101
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Zheng J, Yuan X, Cheng G, Jiao S, Feng C, Zhao X, Yin H, Du Y, Liu H. Chitosan oligosaccharides improve the disturbance in glucose metabolism and reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in diabetic mice. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:77-86. [PMID: 29628262 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Wild type C57BL/6J mice or diabetic db/db mice were treated with vehicle or COS for three months. COS treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose (P < 0.01) and reversed the insulin resistance (P < 0.05) in db/db mice, which was accompanied by suppressing the inflammation mediators (P < 0.05), down-regulating the lipogenesis (P < 0.01) and inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation (P < 0.05) in white adipose tissue. Additionally, COS treatment inhibited the reduction of occludin (P < 0.01) and relieved the gut dysbiosis in diabetic mice by promoting Akkermansia (P < 0.01) and suppressing Helicobacter (P < 0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis indicates that the COS-modulated bacteria are positively correlated with inflammation, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The functional profiling based on the microbiota composition implicated that COS treatment may regulate the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota. In summary, COS treatment remarkably improved the glucose metabolism and reshaped the unbalanced gut microbiota of diabetic mice. Our study provided the evidence for application of COS to the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Zheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xubing Yuan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Cui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Heng Yin
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
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102
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罗 月, 刘 斐, 陈 慕, 唐 文, 杨 月, 谭 细, 周 宏. [A machine learning model based on initial gut microbiome data for predicting changes of Bifidobacterium after prebiotics consumption]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:251-260. [PMID: 29643029 PMCID: PMC6744178 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of prebiotics supplementation for 9 days on gut microbiota structure and function and establish a machine learning model based on the initial gut microbiota data for predicting the variation of Bifidobacterium after prebiotic intake. METHODS With a randomized double-blind self-controlled design, 35 healthy volunteers were asked to consume fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) or galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) for 9 days (16 g per day). 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed to investigate the changes of gut microbiota after prebiotics intake. PICRUSt was used to infer the differences between the functional modules of the bacterial communities. Random forest model based on the initial gut microbiota data was used to identify the changes in Bifidobacterium after 5 days of prebiotic intake and then to build a continuous index to predict the changes of Bifidobacterium. The data of fecal samples collected after 9 days of GOS intervention were used to validate the model. RESULTS Fecal samples analysis with QIIME revealed that FOS intervention for 5 days reduced the intestinal flora alpha diversity, which rebounded on day 9; in GOS group, gut microbiota alpha diversity decreased progressively during the intervention. Neither FOS nor GOS supplement caused significant changes in β diversity of gut microbiota. The area under the curve (AUC) of the prediction model was 89.6%. The continuous index could successfully predict the changes in Bifidobacterium (R=0.45, P=0.01), and the prediction accuracy was verified by the validation model (R=0.62, P=0.01). CONCLUSION Short-term prebiotics intervention can significantly decrease α-diversity of the intestinal flora. The machine learning model based on initial gut microbiota data can accurately predict the changes in Bifidobacterium, which sheds light on personalized nutrition intervention and precise modulation of the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- 月梅 罗
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院环境卫生学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 斐童 刘
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院环境卫生学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 慕璇 陈
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 文丽 唐
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 月莲 杨
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 南方医科大学珠江医院老年病科,广东 广州 510515Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 细兰 谭
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院环境卫生学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院感染科,广东 广州 510282Department of Infectious Diseases4, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - 宏伟 周
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院环境卫生学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院检验医学部器官衰竭 研究国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510515State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510515, China
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103
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Wan MLY, Ling KH, El-Nezami H, Wang MF. Influence of functional food components on gut health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1927-1936. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1433629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murphy L. Y. Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K. H. Ling
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M. F. Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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104
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Szablewski
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
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105
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Cawthon CR, de La Serre CB. Gut bacteria interaction with vagal afferents. Brain Res 2018; 1693:134-139. [PMID: 29360469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary techniques including the use of germ-free models and next generation sequencing have deepened our understanding of the gut microbiota dynamics and its influence on host physiology. There is accumulating evidence that the gut microbiota can communicate to the CNS and is involved in the development of metabolic and behavioral disorders. Vagal afferent terminals are positioned beneath the gut epithelium where they can receive, directly or indirectly, signals produced by the gut microbiota, to affect host behavior, including feeding behavior. Supplementation with L. Rhamnosus in mice notably causes a decrease in anxiety and these effects are abolished by vagotomy. Additionally, chronic treatment with bacterial byproduct lipopolysaccharide (LPS) blunts vagally-mediated post-ingestive feedback and is associated with increased food intake. Inflammation in the nodose ganglion (NG), the location of vagal afferent neurons' cell bodies, may be a key triggering factor of microbiota-driven vagal alteration. Interestingly, several models show that vagal damage leads to an increase in immune cell (microglia) activation in the NG and remodeling of the vagal pathway. Similarly, diet-driven microbiota dysbiosis is associated with NG microglia activation and decreased vagal outputs to the CNS. Crucially, preventing dysbiosis and microglia activation in high-fat diet fed rodents normalizes vagal innervation and energy intake, highlighting the importance of microbiota/vagal communication in controlling feeding behavior. As of today, new consideration of potential roles for glial influence on vagal communication and new methods of vagal afferent ablation open opportunities to increase our understanding of how the gut microbiota influence its host's health and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Cawthon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 372 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
| | - Claire B de La Serre
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 372 Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
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106
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Zhu L, Qin S, Zhai S, Gao Y, Li L. Inulin with different degrees of polymerization modulates composition of intestinal microbiota in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:3605367. [PMID: 28407078 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze the global influences of dietary inulin with different degrees of polymerization (DP) on intestinal microbial communities. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were treated with fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin for 6 weeks. Fecal samples were obtained at time point 0 and 6th week. 16S rRNA sequence analysis was used to measure intestinal microbiota performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Influences of dietary inulin on intestinal microbiota were more complex effects than bifidogenic effects, relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria increased after interventions. Akkermansia muciniphila, belonging to mucin-degrading species, became a dominant species in Verrucomicrobia phylum after treatment with fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin. Modulation effects of intestinal microbiota were positively correlated with DP. Lower DP interventions exhibited better effects than higher DP treatment on stimulation of probiotics. We hypothesized that Akkermansia muciniphila played an important role on maintaining balance between mucin and short chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Zhu
- Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shixiang Zhai
- Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | | | - Lili Li
- Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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107
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Ishiguro K, Yokota S. Alterations in Polyphenol and Inulin Contents of Roasted Jerusalem Artichoke (<i>Helianthus tuberosus </i>L.). J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.65.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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108
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Hernández L, Menéndez C, Pérez ER, Martínez D, Alfonso D, Trujillo LE, Ramírez R, Sobrino A, Mazola Y, Musacchio A, Pimentel E. Fructooligosaccharides production by Schedonorus arundinaceus sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase constitutively expressed to high levels in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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109
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Aluwé M, Heyrman E, Theis S, Sieland C, Thurman K, Millet S. Chicory fructans in pig diet reduce skatole in back fat of entire male pigs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:340-344. [PMID: 28686947 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Androstenone, skatole and indole are main compounds responsible for boar taint, an off-odour in meat of some entire male pigs. Several feed ingredients derived from chicory have been reported to reduce fat skatole levels, while results for indole are more contradictory. The skatole-reducing effect is probably based on the prebiotic effects described for fructan compounds. Inulin and oligofructose have a high and low degree of polymerization, respectively. The fermentation rate decreases with an increasing degree of polymerization, which may result in differing effects of the compounds on skatole and/or indole levels. In this study we evaluated the effect of the inclusion of 5% inulin or 5% oligofructose during the last 3weeks before slaughter on carcass quality, concentration of skatole and indole in back fat as well as on the olfactory evaluation of boar taint in fat. Carcass weight did not differ between treatment groups but lean meat percentage increased when feeding oligofructose (P=0.019) compared to the control group, which is relevant for further research. Inclusion of 5% inulin or 5% oligofructose in the finisher diet of entire male pigs significantly reduced the back fat skatole concentration, without influence on indole. Olfactory score for boar taint tended to decrease when oligofructose was added to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aluwé
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - E Heyrman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium; KU Leuven, Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - S Theis
- Beneo - Institute, Wormser Strasse 11, 67283 Obrigheim, Germany
| | - C Sieland
- Beneo - Institute, Wormser Strasse 11, 67283 Obrigheim, Germany
| | - K Thurman
- Beneo - Animal Nutrition, Aandorenstraat 1, 3300 Tienen, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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110
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Wegh CAM, Schoterman MHC, Vaughan EE, Belzer C, Benninga MA. The effect of fiber and prebiotics on children's gastrointestinal disorders and microbiome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:1031-1045. [PMID: 28737484 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1359539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bacteria received upon birth are the start of colonization of the approximately 1014 bacteria that are present in the mature human gastrointestinal tract, better known as the microbiota. The gut microbiota is implicated in gastrointestinal health, nutrient metabolism and benefits such as prevention of infection. Dietary fiber, including prebiotics, escape digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon intact, where they are partially or completely fermented by the gut microbiota. Areas covered: The possible interactions between dietary fiber, prebiotics and microbiota are discussed as well as how this relates to functional gastrointestinal disorders. During the first years of life the microbiota have not yet reached a stable state and is sensitive to disturbance by environmental factors. An imbalance in the microbiota early in life is found to be associated with several functional gastrointestinal disorders such as colic, functional abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation. Expert commentary: A better understanding of how gut microbial changes in early-life can impact gastrointestinal health might lead to new treatments or disease prevention. Nutritional strategies with fiber or prebiotics may support health due to modification of colonic microbiota composition and metabolic activity, for example by growth stimulation of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A M Wegh
- a Laboratory of Microbiology , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,b Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , Emma's Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Clara Belzer
- a Laboratory of Microbiology , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Benninga
- b Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , Emma's Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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111
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Claus SP. Inulin prebiotic: is it all about bifidobacteria? Gut 2017; 66:1883-1884. [PMID: 28381524 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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112
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Abstract
Inulin as a heterogeneous blend of fructose polymers is diversely found in nature primarily as storage carbohydrates in plants. Besides, inulin is believed to induce certain techno-functional and associated properties in food systems. Inulin owing to its foam forming ability has been successfully used as fat replacer in quite a wide range of products as dairy and baked products. Furthermore, it is known to impart certain nutritional and therapeutic benefits that extend apart to improve health and reduce the risk of many lifestyle related diseases. Additionally, as a functional ingredient, Inulin has been adopted in various efficacy studies involving animal and human studies to function as a prebiotic, in promoting good digestive health, influencing lipid metabolism and has some beneficial roles in ensuring optimum levels of glucose and insulin. This review article is an attempt to present a comprehensive overview on both techno-functional and therapeutic potential of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- a Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Summer Rashid
- b National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , Pakistan
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113
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Liu F, Li P, Chen M, Luo Y, Prabhakar M, Zheng H, He Y, Qi Q, Long H, Zhang Y, Sheng H, Zhou H. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) Increase Bifidobacterium but Reduce Butyrate Producing Bacteria with Adverse Glycemic Metabolism in healthy young population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11789. [PMID: 28924143 PMCID: PMC5603605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been implicated in glucose intolerance and its progression towards type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Relevant randomized clinical trial with prebiotic intervention was inadequate. We sought to evaluate the impact of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on glycemia during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intestinal microbiota. A randomized double-blind cross-over study was performed with 35 adults treated with FOS and GOS for 14 days (16 g/day). Faeces sampling, OGTT and anthropometric parameters were performed. Short-term intake of high-dose prebiotics had adverse effect on glucose metabolism, as in FOS intervention demonstrated by OGTT (P < 0.001), and in GOS intervention demonstrated by fasting glucose (P < 0.05). A significant increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was observed both in FOS and GOS group, while the butyrate-producing bacteria like Phascolarctobacterium in FOS group and Ruminococcus in GOS group were decreased. A random forest model using the initial microbiota was developed to predict OGTT levels after prebiotic intervention with relative success (R = 0.726). Our study alerted even though FOS and GOS increased Bifidobacterium, they might have adverse effect on glucose metabolism by reducing butyrate-producing microbes. Individualized prebiotics intervention based on gut microbiome needs to be evaluated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yuemei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Prabhakar
