101
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Broquet A, Besbes A, Martin J, Jacqueline C, Vourc'h M, Roquilly A, Caillon J, Josien R, Asehnoune K. Interleukin-22 regulates interferon lambda expression in a mice model of pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Mol Immunol 2020; 118:52-59. [PMID: 31855807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-22 is a cytokine involved in tissue protection and repair following lung pathologies. Interferon (IFN)-λ cytokines displayed similar properties during viral infection and a synergy of action between these two players has been documented in the intestine. We hypothesize that during Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge, IL-22 up-regulates IFN-λ and that IFN-λ exhibits protective functions during Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute pneumonia model in mice. METHODS Using an in vitro human alveolar epithelial cell line A549, we assessed the ability of IL-22 to enhance IFN-λ expression during infection. IFN-λ protective function was evaluated in an acute mouse pneumonia model. RESULTS We first demonstrated in murine lungs that only type-II alveolar cells express IL-22 receptor and that IL-22 treatment of A549 cell line up-regulates IFN-λ expression. In a murine acute pneumonia model, IL-22 administration maintained significant IFN-λ levels in the broncho-alveolar fluids whereas IL-22 neutralization abolished IFN-λ up-regulation. In vivo administration of IFN-λ during Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia improves mice outcome by dampening neutrophil recruitment and decreasing epithelium damages. DISCUSSION We show here that IL-22 regulates IFN-λ levels during Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Broquet
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Anissa Besbes
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Martin
- Centre De Recherche En Transplantation Et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut De Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Jacqueline
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mickaël Vourc'h
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimations, Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimations, Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Régis Josien
- Centre De Recherche En Transplantation Et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut De Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Laboratoire UPRES EA3826 « Thérapeutiques Cliniques Et Expérimentales Des Infections », IRS2 - Nantes Biotech, Université De Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimations, Service d'Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France.
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102
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Sen A, Ding S, Greenberg HB. The Role of Innate Immunity in Regulating Rotavirus Replication, Pathogenesis, and Host Range Restriction and the Implications for Live Rotaviral Vaccine Development. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148637 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are important causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the young of most mammalian species studied, including humans, in which they are the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide despite the availability of several safe and effective vaccines. Replication of RVs is restricted in a host species-specific manner, and this barrier is determined predominantly by the host interferon (IFN) signaling and the ability of different RV strains to successfully negate IFN activation and amplification pathways. In addition, viral attachment to the target intestinal epithelial cells also regulates host range restriction. Several studies have focused on the role of the innate immune response in regulating RV replication and pathogenesis. The knowledge accrued from these efforts is likely to result in rational attenuation of RV vaccines to closely match circulating (and host species-matched) virus strains. In this chapter, we review prevalent models of RV interactions with innate immune factors, viral strategies employed to regulate their function, and the implications of these findings for improved RV vaccine development.
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103
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Hebert KD, Mclaughlin N, Galeas-Pena M, Zhang Z, Eddens T, Govero A, Pilewski JM, Kolls JK, Pociask DA. Targeting the IL-22/IL-22BP axis enhances tight junctions and reduces inflammation during influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:64-74. [PMID: 31597930 PMCID: PMC6917921 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal burden of influenza coupled with the pandemic outbreaks of more pathogenic strains underscore a critical need to understand the pathophysiology of influenza injury in the lung. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a promising cytokine that is critical in protecting the lung during infection. This cytokine is strongly regulated by the soluble receptor IL-22-binding protein (IL-22BP), which is constitutively expressed in the lungs where it inhibits IL-22 activity. The IL-22/IL-22BP axis is thought to prevent chronic exposure of epithelial cells to IL-22. However, the importance of this axis is not understood during an infection such as influenza. Here we demonstrate through the use of IL-22BP-knockout mice (il-22ra2-/-) that a pro-IL-22 environment reduces pulmonary inflammation during H1N1 (PR8/34 H1N1) infection and protects the lung by promoting tight junction formation. We confirmed these results in normal human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro demonstrating improved membrane resistance and induction of the tight junction proteins Cldn4, Tjp1, and Tjp2. Importantly, we show that administering recombinant IL-22 in vivo reduces inflammation and fluid leak into the lung. Taken together, our results demonstrate the IL-22/IL-22BP axis is a potential targetable pathway for reducing influenza-induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hebert
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - N Mclaughlin
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M Galeas-Pena
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Eddens
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - A Govero
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J M Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - D A Pociask
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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104
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Li Y, Wu Q, Jin Y, Yang Q. Antiviral activity of interleukin-11 as a response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:111. [PMID: 31864417 PMCID: PMC6925494 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a well-known anti-inflammatory factor, provides protection from intestinal epithelium damage caused by physical or chemical factors. However, little is known of the role of IL-11 during viral infections. In this study, IL-11 expression at mRNA and protein levels were found to be high in Vero cells and the jejunum of piglets during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, while IL-11 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of viral infection. Pretreatment with recombinant porcine IL-11 (pIL-11) was found to suppress PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells, while IL-11 knockdown promoted viral infection. Furthermore, pIL-11 was found to inhibit viral infection by preventing PEDV-mediated apoptosis of cells by activating the IL-11/STAT3 signaling pathway. Conversely, application of a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor significantly antagonized the anti-apoptosis function of pIL-11 and counteracted its inhibition of PEDV. Our data suggest that IL-11 is a newfound PEDV-inducible cytokine, and its production enhances the anti-apoptosis ability of epithelial cells against PEDV infection. The potential of IL-11 to be used as a novel therapeutic against devastating viral diarrhea in piglets deserves more attention and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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105
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Fang MZ, Jackson SS, O'Brien TR. IFNL4: Notable variants and associated phenotypes . Gene 2019; 730:144289. [PMID: 31846709 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon lambda proteins activate the JAK-STAT signalling pathway, resulting in upregulation of genes with antiviral effects. The interferon lambda family was initially thought to be redundant to the interferon alpha family, which signals through the same pathway, except for the more limited expression of the IFNLR1 receptor. However, recent studies show that interferon lambdas uniquely protect tissue barriers against a wide range of important viral infections. The interferon lambda 4 gene (IFNL4) was discovered in 2013. The IFNL4 protein is determined by the IFNL4-ΔG/TT (rs368234815) variant. The ancestral IFNL4-ΔG allele generates IFNL4, whereas IFNL4-TT causes pre-mature termination of the protein. Surprisingly, although interferons are generally antiviral proteins, the genotypes that generate the IFNL4 protein are strongly linked to impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV). IFNL4 genotype has also been linked to variation within the HCV genome, as well as risk of hepatic fibrosis, certain cancers and some infectious diseases. There has been very strong evolutionary selection against the ancestral IFNL4-ΔG allele, which is the major form in African populations, but the minor allele in Europeans and Asians. The reason for this selection and the biological mechanisms underlying observed phenotypic associations remain to be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Z Fang
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, 6E108, MSC 9767, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah S Jackson
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, 6E108, MSC 9767, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas R O'Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr, 6E108, MSC 9767, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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106
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Aden K, Reindl W. The Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications. Visc Med 2019; 35:332-337. [PMID: 31934579 PMCID: PMC6944918 DOI: 10.1159/000504148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is rising worldwide, and the interaction between the mucosal immune system and the intestinal microbiota is crucial for the understanding of these diseases. Due to new technologies, the data published on the intestinal microbiota has increased rapidly in the recent years. While many findings are descriptive, reporting associations between disease and microbial populations, recent advancement in technology made it possible to ask and answer more functional questions and to elucidate complex interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system. In addition, first trials influenced the intestinal microbiota with the intention to treat IBD. This review summarizes aspects of the physiological function as well as the inflammation-induced changes of the gut microbiota and the association between the gut microbiota and pathogenesis in IBD. In addition, diagnostic and therapeutic options for treating IBD are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Aden
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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107
