101
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FGF21 contributes to neuroendocrine control of female reproduction. Nat Med 2013; 19:1153-6. [PMID: 23933983 PMCID: PMC3769455 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Preventing reproduction during nutritional deprivation is an adaptive process that is conserved and essential for the survival of species. In mammals, the mechanisms that inhibit fertility during starvation are complex and incompletely understood. Here we show that exposure of female mice to fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a fasting-induced hepatokine, mimics infertility secondary to starvation. Mechanistically, FGF21 acts on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus to suppress the vasopressin-kisspeptin signaling cascade, thereby inhibiting the proestrus surge in luteinizing hormone. Mice lacking the FGF21 co-receptor, β-Klotho, in the SCN are refractory to the inhibitory effect of FGF21 on female fertility. Thus, FGF21 defines an important liver-neuroendocrine axis that modulates female reproduction in response to nutritional challenge.
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102
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Asai M, Ramachandrappa S, Joachim M, Shen Y, Zhang R, Nuthalapati N, Ramanathan V, Strochlic DE, Ferket P, Linhart K, Ho C, Novoselova TV, Garg S, Ridderstråle M, Marcus C, Hirschhorn JN, Keogh JM, O’Rahilly S, Chan LF, Clark AJ, Farooqi IS, Majzoub JA. Loss of function of the melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 is associated with mammalian obesity. Science 2013; 341:275-8. [PMID: 23869016 PMCID: PMC3788688 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) modulate signaling of melanocortin receptors in vitro. To investigate the physiological role of brain-expressed melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2), we characterized mice with whole-body and brain-specific targeted deletion of Mrap2, both of which develop severe obesity at a young age. Mrap2 interacts directly with melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r), a protein previously implicated in mammalian obesity, and it enhances Mc4r-mediated generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate, suggesting that alterations in Mc4r signaling may be one mechanism underlying the association between Mrap2 disruption and obesity. In a study of humans with severe, early-onset obesity, we found four rare, potentially pathogenic genetic variants in MRAP2, suggesting that the gene may also contribute to body weight regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pathology, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shwetha Ramachandrappa
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Joachim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yuan Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nikhil Nuthalapati
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Visali Ramanathan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David E. Strochlic
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Ferket
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Kirsten Linhart
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caroline Ho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tatiana V. Novoselova
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology Queen Mary, University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sumedha Garg
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Claude Marcus
- Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Division of Pediatrics, National Childhood Obesity Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li F. Chan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology Queen Mary, University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Adrian J. Clark
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology Queen Mary, University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph A. Majzoub
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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103
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Singireddy AV, Inglis MA, Zuure WA, Kim JS, Anderson GM. Neither signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) or STAT5 signaling pathways are required for leptin's effects on fertility in mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2434-45. [PMID: 23696567 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The hormone leptin is critical for the regulation of energy balance and fertility. The long-form leptin receptor (LepR) regulates multiple intracellular signaling cascades, including the classic Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. Previous studies have shown that deletion of STAT3 or the closely related STAT5 from the brain results in an obese phenotype, but their roles in fertility regulation are not clear. This study tested whether STAT3 and STAT5 pathways of leptin signaling are required for fertility, and whether absence of one pathway might be compensated for by the other in a redundant manner. A Cre-loxP approach was used to generate 3 models of male and female transgenic mice with LepR-specific deletion of STAT3, STAT5, or both STAT3 and STAT5. Body weight, puberty onset, estrous cyclicity, and fertility were measured in all knockout (KO) mice and their control littermates. Knocking out STAT3 or both STAT3 and 5 from LepR expressing cells, but not STAT5 alone, led to significant increase in body weight. All STAT3 and STAT5 single KO mice exhibited normal puberty onset and subsequent fertility compared to their control littermates. Surprisingly, all STAT3 and STAT5 double KO mice also exhibited normal puberty onset, estrous cyclicity, and fertility, although they had severely disrupted body weight regulation. These results suggest that, although STAT3 signaling is crucial for body weight regulation, neither STAT3 nor STAT5 is required for the regulation of fertility by leptin. It remains to be determined what other signaling molecules mediate this effect of leptin, and whether they interact in a redundant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha V Singireddy
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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104
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Increasing CRTC1 function in the dentate gyrus during memory formation or reactivation increases memory strength without compromising memory quality. J Neurosci 2013; 32:17857-68. [PMID: 23223304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1419-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory stabilization following encoding (synaptic consolidation) or memory reactivation (reconsolidation) requires gene expression and protein synthesis (Dudai and Eisenberg, 2004; Tronson and Taylor, 2007; Nader and Einarsson, 2010; Alberini, 2011). Although consolidation and reconsolidation may be mediated by distinct molecular mechanisms (Lee et al., 2004), disrupting the function of the transcription factor CREB impairs both processes (Kida et al., 2002; Mamiya et al., 2009). Phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133 recruits CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300 coactivators to activate transcription (Chrivia et al., 1993; Parker et al., 1996). In addition to this well known mechanism, CREB regulated transcription coactivators (CRTCs), previously called transducers of regulated CREB (TORC) activity, stimulate CREB-mediated transcription, even in the absence of CREB phosphorylation. Recently, CRTC1 has been shown to undergo activity-dependent trafficking from synapses and dendrites to the nucleus in excitatory hippocampal neurons (Ch'ng et al., 2012). Despite being a powerful and specific coactivator of CREB, the role of CRTC in memory is virtually unexplored. To examine the effects of increasing CRTC levels, we used viral vectors to locally and acutely increase CRTC1 in the dorsal hippocampus dentate gyrus region of mice before training or memory reactivation in context fear conditioning. Overexpressing CRTC1 enhanced both memory consolidation and reconsolidation; CRTC1-mediated memory facilitation was context specific (did not generalize to nontrained context) and long lasting (observed after virally expressed CRTC1 dissipated). CREB overexpression produced strikingly similar effects. Therefore, increasing CRTC1 or CREB function is sufficient to enhance the strength of new, as well as established reactivated, memories without compromising memory quality.