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Long
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huafang Sheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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114
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Freitas AC, Hill JE. Quantification, isolation and characterization of Bifidobacterium from the vaginal microbiomes of reproductive aged women. Anaerobe 2017; 47:145-156. [PMID: 28552417 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome plays an important role in women's reproductive health. Imbalances in this microbiota, such as the poorly defined condition of bacterial vaginosis, are associated with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and negative reproductive outcomes. Currently, a "healthy" vaginal microbiota in reproductive aged women is understood to be dominated by Lactobacillus, although "atypical" microbiomes, such as Bifidobacterium-dominated profiles, have been described. Despite these observations, vaginal bifidobacteria remain relatively poorly characterized, and questions remain regarding their actual abundance in the microbiome. In this study, we used quantitative PCR to confirm the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the vaginal microbiomes of healthy reproductive aged women (n = 42), previously determined by deep sequencing. We also isolated and phenotypically characterized vaginal bifidobacteria (n = 40) in the context of features thought to promote reproductive health. Most isolates were identified as B. breve or B. longum based on cpn60 barcode sequencing. Fermentation patterns of vaginal bifidobacteria did not differ substantially from corresponding type strains of gut or oral origin. Lactic acid was produced by all vaginal isolates, with B. longum strains producing the highest levels, but only 32% of isolates produced hydrogen peroxide. Most vaginal bifidobacteria were also able to tolerate high levels of lactic acid (100 mM) and low pH (4.5 or 3.9), conditions typical of vaginal fluid of healthy women. Most isolates were resistant to metronidazole but susceptible to clindamycin, the two most common antibiotics used to treat vaginal dysbiosis. These findings demonstrate that Bifidobacterium is the dominant member of some vaginal microbiomes and suggest that bifidobacteria have the potential to be as protective as lactobacilli according to the current understanding of a healthy vaginal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Almonacid DE, Kraal L, Ossandon FJ, Budovskaya YV, Cardenas JP, Bik EM, Goddard AD, Richman J, Apte ZS. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and healthy reference ranges for 28 clinically relevant microbial taxa from the human gut microbiome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176555. [PMID: 28467461 PMCID: PMC5414997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the relative abundances of many intestinal microorganisms, both those that naturally occur in the human gut microbiome and those that are considered pathogens, have been associated with a range of diseases. To more accurately diagnose health conditions, medical practitioners could benefit from a molecular, culture-independent assay for the quantification of these microorganisms in the context of a healthy reference range. Here we present the targeted sequencing of the microbial 16S rRNA gene of clinically relevant gut microorganisms as a method to provide a gut screening test that could assist in the clinical diagnosis of certain health conditions. We evaluated the possibility of detecting 46 clinical prokaryotic targets in the human gut, 28 of which could be identified with high precision and sensitivity by a bioinformatics pipeline that includes sequence analysis and taxonomic annotation. These targets included 20 commensal, 3 beneficial (probiotic), and 5 pathogenic intestinal microbial taxa. Using stool microbiome samples from a cohort of 897 healthy individuals, we established a reference range defining clinically relevant relative levels for each of the 28 targets. Our assay quantifies 28 targets in the context of a healthy reference range and correctly reflected 38/38 verification samples of real and synthetic stool material containing known gut pathogens. Thus, we have established a method to determine microbiome composition with a focus on clinically relevant taxa, which has the potential to contribute to patient diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. More broadly, our method can facilitate epidemiological studies of the microbiome as it relates to overall human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurens Kraal
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Elisabeth M Bik
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Audrey D Goddard
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Richman
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary S Apte
- uBiome, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Hamilton MK, Ronveaux CC, Rust BM, Newman JW, Hawley M, Barile D, Mills DA, Raybould HE. Prebiotic milk oligosaccharides prevent development of obese phenotype, impairment of gut permeability, and microbial dysbiosis in high fat-fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G474-G487. [PMID: 28280143 PMCID: PMC5451559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00427.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability are targets for prevention or reversal of weight gain in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity (DIO). Prebiotic milk oligosaccharides (MO) have been shown to benefit the host intestine but have not been used in DIO. We hypothesized that supplementation with bovine MO would prevent the deleterious effect of HF diet on the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability and attenuate development of the obese phenotype. C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet, HF (40% fat/kcal), or HF + prebiotic [6%/kg bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) or inulin] for 1, 3, or 6 wk. Gut microbiota and intestinal permeability were assessed in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Addition of BMO to the HF diet significantly attenuated weight gain, decreased adiposity, and decreased caloric intake; inulin supplementation also lowered weight gain and adiposity, but this did not reach significance. BMO and inulin completely abolished the HF diet-induced increase in paracellular and transcellular permeability in the small and large intestine. Both BMO and inulin increased abundance of beneficial microbes Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the ileum. However, inulin supplementation altered phylogenetic diversity and decreased species richness. We conclude that addition of BMO to the HF diet completely prevented increases in intestinal permeability and microbial dysbiosis and was partially effective to prevent weight gain in DIO.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first report of the effects of prebiotic bovine milk oligosaccharides on the host phenotype of high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristina Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Charlotte C Ronveaux
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Bret M Rust
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Davis, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Melissa Hawley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California;
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117
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Effect of ultrasound followed by high pressure processing on prebiotic cranberry juice. Food Chem 2017; 218:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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118
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119
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Gadekar Y, Shinde A, Karim S. WITHDRAWN: Effect of inulin on physico-chemical, textural and sensory characteristics of reduced fat lamb nuggets. Vet Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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120
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Muñoz-Garach A, Diaz-Perdigones C, Tinahones FJ. Microbiota y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 63:560-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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121