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Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Duerr CU. The interaction of intestinal microbiota and innate lymphoid cells in health and disease throughout life. Immunology 2019; 159:39-51. [PMID: 31777064 PMCID: PMC6904614 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity is shaped by commensal microbiota. From early life onwards, microbes colonize mucosal surfaces of the body and thereby trigger the establishment of immune homeostasis and defense mechanisms. Recent evidence reveals that the family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which are mainly located in mucosal tissues, are essential in the maintenance of barrier functions as well as in the initiation of an appropriate immune response upon pathogenic infection. In this review, we summarize recent insights on the functional interaction of microbiota and ILCs at steady‐state and throughout life. Furthermore, we will discuss the interplay of ILCs and the microbiota in mucosal infections focusing on intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Bern University Hospital, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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108
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Rafei-Shamsabadi DA, Klose CSN, Halim TYF, Tanriver Y, Jakob T. Context Dependent Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2591. [PMID: 31781103 PMCID: PMC6851052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) has profoundly influenced the understanding of innate and adaptive immune crosstalk in health and disease. ILC and T cells share developmental and functional characteristics such as the lineage-specifying transcription factors and effector cytokines, but importantly ILC do not display rearranged antigen-specific receptors. Similar to T cells ILC are subdivided into 3 different helper-like subtypes, namely ILC1-3, and a killer-like subtype comprising natural killer (NK) cells. Increasing evidence supports the physiological relevance of ILC, e.g., in wound healing and defense against parasites, as well as their pathogenic role in allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases or psoriasis. Group 2 ILC have been attributed to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Other inflammatory skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis are profoundly shaped by inflammatory NK cells. This article reviews the role of ILC in allergic skin diseases with a major focus on ILC2. While group 2 ILC are suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 dominated inflammation as seen in atopic dermatitis, we have shown that lack of ILC2 in type 1 dominated contact hypersensitivity results in enhanced inflammation, suggesting a regulatory role of ILC2 in this context. We provide a concept of how ILC2 may influence context dependent the mutual counterbalance between type I and type II immune responses in allergic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rafei-Shamsabadi
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S. N. Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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109
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Xu XQ, Liu Y, Zhang B, Liu H, Shao DD, Liu JB, Wang X, Zhou LN, Hu WH, Ho WZ. IL-22 suppresses HSV-2 replication in human cervical epithelial cells. Cytokine 2019; 123:154776. [PMID: 31344598 PMCID: PMC6739152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 family, plays a role in antiviral immune responses to a number of viral infections. However, it is unclear whether IL-22 is involved in the mucosal immunity against herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection in the female reproductive tract (FRT). In this study, we studied whether IL-22 could inhibit HSV-2 infection of human cervical epithelial cells (End1/E6E7 cells). We showed that End1/E6E7 cells express the functional IL-22 receptor complex (IL-22R1 and IL-10R2). When treated with IL-22, End1/E6E7 cells expressed the higher levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs: ISG15, ISG56, OAS-1, OAS-2, and Mx2) than untreated cells. In addition, IL-22-treated cells produced higher levels of the tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) than untreated cells. Mechanistically, IL-22 could activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by inducing the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. These observations indicate the potential of IL-22 as an anti-HSV-2 agent in the FRT mucosal innate immunity against HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiu Xu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shao
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Li-Na Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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110
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Mühl H, Bachmann M. IL-18/IL-18BP and IL-22/IL-22BP: Two interrelated couples with therapeutic potential. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109388. [PMID: 31401146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-22 are key components of cytokine networks that play a decisive role in (pathological) inflammation, host defense, and tissue regeneration. Tight regulation of cytokine-driven signaling, inflammation, and immunoactivation is supposed to enable nullification of a given deleterious trigger without mediating overwhelming collateral tissue damage or even activating a cancerous face of regeneration. In fact, feedback regulation by specific cytokine opponents is regarded as a major means by which the immune system is kept in balance. Herein, we shine a light on the interplay between IL-18 and IL-22 and their opponents IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and IL-22BP in order to provide integrated information on their biology, pathophysiological significance, and prospect as targets and/or instruments of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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111
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Kolawole AO, Mirabelli C, Hill DR, Svoboda SA, Janowski AB, Passalacqua KD, Rodriguez BN, Dame MK, Freiden P, Berger RP, Vu DL, Hosmillo M, O'Riordan MXD, Schultz-Cherry S, Guix S, Spence JR, Wang D, Wobus CE. Astrovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids reveals multi-cellular tropism and an intricate host innate immune landscape. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008057. [PMID: 31671153 PMCID: PMC6957189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are understudied positive-strand RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis mostly in children and the elderly. Three clades of astroviruses, classic, MLB-type and VA-type have been reported in humans. One limitation towards a better understanding of these viruses has been the lack of a physiologically relevant cell culture model that supports growth of all clades of HAstV. Herein, we demonstrate infection of HAstV strains belonging to all three clades in epithelium-only human intestinal enteroids (HIE) isolated from biopsy-derived intestinal crypts. A detailed investigation of infection of VA1, a member of the non-canonical HAstV-VA/HMO clade, showed robust replication in HIE derived from different patients and from different intestinal regions independent of the cellular differentiation status. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that VA1 infects several cell types, including intestinal progenitor cells and mature enterocytes, in HIE cultures. RNA profiling of VA1-infected HIE uncovered that the host response to infection is dominated by interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses. A comparison of the antiviral host response in non-transformed HIE and transformed human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells highlighted significant differences between these cells, including an increased magnitude of the response in HIE. Additional studies confirmed the sensitivity of VA1 to exogenous IFNs, and indicated that the endogenous IFN response of HIE to curtail the growth of strains from all three clades. Genotypic variation in the permissiveness of different HIE lines to HAstV could be overcome by pharmacologic inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling. Collectively, our data identify HIE as a universal infection model for HAstV and an improved model of the intestinal epithelium to investigate enteric virus-host interactions. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are understudied positive-strand RNA viruses that typically cause gastroenteritis mostly in children and the elderly, but more recent studies also implicate them in neurological disease in immunocompromised patients. To better understand these viruses, a physiologically relevant cell culture model that supports growth of all clades of HAstV would be highly beneficial. Herein, we demonstrated robust infection of HAstV strains belonging to all three clades in epithelium-only human intestinal enteroids (HIE) isolated from biopsy-derived intestinal crypts from different patients and intestinal regions, making HIE a valuable model to study HAstV biology. Using this system, we identify for the first time that VA1 infects several cell types, including intestinal progenitor cells and mature enterocytes. Analysis of the antiviral host response to infection demonstrated that HIE respond to infection with a type I and III interferon response. This response reduced HAstV replication and when blocked resulted in increased infection. Establishment of the HIE system for HAstV research lays the foundation for future basic and translational discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David R Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sophia A Svoboda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew B Janowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karla D Passalacqua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benancio N Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael K Dame
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pamela Freiden
- St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ryan P Berger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Diem-Lan Vu
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary X D O'Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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112
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Shi Z, Zou J, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Noriega J, Zhang B, Zhao C, Ingle H, Bittinger K, Mattei LM, Pruijssers AJ, Plemper RK, Nice TJ, Baldridge MT, Dermody TS, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Prevent and Cure Rotavirus Infection. Cell 2019; 179:644-658.e13. [PMID: 31607511 PMCID: PMC7525827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) encounters intestinal epithelial cells amidst diverse microbiota, opening possibilities of microbes influencing RV infection. Although RV clearance typically requires adaptive immunity, we unintentionally generated RV-resistant immunodeficient mice, which, we hypothesized, reflected select microbes protecting against RV. Accordingly, such RV resistance was transferred by co-housing and fecal transplant. RV-protecting microbiota were interrogated by heat, filtration, and antimicrobial agents, followed by limiting dilution transplant to germ-free mice and microbiome analysis. This approach revealed that segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) were sufficient to protect mice against RV infection and associated diarrhea. Such protection was independent of previously defined RV-impeding factors, including interferon, IL-17, and IL-22. Colonization of the ileum by SFB induced changes in host gene expression and accelerated epithelial cell turnover. Incubation of RV with SFB-containing feces reduced infectivity in vitro, suggesting direct neutralization of RV. Thus, independent of immune cells, SFB confer protection against certain enteric viral infections and associated diarrheal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Shi