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105
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Johnson W, Choh AC, Curran JE, Czerwinski SA, Bellis C, Dyer TD, Blangero J, Towne B, Demerath EW. Genetic risk for earlier menarche also influences peripubertal body mass index. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:10-20. [PMID: 23283660 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether earlier age at menarche is associated with higher body mass index (BMI) because they share a common genetic underpinning. We investigated the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing menarche timing on peripubertal BMI. For 556 Fels Longitudinal Study children (277 boys/279 girls) born 1928-1992, a genetic risk score (GRS(42)) was computed as the sum of the number of risk alleles in 42 putative menarche SNPs. Serial BMI Z-scores within ±6.99 years from each individual's age at peak height velocity (Age@PHV) were grouped into seven time points (-6 years, -4 years, -2 years, Age@PHV, +2 years, +4 years, and +6 years). Heritability of BMI ranged from 0.53 to 0.85 across the time points. The effect of GRS(42) on BMI Z-scores at each time point was modeled using variance components-based procedures. GRS(42) had a significant (P < 0.05) effect at every time point; an increase of one risk allele was associated with an increase of 0.03-0.08 BMI Z-scores. A separate score (GRS(29)) was computed that excluded 13 of the menarche SNPs previously documented to also influence adiposity; significant main effects were observed at Age@PHV+4 and +6 years. This finding supports a causal effect of advanced sexual development on post-Age@PHV BMI. Significant positive GRS(42) (or GRS(29))-by-birth year interactions indicate that some genetic influences on BMI have amplified over the 20th century. This gene-by-environment interaction also suggests that children with a genetic predisposition to earlier sexual development might avoid elevated BMI through alteration of their nutritional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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106
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Implications of leptin in neuroendocrine regulation of male reproduction. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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107
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Tart JK, Johnson RK, Bundy JW, Ferdinand NN, McKnite AM, Wood JR, Miller PS, Rothschild MF, Spangler ML, Garrick DJ, Kachman SD, Ciobanu DC. Genome-wide prediction of age at puberty and reproductive longevity in sows. Anim Genet 2013; 44:387-97. [PMID: 23437861 DOI: 10.1111/age.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditional selection for sow reproductive longevity is ineffective due to low heritability and late expression of the trait. Incorporation of DNA markers into selection programs is potentially a more practical approach for improving sow lifetime productivity. Using a resource population of crossbred gilts, we explored pleiotropic sources of variation that influence age at puberty and reproductive longevity. Of the traits recorded before breeding, only age at puberty significantly affected the probability that females would produce a first parity litter. The genetic variance explained by 1-Mb windows of the sow genome, compared across traits, uncovered regions that influence both age at puberty and lifetime number of parities. Allelic variants of SNPs located on SSC5 (27-28 Mb), SSC8 (36-37 Mb) and SSC12 (1.2-2 Mb) exhibited additive effects and were associated with both early expression of puberty and a greater than average number of lifetime parities. Combined analysis of these SNPs showed that an increase in the number of favorable alleles had positive impact on reproductive longevity, increasing number of parities by up to 1.36. The region located on SSC5 harbors non-synonymous alleles in the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) gene, a G-protein-coupled receptor associated with social and reproductive behaviors in voles and humans and a candidate for the observed effects. This region is characterized by high levels of linkage disequilibrium in different lines and could be exploited in marker-assisted selection programs across populations to increase sow reproductive longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Tart
- Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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108
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Kitahashi T, Parhar IS. Comparative aspects of kisspeptin gene regulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:197-202. [PMID: 23089246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin plays an important role in the onset of puberty through stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a master molecule of reproduction. Furthermore, the existence of multiple kisspeptins is evident in most vertebrate species. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of the kisspeptin genes is important to understand the functions of multiple kisspeptin forms in the brain. This review focuses on the comparative aspects of kisspeptin gene regulation with an emphasis on the role of environmental signals including gonadal steroids, photoperiods and metabolic signals. These environmental signals differently regulate the kisspeptin genes distinctively in each species. In addition, photoperiodic regulation of the kisspeptin genes alters during sexual maturational, suggesting interactions between the gonadal hormone pathway and the photoperiod pathway. Further studies of the regulatory mechanisms of kisspeptin genes especially in teleosts which possess multiple kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor systems will help to understand the precise role of multiple kisspeptin forms in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitahashi
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway campus, PJ 46150, Malaysia.
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109
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Jonkman S, Kenny PJ. Molecular, cellular, and structural mechanisms of cocaine addiction: a key role for microRNAs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:198-211. [PMID: 22968819 PMCID: PMC3521966 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The rewarding properties of cocaine play a key role in establishing and maintaining the drug-taking habit. However, as exposure to cocaine increases, drug use can transition from controlled to compulsive. Importantly, very little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that control this switch in drug use that defines addiction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-protein coding RNA transcripts that can regulate the expression of messenger RNAs that code for proteins. Because of their highly pleiotropic nature, each miRNA has the potential to regulate hundreds or even thousands of protein-coding RNA transcripts. This property of miRNAs has generated considerable interest in their potential involvement in complex psychiatric disorders such as addiction, as each miRNA could potentially influence the many different molecular and cellular adaptations that arise in response to drug use that are hypothesized to drive the emergence of addiction. Here, we review recent evidence supporting a key role for miRNAs in the ventral striatum in regulating the rewarding and reinforcing properties of cocaine in animals with limited exposure to the drug. Moreover, we discuss evidence suggesting that miRNAs in the dorsal striatum control the escalation of drug intake in rats with extended cocaine access. These findings highlight the central role for miRNAs in drug-induced neuroplasticity in brain reward systems that drive the emergence of compulsive-like drug use in animals, and suggest that a better understanding of how miRNAs control drug intake will provide new insights into the neurobiology of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse Jonkman
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute–Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute–Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA,Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Tel: +1 561 228 2231, Fax: +1 561 799 8961, E-mail:
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110
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Castellano JM, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic Regulation of Kisspeptin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 784:363-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6199-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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111