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Zhao X, Jiang Z, Yang F, Wang Y, Gao X, Wang Y, Chai X, Pan G, Zhu Y. Sensitive and Simplified Detection of Antibiotic Influence on the Dynamic and Versatile Changes of Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167032. [PMID: 27907030 PMCID: PMC5132400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by anaerobic fermentation of mainly indigestible dietary carbohydrates by gut microbiota, have a profound influence on intestinal function and host energy metabolism. Antibiotics may seriously disturb the balance of fecal SCFAs. To evaluate the impacts of antibiotics on fecal SCFAs produced by gut microbiota, a simple, reproducible and accurate gas chromatography (GC) method, which can simultaneously analyze seven SCFAs in fecal samples, was developed and validated. The ranges of detection and quantitation of the SCFAs reached 0.0868 ~ 0.393 and 0.261 ~ 1.18 μg·mL-1 respectively, in an optimized protocol for SCFAs extraction and analysis that used 10 mL 75% ethanol aqueous solution containing 1% HCl, without ultrasonication. The technique exhibited excellent intra-day (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 2.54%) and inter-day (RSD ≤ 4.33%) precisions for all the SCFAs. Later, we administered broad-spectrum antibiotics, cefdinir or azithromycin to rats and analyzed the alterations in fecal SCFAs. The total amount, types and distribution of nearly all fecal SCFAs were significantly altered during the administration and even after withdrawal of the antibiotics in rats. The effects of cefdinir on the SCFAs were more pronounced than those of azithromycin. Our findings suggest SCFAs may serve as sensitive indicators to monitor the influences of antibiotics on SCFAs originated by intestinal bacteria. Our improved SCFAs analysis method is a potential platform for a standard clinical test of the effects of new antibiotics on SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzuo Jiang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (YFW); (YZ)
| | - Xin Chai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (YFW); (YZ)
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Moreira-Rosário A, Pinheiro H, Calhau C, Azevedo LF. Can wheat germ have a beneficial effect on human health? A study protocol for a randomised crossover controlled trial to evaluate its health effects. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e013098. [PMID: 28157671 PMCID: PMC5129044 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and diet is an important contributor to CVD risk. Thus, several food derivatives are being investigated for their beneficial impact on reducing cardiometabolic risk factors, either in risk groups or in healthy population as a preventive measure. Wheat germ is a food by-product with high nutritional value, especially as a concentrated source of dietary fibre and essential fatty acids, but its incorporation into the diet has been rare up to now. Previous studies do not clarify the hypothesised potential causal relationship between the consumption of wheat germ and benefits for human health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We are conducting a randomised, double-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to assess the physiological effects of daily consumption of wheat germ-enriched bread (containing 6 g of wheat germ) compared with non-enriched bread, over a 4-week period with a 15-week follow-up, in a healthy human population. A total of 55 participants (healthy volunteers, aged 18-60) have been recruited from the Porto metropolitan area in northern Portugal. Our aim is to evaluate the health effects of wheat germ on blood cholesterol and triglycerides, postprandial glycaemic response, gastrointestinal function and discomfort, and changes in intestinal microbiota and insulin resistance as secondary outcomes. The study follows the best practices for evaluating health claims in food according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientific opinion, namely random allocation, double blinding, reporting methods to measure and maximise compliance, and validated outcomes with beneficial physiological effects as recommended by EFSA. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Health Ethics Committee of São João Hospital Centre (156-15) and the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (PCEDCSS-FMUP07/2015). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02405507; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Moreira-Rosário
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Pinheiro
- Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Azevedo
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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123
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Liu F, Prabhakar M, Ju J, Long H, Zhou HW. Effect of inulin-type fructans on blood lipid profile and glucose level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:9-20. [PMID: 27623982 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of inulin-type fructans (ITF) on human blood lipids and glucose homeostasis associated with metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia, overweight or obesity, and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SUBJECTS/METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) before January 2016. Human trials that investigated the effects of ITF supplementation on the lipid profile, fasting glucose and insulin were included using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Twenty RCTs with 607 adult participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. In the overall analysis, the supplementation of ITF reduced only the low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) (mean difference (MD): -0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.29, -0.02; P=0.03) without affecting the other endpoints. Within the T2DM subgroup analysis, ITF supplementation was positively associated with a decreased fasting insulin concentration (MD: -4.01; 95% CI: -5.92, -2.09; P<0.0001) and increased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) (MD: 0.07; 95% CI: 0, 0.14; P=0.05). Moreover, a reduced fasting glucose tendency was identified only in the T2DM subgroup (MD: -0.42; 95% CI: -0.90, 0.06; P=0.09). There was a potential publication bias, and few trials were available for the T2DM subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the use of ITF may have benefits for LDL-c reduction across all study populations, whereas HDL-c improvement and glucose control were demonstrated only in the T2DM subgroup. Thus, additional, well-powered, long-term, randomized clinical trials are required for a definitive conclusion. Overall, ITF supplementation may provide a novel direction for improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Prabhakar
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Ju
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - H Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-W Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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124
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Nikbakht E, Khalesi S, Singh I, Williams LT, West NP, Colson N. Effect of probiotics and synbiotics on blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:95-106. [PMID: 27590729 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High fasting blood glucose (FBG) can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Consuming probiotics or synbiotics may improve FBG. A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials was conducted to clarify the effect of probiotic and synbiotic consumption on FBG levels. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases were searched for relevant studies based on eligibility criteria. Randomized or non-randomized controlled trials which investigated the efficacy of probiotics or synbiotics on the FBG of adults were included. Studies were excluded if they were review articles and study protocols, or if the supplement dosage was not clearly mentioned. RESULTS A total of fourteen studies (eighteen trials) were included in the analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for the mean difference in FBG. Overall reduction in FBG observed from consumption of probiotics and synbiotics was borderline statistically significant (-0.18 mmol/L 95 % CI -0.37, 0.00; p = 0.05). Neither probiotic nor synbiotic subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in FBG. The result of subgroup analysis for baseline FBG level ≥7 mmol/L showed a reduction in FBG of 0.68 mmol/L (-1.07, -0.29; ρ < 0.01), while trials with multiple species of probiotics showed a more pronounced reduction of 0.31 mmol/L (-0.58, -0.03; ρ = 0.03) compared to single species trials. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may be beneficial in lowering FBG in adults with high baseline FBG (≥7 mmol/L) and that multispecies probiotics may have more impact on FBG than single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Nikbakht
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Saman Khalesi
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.
