Tu T, Tian X, Li L, Zhao Y, Li J, Xiao Z. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in agricultural environment, vegetables, and fruits in regions influenced by a fluorine-chemical industrial park in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:659-667. [PMID: 30903841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in vegetables and fruits, as well as agricultural environment, was investigated in the downstream regions of Changshu fluorine-chemical industrial park (CFCIP) in China. Twenty-one PFCs were analyzed in irrigation water, agricultural soil, typical vegetables, and fruits, with the maximum total PFC concentrations of 369.9 ng/L, 64.7 ng/g dw, 11.5 ng/g ww, and 10.5 ng/g ww, respectively. Short-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), and perfluorohexanoic acid were the dominant PFCs in terms of their concentrations and detection frequency. PFCs in irrigation water and agricultural soils showed a decreasing trend with increasing distance from CFCIP, while this pattern was not observed in agricultural products. The predominant compounds varied in different vegetables and fruits. Simultaneous bioaccumulation of PFBA and PFOA was found in melons and solanaceous species and pears. Leafy vegetables and grapes exhibited high bioaccumulation of PFOA and PFBA, respectively. Health risk assessment by calculating estimated daily intake showed that no direct risk was caused by the consumption of vegetables and fruits for the residents in the investigated regions. However, the tolerable weekly intake of PFOA exceeded the established thresholds for the adult residents. A comprehensive health assessment of the dietary exposure of PFCs, including all exposure pathways, in fluorine-chemical industrial park-impacted regions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Xihui Oyang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Yule Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Tianqi Tu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiujun Tian
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ling Li
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China.
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133
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Liu Z, Lu Y, Song X, Jones K, Sweetman AJ, Johnson AC, Zhang M, Lu X, Su C. Multiple crop bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl substances around a mega fluorochemical industrial park, China: Implication for planting optimization and food safety. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:671-684. [PMID: 30991223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have become a recognized concern due to their mobility, persistence, ubiquity and health hazards in the environment. In this study, ten types of vegetables and three types of grain crops were collected in two open-air fields with different distances (0.3 km, 10 km) from a mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP), China. Bioaccumulation characteristics of PFASs in light of crop types and organs were explored, followed by analyzing human exposure and risks to local residents with different age groups and dietary habits. Elevated levels of ∑PFASs were found nearby the FIP ranging from 79.9 ng/g to 200 ng/g in soils and from 58.8 ng/g to 8085 ng/g in crops. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFAS component in soil; while shorter-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), especially perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), were the major PFAS contaminants in multiple crops, resulting from their bioaccumulation preference. Depending on the crop types, the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of ∑PFASs for edible parts varied from 0.36 to 48.0, and the highest values were found in shoot vegetables compared with those in fruit vegetables, flower vegetables, root vegetables and grain crops. For typical grains, the BAFs of ∑PFASs decreased in the order of soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), possibly related to their protein and lipid content. Among specific organs in the whole plants, leaves exhibited the highest BAFs of ∑PFASs compared with corresponding roots, stems, husks or grains. With increasing carbon chain lengths of individual PFCAs (C4-C8), the logarithm of their BAFs for edible parts of various crops showed a linear decrease (0.1-1.16 log decrease per CF2 unit), and the largest decrease was observed in grains. Human exposure to PFOA via the consumption of contaminated crops represents a health risk for local residents, especially for low-age consumers or urban consumers with higher vegetable diet. Implications for planting optimization and food safety were provided aiming to reduce health hazards of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kevin Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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134
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Zhu B, Jiang W, Wang W, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence and Degradation Potential of Fluoroalkylsilane Substances as Precursors of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4823-4831. [PMID: 30999748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkylsilanes (PFASis) are a class of artificial chemicals with wide applications in surface coating, which arouse attention due to their hydrophobic/oleophobic properties and potential biological effects. In this study, a robust high-resolution mass spectrometry method through direct injection into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instrument was established, with the aid of CF2-scaled Kendrick mass defect analysis and isotope fine structure elucidation. The occurrence of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl trimethoxysilane (8:2 PTrMeOSi) and 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl triethoxysilane (8:2 PTrEtOSi), as well as their cationic adducts, solvent substitutions, and other compound analogues, were identified in commercial antifingerprint liquid products. In the hydroxyl radical-based total oxidizable precursor assay, differential molar yields of products were observed with regard to varied PFASi carbon-chain lengths and terminal groups. The yields of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from 8:2 PTrMeOSi conversion were the highest (92 ± 9%, n = 3), with the C ( n - 1) perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, 49 ± 11%, n = 3) as the dominating product. Distinct conversion of 8:2 PTrMeOSi in the simulated solar exposure experiments found that C ( n) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 0.6 ± 0.04 ‰, n = 3) was predominant, and 8:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (8:2 FTCA, 0.59 ± 0.08‰, n = 3), 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (8:2 FTUCA, 0.09 ± 0.00‰, n = 3) intermediates were also observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the occurrence and degradation potential of several fluoroalkylsilane substances as PFCA precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , Qingdao 266237 , P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