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Kaur KK, Allahbadia G, Singh M. Kisspeptins in human reproduction-future therapeutic potential. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:999-1011. [PMID: 23015158 PMCID: PMC3492584 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kisspeptins (Kps), were first found to regulate the hypothalamopituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis in 2003, when two groups-demonstrated that mutations of GPR54 causes idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) characterized by delayed puberty. Objective of this review is to highlight both animal and human discoveries in KISS1/GPR54 system in last decade and extrapolate the therapeutic potential in humans from till date human studies. DESIGN A systematic review of international scientific literature by a search of PUBMED and the authors files was done for Kp in reproduction, metabolic control & signal transduction. SETTING None Patient(s): In human studies--normal subjects patients with HH, or HA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effects of Kp on puberty, brain sexual maturation, regulation of GnRH secretion, metabolic control of GnRH Neurons (N). RESULTS Kps/GPR54 are critical for brain sexual maturation, puberty and regulation of reproduction. Kps have been implicated in mediating signals to GnRH N--positive and negative feedback, metabolic input. Ability of Kp neurons to coordinate signals impinging on the HPG axis makes it one of most important regulators of reproductive axis since GnRH N's lack many receptors, with Kp neurons serving as upstream modulators. CONCLUSIONS Kps have proven as pivotal regulators of the reproduction, with the ability to integrate signals from both internal and external sources. Knowledge about signaling mechanisms involved in Kp stimulation of GnRH and with human studies has made it possible that therapeutically available Kp agonists/antagonists may be used for treatment of delayed puberty/HH, Hypothalamic amenorrhea and in prevention of spread of malignant ovarian/gonadal malignancies along with uses in some eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulvinder Kochar Kaur
- Dr Kulvinder Kaur Centre for Human Reproduction, 721, G.T.B. Nagar, Jalandhar, 144001 Punjab India
| | - Gautam Allahbadia
- Rotunda-A Centre for Human reproduction, 672, Kalpak Garden, Perry Cross Road, Near Otter’s Club, Bandra (W), 400040 Mumbai, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Swami Satyanand Hospital, Near Nawi Kachehri, Baradri, Ladowali Road, Jalandhar, Punjab India
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112
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Breuillaud L, Rossetti C, Meylan EM, Mérinat C, Halfon O, Magistretti PJ, Cardinaux JR. Deletion of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 induces pathological aggression, depression-related behaviors, and neuroplasticity genes dysregulation in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:528-36. [PMID: 22592058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders are polygenic disorders in which the alteration of several susceptibility genes results in dysfunctional mood regulation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their transcriptional dysregulation are still unclear. The transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) and the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been implicated in rodent models of depression. We previously provided evidence that Bdnf expression critically rely on a potent CREB coactivator called CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1). METHODS To further evaluate the role of CRTC1 in the brain, we generated a knockout mouse line and analyzed its behavioral and molecular phenotype. RESULTS We found that mice lacking CRTC1 associate neurobehavioral endophenotypes related to mood disorders. Crtc1(-/-) mice exhibit impulsive aggressiveness, social withdrawal, and decreased sexual motivation, together with increased behavioral despair, anhedonia, and anxiety-related behavior in the novelty-induced hypophagia test. They also present psychomotor retardation as well as increased emotional response to stressful events. Crtc1(-/-) mice have a blunted response to the antidepressant fluoxetine in behavioral despair paradigms, whereas fluoxetine normalizes their aggressiveness and their behavioral response in the novelty-induced hypophagia test. Crtc1(-/-) mice strikingly show, in addition to a reduced dopamine and serotonin turnover in the prefrontal cortex, a concomitant decreased expression of several susceptibility genes involved in neuroplasticity, including Bdnf, its receptor TrkB, the nuclear receptors Nr4a1-3, and several other CREB-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings support a role for the CRTC1-CREB pathway in mood disorders etiology and behavioral response to antidepressants and identify CRTC1 as an essential coactivator of genes involved in mood regulation.
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113
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Ch'ng TH, Uzgil B, Lin P, Avliyakulov NK, O'Dell TJ, Martin KC. Activity-dependent transport of the transcriptional coactivator CRTC1 from synapse to nucleus. Cell 2012; 150:207-21. [PMID: 22770221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy, such as those underlying long-term memory, require transcription. Activity-dependent transport of synaptically localized transcriptional regulators provides a direct means of coupling synaptic stimulation with changes in transcription. The CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator (CRTC1), which is required for long-term hippocampal plasticity, binds CREB to potently promote transcription. We show that CRTC1 localizes to synapses in silenced hippocampal neurons but translocates to the nucleus in response to localized synaptic stimulation. Regulated nuclear translocation occurs only in excitatory neurons and requires calcium influx and calcineurin activation. CRTC1 is controlled in a dual fashion with activity regulating CRTC1 nuclear translocation and cAMP modulating its persistence in the nucleus. Neuronal activity triggers a complex change in CRTC1 phosphorylation, suggesting that CRTC1 may link specific types of stimuli to specific changes in gene expression. Together, our results indicate that synapse-to-nuclear transport of CRTC1 dynamically informs the nucleus about synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1737, USA
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114
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Elias CF, Purohit D. Leptin signaling and circuits in puberty and fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:841-62. [PMID: 22851226 PMCID: PMC3568469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone involved in a myriad of physiological process, including the control of energy balance and several neuroendocrine axes. Leptin-deficient mice and humans are obese, diabetic, and display a series of neuroendocrine and autonomic abnormalities. These individuals are infertile due to a lack of appropriate pubertal development and inadequate synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids. Leptin receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues, including those related to the control of reproductive physiology (e.g., the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads). In the last decade, it has become clear that leptin receptors located in the brain are major players in most leptin actions, including reproduction. Moreover, the recent development of molecular techniques for brain mapping and the use of genetically modified mouse models have generated crucial new findings for understanding leptin physiology and the metabolic influences on reproductive health. In the present review, we will highlight the new advances in the field, discuss the apparent contradictions, and underline the relevance of this complex physiological system to human health. We will focus our review on the hypothalamic circuitry and potential signaling pathways relevant to leptin’s effects in reproductive control, which have been identified with the use of cutting-edge technologies of molecular mapping and conditional knockouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol F Elias
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Y6-220B, Dallas, TX, 75390-9077, USA.