| | - Indu Singh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas P West
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Natalie Colson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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125
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Harakeh SM, Khan I, Kumosani T, Barbour E, Almasaudi SB, Bahijri SM, Alfadul SM, Ajabnoor GMA, Azhar EI. Gut Microbiota: A Contributing Factor to Obesity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:95. [PMID: 27625997 PMCID: PMC5003832 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global epidemic of the modern era, is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. The pervasiveness of obesity and overweight in both developed as well as developing populations is on the rise and placing a huge burden on health and economic resources. Consequently, research to control this emerging epidemic is of utmost importance. Recently, host interactions with their resident gut microbiota (GM) have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of many metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and CVD. Around 10(14) microorganisms reside within the lower human intestine and many of these 10(14) microorganisms have developed mutualistic or commensal associations with the host and actively involved in many physiological processes of the host. However, dysbiosis (altered gut microbial composition) with other predisposing genetic and environmental factors, may contribute to host metabolic disorders resulting in many ailments. Therefore, delineating the role of GM as a contributing factor to obesity is the main objective of this review. Obesity research, as a field is expanding rapidly due to major advances in nutrigenomics, metabolomics, RNA silencing, epigenetics, and other disciplines that may result in the emergence of new technologies and methods to better interpret causal relationships between microbiota and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Khan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elie Barbour
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad B Almasaudi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhad M Bahijri
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Nutrition Unit-King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghada M A Ajabnoor
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Nutrition Unit-King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
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126
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Singh RS, Singh RP, Kennedy JF. Recent insights in enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides from inulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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127
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Nishimura N, Tanabe H, Yamamoto T. Isomaltodextrin, a highly branched α-glucan, increases rat colonic H2 production as well as indigestible dextrin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:554-63. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1104237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Colonic hydrogen (H2) protects against inflammation-induced oxidative stress. We examined the effect of a new highly branched α-glucan, isomaltodextrin (IMD), on colonic H2 production in rats. Rats were fed a 16.7% IMD, 8.8% indigestible dextrin (ID), or 10.4% high amylose cornstarch diet (Expt. 1), were fed diets containing 3.3–16.7% IMD (Expt. 2), or were fed diets containing 16.7% IMD or 5.2% fructooligosaccharide (FOS) (Expt. 3), for 14 days. Compared with the control group, feeding IMD or other α-glucans dose dependently and significantly increased H2 excretion and portal H2 concentration. The ability of IMD to increase H2 production was not inferior to that of FOS. The cecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the IMD group was 5–14% of that in the control group. The cecal abundance of bifidobacteria was significantly greater in the IMD group than in the control group. Taken together, IMD, as well as other α-glucans, significantly increased colonic H2 production in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Nishimura
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Japan
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Chung WSF, Walker AW, Louis P, Parkhill J, Vermeiren J, Bosscher D, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Modulation of the human gut microbiota by dietary fibres occurs at the species level. BMC Biol 2016; 14:3. [PMID: 26754945 PMCID: PMC4709873 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary intake of specific non-digestible carbohydrates (including prebiotics) is increasingly seen as a highly effective approach for manipulating the composition and activities of the human gut microbiota to benefit health. Nevertheless, surprisingly little is known about the global response of the microbial community to particular carbohydrates. Recent in vivo dietary studies have demonstrated that the species composition of the human faecal microbiota is influenced by dietary intake. There is now potential to gain insights into the mechanisms involved by using in vitro systems that produce highly controlled conditions of pH and substrate supply. Results We supplied two alternative non-digestible polysaccharides as energy sources to three different human gut microbial communities in anaerobic, pH-controlled continuous-flow fermentors. Community analysis showed that supply of apple pectin or inulin resulted in the highly specific enrichment of particular bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs; based on 16S rRNA gene sequences). Of the eight most abundant Bacteroides OTUs detected, two were promoted specifically by inulin and six by pectin. Among the Firmicutes, Eubacterium eligens in particular was strongly promoted by pectin, while several species were stimulated by inulin. Responses were influenced by pH, which was stepped up, and down, between 5.5, 6.0, 6.4 and 6.9 in parallel vessels within each experiment. In particular, several experiments involving downshifts to pH 5.5 resulted in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii replacing Bacteroides spp. as the dominant sequences observed. Community diversity was greater in the pectin-fed than in the inulin-fed fermentors, presumably reflecting the differing complexity of the two substrates. Conclusions We have shown that particular non-digestible dietary carbohydrates have enormous potential for modifying the gut microbiota, but these modifications occur at the level of individual strains and species and are not easily predicted a priori. Furthermore, the gut environment, especially pH, plays a key role in determining the outcome of interspecies competition. This makes it crucial to put greater effort into identifying the range of bacteria that may be stimulated by a given prebiotic approach. Both for reasons of efficacy and of safety, the development of prebiotics intended to benefit human health has to take account of the highly individual species profiles that may result. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0224-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sun Faith Chung
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Alan W Walker
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, UK.,Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Petra Louis
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Sylvia H Duncan
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, UK.