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Noriega
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benyue Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa M Mattei
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Institute, GSU, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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113
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Zhang Z, Tang H, Chen P, Xie H, Tao Y. Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:41. [PMID: 31637019 PMCID: PMC6799818 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host pathophysiology. Remarkable progress in large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry has increased our understanding of the influence of the microbiome and/or its metabolites on the onset and progression of extraintestinal cancers and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Given the plasticity in microbial composition and function, microbial-based therapeutic interventions, including dietary modulation, prebiotics, and probiotics, as well as fecal microbial transplantation, potentially permit the development of novel strategies for cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the latest evidence on the involvement of the gut microbiome in host immunity and metabolism, the effects of the microbiome on extraintestinal cancers and the immune response, and strategies to modulate the gut microbiome, and we discuss ongoing studies and future areas of research that deserve focused research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, China
| | - Haosheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078 Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
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114
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Di Luccia B, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Colonna M, Huang SCC. ILC3s integrate glycolysis and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species to fulfill activation demands. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2231-2241. [PMID: 31296736 PMCID: PMC6781001 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are the innate counterparts of Th17 that require the transcription factor RORγt for development and contribute to the defense against pathogens through IL-22 and IL-17 secretion. Proliferation and effector functions of Th17 require a specific mTOR-dependent metabolic program that utilizes high-rate glycolysis, while mitochondrial lipid oxidation and production of reactive oxygen species (mROS) support alternative T reg cell differentiation. Whether ILC3s employ a specific metabolic program is not known. Here, we find that ILC3s rely on mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) for proliferation and production of IL-22 and IL-17A after in vitro activation and Citrobacter rodentium infection. mTORC1 induces activation of HIF1α, which reprograms ILC3 metabolism toward glycolysis and sustained expression of RORγt. However, in contrast to Th17, ILC3 activation requires mROS production; rather than inducing an alternative regulatory fate as it does in CD4 T cells, mROS stabilizes HIF1α and RORγt in ILC3s and thereby promotes their activation. We conclude that ILC3 activation relies on a metabolic program that integrates glycolysis with mROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanda Di Luccia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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115
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Abaidullah M, Peng S, Kamran M, Song X, Yin Z. Current Findings on Gut Microbiota Mediated Immune Modulation against Viral Diseases in Chicken. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080681. [PMID: 31349568 PMCID: PMC6722953 DOI: 10.3390/v11080681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken gastrointestinal tract is an important site of immune cell development that not only regulates gut microbiota but also maintains extra-intestinal immunity. Recent studies have emphasized the important roles of gut microbiota in shaping immunity against viral diseases in chicken. Microbial diversity and its integrity are the key elements for deriving immunity against invading viral pathogens. Commensal bacteria provide protection against pathogens through direct competition and by the production of antibodies and activation of different cytokines to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. There are few economically important viral diseases of chicken that perturb the intestinal microbiota diversity. Disruption of microbial homeostasis (dysbiosis) associates with a variety of pathological states, which facilitate the establishment of acute viral infections in chickens. In this review, we summarize the calibrated interactions among the microbiota mediated immune modulation through the production of different interferons (IFNs) ILs, and virus-specific IgA and IgG, and their impact on the severity of viral infections in chickens. Here, it also shows that acute viral infection diminishes commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Firmicutes, and Blautia spp. populations and enhances the colonization of pathobionts, including E. coli, Shigella, and Clostridial spp., in infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abaidullah
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuwei Peng
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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116
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Neil JA, Cadwell K. The Intestinal Virome and Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:1615-1624. [PMID: 30181300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the human microbiome is considered a major source of interindividual variation in immunity and, by extension, susceptibility to diseases. Intestinal bacteria have been the major focus of research. However, diverse communities of viruses that infect microbes and the animal host cohabitate the gastrointestinal tract and collectively constitute the gut virome. Although viruses are typically investigated as pathogens, recent studies highlight a relationship between the host and animal viruses in the gut that is more akin to host-microbiome interactions and includes both beneficial and detrimental outcomes for the host. These viruses are likely sources of immune variation, both locally and extraintestinally. In this review, we describe the components of the gut virome, in particular mammalian viruses, and their ability to modulate host responses during homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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117
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Branzk N, Gronke K, Diefenbach A. Innate lymphoid cells, mediators of tissue homeostasis, adaptation and disease tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 286:86-101. [PMID: 30294961 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a recently identified group of tissue-resident innate lymphocytes. Available data support the view that ILC or their progenitors are deposited and retained in tissues early during ontogeny. Thereby, ILC become an integral cellular component of tissues and organs. Here, we will review the intriguing relationships between ILC and basic developmental and homeostatic processes within tissues. Studying ILC has already led to the appreciation of the integral roles of immune cells in tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, metabolism, regeneration, and growth. This area of immunology has not yet been studied in-depth but is likely to reveal important networks contributing to disease tolerance and may be harnessed for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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118
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O'Brien TR, Jackson SS. What Have We Learned from Studies of IFN-λ Variants and Hepatitis C Virus Infection? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:618-626. [PMID: 31161939 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2009, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) strongly linked genetic variants in the interferon lambda (IFN-λ) chromosomal region to HCV clearance. In 2013, discovery of the IFNL4 gene provided a functional explanation for those GWAS findings. The IFNL4-ΔG/TT (rs368234815) variant controls generation of the IFN-λ4 protein. Paradoxically, the IFNL4-TT allele, which abrogates IFN-λ4, associates with higher rates of spontaneous HCV clearance and better response to treatments for HCV infection. The finding that a "knock-out" allele for IFN-λ4 enhances HCV clearance challenges the paradigm of IFNs as antiviral cytokines. Genetic variants in the IFN-λ region have also been associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis from various etiologies, however, alleles that are linked with improved HCV clearance associates with worse inflammation and fibrosis. These studies demonstrate that GWAS of infectious diseases may yield important and unexpected biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R O'Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah S Jackson
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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119
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Vivier E, Artis D, Colonna M, Diefenbach A, Di Santo JP, Eberl G, Koyasu S, Locksley RM, McKenzie ANJ, Mebius RE, Powrie F, Spits H. Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On. Cell 2019; 174:1054-1066. [PMID: 30142344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1338] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lymphocytes that do not express the type of diversified antigen receptors expressed on T cells and B cells. ILCs are largely tissue-resident cells and are deeply integrated into the fabric of tissues. The discovery and investigation of ILCs over the past decade has changed our perception of immune regulation and how the immune system contributes to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. We now know that cytokine-producing ILCs contribute to multiple immune pathways by, for example, sustaining appropriate immune responses to commensals and pathogens at mucosal barriers, potentiating adaptive immunity, and regulating tissue inflammation. Critically, the biology of ILCs also extends beyond classical immunology to metabolic homeostasis, tissue remodeling, and dialog with the nervous system. The last 10 years have also contributed to our greater understanding of the transcriptional networks that regulate lymphocyte commitment and delineation. This, in conjunction with the recent advances in our understanding of the influence of local tissue microenvironments on the plasticity and function of ILCs, has led to a re-evaluation of their existing categorization. In this review, we distill the advances in ILC biology over the past decade to refine the nomenclature of ILCs and highlight the importance of ILCs in tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, metabolism, repair, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, APHM, CIML, Hôpital de la Timone, Immunologie, Marseille-Immunopole, Marseille, France.