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115
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Pinilla L, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Millar RP, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and Reproduction: Physiological Roles and Regulatory Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1235-316. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Procreation is essential for survival of species. Not surprisingly, complex neuronal networks have evolved to mediate the diverse internal and external environmental inputs that regulate reproduction in vertebrates. Ultimately, these regulatory factors impinge, directly or indirectly, on a final common pathway, the neurons producing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates pituitary gonadotropin secretion and thereby gonadal function. Compelling evidence, accumulated in the last few years, has revealed that kisspeptins, a family of neuropeptides encoded by the Kiss1 gene and produced mainly by neuronal clusters at discrete hypothalamic nuclei, are pivotal upstream regulators of GnRH neurons. As such, kisspeptins have emerged as important gatekeepers of key aspects of reproductive maturation and function, from sexual differentiation of the brain and puberty onset to adult regulation of gonadotropin secretion and the metabolic control of fertility. This review aims to provide a comprehensive account of the state-of-the-art in the field of kisspeptin physiology by covering in-depth the consensus knowledge on the major molecular features, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of kisspeptins in mammals and, to a lesser extent, in nonmammalian vertebrates. This review will also address unsolved and contentious issues to set the scene for future research challenges in the area. By doing so, we aim to endow the reader with a critical and updated view of the physiological roles and potential translational relevance of kisspeptins in the integral control of reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Pinilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Millar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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116
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Profile of Marc R. Montminy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7129-31. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205291109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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117
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Deng M, Zollanvari A, Alterovitz G. A bayesian translational framework for knowledge propagation, discovery, and integration under specific contexts. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 2012:25-34. [PMID: 22779044 PMCID: PMC3392061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The immense corpus of biomedical literature existing today poses challenges in information search and integration. Many links between pieces of knowledge occur or are significant only under certain contexts-rather than under the entire corpus. This study proposes using networks of ontology concepts, linked based on their co-occurrences in annotations of abstracts of biomedical literature and descriptions of experiments, to draw conclusions based on context-specific queries and to better integrate existing knowledge. In particular, a Bayesian network framework is constructed to allow for the linking of related terms from two biomedical ontologies under the queried context concept. Edges in such a Bayesian network allow associations between biomedical concepts to be quantified and inference to be made about the existence of some concepts given prior information about others. This approach could potentially be a powerful inferential tool for context-specific queries, applicable to ontologies in other fields as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Deng
- Children’s Hospital Informatics Program at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science, Boston, MA
| | - Amin Zollanvari
- Children’s Hospital Informatics Program at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science, Boston, MA
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- Children’s Hospital Informatics Program at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science, Boston, MA
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118
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Hallenborg P, Feddersen S, Francoz S, Murano I, Sundekilde U, Petersen RK, Akimov V, Olson MV, Lozano G, Cinti S, Gjertsen BT, Madsen L, Marine JC, Blagoev B, Kristiansen K. Mdm2 controls CREB-dependent transactivation and initiation of adipocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1381-9. [PMID: 22388350 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) in regulating the stability of the p53 tumor suppressor is well documented. By contrast, relatively little is known about p53-independent activities of Mdm2 and the role of Mdm2 in cellular differentiation. Here we report a novel role for Mdm2 in the initiation of adipocyte differentiation that is independent of its ability to regulate p53. We show that Mdm2 is required for cAMP-mediated induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) expression by facilitating recruitment of the cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB) coactivator, CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (Crtc2)/TORC2, to the c/ebpδ promoter. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for Mdm2 in the regulation of CREB-dependent transactivation during the initiation of adipogenesis. As Mdm2 is able to promote adipogenesis in the myoblast cell line C2C12, it is conceivable that Mdm2 acts as a switch in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hallenborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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119
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A role for neuronal cAMP responsive-element binding (CREB)-1 in brain responses to calorie restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:621-6. [PMID: 22190495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109237109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction delays brain senescence and prevents neurodegeneration, but critical regulators of these beneficial responses other than the NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) are unknown. We report that effects of calorie restriction on neuronal plasticity, memory and social behavior are abolished in mice lacking cAMP responsive-element binding (CREB)-1 in the forebrain. Moreover, CREB deficiency drastically reduces the expression of Sirt-1 and the induction of genes relevant to neuronal metabolism and survival in the cortex and hippocampus of dietary-restricted animals. Biochemical studies reveal a complex interplay between CREB and Sirt-1: CREB directly regulates the transcription of the sirtuin in neuronal cells by binding to Sirt-1 chromatin; Sirt-1, in turn, is recruited by CREB to DNA and promotes CREB-dependent expression of target gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and neuronal NO Synthase. Accordingly, expression of these CREB targets is markedly reduced in the brain of Sirt KO mice that are, like CREB-deficient mice, poorly responsive to calorie restriction. Thus, the above circuitry, modulated by nutrient availability, links energy metabolism with neurotrophin signaling, participates in brain adaptation to nutrient restriction, and is potentially relevant to accelerated brain aging by overnutrition and diabetes.
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120
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Elias CF. Leptin action in pubertal development: recent advances and unanswered questions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:9-15. [PMID: 21978495 PMCID: PMC3251729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years we have witnessed a considerable advance in the understanding of the processes involved in pubertal development. This is partially due to the discovery of the kisspeptin system and its fundamental role in the control of reproductive physiology. In addition, the suspected relationship between increasing rates of childhood obesity and the apparent reduction in the age of puberty onset in girls has generated a growing interest in identifying the mechanisms by which nutrition may influence reproductive maturation. This review will focus on recent data unveiling the sites of leptin action in pubertal development that were generated using novel molecular techniques and genetically engineered mouse models. It will also emphasize areas of contention and the many relevant questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol F Elias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research and Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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121
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Sirt1 mediates neuroprotection from mutant huntingtin by activation of the TORC1 and CREB transcriptional pathway. Nat Med 2011; 18:159-65. [PMID: 22179316 PMCID: PMC3509213 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirt1, a NAD-dependent protein deacetylase, has emerged as a key regulator of mammalian transcription in response to cellular metabolic status and stress. Here we show that Sirt1 has a neuroprotective role in models of Huntington's disease, an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a glutamine repeat expansion in huntingtin protein (HTT). Brain-specific knockout of Sirt1 results in exacerbation of brain pathology in a mouse model of Huntington's disease, whereas overexpression of Sirt1 improves survival, neuropathology and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Huntington's disease mice. We show that Sirt1 deacetylase activity directly targets neurons to mediate neuroprotection from mutant HTT. The neuroprotective effect of Sirt1 requires the presence of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (TORC1), a brain-specific modulator of CREB activity. We show that under normal conditions, Sirt1 deacetylates and activates TORC1 by promoting its dephosphorylation and its interaction with CREB. We identified BDNF as a key target of Sirt1 and TORC1 transcriptional activity in both normal and Huntington's disease neurons. Mutant HTT interferes with the TORC1-CREB interaction to repress BDNF transcription, and Sirt1 rescues this defect in vitro and in vivo. These studies suggest a key role for Sirt1 in transcriptional networks in both the normal and Huntington's disease brain and offer an opportunity for therapeutic development.
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122
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A potent inhibitor of SIK2, 3, 3', 7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavon (4'-O-methylfisetin), promotes melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26148. [PMID: 22022544 PMCID: PMC3192784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, which are plant polyphenols, are now widely used in supplements and cosmetics. Here, we report that 4′-methylflavonoids are potent inducers of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and in mice. We recently identified salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) as an inhibitor of melanogenesis via the suppression of the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-specific coactivator 1 (TORC1). Using an in vitro kinase assay targeting SIK2, we identified fisetin as a candidate inhibitor, possibly being capable of promoting melanogenesis. However, fisetin neither inhibited the CREB-inhibitory activity of SIK2 nor promoted melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Conversely, mono-methyl-flavonoids, such as diosmetin (4′-O-metlylluteolin), efficiently inhibited SIK2 and promoted melanogenesis in this cell line. The cAMP-CREB system is impaired in Ay/a mice and these mice have yellow hair as a result of pheomelanogenesis, while Sik2+/−; Ay/a mice also have yellow hair, but activate eumelanogenesis when they are exposed to CREB stimulators. Feeding Sik2+/−; Ay/a mice with diets supplemented with fisetin resulted in their hair color changing to brown, and metabolite analysis suggested the presence of mono-methylfisetin in their feces. Thus, we decided to synthesize 4′-O-methylfisetin (4′MF) and found that 4′MF strongly induced melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells, which was accompanied by the nuclear translocation of TORC1, and the 4′-O-methylfisetin-induced melanogenic programs were inhibited by the overexpression of dominant negative TORC1. In conclusion, compounds that modulate SIK2 cascades are helpful to regulate melanogenesis via TORC1 without affecting cAMP levels, and the combined analysis of Sik2+/− mice and metabolites from these mice is an effective strategy to identify beneficial compounds to regulate CREB activity in vivo.