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135
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Li Y, Sallach JB, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. Insight into the distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil-water-plant systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:38-46. [PMID: 30660096 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils originating from irrigation with treated wastewater and land-applied biosolids can enter field crops. However, little is known about the role of pore water in plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from soils. In this study, the fate, uptake and distribution of fifteen commonly used pharmaceuticals in soil-water-radish systems were investigated to examine the relationship between the accumulation and their physicochemical processes in soils. The results indicate that the distribution of pharmaceuticals between soil and pore water, as well as their biodegradation, combined to govern the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals to plant uptake. Fourteen out of 15 pharmaceuticals could enter radish tissues in which the accumulation ranged from 2.1 to 14080 ng/g. Comparison of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) on the basis of pharmaceutical concentration in bulk soil vs. in pore water implies that pharmaceuticals present in soil pore water are the major bioavailable fractions to plant uptake. The pore water-based BCFs exhibited a positive linear relationship with log Dow for the pharmaceuticals with >90% as neutral species in soil pore water, while such relationship was not observed between bulk soil-based BCFs and log Dow mainly due to sorption by soil. Other than hydrophobicity, the dissociation of ionizable pharmaceuticals in the soil pore water and (or) root cells may lead to the "ion-trap" effects and thus influence the uptake and translocation process. The large molecular-size pharmaceuticals (e.g., tylosin) manifested a minimum uptake due plausibly to the limited permeability of cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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136
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Zhang L, Sun H, Wang Q, Chen H, Yao Y, Zhao Z, Alder AC. Uptake mechanisms of perfluoroalkyl acids with different carbon chain lengths (C2-C8) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:19-27. [PMID: 30428410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds could be taken up by plants via different pathways, depending on chemical properties and biological species, which is important for the risk assessment and risk control. To investigate the transport pathways of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.), the uptake of five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs): TFA (C2), PFPrA (C3), PFBA (C4), PFHxA (C6), PFOA (C8), and a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid: PFOS (C8)) were studied using hydroponic experiments. Various inhibitors including a metabolic inhibitor (Na3VO4), two anion channel blockers (9-AC, DIDS), and two aquaporin inhibitors (AgNO3, glycerol) were examined. The wheat root and shoot showed different concentration trends with the carbon chain length of PFAAs. The uptake of TFA was inhibited by Na3VO4 and 9-AC whereas PFPrA was inhibited by Na3VO4, AgNO3 and 9-AC. For the other four PFAAs, only Na3VO4 was effective. These results together with the result of concentration-dependent uptake, which followed the Michaelis-Menten model, indicate that the uptake of PFAAs by wheat is mainly an energy-dependent active process mediated by carriers. For the ultra-short chain PFCAs (C2 and C3), aquaporins and anion channels may also be involved. A competition between TFA and PFPrA was determined during the plant uptake but no competition was observed between these two shorter chain analogues with other analogues, neither between PFBA and PFHxA, PFBA and PFBS, PFOA and PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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137
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Falk S, Stahl T, Fliedner A, Rüdel H, Tarricone K, Brunn H, Koschorreck J. Levels, accumulation patterns and retrospective trends of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in terrestrial ecosystems over the last three decades. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:921-931. [PMID: 31159142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a result of their ubiquitous presence in the environment perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been demonstrated in numerous organisms worldwide, in particular in those of higher trophic levels. The fact that PFAAs have been detected in various human matrices, together with the resultant potential human health risks, knowledge of possible paths of entry and distribution in various ecosystems, is of great importance. In this context pooled samples of terrestrial ecosystems - roe deer liver (n = 141), earthworms (n = 44) as well as leaves from beech and poplar trees (n = 70) - from the year 1989-2015 were obtained from the German Environmental Specimen Bank and examined for the presence of 11 PFAAs for the first time. In addition to determining individual and total PFAA concentrations, temporal trends have been deduced in order to determine the effectiveness of regulatory measures. The highest total mean concentration of PFAAs (sum of the concentrations of the 11 analytes) were 9.9 μg/kg in the roe deer liver samples, followed by earthworm samples with a mean PFAA concentration of 3.5 μg/kg and leaves with a mean total concentration of 2.5 μg/kg. In regard to temporal trends there was a significant reduction of concentrations for perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorodecanoic acid in roe deer liver from 2003 to 2015, an indication of the effectiveness of regulatory measures. The same is true for the perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in earthworms and for perfluorooctanoic acid concentrations in the leaves. In contrast, an increase in perfluorobutanoic acid concentrations was observed from 2003 to 2015 in all three matrices. In summary it must be noted that in spite of the discernible effectiveness of minimization strategies, PFAAs are still detectable in terrestrial matrices and concentrations of other PFAAs as perfluorobutanoic acid appear to be increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Falk