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129
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Rajpal DK, Klein JL, Mayhew D, Boucheron J, Spivak AT, Kumar V, Ingraham K, Paulik M, Chen L, Van Horn S, Thomas E, Sathe G, Livi GP, Holmes DJ, Brown JR. Selective Spectrum Antibiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Diabetes Rodent Models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145499. [PMID: 26709835 PMCID: PMC4692534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract microbiome has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the relationship between changes in microbial communities and metabolic disease-phenotypes are still poorly understood. In this study, we used antibiotics with markedly different antibacterial spectra to modulate the gut microbiome in a diet-induced obesity mouse model and then measured relevant biochemical, hormonal and phenotypic biomarkers of obesity and T2DM. Mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with either ceftazidime (a primarily anti-Gram negative bacteria antibiotic) or vancomycin (mainly anti-Gram positive bacteria activity) in an escalating three-dose regimen. We also dosed animals with a well-known prebiotic weight-loss supplement, 10% oligofructose saccharide (10% OFS). Vancomycin treated mice showed little weight change and no improvement in glycemic control while ceftazidime and 10% OFS treatments induced significant weight loss. However, only ceftazidime showed significant, dose dependent improvement in key metabolic variables including glucose, insulin, protein tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Subsequently, we confirmed the positive hyperglycemic control effects of ceftazidime in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model. Metagenomic DNA sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene regions V1-V3 showed that the microbiomes of ceftazidime dosed mice and rats were enriched for the phylum Firmicutes while 10% OFS treated mice had a greater abundance of Bacteroidetes. We show that specific changes in microbial community composition are associated with obesity and glycemic control phenotypes. More broadly, our study suggests that in vivo modulation of the microbiome warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K. Rajpal
- Computational Biology, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean-Louis Klein
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Mayhew
- Computational Biology, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joyce Boucheron
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aaron T. Spivak
- Computational Biology, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Computational Biology, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karen Ingraham
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark Paulik
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lihong Chen
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Van Horn
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Sathe
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George P. Livi
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Holmes
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James R. Brown
- Computational Biology, Target Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Eight-day consumption of inulin added to a yogurt breakfast lowers postprandial appetite ratings but not energy intakes in young healthy females: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2015; 115:262-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIncreasing feelings of satiety may reduce appetite and energy intake. The role of inulin consumption in impacting satiety is unclear. A randomised double-blind controlled crossover trial aimed to determine the effects of inulin+yogurt on satiety after 1 and 8-d consumption. The preload breakfast included 100 g vanilla yogurt with (yogurt-inulin (YI)) and without (yogurt-control (YC)) 6 g inulin. A total of nineteen healthy females (22·8 (sd 2·7) years) with non-restrained eating behaviour and taking hormonal contraceptives participated in the study. Day 1 and 8 visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings of Hunger, Fullness, Desire to Eat and Prospective Food Consumption (PFC) were collected at fasting and every 30 min for 180 min. Energy intake was calculated from a weighed ad libitum lunch and remainder of day food records. Total AUC was calculated for each VAS. Day 1 (VAS only) and 8 (VAS and energy intakes) data were compared between YI and YC using ANCOVA, and ANOVA was used to compare energy intakes on Day 1. There were no significant differences between Day 1 YI and YC AUC appetite ratings or energy intakes. However, 8-d consumption of YI v. YC was associated with lower Desire to Eat and PFC ratings but similar lunch and total day energy intakes. Therefore, the addition of 6 g inulin to a commercially available yogurt affected feelings of appetite, but not energy intake, after repeated consumption. These results suggest that inulin may be a suitable ingredient to increase dietary fibre consumption, with potential to impact appetite.
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131
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Massot-Cladera M, Costabile A, Childs CE, Yaqoob P, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Prebiotic effects of cocoa fibre on rats. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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132
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Mitchell CM, Davy BM, Halliday TM, Hulver MW, Neilson AP, Ponder MA, Davy KP. The effect of prebiotic supplementation with inulin on cardiometabolic health: Rationale, design, and methods of a controlled feeding efficacy trial in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes. Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 45:328-337. [PMID: 26520413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prediabetes is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation that increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). An elevated lipopolysaccharide concentration, associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, has been implicated in the development of both T2D and CVD. Selective modulation of the intestinal microbiota with prebiotics reduces intestinal permeability and endotoxin concentrations, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction in rodents. The effect of prebiotic supplementation on cardio-metabolic function in humans at risk for T2D is not known. The primary aim of this trial is to determine the influence of prebiotic supplementation with inulin on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility in adults at risk for T2D. We hypothesize that prebiotic supplementation with inulin will improve insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility. We will randomize 48 adults (40-75 yrs) with prediabetes or a score ≥ 5 on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) risk screener to 6 weeks of prebiotic supplementation with inulin (10 g/day) or placebo. Subjects will be provided with all food for the duration of the study, to avoid potential confounding through differences in dietary intake between individuals. Intestinal permeability, serum endotoxin concentrations, insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and fecal bacterial composition will be measured at baseline and following treatment. The identification of prebiotic supplementation with inulin as an efficacious strategy for reducing cardio-metabolic risk in individuals at risk of T2D could impact clinical practice by informing dietary recommendations and increasing acceptance of prebiotics by the scientific and medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Mitchell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Tanya M Halliday
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mathew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; The Metabolic Phenotyping Core at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- The Department of Food Science and Technology, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; The Metabolic Phenotyping Core at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Monica A Ponder
- The Department of Food Science and Technology, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; The Metabolic Phenotyping Core at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Fralin Translational Obesity Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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133
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Rueangwatcharin U, Wichienchot S. Development of functional canned and pouched tuna products added inulin for commercial production. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:5093-101. [PMID: 26243930 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four formulas of canned tuna in spring water and tuna in mayonnaise and pouched tuna in salad cream and tuna in thousand island cream with added inulin were developed for commercial production. The effects of the addition of a prebiotic (inulin, Orafti®-HP) on the color and sensory properties of these products were studied. For inulin concentrations studied (3, 5, 7 and 10 %, w/w) caused more intensed yellow and red colors. Hedonic sensory values of tuna packed in spring water and in mayonnaise showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among products with different inulin addition levels (3, 5, 7 and 10 %, w/w) in terms of color, flavor, sweetness and overall characteristics. However, when packed in thousand island cream, significant differences (p < 0.05) in color and overall characteristics were found when inulin was added higher than 7 %. Tuna in salad cream showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in color, flavor, sweetness and overall characteristics at higher than 7 % inulin. The panelists showed acceptable overall liking scores at upto 7 % inulin of all tuna products. The thermal sterilization process resulted in approximately 20 % decrease in final inulin content. The calculated residual fructans of finished products at shelf life of 3 years were 3.01, 2.78, 2.90 and 2.84 % for tuna in spring water, tuna in mayonnaise, tuna in thousand island and tuna in salad cream, respectively. Considering formula cost in a commercial production and the recommended daily intake (RDI) of inulin in the finished product at end of shelf life (≥3 g/d), an addition of 5 % inulin for tuna in spring water and 7 % inulin for tuna in mayonnaise, tuna in thousand island and tuna in salad cream are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rueangwatcharin
- Nutraceutical and Functional Food Research and Development Center, The Excellent Research Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Biology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand 90112
| | - S Wichienchot
- Nutraceutical and Functional Food Research and Development Center, The Excellent Research Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Biology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand 90112
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134
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Matvieieva N, Shakhovsky A, Kvasko O, Kuchuk N. High frequency genetic transformation of Cichorium intybus L. using nptll gene as a selective marker. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452715040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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135
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Prebiotics Modulate the Effects of Antibiotics on Gut Microbial Diversity and Functioning in Vitro. Nutrients 2015; 7:4480-97. [PMID: 26053617 PMCID: PMC4488797 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria carry out many fundamental roles, such as the fermentation of non-digestible dietary carbohydrates to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can affect host energy levels and gut hormone regulation. Understanding how to manage this ecosystem to improve human health is an important but challenging goal. Antibiotics are the front line of defence against pathogens, but in turn they have adverse effects on indigenous microbial diversity and function. Here, we have investigated whether dietary supplementation—another method used to modulate gut composition and function—could be used to ameliorate the side effects of antibiotics. We perturbed gut bacterial communities with gentamicin and ampicillin in anaerobic batch cultures in vitro. Cultures were supplemented with either pectin (a non-fermentable fibre), inulin (a commonly used prebiotic that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria) or neither. Although antibiotics often negated the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation, in some treatment combinations, notably ampicillin and inulin, dietary supplementation ameliorated the effects of antibiotics. There is therefore potential for using supplements to lessen the adverse effects of antibiotics. Further knowledge of such mechanisms could lead to better therapeutic manipulation of the human gut microbiota.