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123
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Roa J, Navarro VM, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins in Reproductive Biology: Consensus Knowledge and Recent Developments1. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:650-60. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.091538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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124
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Navarro VM, Tena-Sempere M. Neuroendocrine control by kisspeptins: role in metabolic regulation of fertility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 8:40-53. [PMID: 21912400 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neurohormonal control of reproduction involves a hierarchical network of central and peripheral signals in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Development and function of this neuroendocrine system is the result of a lifelong delicate balance between endogenous regulators and environmental cues, including nutritional and metabolic factors. Kisspeptins are the peptide products of KISS1, which operate via the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (also known as Kiss1R). These peptides have emerged as essential upstream regulators of neurons secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the major hypothalamic node for the stimulatory control of the HPG axis. They are potent elicitors of gonadotropin secretion in various species and physiological settings. Moreover, Kiss1 neurons in the hypothalamus participate in crucial features of reproductive maturation and function, such as brain-level sex differentiation, puberty onset and the neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion and ovulation. Cotransmitters of Kiss1 neurons, such as neurokinin B, with roles in controlling the HPG axis have been identified by genetic, neuroanatomical and physiological studies. In addition, a putative role has been proposed for Kiss1 neurons in transmitting metabolic information to GnRH neurons, although the precise mechanisms are as yet unclear. In this Review, we present the major reproductive features of kisspeptins, especially their interplay with neurokinin B and potential roles in the metabolic control of puberty and fertility, and suggest new avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and CIBERobn, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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125
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Altered LKB1/CREB-regulated transcription co-activator (CRTC) signaling axis promotes esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncogene 2011; 31:469-79. [PMID: 21706049 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LKB1 is a tumor susceptibility gene for the Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome and is a target for mutational inactivation in sporadic human malignancies. LKB1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase that has critical roles in cell growth, polarity and metabolism. A novel and important function of LKB1 is its ability to regulate the phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription co-activators (CRTCs) whose aberrant activation is linked with oncogenic activities. However, the roles and mechanisms of LKB1 and CRTC in the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer have not been previously investigated. In this study, we observed altered LKB1-CRTC signaling in a subset of human esophageal cancer cell lines and patient samples. LKB1 negatively regulates esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, we determined that CRTC signaling becomes activated because of LKB1 loss, which results in the transcriptional activation of specific downstream targets including LYPD3, a critical mediator for LKB1 loss-of-function. Our data indicate that de-regulated LKB1-CRTC signaling might represent a crucial mechanism for esophageal cancer progression.
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126
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Stipp D. Linking nutrition, maturation and aging: from thrifty genes to the spendthrift phenotype. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:85-93. [PMID: 21386133 PMCID: PMC3082018 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Stipp
- Aging/Impact Journals LLC, Arlington, MA, USA.
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127
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128
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Vilarino FL, Christofolini DM, Rodrigues D, de Souza AMB, Christofolini J, Bianco B, Barbosa CP. Body mass index and fertility: is there a correlation with human reproduction outcomes? Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:232-6. [PMID: 20528211 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.490613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the existing conflicts about how an elevated body mass index (BMI) affects fertility, this study had the objective of evaluating the impact of overweight and obesity on the results of IVF/ICSI (in-vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmatic sperm injection) performed at the Human Reproduction Centre of Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Retrospective data from 208 IVF cycles of 191 women, performed at our laboratory from February through June, 2008, were used to calculate their BMI. On the basis of the results, the patients were divided into two groups: Group 1: BMI <25 kg/m(2) and Group 2: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Of the 208 cycles, 137 were from patients with BMI <25 kg/m(2) and 71 cycles from patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Patients' ages and the number of cycles with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist were similar in both groups. The doses of follicle-stimulating hormone used for ovarian induction per cycle, the number of retrieved oocytes, fertilisation rate, embryo quality and number of transferred and frozen embryos, the hyperstimulation, pregnancy rates, miscarriage rate and live birth rates showed no statistically significant differences. BMI does not appear to be a good parameter for the definition of IVF success. The association with other methodologies may produce more consistent data about body composition and its impact on fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Lima Vilarino
- Division of Pathological Gynecology and Human Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
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129
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Altarejos JY, Montminy M. CREB and the CRTC co-activators: sensors for hormonal and metabolic signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:141-51. [PMID: 21346730 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is phosphorylated in response to a wide variety of signals, yet target gene transcription is only increased in a subset of cases. Recent studies indicate that CREB functions in concert with a family of latent cytoplasmic co-activators called cAMP-regulated transcriptional co-activators (CRTCs), which are activated through dephosphorylation. A dual requirement for CREB phosphorylation and CRTC dephosphorylation is likely to explain how these activator-co-activator cognates discriminate between different stimuli. Following their activation, CREB and CRTCs mediate the effects of fasting and feeding signals on the expression of metabolic programmes in insulin-sensitive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Y Altarejos
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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130
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Merz K, Herold S, Lie DC. CREB in adult neurogenesis - master and partner in the development of adult-born neurons? Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1078-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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131
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CRTC3 links catecholamine signalling to energy balance. Nature 2011; 468:933-9. [PMID: 21164481 DOI: 10.1038/nature09564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The adipose-derived hormone leptin maintains energy balance in part through central nervous system-mediated increases in sympathetic outflow that enhance fat burning. Triggering of β-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes stimulates energy expenditure by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent increases in lipolysis and fatty-acid oxidation. Although the mechanism is unclear, catecholamine signalling is thought to be disrupted in obesity, leading to the development of insulin resistance. Here we show that the cAMP response element binding (CREB) coactivator Crtc3 promotes obesity by attenuating β-adrenergic receptor signalling in adipose tissue. Crtc3 was activated in response to catecholamine signals, when it reduced adenyl cyclase activity by upregulating the expression of Rgs2, a GTPase-activating protein that also inhibits adenyl cyclase activity. As a common human CRTC3 variant with increased transcriptional activity is associated with adiposity in two distinct Mexican-American cohorts, these results suggest that adipocyte CRTC3 may play a role in the development of obesity in humans.