- Hessian State Laboratory, Glarusstr. 6, D-65203, Wiesbaden, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Hessian State Laboratory, Am Versuchsfeld 11-13, D-34128, Kassel, Germany
| | - Annette Fliedner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Tarricone
- Trier University, FB VI - Biogeography/ Envrionmental Specimen Bank, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Hubertus Brunn
- Hessian State Laboratory, Schuberstr. 60, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency, Bismarckplatz 1, D-14193, Berlin, Germany
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138
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Ghisi R, Vamerali T, Manzetti S. Accumulation of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural plants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:326-341. [PMID: 30502744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are a class of compounds that include perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, some of the most persistent pollutants still allowed - or only partially restricted - in several product fabrications and industrial applications worldwide. PFASs have been shown to interact with blood proteins and are suspected of causing a number of pathological responses, including cancer. Given this threat to living organisms, we carried out a broad review of possible sources of PFASs and their potential accumulation in agricultural plants, from where they can transfer to humans through the food chain. Analysis of the literature indicates a direct correlation between PFAS concentrations in soil and bioaccumulation in plants. Furthermore, plant uptake largely changes with chain length, functional group, plant species and organ. Low accumulations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have been found in peeled potatoes and cereal seeds, while short-chain compounds can accumulate at high levels in leafy vegetables and fruits. Significant variations in PFAS buildup in plants according to soil amendment are also found, suggesting a particular interaction with soil organic matter. Here, we identify a series of challenges that PFASs pose to the development of a safe agriculture for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Ghisi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Manzetti
- Fjordforsk A/S, Institute for Science and Technology, Midtun 6894, Vangsnes, Norway; Uppsala Centre for Computational Sciences, Dept. of Cell & Molec. Biol., Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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139
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in surface soil, plants, and earthworms at a contaminated site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:954-961. [PMID: 30180370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to elucidate distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C7-12) in a terrestrial ecosystem that was contaminated with industrial sources of release. Surface soil (0-6 cm), plants, and earthworms were collected from a field located within a 1-mile radius of a fluoropolymer industry that had been manufacturing fluorochemicals for over five decades. The mean concentrations of ∑PFCAs were 150, 420, 61, 68, and 430 ng/g dry weight (dw) in surface soil, earthworms, grass roots, grass leaves, and tree leaves, respectively. The measured concentrations were higher than those reported for corresponding matrices in other locations worldwide, suggesting that fluorochemical manufacturing operations have contributed to the contamination of this nearby land. Soil and plant tissues consisted mainly of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8) (77.3-97.1% of the total PFCAs), whereas longer-chain PFCAs, such as perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA; C11: 17.6%) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA; C12: 31.9%), accounted for relatively higher proportions in earthworms. Spatial distribution of PFCAs at this site suggested that both atmospheric deposition and groundwater recharge have contributed to the sources of contamination. Both earthworm- and grass-accumulated PFCAs from soil with biota-soil accumulation factors and root concentration factors increased with perfluorocarbon chain length. The translocation factors of PFCAs in grass decreased as the number of carbons in the fluorocarbon moiety increased. This field study is appropriate to improve our understanding of partitioning of PFCAs among soil, plants, and earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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140
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Bräunig J, Baduel C, Barnes CM, Mueller JF. Leaching and bioavailability of selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil contaminated by firefighting activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:471-479. [PMID: 30056234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historical usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) at firefighting training grounds (FTGs) is a potential source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to the surrounding environment. In this study the leaching of PFAAs from field contaminated soil and their uptake into biota was investigated. Soil was sampled from FTGs at two airports and the total as well as the leachable concentration of 12 PFAAs was determined. A greenhouse study was carried out to investigate the uptake of PFAAs from soils into earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and wheat grass (Elymus scaber). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were the most dominant PFAAs in all soils samples, with concentrations of PFOS reaching 13,400 ng/g. Leachable concentrations of PFOS and PFHxS reached up to 550 μg/L and 22 μg/L, respectively. In earthworms concentrations of PFOS reached 65,100 ng/g after a 28-day exposure period, while in wheat grass the highest concentration was measured for uptake of PFHxS (2,800 ng/g) after a 10-week growth-period. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for earthworms ranged from 0.1 for perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) to 23 for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and initially showed a decreasing trend with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length, followed by an increase with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). In wheat grass the highest BAF was found for perfluorobutanoic acid (BAF = 70), while the lowest was observed for perfluorononanoic acid (BAF = 0.06). BAFs in wheat grass decreased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The results show that PFAAs readily leach from impacted soils and are bioaccumulated into earthworms and plants in an analyte dependent way. This shows considerable potential for PFAAs to move away from the original source either by leaching or uptake into ecological receptors, which may be a potential entry route into the terrestrial foodweb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Craig M Barnes
- Airservices Australia, 25 Constitution Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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141
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Yu PF, Xiang L, Li XH, Ding ZR, Mo CH, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Zhou DM, Wong MH. Cultivar-Dependent Accumulation and Translocation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate among Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) Cultivars Grown on Perfluorooctanesulfonate-Contaminated Soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13096-13106. [PMID: 30461281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a toxic and persistent organic pollutant that can be widely detected in agricultural soils. In this study, two lettuce cultivars with low PFOS accumulation were screened out to reduce the exposure of PFOS to the human body via vegetable consumption. The screened low-PFOS cultivars may help to ensure food safety, despite planting in highly PFOS-polluted soils (1.0 mg/kg), due to their high tolerance to PFOS and 4.4-5.7 times lower shoot PFOS concentration than the high-PFOS cultivars. Protein content and protein-mediated transpiration played key roles in regulating PFOS accumulation in the lettuce cultivars tested. Lower protein content, lower stomatal conductance, and lower transpiration rate resulted in low PFOS accumulation. This study reveals the mechanism of forming low-PFOS accumulation of lettuce cultivars at physiological and biochemical levels and lays a foundation for developing a cost-effective and safe approach to grow vegetables in PFOS-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Xin-Hong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Zi-Rong Ding
- South China Institute of Environmental Protection , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Consortium on Environment, Health, Education and Research (CHEER) , The Education University of Hong Kong , Tai Po , Hong Kong , China
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142
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Messerschmidt M, Janke A, Simon F, Hanzelmann C, Riske T, Stamm M, Raether B, da Costa E Silva O, Uhlmann P. Fluorocarbon-Free Dual-Action Textile Finishes Based on Covalently Attached Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Brush Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40088-40099. [PMID: 30375859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present fluorocarbon-free block copolymer brushes as potential systems for dual-action, i.e., soil-repellent and soil-releasing textile finishes. Polymer brushes were prepared by employing specifically engineered triblock copolymers consisting of a hydrophobic, a hydrophilic, and either a central or a terminal anchor block bearing several anchoring groups for sustainable immobilization using the "grafting to" approach on both flat Si wafers and rough cotton fabrics. The switching characteristics of both types of block copolymer brushes were investigated by exposing the brushes to conditions and stimuli that are similar to those applied during laundering in a washing machine and drying in a laundry dryer, respectively. Contact angle measurements were performed to evaluate the polarity and wettability of the block copolymer brushes after treatment in hot water and in air, or in a vacuum at elevated temperatures simulating the washing and the drying procedure of a textile fabric. While the block copolymer brush with the terminal anchor showed only minor changes in terms of the wetting characteristics and the brush morphology upon the applied stimuli, the block copolymer brush with the central anchoring block exhibited a significant change from a hydrophilic (soil-releasing) to a hydrophobic (stain-repellent) surface. This switching behavior was reversible and could be achieved on both, flat Si wafers, and much more pronounced on rough cotton fabrics. Atomic force microscopy and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations further indicated a complete rearrangement of the brush morphology. Accordingly, we regard this type of block copolymer brushes as a system that fully meets the basic requirements for an application as a dual-action textile finish, which can be reversibly switched with respect to water repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Messerschmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian Hanzelmann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Tino Riske
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Manfred Stamm
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstr. 66 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
| | | | | | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , D-01069 Dresden , Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Hamilton Hall , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , 639 North 12th Street , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
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143