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136
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Saeed F, Pasha I, Arshad MU, Muhammad Anjum F, Hussain S, Rasheed R, Nasir MA, Shafique B. Physiological and Nutraceutical Perspectives of Fructan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2012.716475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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137
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Brewer’s spent grain: source of value-added polysaccharides for the food industry in reference to the health claims. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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138
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Abstract
With the prevalence of cardio-metabolic disorders reaching pandemic proportions, the search for modifiable causative factors has intensified. One such potential factor is the vast microbial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota. For the past decade evidence has accumulated showing the association of distinct changes in gut microbiota composition and function with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although causality in humans and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved have yet to be decisively established, several studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota, as an environmental factor influencing the metabolic state of the host, is readily modifiable through a variety of interventions. In this review we provide an overview of the development of the gut microbiome and its compositional and functional changes in relation to cardio-metabolic disorders, and give an update on recent progress in how this could be exploited in microbiota-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue H Hansen
- />The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, København Ø, 2100 Denmark
| | - Rikke J Gøbel
- />The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, København Ø, 2100 Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- />The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, København Ø, 2100 Denmark
- />Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 19-3, Odense C, 5000 Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- />The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, København Ø, 2100 Denmark
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139
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A randomised, double- blind, cross-over study investigating the prebiotic effect of agave fructans in healthy human subjects. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e10. [PMID: 26090092 PMCID: PMC4463010 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over human feeding study aimed
to determine the prebiotic effect of agave fructans. A total of thirty-eight volunteers
completed this trial. The treatment consisted of 3 weeks' supplementation with 5 g/d of
prebiotic agave fructan (Predilife) or equivalent placebo (maltodextrin), followed by a
2-week washout period following which subjects were crossed over to alternate the
treatment arm for 3 weeks followed by a 2-week washout. Faecal samples were collected at
baseline, on the last day of treatment (days 22 and 58) and washout (days 36 and 72),
respectively. Changes in faecal bacterial populations, SCFA and secretory IgA were
assessed using fluorescent in situ hybridisation, GC and ELISA,
respectively. Bowel movements, stool consistencies, abdominal comfort and mood changes
were evaluated by a recorded daily questionnaire. In parallel, the effect of agave
fructans on different regions of the colon using a three-stage continuous culture
simulator was studied. Predilife significantly increased faecal bifidobacteria
(log10 9·6 (sd 0·4)) and lactobacilli (log10 7·7
(sd 0·8)) compared with placebo (log10 9·2 (sd 0·4);
P = 0·00) (log10 7·4 (sd 0·7); P
= 0·000), respectively. No change was observed for other bacterial groups tested, SCFA,
secretory IgA, and PGE2 concentrations between the treatment and placebo.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that bacterial communities were
randomly dispersed and no significant differences were observed between Predilife and
placebo treatments. The in vitro models showed similar increases in
bifidobacterial and lactobacilli populations to that observed with the in
vivo trial. To conclude, agave fructans are well tolerated in healthy human
subjects and increased bifidobacteria and lactobacilli numbers in vitro
and in vivo but did not influence other products of fermentation.
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140
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Villarino CBJ, Jayasena V, Coorey R, Chakrabarti-Bell S, Johnson SK. Nutritional, Health, and Technological Functionality of Lupin Flour Addition to Bread and Other Baked Products: Benefits and Challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:835-57. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.814044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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141
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Alvarez-Sabatel S, Marañón IMD, Arboleya JC. Impact of high pressure homogenisation (HPH) on inulin gelling properties, stability and development during storage. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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142
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Gul K, Singh AK, Jabeen R. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: The Foods for the Future World. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2617-27. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.903384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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143
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Li K, Liu S, Xing R, Yu H, Qin Y, Li P. Liquid phase adsorption behavior of inulin-type fructan onto activated charcoal. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 122:237-42. [PMID: 25817664 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study describes liquid phase adsorption characteristics of inulin-type fructan onto activated charcoal. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration of inulin. Nearly neutral solution (pH 6-8) was favorable to the adsorption and the equilibrium was attained after 40 min with the maximum adsorption Qmax 0.182 g/g (adsorbate/adsorbent) at 298 K. The experimental data analysis indicated that the adsorption process fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R(2) = 1) and Langmuir isotherms model (R(2) > 0.99). Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic with a physical nature. Inulin desorption could reach 95.9% using 50% ethanol solution and activated charcoal could be reused without significant losses in adsorption capacity. These results are of practical significance for the application of activated charcoal in the production and purification of inulin-type fructan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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144
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Abstract
This chapter describes the various compounds that can act as prebiotic fibers: their structure, occurrence, production, and physiological effects (health effects) will be presented. The basis for the description is the latest definitions for dietary fibers and for prebiotics. Using as much as possible data from human studies, both the fiber and the prebiotic properties will be described of a variety of compounds. Based on the presented data the latest developments in the area of prebiotics, fibers and gut and immune health will be discussed in more detail as they show best what the potential impact of prebiotics on health of the human host might be.