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132
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Phu DT, Wallbach M, Depatie C, Fu A, Screaton RA, Oetjen E. Regulation of the CREB coactivator TORC by the dual leucine zipper kinase at different levels. Cell Signal 2011; 23:344-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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134
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Chiappini F, Cunha LL, Harris JC, Hollenberg AN. Lack of cAMP-response element-binding protein 1 in the hypothalamus causes obesity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8094-8105. [PMID: 21209091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system in the hypothalamus controls food intake and energy expenditure. Its disruption causes severe obesity in mice and humans. cAMP-response element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) has been postulated to play an important role downstream of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), but this hypothesis has never been confirmed in vivo. To test this, we generated mice that lack CREB1 in SIM1-expressing neurons, of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which are known to be MC4R-positive. Interestingly, CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice developed obesity as a result of decreased energy expenditure and impairment in maintaining their core body temperature and not because of hyperphagia, defining a new role for CREB1 in the PVN. In addition, the lack of CREB1 in the PVN caused a reduction in vasopressin expression but did not affect adrenal or thyroid function. Surprisingly, MC4R function tested pharmacologically was normal in CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice, suggesting that CREB1 is not required for intact MC4R signaling. Thus CREB1 may affect other pathways that are implicated in the regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chiappini
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Lucas L Cunha
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Jamie C Harris
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
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Elks CE, Perry JR, Sulem P, Chasman DI, Franceschini N, He C, Lunetta KL, Visser JA, Byrne EM, Cousminer DL, Gudbjartsson DF, Esko T, Feenstra B, Hottenga JJ, Koller DL, Kutalik Z, Lin P, Mangino M, Marongiu M, McArdle PF, Smith AV, Stolk L, van Wingerden SW, Zhao JH, Albrecht E, Corre T, Ingelsson E, Hayward C, Magnusson PK, Smith EN, Ulivi S, Warrington NM, Zgaga L, Alavere H, Amin N, Aspelund T, Bandinelli S, Barroso I, Berenson GS, Bergmann S, Blackburn H, Boerwinkle E, Buring JE, Busonero F, Campbell H, Chanock SJ, Chen W, Cornelis MC, Couper D, Coviello AD, d’Adamo P, de Faire U, de Geus EJ, Deloukas P, Döring A, Smith GD, Easton DF, Eiriksdottir G, Emilsson V, Eriksson J, Ferrucci L, Folsom AR, Foroud T, Garcia M, Gasparini P, Geller F, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Hall P, Hankinson SE, Ferreli L, Heath AC, Hernandez DG, Hofman A, Hu FB, Illig T, Järvelin MR, Johnson AD, Karasik D, Khaw KT, Kiel DP, Kilpeläinen TO, Kolcic I, Kraft P, Launer LJ, Laven JS, Li S, Liu J, Levy D, Martin NG, McArdle WL, Melbye M, Mooser V, Murray JC, Murray SS, Nalls MA, Navarro P, Nelis M, Ness AR, Northstone K, Oostra BA, Peacock M, Palmer LJ, Palotie A, Paré G, Parker AN, Pedersen NL, Peltonen L, Pennell CE, Pharoah P, Polasek O, Plump AS, Pouta A, Porcu E, Rafnar T, Rice JP, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Sala C, Salomaa V, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Schork NJ, Scuteri A, Segrè AV, Shuldiner AR, Soranzo N, Sovio U, Srinivasan SR, Strachan DP, Tammesoo ML, Tikkanen E, Toniolo D, Tsui K, Tryggvadottir L, Tyrer J, Uda M, van Dam RM, van Meurs JB, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Waterworth DM, Weedon MN, Wichmann HE, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Young L, Zhai G, Zhuang WV, Bierut LJ, Boomsma DI, Boyd HA, Crisponi L, Demerath EW, van Duijn CM, Econs MJ, Harris TB, Hunter DJ, Loos RJ, Metspalu A, Montgomery GW, Ridker PM, Spector TD, Streeten EA, Stefansson K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Uitterlinden AG, Widen E, Murabito JM, Ong KK, Murray A. Thirty new loci for age at menarche identified by a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 2010; 42:1077-85. [PMID: 21102462 PMCID: PMC3140055 DOI: 10.1038/ng.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify loci for age at menarche, we performed a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies in 87,802 women of European descent, with replication in up to 14,731 women. In addition to the known loci at LIN28B (P = 5.4 × 10⁻⁶⁰) and 9q31.2 (P = 2.2 × 10⁻³³), we identified 30 new menarche loci (all P < 5 × 10⁻⁸) and found suggestive evidence for a further 10 loci (P < 1.9 × 10⁻⁶). The new loci included four previously associated with body mass index (in or near FTO, SEC16B, TRA2B and TMEM18), three in or near other genes implicated in energy homeostasis (BSX, CRTC1 and MCHR2) and three in or near genes implicated in hormonal regulation (INHBA, PCSK2 and RXRG). Ingenuity and gene-set enrichment pathway analyses identified coenzyme A and fatty acid biosynthesis as biological processes related to menarche timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E. Elks
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R.B. Perry
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indiana, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enda M. Byrne
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diana L. Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genotyping Core Facility, Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L. Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrick F. McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie W. van Wingerden
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erin N. Smith
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shelia Ulivi
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences and Development, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicole M. Warrington
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Helen Alavere
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ines Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - David Couper
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea D. Coviello
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pio d’Adamo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences and Development, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eco J.C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Valur Emilsson
- MPRI, Merck & Co., Inc, 126 Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Johan Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences and Development, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liana Ferreli
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Ageing, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- NHLBI Center for Population Studies, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Medical School; University of Zagreb; Zagreb, 10000; Croatia
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joop S.E. Laven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shengxu Li
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- NHLBI Center for Population Studies, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarah S. Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genotyping Core Facility, Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W MDCL Rm. 3206, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Alex N. Parker
- Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Medical School; University of Zagreb; Zagreb, 10000; Croatia
- Gen Info Ltd; Zagreb, 10000; Croatia
| | - Andrew S. Plump
- Cardiovascular Disease, Merck Research Laboratory, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan M. Ring
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- Croatian Centre for Global Health; University of Split Medical School; Split, 21000; Croatia
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
- UOC Geriatria - Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani IRCCS – Rome, Italy
| | - Ayellet V. Segrè
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kim Tsui
- Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jonathon Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health and Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, BH-10 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, BH-10 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - H. Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lauren Young
- Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Vivian Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Econs
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genotyping Core Facility, Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Streeten
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