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Microenvironment & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard M Locksley
- HHMI and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Experimental Immunology Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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120
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Panda SK, Colonna M. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mucosal Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:861. [PMID: 31134050 PMCID: PMC6515929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of T cells that contribute to immune responses by secreting effector cytokines and regulating the functions of other innate and adaptive immune cells. ILCs carry out some unique functions but share some tasks with T cells. ILCs are present in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs and are particularly abundant at the mucosal barriers, where they are exposed to allergens, commensal microbes, and pathogens. The impact of ILCs in mucosal immune responses has been extensively investigated in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, as well as in the oral cavity. Here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge of ILC functions in infections, allergy and autoimmune disorders of the mucosal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Panda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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121
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Pantazi E, Powell N. Group 3 ILCs: Peacekeepers or Troublemakers? What's Your Gut Telling You?! Front Immunol 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31024537 PMCID: PMC6460375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of interactions exists between the microbiome, the epithelium, and immune cells that reside along the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal immune system has been assigned with the difficult task of discriminating between commensal, harmless bacteria, and invading pathogens that translocate across the epithelial monolayer. Importantly, it is trained to maintain tolerance against commensals, and initiate protective immune responses against pathogens to secure intestinal homeostasis. Breakdown of this fine balance between the host and its intestinal microbiota can lead to intestinal inflammation and subsequently to development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A decade since their discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are now recognized as important regulators of intestinal homeostasis. ILC3s have emerged as a critical subset in the gut. They are the most phenotypically diverse ILC population and interact directly with numerous different cell types (haematopoietic and non-haematopoeitic), as well as interface with the bacterial flora. In addition to their contribution to intestinal pathogen immunity, they also mitigate against tissue damage occurring following acute injury, by facilitating tissue repair and regeneration, a key function in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, in chronic inflammation the tables are turned and ILC3s may acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the gut. Chronic ILC activation can lead to persistent inflammation contributing to IBD and/or colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of group 3 ILCs and their contributions to intestinal homeostasis and disease leading to novel therapeutic targets and clinical approaches that may inform novel treatment strategies for immune-mediated disorders, including IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pantazi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Inflammation Biology, Centre for Inflammation and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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122
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Coronado M, Solis CJ, Hernandez PP, Feijóo CG. Soybean Meal-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Zebrafish Is T Cell-Dependent and Has a Th17 Cytokine Profile. Front Immunol 2019; 10:610. [PMID: 31001250 PMCID: PMC6454071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a serious public health problem on the rise worldwide. In this work, we utilized the zebrafish to introduce a new model of intestinal inflammation triggered by food intake. Taking advantage of the translucency of the larvae and the availability of transgenic zebrafish lines with fluorescently labeled macrophages, neutrophils, or lymphocytes, we studied the behavior of these cell types in vivo during the course of inflammation. We established two feeding strategies, the first using fish that were not previously exposed to food (naïve strategy) and the second in which fish were initially exposed to normal food (developed strategy). In both strategies, we analyzed the effect of subsequent intake of a control or a soybean meal diet. Our results showed increased numbers of innate immune cells in the gut in both the naïve or developed protocols. Likewise, macrophages underwent drastic morphological changes after feeding, switching from a small and rounded contour to a larger and dendritic shape. Lymphocytes colonized the intestine as early as 5 days post fertilization and increased in numbers during the inflammatory process. Gene expression analysis indicated that lymphocytes present in the intestine correspond to T helper cells. Interestingly, control diet only induced a regulatory T cell profile in the developed model. On the contrary, soybean meal diet induced a Th17 response both in naïve and developed model. In addition, when feeding was performed in rag1-deficient fish, intestinal inflammation was not induced indicating that inflammation induced by soybean meal is T cell-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximo Coronado
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila J. Solis
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro P. Hernandez
- Macrophages and Development of Immunity, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Carmen G. Feijóo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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123
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Sun T, Ferrero RL, Girardin SE, Gommerman JL, Philpott DJ. NLRC5 deficiency has a moderate impact on immunodominant CD8 + T-cell responses during rotavirus infection of adult mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:552-562. [PMID: 30768806 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family plays an important role in innate immunity. Class II transactivator and NOD-like receptor caspase activation and recruitment domain CARD containing 5 (NLRC5) are unusual members of the NLR family that instead of recognizing pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns, form enhanceosomes with adaptor molecules and modulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and MHC class I expression, respectively. While NLRC5 has been shown to play a role during intracellular pathogen infection and tumor cell immune evasion, its role in regulating antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses at the intestinal mucosa has not been investigated. Here, we take advantage of the rotavirus model in adult mice to dissect the impact of NLRC5 on CD8+ T-cell responses to this viral infection at the gut mucosa. We show that while Nlrc5-/- mice exhibited normal proportions of T-cell subpopulations in the intraepithelial and lamina propria compartments, these mice had decreased baseline MHC class I expression on various immune cells in the lamina propria. Upon rotavirus infection, Nlrc5 deficiency resulted in impaired H2-Kb -restricted antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, which were recapitulated in mice deficient for Nlrc5 within the dendritic cell compartment. The impaired CD8+ T-cell response in Nlrc5-/- mice was not significant enough to impact viral titers, suggesting compensation in Nlrc5-/- mice, perhaps as a result of higher numbers of activated B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and normal rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A responses. Collectively, our results demonstrate a minor role for NLRC5 in modulating H2-Kb -restricted antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the small intestine during rotavirus infection in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Stanifer ML, Pervolaraki K, Boulant S. Differential Regulation of Type I and Type III Interferon Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1445. [PMID: 30901970 PMCID: PMC6471306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are very powerful cytokines, which play a key role in combatting pathogen infections by controlling inflammation and immune response by directly inducing anti-pathogen molecular countermeasures. There are three classes of IFNs: type I, type II and type III. While type II IFN is specific for immune cells, type I and III IFNs are expressed by both immune and tissue specific cells. Unlike type I IFNs, type III IFNs have a unique tropism where their signaling and functions are mostly restricted to epithelial cells. As such, this class of IFN has recently emerged as a key player in mucosal immunity. Since the discovery of type III IFNs, the last 15 years of research in the IFN field has focused on understanding whether the induction, the signaling and the function of these powerful cytokines are regulated differently compared to type I IFN-mediated immune response. This review will cover the current state of the knowledge of the similarities and differences in the signaling pathways emanating from type I and type III IFN stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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125
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Hildreth AD, O'Sullivan TE. Tissue-Resident Innate and Innate-Like Lymphocyte Responses to Viral Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030272. [PMID: 30893756 PMCID: PMC6466361 DOI: 10.3390/v11030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is restrained by the concerted activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets, comprised of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and unconventional T cells, have vital roles in the initiation of primary antiviral responses. Via direct and indirect mechanisms, ILCs and unconventional T cell subsets play a critical role in the ability of the immune system to mount an effective antiviral response through potent early cytokine production. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of tissue-resident lymphocytes during initial viral infection and evaluate their redundant or nonredundant contributions to host protection or virus-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA.
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA.