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Lan Z, Zhou M, Yao Y, Sun H. Plant uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids in a wheat-soil system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30907-30916. [PMID: 30178412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is shifting to short-chain analogs (C ≤ 6) that raises concerns for their potential ecotoxicological risks. In the present study, pot experiments were carried out to study the effects of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), with different carbon chain lengths (C4, C6, and C8) on the growth of wheat seedlings and their plant uptake and transfer at two spiking levels (200 and 2000 μg/kg soil). Exposure to C4 PFAAs slightly inhibited chlorophyll activity, whereas exposure to C8 PFAAs showed enhancement. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for C4 PFAAs in wheat were over 10, while BAFs for C8 PFAAs were all below 1. Rhizospheric and root to shoot transfer factors for PFAAs were both negatively correlated with their log Kow (p < 0.05). PFCAs exhibited both higher rhizospheric mobility and accumulation potentials than PFSAs of the same chain lengths. Hence, perfluoroalkyl chain governs the mobility of PFAAs in a soil-plant system besides interactions of their head groups, and the substitution with shorter chain PFASs raises concerns for their higher plant accumulation potential that brings higher ecotoxicological and human exposure risks via food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Monitoring Center for Vehicle Emission, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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144
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Gallen C, Eaglesham G, Drage D, Nguyen TH, Mueller JF. A mass estimate of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) release from Australian wastewater treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:975-983. [PMID: 30068041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been used in large quantities for a variety of applications in Australian industry and household products. Through the course of their everyday use, PFASs enter the wastewater stream however current treatment processes provide only partial removal of these chemicals from wastewater. The release of treated effluent and re-use of biosolids represents an important point source of PFASs into the Australian environment yet the scale of PFAS release from Australian WWTPs is unknown. For the first time, influent, effluent and biosolids samples from 14 WWTPs across Australia were assessed for 9 PFASs and the national loads of these PFASs released from WWTPs estimated. Ʃ9PFASs ranged from 0.98 to 440 ng/L (influent), 21-560 ng/L (effluent) and 5.2-150 ng/g (biosolids). National loads of PFOA and PFOS in effluent were estimated at 65 kg and 26 kg per annum respectively. In biosolids, annual loads were estimated at 2 kg and 8 kg respectively. The continued detection of PFOS over a decade after its phase out, the increasing use of PFOS alternatives together with their resistance to degradation processes suggests that PFASs will be a priority for regulators and waste management to prevent further contamination of Australia's water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia.
| | - G Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - D Drage
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - T Hue Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - J F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
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145
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Sznajder-Katarzyńska K, Surma M, Cieślik E, Wiczkowski W. The perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination of fruits and vegetables. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1776-1786. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1502477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Surma
- Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Cieślik
- Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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146
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Chen H, Yao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ren C, Wang B, Sun H, Alder AC, Kannan K. Multimedia Distribution and Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Surrounding Two Fluorochemical Manufacturing Facilities in Fuxin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8263-8271. [PMID: 29947229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial facilities can be point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) emission to the surrounding environment. In this study, 25 neutral and ionizable PFASs were analyzed in 94 multimedia samples including air, rain, outdoor settled dust, soil, plant leaves, river water, surface sediment, and shallow groundwater from two fluorochemical manufacturing parks (FMPs) in Fuxin, China, to elucidate the multimedia distribution and transfer pattern of PFASs from a point source. The concentrations of individual PFASs in air, outdoor settled dust, and surface river water decreased exponentially as the distance increases from the FMPs, whereas the concentrations of short-chain (C2-C4) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) remained high (3000 ng/L) in the surface water 38 km away. At FMPs, air concentrations of fluorotelomer alcohols and iodides were found dominant with levels of up to 7900 pg/m3 and 920 pg/m3, respectively. Trifluoroacetic acid was directly released from FMPs and occurred in all the environmental matrices at levels 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than other PFCAs. Higher air-water concentration ratios of short-chain PFCAs (C2-C4) suggested their transfer tendency from air to water. Both short-chain (C2) and long-chain (>C6) PFCAs have greater sediment-water distribution coefficients and deposit dust-air coefficients, which have great influences on the long-range transport potential of different analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Chao Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Bin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12201 , United States
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147
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Choi GH, Lee DY, Bae JY, Rho JH, Moon BC, Kim JH. Bioconcentration factor of perfluorochemicals for each aerial part of rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2018.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Choi