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Martianov I, Choukrallah MA, Krebs A, Ye T, Legras S, Rijkers E, Van Ijcken W, Jost B, Sassone-Corsi P, Davidson I. Cell-specific occupancy of an extended repertoire of CREM and CREB binding loci in male germ cells. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:530. [PMID: 20920259 PMCID: PMC3091680 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CREB and CREM are closely related factors that regulate transcription in response to various stress, metabolic and developmental signals. The CREMτ activator isoform is selectively expressed in haploid spermatids and plays an essential role in murine spermiogenesis. Results We have used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to sequencing (ChIP-seq) to map CREM and CREB target loci in round spermatids from adult mouse testis and spermatogonia derived GC1-spg cells respectively. We identify more than 9000 genomic loci most of which are cell-specifically occupied. Despite the fact that round spermatids correspond to a highly specialised differentiated state, our results show that they have a remarkably accessible chromatin environment as CREM occupies more than 6700 target loci corresponding not only to the promoters of genes selectively expressed in spermiogenesis, but also of genes involved in functions specific to other cell types. The expression of only a small subset of these target genes are affected in the round spermatids of CREM knockout animals. We also identify a set of intergenic binding loci some of which are associated with H3K4 trimethylation and elongating RNA polymerase II suggesting the existence of novel CREB and CREM regulated transcripts. Conclusions We demonstrate that CREM and CREB occupy a large number of promoters in highly cell specific manner. This is the first study of CREM target promoters directly in a physiologically relevant tissue in vivo and represents the most comprehensive experimental analysis of CREB/CREM regulatory potential to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Martianov
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, Illkirch, France
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137
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Roa J, Tena-Sempere M. Energy balance and puberty onset: emerging role of central mTOR signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:519-28. [PMID: 20554449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The onset of puberty is gated by body energy reserves and nutritional cues. The adipose hormone leptin is an essential signal for the metabolic control of puberty, through mechanisms that are yet to be fully characterized. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an energetic cell sensor, operates at specific hypothalamic nuclei as a transducer for leptin effects on feeding and energy homeostasis. This review summarizes recent experimental evidence supporting a role for central mTOR signaling in puberty onset. These findings are discussed in the context of topical developments in the field, such as recognition of the roles of the cAMP responsive element-binding protein regulated transcription coactivator-1 (Crtc1) and kisspeptins in the metabolic control of reproduction, thus highlighting novel mechanisms responsible for coupling puberty and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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138
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Castellano JM, Bentsen AH, Mikkelsen JD, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins: bridging energy homeostasis and reproduction. Brain Res 2010; 1364:129-38. [PMID: 20800054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Body energy reserves and metabolic state are relevant modifiers of puberty onset and fertility; forms of metabolic stress ranging from persistent energy insufficiency to morbid obesity are frequently linked to reproductive disorders. The mechanisms for such a close connection between energy balance and reproduction have been the subject of considerable attention; however, our understanding of the neurobiological basis for this phenomenon is still incomplete. In mid 1990s, the adipose-hormone, leptin, was proven as an essential signal for transmitting metabolic information onto the centers governing puberty and reproduction; yet, the ultimate mode of action of leptin on GnRH neurons has remained contentious for years. More recently, kisspeptins, a family of neuropeptides encoded by the Kiss1 gene, have emerged as conduits for the metabolic regulation of reproduction and putative effectors of leptin actions on GnRH neurons. This review recapitulates the experimental evidence obtained to date, mostly in laboratory rodents, supporting the function of kisspeptins in bridging energy balance and reproduction, with special emphasis on recent developments in this field, such as the recognition of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and Crtc1 (Creb1-regulated transcription coactivator-1) as putative mediators for leptin regulation of Kiss1 expression, as well as the identification of other potential metabolic modulators of kisspeptin signaling, such as ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain
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139
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Roa J, García-Galiano D, Castellano JM, Gaytan F, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic control of puberty onset: new players, new mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:87-94. [PMID: 20026241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Puberty, as the end-point of a complex series of maturational events affecting the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is gated by the state of body energy reserves and sensitive to different metabolic cues; conditions of severe metabolic stress and energy unbalance (from anorexia to morbid obesity) being commonly linked to perturbation of the onset of puberty. In the last two decades, the neuroendocrine mechanisms responsible for the tight coupling between energy homeostasis and puberty onset have begun to be deciphered. These seemingly involve a plethora of metabolic hormones and neuropeptides, which impinge and integrate (mostly) at the hypothalamic centers governing reproduction. Yet, characterization of the mechanisms of action of such regulators (and even their nature and physiological relevance) still remains incomplete. In this review, we will summarize some recent developments in our knowledge of the effects and mechanisms of action of two key metabolic hormones, leptin and ghrelin, in the control of puberty onset. In addition, the roles of the hypothalamic Kiss1 system in the metabolic gating of puberty will be reviewed, with special attention to its regulation by leptin and the recent identification of the putative roles of Crtc1 and mTOR signaling as molecular conduits for the metabolic control of Kiss1 expression. Elucidation of these novel players and regulatory mechanisms will help for a better understanding of the determinants of the timing of puberty, and its eventual alterations in adverse metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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140
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beta-Amyloid disrupts activity-dependent gene transcription required for memory through the CREB coactivator CRTC1. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9402-10. [PMID: 20631169 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2154-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent gene expression mediating changes of synaptic efficacy is important for memory storage, but the mechanisms underlying gene transcriptional changes in age-related memory disorders are poorly understood. In this study, we report that gene transcription mediated by the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator CRTC1 is impaired in neurons and brain from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mouse expressing the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP(Sw,Ind)). Suppression of CRTC1-dependent gene transcription by beta-amyloid (Abeta) in response to cAMP and Ca(2+) signals is mediated by reduced calcium influx and disruption of PP2B/calcineurin-dependent CRTC1 dephosphorylation at Ser151. Consistently, expression of CRTC1 or active CRTC1 S151A and calcineurin mutants reverse the deficits on CRTC1 transcriptional activity in APP(Sw,Ind) neurons. Inhibition of calcium influx by pharmacological blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), but not by blocking NMDA or AMPA receptors, mimics the decrease on CRTC1 transcriptional activity observed in APP(Sw,Ind) neurons, whereas agonists of L-type VGCCs reverse efficiently these deficits. Consistent with a role of CRTC1 on Abeta-induced synaptic and memory dysfunction, we demonstrate a selective reduction of CRTC1-dependent genes related to memory (Bdnf, c-fos, and Nr4a2) coinciding with hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits in APP(Sw,Ind) mice. These findings suggest that CRTC1 plays a key role in coupling synaptic activity to gene transcription required for hippocampal-dependent memory, and that Abeta could disrupt cognition by affecting CRTC1 function.