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126
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Interferon-λ enhances adaptive mucosal immunity by boosting release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:593-601. [PMID: 30886417 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-λ (IFN-λ) acts on mucosal epithelial cells and thereby confers direct antiviral protection. In contrast, the role of IFN-λ in adaptive immunity is far less clear. Here, we report that mice deficient in IFN-λ signaling exhibited impaired CD8+ T cell and antibody responses after infection with a live-attenuated influenza virus. Virus-induced release of IFN-λ triggered the synthesis of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by M cells in the upper airways that, in turn, stimulated migratory dendritic cells and boosted antigen-dependent germinal center reactions in draining lymph nodes. The IFN-λ-TSLP axis also boosted production of the immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgA after intranasal immunization with influenza virus subunit vaccines and improved survival of mice after challenge with virulent influenza viruses. IFN-λ did not influence the efficacy of vaccines applied by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes, indicating that IFN-λ plays a vital role in potentiating adaptive immune responses that initiate at mucosal surfaces.
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127
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Interferon-λ3 Promotes Epithelial Defense and Barrier Function Against Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:1-20. [PMID: 30849550 PMCID: PMC6510929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The epithelial response is critical for intestinal defense against Cryptosporidium, but is poorly understood. To uncover the host strategy for defense against Cryptosporidium, we examined the transcriptional response of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to C parvum in experimentally infected piglets by microarray. Up-regulated genes were dominated by targets of interferon (IFN) and IFN-λ3 was up-regulated significantly in infected piglet mucosa. Although IFN-λ has been described as a mediator of epithelial defense against viral pathogens, there is limited knowledge of any role against nonviral pathogens. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to determine the significance of IFN-λ3 to epithelial defense and barrier function during C parvum infection. METHODS The significance of C parvum-induced IFN-λ3 expression was determined using an immunoneutralization approach in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. The ability of the intestinal epithelium to up-regulate IFN-λ2/3 expression in response to C parvum infection and the influence of IFN-λ2/3 on epithelial defense against C parvum invasion, intracellular development, and loss of barrier function was examined using polarized monolayers of a nontransformed porcine-derived small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Specifically, changes in barrier function were quantified by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial flux studies. RESULTS Immunoneutralization of IFN-λ2/3 in C parvum-infected neonatal mice resulted in a significantly increased parasite burden, fecal shedding, and villus blunting with crypt hyperplasia during peak infection. In vitro, C parvum was sufficient to induce autonomous IFN-λ3 and interferon-stimulated gene 15 expression by IECs. Priming of IECs with recombinant human IFN-λ3 promoted cellular defense against C parvum infection and abrogated C parvum-induced loss of barrier function by decreasing paracellular permeability to sodium. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify IFN-λ3 as a key epithelial defense mechanism against C parvum infection.
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128
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Good C, Wells AI, Coyne CB. Type III interferon signaling restricts enterovirus 71 infection of goblet cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau4255. [PMID: 30854425 PMCID: PMC6402847 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent worldwide outbreaks of enterovirus 71 (EV71) have caused major epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease with severe neurological complications, including acute flaccid paralysis. EV71 is transmitted by the enteral route, but little is known about the mechanisms it uses to cross the human gastrointestinal tract. Using primary human intestinal epithelial monolayers, we show that EV71 infects the epithelium from the apical surface, where it preferentially infects goblet cells. We found that EV71 infection did not alter epithelial barrier function but did reduce the expression of goblet cell-derived mucins, suggesting that it alters goblet cell function. We also show that the intestinal epithelium responds to EV71 infection through the selective induction of type III interferons (IFNs), which restrict EV71 replication. Collectively, these findings define the early events associated with EV71 infections of the human intestinal epithelium and show that host IFN signaling controls replication in an IFN-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Good
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra I. Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. ,
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129
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Berzofsky JA. Interleukin 21 collaborates with interferon-γ for the optimal expression of interferon-stimulated genes and enhances protection against enteric microbial infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007614. [PMID: 30818341 PMCID: PMC6413951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the intestinal tract represents a major entry route for many microbes. Despite recent progress in the understanding of the IL-21/IL-21R signaling axis in the generation of germinal center B cells, the roles played by this signaling pathway in the context of enteric microbial infections is not well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that Il21r-/- mice are more susceptible to colonic microbial infection, and in the process discovered that the IL-21/IL-21R signaling axis surprisingly collaborates with the IFN-γ/IFN-γR signaling pathway to enhance the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) required for protection, via amplifying activation of STAT1 in mucosal CD4+ T cells in a murine model of Citrobacter rodentium colitis. As expected, conditional deletion of STAT3 in CD4+ T cells indicated that STAT3 also contributed importantly to host defense against C. rodentium infection in the colon. However, the collaboration between IL-21 and IFN-γ to enhance the phosphorylation of STAT1 and upregulate ISGs was independent of STAT3. Unveiling this previously unreported crosstalk between these two cytokine networks and their downstream genes induced will provide insight into the development of novel therapeutic targets for colonic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and promotion of mucosal vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSM); (JAB)
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSM); (JAB)
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130
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Arslan M, Yang X, Santhakumar D, Liu X, Hu X, Munir M, Li Y, Zhang Z. Dynamic Expression of Interferon Lambda Regulated Genes in Primary Fibroblasts and Immune Organs of the Chicken. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020145. [PMID: 30769908 PMCID: PMC6409627 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that establish a first line of defense against viral infections in vertebrates. Several types of IFN have been identified; however, limited information is available in poultry, especially using live animal experimental models. IFN-lambda (IFN-λ) has recently been shown to exert a significant antiviral impact against viral pathogens in mammals. In order to investigate the in vivo potential of chicken IFN-λ (chIFN-λ) as a regulator of innate immunity, and potential antiviral therapeutics, we profiled the transcriptome of chIFN-λ-stimulated chicken immune organs (in vivo) and compared it with primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (in vitro). Employing the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS), recombinant chIFN-λ3 (rchIFN-λ3) was produced and its biological activities were demonstrated. The rchIFNλ3 induced a great array of IFN-regulated genes in primary chicken fibroblast cells. The transcriptional profiling using RNA-seq and subsequent bioinformatics analysis (gene ontology, differential expressed genes, and KEGGs analysis) of the bursa of Fabricious and the thymus demonstrated an upregulation of crucial immune genes (viperin, IKKB, CCL5, IL1β, and AP1) as well as the antiviral signaling pathways. Interestingly, this experimental approach revealed contrasting evidence of the antiviral potential of chIFN-λ in both in vivo and in vitro models. Taken together, our data signifies the potential of chIFN-λ as a potent antiviral cytokine and highlights its future possible use as an antiviral therapeutic in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob Arslan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Diwakar Santhakumar
- Division of Biomedical and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University,LA1 4YG, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Hu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University,LA1 4YG, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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131
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Ahn D, Wickersham M, Riquelme S, Prince A. The Effects of IFN-λ on Epithelial Barrier Function Contribute to Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:158-166. [PMID: 30183325 PMCID: PMC6376406 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0021oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-λ and IL-22, cytokines that share the coreceptor IL-10RB, are both induced over the course of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 (KP35) pneumonia. IL-22 is known to protect mucosal barriers, whereas the effects of IFN-λ on the mucosa are not established. We postulated that IFN-λ plays a role in regulating the airway epithelial barrier to facilitate cellular trafficking to the site of infection. In response to IFN-λ, the transmigration of neutrophils across a polarized monolayer of airway epithelial cells was increased, consistent with diminished epithelial integrity. KP35 infection increased epithelial permeability, and pretreatment with IFN-λ amplified this effect and facilitated bacterial transmigration. These effects of IFN-λ were confirmed in vivo, in that mice lacking the receptor for IFN-λ (Ifnlr1-/-) were protected from bacteremia in a murine model of KP35 pneumonia. Conversely, the integrity of the epithelial barrier was protected by IL-22, with subsequent impairment of neutrophil and bacterial transmigration in vitro. Maximal expression of IL-22 in vivo was observed later in the course of infection than IFN-λ production, with high levels of IL-22 produced by recruited immune cells at 48 hours, consistent with a role in epithelial barrier recovery. The divergent and opposing expression of these two related cytokines suggests a regulated interaction in the host response to KP35 infection. A major physiological effect of IFN-λ signaling is a decrease in epithelial barrier integrity, which facilitates immune cell recruitment but also enables K. pneumoniae invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Matthew Wickersham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sebastian Riquelme
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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132