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145
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Gullón B, Gullón P, Tavaria F, Alonso JL, Pintado M. In vitro assessment of the prebiotic potential of Aloe vera mucilage and its impact on the human microbiota. Food Funct 2015; 6:525-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00857j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aloe veramucilage is reported to be rich in acemannan that is a polysaccharide with a backbone of β-(1→4)-d-mannose residues acetylated at the C-2 and C-3 positions and contains some side chains of galactose and arabinose attached to the C-6 carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gullón
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Patricia Gullón
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Freni Tavaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - José Luis Alonso
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Vigo (Campus Ourense)
- 32004 Ourense
- Spain
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa
- Porto
- Portugal
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146
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Hartstra AV, Bouter KEC, Bäckhed F, Nieuwdorp M. Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:159-65. [PMID: 25538312 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise at an alarming pace. Recently the potential role of the gut microbiome in these metabolic disorders has been identified. Obesity is associated with changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and the obese microbiome seems to be more efficient in harvesting energy from the diet. Lean male donor fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in males with metabolic syndrome resulted in a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in conjunction with an increased intestinal microbial diversity, including a distinct increase in butyrate-producing bacterial strains. Such differences in gut microbiota composition might function as early diagnostic markers for the development of T2DM in high-risk patients. Products of intestinal microbes such as butyrate may induce beneficial metabolic effects through enhancement of mitochondrial activity, prevention of metabolic endotoxemia, and activation of intestinal gluconeogenesis via different routes of gene expression and hormone regulation. Future research should focus on whether bacterial products (like butyrate) have the same effects as the intestinal bacteria that produce it, in order to ultimately pave the way for more successful interventions for obesity and T2DM. The rapid development of the currently available techniques, including use of fecal transplantations, has already shown promising results, so there is hope for novel therapies based on the microbiota in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick V Hartstra
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristien E C Bouter
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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147
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Optimization of the formulation of nutritional breads based on calcium carbonate and inulin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Dauchot N, Raulier P, Maudoux O, Notté C, Draye X, Van Cutsem P. Loss of function of 1-FEH IIb has more impact on post-harvest inulin degradation in Cichorium intybus than copy number variation of its close paralog 1-FEH IIa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:455. [PMID: 26157446 PMCID: PMC4477480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Key Message: The loss of mini-exon 2 in the 1-FEH IIb glycosyl-hydrolase results in a putative non-functional allele. This loss of function has a strong impact on the susceptibility to post-harvest inulin depolymerization. Significant variation of copy number was identified in its close paralog 1-FEH IIa, but no quantitative effect of copy number on carbohydrates-related phenotypes was detected. Inulin polyfructan is the second most abundant storage carbohydrate in flowering plants. After harvest, it is depolymerized by fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) as an adaptive response to end-season cold temperatures. In chicory, the intensity of this depolymerization differs between cultivars but also between individuals within a cultivar. Regarding this phenotypic variability, we recently identified statistically significant associations between inulin degradation and genetic polymorphisms located in three FEHs. We present here new results of a systematic analysis of copy number variation (CNV) in five key members of the chicory (Cichorium intybus) GH32 multigenic family, including three FEH genes and the two inulin biosynthesis genes: 1-SST and 1-FFT. qPCR analysis identified a significant variability of relative copy number only in the 1-FEH IIa gene. However, this CNV had no quantitative effect. Instead, cloning of the full length gDNA of a close paralogous sequence (1-FEH IIb) identified a 1028 bp deletion in lines less susceptible to post-harvest inulin depolymerization. This region comprises a 9 bp mini-exon containing one of the three conserved residues of the active site. This results in a putative non-functional 1-FEH IIb allele and an observed lower inulin depolymerization. Extensive genotyping confirmed that the loss of mini-exon 2 in 1-FEH IIb and the previously identified 47 bp duplication located in the 3'UTR of 1-FEH IIa belong to a single haplotype, both being statistically associated with reduced susceptibility to post-harvest inulin depolymerization. Emergence of these haplotypes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dauchot
- Research Unit in Plant Biology, University of NamurNamur, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Dauchot, Research Unit in Plant Biology, University of Namur,rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium,
| | - Pierre Raulier
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | - Xavier Draye
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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149
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Schaafsma G, Slavin JL. Significance of Inulin Fructans in the Human Diet. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:37-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Schaafsma
- Advisory Services in Food; Health and Safety; Rembrandtlaan 12, 3925 VD Scherpenzeel The Netherlands
| | - Joanne L. Slavin
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Minnesota; 1334 Eckles Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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150
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Adamberg S, Tomson K, Vija H, Puurand M, Kabanova N, Visnapuu T, Jõgi E, Alamäe T, Adamberg K. Degradation of Fructans and Production of Propionic Acid by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are Enhanced by the Shortage of Amino Acids. Front Nutr 2014; 1:21. [PMID: 25988123 PMCID: PMC4428435 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is commonly found in the human colon and stabilizes its ecosystem by catabolism of various polysaccharides. A model of cross-talk between the metabolism of amino acids and fructans in B. thetaiotaomicron was proposed. The growth of B. thetaiotaomicron DSM 2079 in two defined media containing mineral salts and vitamins, and supplemented with either 20 or 2 amino acids, was studied in an isothermal microcalorimeter. The polyfructans inulin (from chicory) and levan (synthesized using levansucrase from Pseudomonas syringae), two fructooligosaccharide preparations with different composition, sucrose and fructose were tested as substrates. The calorimetric power-time curves were substrate specific and typically multiauxic. A surplus of amino acids reduced the consumption of longer oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization > 3). Bacterial growth was not detected either in the carbohydrate free medium containing amino acids or in the medium with inulin as a sole carbohydrate. In amino acid-restricted medium, fermentation leading to acetic acid formation was dominant at the beginning of growth (up to 24 h), followed by increased lactic acid production, and mainly propionic and succinic acids were produced at the end of fermentation. In the medium supplemented with 20 amino acids, the highest production of d-lactate (82 ± 33 mmol/gDW) occurred in parallel with extensive consumption (up to 17 mmol/gDW) of amino acids, especially Ser, Thr, and Asp. The production of Ala and Glu was observed at growth on all substrates, and the production was enhanced under amino acid deficiency. The study revealed the influence of amino acids on fructan metabolism in B. thetaiotaomicron and showed that defined growth media are invaluable in elucidating quantitative metabolic profiles of the bacteria. Levan was shown to act as an easily degradable substrate for B. thetaiotaomicron. The effect of levan on balancing or modifying colon microbiota will be studied in further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Tomson
- Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Heiki Vija
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Natalja Kabanova
- Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Triinu Visnapuu
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Eerik Jõgi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Tiina Alamäe
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Kaarel Adamberg
- Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia ; Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies , Tallinn , Estonia
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