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Rho
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Moon
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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148
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Mekuto L, Matsha T, Itoba-Tombo EF. The role of pollutants in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their prospective impact on phytomedicinal treatment strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:262. [PMID: 29610974 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and it is characterized by high blood sugar and abnormal sera lipid levels. Although the specific reasons for the development of these abnormalities are still not well understood, traditionally, genetic and lifestyle behavior have been reported as the leading causes of this disease. In the last three decades, the number of diabetic patients has drastically increased worldwide, with current statistics suggesting the number is to double in the next two decades. To combat this incurable ailment, orthodox medicines, to which economically disadvantaged patients have minimal access to, have been used. Thus, a considerable amalgamation of medicinal plants has recently been proven to possess therapeutic capabilities to manage T2DM, and this has prompted studies primarily focusing on the healing aspect of these plants, and ultimately, their commercialization. Hence, this review aims to highlight the potential threat of pollutants, i.e., polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and heavy metals, to medicinal plants, and their prospective impact on the phytomedicinal therapy strategies for T2DM. It is further suggested that auxiliary research be undertaken to better comprehend the factors that influence the uptake of these compounds by these plants. This should include a comprehensive risk assessment of phytomedicinal products destined for the treatment of T2DM. Regulations that control the use of PFC-precursors in certain developing countries are also long overdue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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149
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Scher DP, Kelly JE, Huset CA, Barry KM, Hoffbeck RW, Yingling VL, Messing RB. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in garden produce at homes with a history of PFAS-contaminated drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:548-555. [PMID: 29329087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The decades-long disposal of manufacturing waste containing perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in landfills resulted in contamination of groundwater serving as the drinking water supply for the eastern Twin Cities metropolitan region. While measures were taken to reduce the levels of PFAS in the drinking water, questions remained about possible non-drinking water pathways of exposure in these communities. The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) investigated whether PFAS in water used for yard and garden irrigation results in elevated concentrations of PFAS in soil and home-grown produce. In 2010, samples of outdoor tap water, garden soil, and garden produce were collected at homes impacted by the contamination and analyzed for several PFAS. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the primary PFAS present in water, followed by perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA). Although PFBA, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were present in 100% of soil samples at higher concentrations compared to other PFAS, only PFBA was readily translocated to plants. Significant determinants of PFBA concentration in produce were the amount of PFBA applied to the garden via watering and the type of produce tested. Results from this real-world study are consistent with experimental findings that short-chain PFAS have the highest potential to translocate to and bioaccumulate in edible plants. These findings are globally relevant, as short-chain PFAS serve as commercial substitutes for longer-chain compounds and are increasingly detected in water due to their relatively high solubility and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna P Scher
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, United States.
| | - James E Kelly
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Carin A Huset
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Kitrina M Barry
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | | | | | - Rita B Messing
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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Zhao S, Zhou T, Zhu L, Wang B, Li Z, Yang L, Liu L. Uptake, translocation and biotransformation of N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) by hydroponically grown plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:404-410. [PMID: 29306808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) is an important perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) precursor (PreFOS) which is used in sulfluramid. The present work studied the uptake, translocation and metabolism of N-EtFOSA in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) by hydroponic exposure. Except for parent N-EtFOSA, its metabolites of perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were detected in the roots and shoots of all the three plant species examined. This suggested that plant roots could take up N-EtFOSA from solutions efficiently, and translocate to shoots. A positive correlation was found between root concentration factors (RCFs) of N-EtFOSA and root lipid content. Much higher proportion of N-EtFOSA transformation products in plant tissues than in the solutions suggested that N-EtFOSA could be in vivo metabolized in plant roots and shoots to FOSAA, PFOSA and PFOS, and other additional shorter-chain perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs), including PFHxS and PFBS. The results suggested that plants had biotransformation pathways to N-EtFOSA that were different than those from microorganisms and animals. This study provides important information about the uptake and metabolism of PreFOSs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Bohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, PR China
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