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Wang Y, Ma L, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Li X, Liu Y. The Strategy of Picornavirus Evading Host Antiviral Responses: Non-structural Proteins Suppress the Production of IFNs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2943. [PMID: 30619109 PMCID: PMC6297142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger the innate immune system to produce interferons (IFNs), which play important role in host antiviral responses. Co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has favored development of various strategies to evade the effects of IFNs, enabling viruses to survive inside host cells. One such strategy involves inhibition of IFN signaling pathways by non-structural proteins. In this review, we provide a brief overview of host signaling pathways inducing IFN production and their suppression by picornavirus non-structural proteins. Using this strategy, picornaviruses can evade the host immune response and replicate inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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133
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Barrow AD, Colonna M. Innate lymphoid cell sensing of tissue vitality. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 56:82-93. [PMID: 30529190 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a heterogeneous population of cytokine-secreting cells that colonize different tissues and are heavily reliant on cytokines and other secreted factors for their development, maintenance and effector functions. Most ILCs are tissue resident and differentiate in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. As tissue-resident sentinels, ILCs must rapidly identify pathogens or malignancy in an effort to return the tissue to homeostasis. Here we review the mechanisms that ILCs employ to sense cytokines and other potent immunoregulatory factors that promote their development in different tissues as well as the ability to distinguish pathogenic versus healthy tissue microenvironments and highlight the importance of these pathways for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Barrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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134
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Nagasawa M, Spits H, Ros XR. Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs): Cytokine Hubs Regulating Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a030304. [PMID: 29229782 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as an expanding family of effector cells particularly enriched in the mucosal barriers. ILCs are promptly activated by stress signals and multiple epithelial- and myeloid-cell-derived cytokines. In response, ILCs rapidly secrete effector cytokines, which allow them to survey and maintain the mucosal integrity. Uncontrolled action of ILCs might contribute to tissue damage, chronic inflammation, metabolic diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the cytokine network that modulate ILC immune responses: stimulating cytokines, signature cytokines secreted by ILC subsets, autocrine cytokines, and cytokines that induce cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Nagasawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xavier Romero Ros
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands
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135
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Regeneration After Radiation- and Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury Is Not Enhanced by Type III Interferon Signaling. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:970-976. [PMID: 30503785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type I interferon (IFN-I) and interleukin (IL)-22 modulate regeneration of the thymus and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after cytotoxic stress such as irradiation. Radiation-induced damage to thymic tissues and IECs is a crucial aspect during the pathogenesis of inadequate immune reconstitution and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI), respectively. IL-22 and IFN-I reduce the severity of acute GVHD after allo-HSCT with myeloablative TBI. However, the role of biologically related type III interferon (IFN-III), also known as interferon lambda (IFN-λ) or IL-28, in this context is unclear. We therefore studied the role of the IFN-III pathway in thymic regeneration and GVHD after TBI and allo-HSCT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cohoused wild-type (WT) and IFN-III receptor-deficient (IL-28 receptor alpha subunit-deficient/IL-28Ra-/-) mice were analyzed in models of TBI-induced thymus damage and a model of GVHD after allo-HSCT with myeloablative TBI. PASylated IFN-III (PASylated IL-28A, XL-protein GmbH) was generated to prolong the plasma half-life of IFN-III. Pharmacologic activity and the effects of PASylated IL-28A on radiation-induced thymus damage and the course of GVHD after allo-HSCT with myeloablative TBI were tested. RESULTS The course and severity of GVHD after myeloablative TBI and allo-HSCT in IL-28Ra-/- mice was comparable to those in WT mice. Activation of the IFN-III pathway by PASylated IL-28A did not significantly modulate GVHD after allo-HSCT with TBI. Furthermore, IL28Ra-/- mice and WT mice showed similar thymus regeneration after radiation, which could also not be significantly modulated by IFN-III receptor engagement using PASylated IL-28A. CONCLUSIONS We analyzed the role of IFN-III signaling during radiation-mediated acute tissue injury. Despite molecular and biologic homologies with IFN-I and IL-22, IFN-III signaling did not improve thymus regeneration after radiation or the course of GVHD after myeloablative TBI and allo-HSCT.
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136
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Ding S, Zhu S, Ren L, Feng N, Song Y, Ge X, Li B, Flavell RA, Greenberg HB. Rotavirus VP3 targets MAVS for degradation to inhibit type III interferon expression in intestinal epithelial cells. eLife 2018; 7:39494. [PMID: 30460894 PMCID: PMC6289572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs), a leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children and many mammalian species, have evolved multiple strategies to counteract the host innate immunity, specifically interferon (IFN) signaling through RV non-structural protein 1 (NSP1). However, whether RV structural components also subvert antiviral response remains under-studied. Here, we found that MAVS, critical for the host RNA sensing pathway upstream of IFN induction, is degraded by the RV RNA methyl- and guanylyl-transferase (VP3) in a host-range-restricted manner. Mechanistically, VP3 localizes to the mitochondria and mediates the phosphorylation of a previously unidentified SPLTSS motif within the MAVS proline-rich region, leading to its proteasomal degradation and blockade of IFN-λ production in RV-infected intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, VP3 inhibition of MAVS activity contributes to enhanced RV replication and to viral pathogenesis in vivo. Collectively, our findings establish RV VP3 as a viral antagonist of MAVS function in mammals and uncover a novel pathogen-mediated inhibitory mechanism of MAVS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Yanhua Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Ge
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, United States
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137
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Hernández PP, Strzelecka PM, Athanasiadis EI, Hall D, Robalo AF, Collins CM, Boudinot P, Levraud JP, Cvejic A. Single-cell transcriptional analysis reveals ILC-like cells in zebrafish. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaau5265. [PMID: 30446505 PMCID: PMC6258902 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are important mediators of the immune response and homeostasis in barrier tissues of mammals. However, the existence and function of ILCs in other vertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to generate a comprehensive atlas of zebrafish lymphocytes during tissue homeostasis and after immune challenge. We profiled 14,080 individual cells from the gut of wild-type zebrafish, as well as of rag1-deficient zebrafish that lack T and B cells, and discovered populations of ILC-like cells. We uncovered a rorc-positive subset of ILCs that could express cytokines associated with type 1, 2, and 3 responses upon immune challenge. Specifically, these ILC-like cells expressed il22 and tnfa after exposure to inactivated bacteria or il13 after exposure to helminth extract. Cytokine-producing ILC-like cells express a specific repertoire of novel immune-type receptors, likely involved in recognition of environmental cues. We identified additional novel markers of zebrafish ILCs and generated a cloud repository for their in-depth exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P Hernández
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Paulina M Strzelecka
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanouil I Athanasiadis
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominic Hall
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana F Robalo
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Ana Cvejic
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
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138
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Aden K, Tran F, Ito G, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Lipinski S, Kuiper JW, Tschurtschenthaler M, Saveljeva S, Bhattacharyya J, Häsler R, Bartsch K, Luzius A, Jentzsch M, Falk-Paulsen M, Stengel ST, Welz L, Schwarzer R, Rabe B, Barchet W, Krautwald S, Hartmann G, Pasparakis M, Blumberg RS, Schreiber S, Kaser A, Rosenstiel P. ATG16L1 orchestrates interleukin-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium via cGAS-STING. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2868-2886. [PMID: 30254094 PMCID: PMC6219748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A coding variant of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene ATG16L1 has been associated with defective autophagy and deregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. IL-22 is a barrier protective cytokine by inducing regeneration and antimicrobial responses in the intestinal mucosa. We show that ATG16L1 critically orchestrates IL-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium. IL-22 stimulation physiologically leads to transient ER stress and subsequent activation of STING-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, which is augmented in Atg16l1 ΔIEC intestinal organoids. IFN-I signals amplify epithelial TNF production downstream of IL-22 and contribute to necroptotic cell death. In vivo, IL-22 treatment in Atg16l1 ΔIEC and Atg16l1 ΔIEC/Xbp1 ΔIEC mice potentiates endogenous ileal inflammation and causes widespread necroptotic epithelial cell death. Therapeutic blockade of IFN-I signaling ameliorates IL-22-induced ileal inflammation in Atg16l1 ΔIEC mice. Our data demonstrate an unexpected role of ATG16L1 in coordinating the outcome of IL-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Go Ito
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raheleh Sheibani-Tezerji
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan W Kuiper
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Joya Bhattacharyya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kareen Bartsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Luzius
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlene Jentzsch
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephanie T Stengel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Welz
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robin Schwarzer
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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139
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Andreakos E, Zanoni I, Galani IE. Lambda interferons come to light: dual function cytokines mediating antiviral immunity and damage control. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 56:67-75. [PMID: 30399529 PMCID: PMC6541392 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IFNλs are dual function cytokines mediating antiviral activity and damage control. IFNλs confer initial antimicrobial protection at anatomical barriers without provoking unnecessary inflammation. IFNλs exhibit immune regulatory and host protective actions reminiscent of IL-10. IFNλs form novel therapeutics with the beneficial actions of type I IFNs but lacking their pro-inflammatory side effects.
Lambda interferons (IFNλs, type III IFNs or interleukins-28/29) were described fifteen years ago as novel cytokines sharing structural and functional homology with IL-10 and type I IFNs, respectively. IFNλs engage a unique receptor complex comprising IFNLR1 and IL10R2, nevertheless they share signaling cascade and many functions with type I IFNs, questioning their possible non-redundant roles and overall biological importance. Here, we review the latest evidence establishing the primacy of IFNλs in front line protection at anatomical barriers, mediating antiviral immunity before type I IFNs. We also discuss their emerging role in regulating inflammation and limiting host damage, a major difference to type I IFNs. IFNλs come thus to light as dual function cytokines mediating antiviral immunity and damage control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ioanna E Galani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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140
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White-nose syndrome is associated with increased replication of a naturally persisting coronaviruses in bats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15508. [PMID: 30341341 PMCID: PMC6195612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spillover of viruses from bats to other animals may be associated with increased contact between them, as well as increased shedding of viruses by bats. Here, we tested the prediction that little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) co-infected with the M. lucifugus coronavirus (Myl-CoV) and with Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the fungus that causes bat white-nose syndrome (WNS), exhibit different disease severity, viral shedding and molecular responses than bats infected with only Myl-CoV or only P. destructans. We took advantage of the natural persistence of Myl-CoV in bats that were experimentally inoculated with P. destructans in a previous study. Here, we show that the intestines of virus-infected bats that were also infected with fungus contained on average 60-fold more viral RNA than bats with virus alone. Increased viral RNA in the intestines correlated with the severity of fungus-related pathology. Additionally, the intestines of bats infected with fungus exhibited different expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and cytokine related transcripts, irrespective of viral presence. Levels of coronavirus antibodies were also higher in fungal-infected bats. Our results suggest that the systemic effects of WNS may down-regulate anti-viral responses in bats persistently infected with M. lucifugus coronavirus and increase the potential of virus shedding.
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141
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a recently identified group of innate lymphocytes that are preferentially located at barrier surfaces. Barrier surfaces are in direct contact with complex microbial ecosystems, collectively referred to as the microbiota. It is now believed that the interplay of the microbiota with host components (i.e. epithelial cells and immune cells) promotes host fitness by regulating organ homeostasis, metabolism, and host defense against pathogens. In this review, we will give an overview of this multifaceted interplay between ILC and components of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Britanova
- Research Centre Immunotherapy and Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Department of Microbiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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142
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Macedo AB, Novis CL, De Assis CM, Sorensen ES, Moszczynski P, Huang SH, Ren Y, Spivak AM, Jones RB, Planelles V, Bosque A. Dual TLR2 and TLR7 agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122673. [PMID: 30282829 PMCID: PMC6237480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells in HIV-infected patients is a major barrier towards finding a cure. One active cure strategy is to find latency-reversing agents that induce viral reactivation, thus leading to immune cell recognition and elimination of latently infected cells, known as the shock-and-kill strategy. Therefore, the identification of molecules that reactivate latent HIV and increase immune activation has the potential to further these strategies into the clinic. Here, we characterized synthetic molecules composed of a TLR2 and a TLR7 agonist (dual TLR2/7 agonists) as latency-reversing agents and compared their activity with that of the TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 and the TLR7 agonist GS-9620. We found that these dual TLR2/7 agonists reactivate latency by 2 complementary mechanisms. The TLR2 component reactivates HIV by inducing NF-κB activation in memory CD4+ T cells, while the TLR7 component induces the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promoting viral reactivation in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the TLR2 component induces the secretion of IL-22, which promotes an antiviral state and blocks HIV infection in CD4+ T cells. Our study provides insight into the use of these agonists as a multipronged approach targeting eradication of latent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Caroline M. De Assis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric S. Sorensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paula Moszczynski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Szu-han Huang
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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143
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Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Colonna M. Is There Natural Killer Cell Memory and Can It Be Harnessed by Vaccination? Vaccination Strategies Based on NK Cell and ILC Memory. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029512. [PMID: 29254976 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the last decade have decisively shown that innate immune natural killer (NK) cells exhibit enhanced long-lasting functional responses following a single activation event. With the increased recognition of memory and memory-like properties of NK cells, questions have arisen with regard to their ability to effectively mediate vaccination responses in humans. Moreover, recently discovered innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) could also potentially exhibit memory-like functions. Here, we review different forms of NK cell memory, and speculate about the ability of these cells and ILCs to meaningfully contribute to vaccination responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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144
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Niwa M, Fujisawa T, Mori K, Yamanaka K, Yasui H, Suzuki Y, Karayama M, Hozumi H, Furuhashi K, Enomoto N, Nakamura Y, Inui N, Suzuki T, Maekawa M, Suda T. IL-17A Attenuates IFN-λ Expression by Inducing Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Expression in Airway Epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2392-2402. [PMID: 30224514 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IFN-λ is a cytokine expressed in epithelial tissues and plays a central role in antiviral mucosal immune response. The expression of IFN-λ in the airway is impaired in chronic airway diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), which renders patients susceptible to viral infection. IL-17A is associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis; however, IL-17A regulation of IFN-λ expression remains unclear. The aim of the current study is to clarify IL-17A-mediated regulatory mechanisms of IFN-λ expression in human airway epithelial cells. In this study, we have shown that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and influenza A virus (IAV) infection increased IFN-λ expression at mRNA and protein levels in primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas IL-17A attenuated polyI:C- or IAV-induced IFN-λ expression. IFN-λ receptor 1 knockdown and a JAK inhibitor, ruxolitinib, attenuated polyI:C-induced IFN-λ expression, confirming that a positive autocrine feedback loop, the IFN-λ receptor-JAK-STAT pathway, was involved in IFN-λ expression. In Western blotting analysis, we demonstrated that polyI:C and IAV infection induced STAT1 phosphorylation in normal human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas IL-17A suppressed polyI:C- or IAV-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that cotreatment with IL-17A and polyI:C or IAV infection synergistically increased suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 expression. SOCS1 small interfering RNA and SOCS3 small interfering RNA negated the inhibitory effect of IL-17A in polyI:C-induced IFN-λ expression by restoring attenuated STAT1 phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings indicate that IL-17A attenuates virus-induced IFN-λ expression by enhancing SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression to inhibit autocrine signaling loops in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Niwa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujisawa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Kazutaka Mori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shizuoka City Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka 424-8636, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Yamanaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideki Yasui
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuzo Suzuki
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masato Karayama
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hironao Hozumi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Furuhashi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Enomoto
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yutaro Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Naoki Inui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; and
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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145
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Yitbarek A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Hodgins DC, Read L, Nagy É, Weese JS, Caswell JL, Parkinson J, Sharif S. Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13189. [PMID: 30181578 PMCID: PMC6123399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease. The current study was designed to assess the role of gut microbiota of chickens in the initiation of antiviral responses against avian influenza virus. Day-old layer chickens received a cocktail of antibiotics for 12 (ABX-D12) or 16 (ABX-D16) days to deplete their gut microbiota, followed by treatment of chickens from ABX-12 with five Lactobacillus species combination (PROB), fecal microbial transplant suspension (FMT) or sham treatment daily for four days. At day 17 of age, chickens were challenged with H9N2 virus. Cloacal virus shedding, and interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and interleukin (IL)-22 expression in the trachea, lung, ileum and cecal tonsils was assessed. Higher virus shedding, and compromised type I IFNs and IL-22 expression was observed in ABX-D16 chickens compared to control, while PROB and FMT showed reduced virus shedding and restored IL-22 expression to levels comparable with undepleted chickens. In conclusion, commensal gut microbiota of chickens can modulate innate responses to influenza virus subtype H9N2 infection in chickens, and modulating the composition of the microbiome using probiotics- and/or FMT-based interventions might serve to promote a healthy community that confers protection against influenza virus infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada.,Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Leah Read
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada.,Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada.
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146
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The roles for innate lymphoid cells in the human immune system. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:407-419. [PMID: 29948108 PMCID: PMC6060849 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
From constituting a novel and obscure cell population, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are now accepted as a self-evident part of the immune system, contributing with unique and complementary functions to immunity by production of effector cytokines and interaction with other cell types. In this review, we discuss the redundant and complementary roles of the highly plastic human ILCs and their interaction with other immune cells with the ultimate aim of placing ILCs in a wider context within the human immune system.
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147
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Labastida-Conde RG, Ramírez-Pliego O, Peleteiro-Olmedo M, Lopez-Guerrero DV, Badillo-Godinez OD, Gutiérrez-Xicoténcatl MDL, Rosas-Salgado G, González-Fernández Á, Esquivel-Guadarrama FR, Santana MA. Flagellin is a Th1 polarizing factor for human CD4 + T cells and induces protection in a murine neonatal vaccination model of rotavirus infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:4188-4197. [PMID: 29891347 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neonates have an increased susceptibility to infections, particularly those caused by intracellular pathogens, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. This is partly because of a poor response of neonatal CD4+ T cells, leading to deficient antibody production and a low production of IFN-γ, resulting in deficient elimination of intracellular pathogens. The poor memory response of human neonates has underpinned the need for improving vaccine formulations. Molecular adjuvants that improve the response of neonatal lymphocytes, such as the ligands of toll-like receptors (TLRs), are attractive candidates. Among them, flagellin, the TLR5 ligand, is effective at very low doses; prior immunity to flagellin does not impair its adjuvant activity. Human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express TLR5. We found that flagellin induces the expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-12 in mononuclear cells from human neonate and adult donors. When human naïve CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of flagellin, there was high level of expression of IFN-γ in both neonates and adults. Furthermore, flagellin induced IFN-γ production in Th1 cells obtained from adult donors; in the Th2 population, it inhibited IL-4 cytokine production. Flagellin also promoted expression of the IFN-γ receptor in naive CD4+ T cells from neonates and adults. To test the adjuvant capacity of flagellin in vivo, we used a murine neonate vaccination model for infection with rotavirus, a pathogen responsible for severe diarrhea in young infants. Using the conserved VP6 antigen, we observed an 80% protection against rotavirus infection in the presence of flagellin, but only in those mice previously primed in the neonatal period. Our data suggest that flagellin could be an attractive adjuvant for achieving a Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Ramírez-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular (IICBA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Peleteiro-Olmedo
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gabriela Rosas-Salgado
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - África González-Fernández
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - M Angélica Santana
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular (IICBA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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148
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Andrews C, McLean MH, Durum SK. Cytokine Tuning of Intestinal Epithelial Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1270. [PMID: 29922293 PMCID: PMC5996247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine serves as both our largest single barrier to the external environment and the host of more immune cells than any other location in our bodies. Separating these potential combatants is a single layer of dynamic epithelium composed of heterogeneous epithelial subtypes, each uniquely adapted to carry out a subset of the intestine’s diverse functions. In addition to its obvious role in digestion, the intestinal epithelium is responsible for a wide array of critical tasks, including maintaining barrier integrity, preventing invasion by microbial commensals and pathogens, and modulating the intestinal immune system. Communication between these epithelial cells and resident immune cells is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and coordinating appropriate responses to disease and can occur through cell-to-cell contact or by the release or recognition of soluble mediators. The objective of this review is to highlight recent literature illuminating how cytokines and chemokines, both those made by and acting on the intestinal epithelium, orchestrate many of the diverse functions of the intestinal epithelium and its interactions with immune cells in health and disease. Areas of focus include cytokine control of intestinal epithelial proliferation, cell death, and barrier permeability. In addition, the modulation of epithelial-derived cytokines and chemokines by factors such as interactions with stromal and immune cells, pathogen and commensal exposure, and diet will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Andrews
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mairi H McLean
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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149
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Control of pathogens and microbiota by innate lymphoid cells. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:317-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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150
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Nice TJ, Robinson BA, Van Winkle JA. The Role of Interferon in Persistent Viral Infection: Insights from Murine Norovirus. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:510-524. [PMID: 29157967 PMCID: PMC5957778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections result from evasion or avoidance of sterilizing immunity, extend the timeframe of virus transmission, and can trigger disease. Prior studies in mouse models of persistent infection have suggested that ineffective adaptive immune responses are necessary for persistent viral infection. However, recent work in the murine norovirus (MNV) model of persistent infection demonstrates that innate immunity can control both early and persistent viral replication independently of adaptive immune effector functions. Interferons (IFNs) are central to the innate control of persistent MNV, apart from a role in modulating adaptive immunity. Furthermore, subtypes of IFN play distinct tissue-specific roles in innate control of persistent MNV infection. Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) controls systemic replication, and type III IFN (IFN-λ) controls MNV persistence in the intestinal epithelium. In this article, we review recent findings in the MNV model, highlighting the role of IFNs and innate immunity in clearing persistent viral infection, and discussing the broader implications of these findings for control of persistent human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Bridget A Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jacob A Van Winkle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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