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141
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Hollander JA, Im HI, Amelio AL, Kocerha J, Bali P, Lu Q, Willoughby D, Wahlestedt C, Conkright MD, Kenny PJ. Striatal microRNA controls cocaine intake through CREB signalling. Nature 2010; 466:197-202. [PMID: 20613834 PMCID: PMC2916751 DOI: 10.1038/nature09202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is characterized by a gradual loss of control over drug use, but the molecular mechanisms regulating vulnerability to this process remain unclear. Here we report that microRNA-212 (miR-212) is upregulated in the dorsal striatum of rats with a history of extended access to cocaine. Striatal miR-212 decreases responsiveness to the motivational properties of cocaine by markedly amplifying the stimulatory effects of the drug on cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signalling. This action occurs through miR-212-enhanced Raf1 activity, resulting in adenylyl cyclase sensitization and increased expression of the essential CREB co-activator TORC (transducer of regulated CREB; also known as CRTC). Our findings indicate that striatal miR-212 signalling has a key role in determining vulnerability to cocaine addiction, reveal new molecular regulators that control the complex actions of cocaine in brain reward circuitries and provide an entirely new direction for the development of anti-addiction therapeutics based on the modulation of noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Hollander
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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142
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Liu L, Zhang X, Wang L, Yang R, Cui L, Li M, Du W, Wang S. The neuroprotective effects of Tanshinone IIA are associated with induced nuclear translocation of TORC1 and upregulated expression of TORC1, pCREB and BDNF in the acute stage of ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:228-33. [PMID: 20417695 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and transcription of CRE-targeted genes play critical roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. Transducers of regulated CREB activity (TORCs) represent a new family of conserved CREB coactivators that promote the activation of CRE-targeted genes. Tanshinone IIA (TSA) has been proven to protect the brain against focal ischemia injury. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Herein, we examined the activity-dependent nuclear translocation of TORC1 (transducer of regulated CREB activity 1) and the expression of TORC1, phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) at the early time of ischemic stroke as well as after the treatment with TSA. We observed a bimodal increase in pCREB, TORC1 and BDNF protein levels and transient nuclear accumulation of TORC1 in the acute stage of ischemia. Compared with vehicle group, TSA (20mg/kg) dramatically lessened neurological deficits scores, brain water contents and infarct sizes, significantly enhanced nuclear accumulation of TORC1 and upregulated the expression of TORC1, pCREB and BDNF (P<0.05). Collectively, the present results suggest that TSA protects rat brain from pristine ischemic damage in cerebral cortex, which might be correlated with induced nuclear translocation of TORC1 and upregulated expression of TORC1, pCREB and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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143
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Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and the metabolic control of reproduction: physiologic roles and physiopathological implications. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2010; 71:201-2. [PMID: 20362974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this presentation, we have provided a succinct state-of-the-art of our knowledge on kisspeptins, the newly identified neuropeptide system with key roles in the control of the gonadotropic axis, in the metabolic regulation of puberty onset and fertility. The experimental evidence revised herein, gathered mostly in rodent models, supports the contention that hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons do operate as a central conduit for conveying metabolic information onto the centers governing reproductive function, through a putative leptin-kisspeptin-GnRH pathway, which is likely to involve Crtc1 and/or mTOR as molecular mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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144
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Spencer RL, Weiser MJ. TORC: a new twist on corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Endocrinology 2010; 151:855-8. [PMID: 20172974 PMCID: PMC3213758 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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145
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Pospisilik JA, Schramek D, Schnidar H, Cronin SJF, Nehme NT, Zhang X, Knauf C, Cani PD, Aumayr K, Todoric J, Bayer M, Haschemi A, Puviindran V, Tar K, Orthofer M, Neely GG, Dietzl G, Manoukian A, Funovics M, Prager G, Wagner O, Ferrandon D, Aberger F, Hui CC, Esterbauer H, Penninger JM. Drosophila genome-wide obesity screen reveals hedgehog as a determinant of brown versus white adipose cell fate. Cell 2010; 140:148-60. [PMID: 20074523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over 1 billion people are estimated to be overweight, placing them at risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. We performed a systems-level genetic dissection of adiposity regulation using genome-wide RNAi screening in adult Drosophila. As a follow-up, the resulting approximately 500 candidate obesity genes were functionally classified using muscle-, oenocyte-, fat-body-, and neuronal-specific knockdown in vivo and revealed hedgehog signaling as the top-scoring fat-body-specific pathway. To extrapolate these findings into mammals, we generated fat-specific hedgehog-activation mutant mice. Intriguingly, these mice displayed near total loss of white, but not brown, fat compartments. Mechanistically, activation of hedgehog signaling irreversibly blocked differentiation of white adipocytes through direct, coordinate modulation of early adipogenic factors. These findings identify a role for hedgehog signaling in white/brown adipocyte determination and link in vivo RNAi-based scanning of the Drosophila genome to regulation of adipocyte cell fate in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Pospisilik
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, A 1030 Vienna, Austria
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146
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Bentsen AH, Ansel L, Simonneaux V, Tena-Sempere M, Juul A, Mikkelsen JD. Maturation of kisspeptinergic neurons coincides with puberty onset in male rats. Peptides 2010; 31:275-83. [PMID: 19944729 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins, derived from the Kiss1 gene play a central role in activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis via stimulation of GnRH neurons. Both Kiss1 and Kiss1R (receptor) mRNA levels are found to be low in pre-pubertal rats, but whether an increase in kisspeptin and/or its receptor is the primary component in the initiation of puberty and where in the hypothalamus regulation of the kisspeptin/Kiss1R system occurs is unresolved. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we analyzed the level of Kiss1 mRNA and kisspeptin-immunoreactivity in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the arcuate nucleus of male rats along pubertal development. Neurons expressing Kiss1 mRNA were first detected at PND15, but increased significantly around puberty, and declined again in the adult rat. While virtually no immunoreactive cell bodies were detectable in the AVPV at any age, numerous kisspeptin-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus were detected in the adult rat. Increasing doses of kisspeptin-54 given peripherally to male rats at PND15, 30, 45, and 60 evoked roughly similar effects, as revealed by the induction of c-Fos in the pituitary and secretion of LH and testosterone. These results show that both Kiss1 mRNA and the peptide increase in arcuate nucleus along pubertal maturation. Since kisspeptin signaling is potentially functional, even for peripheral activation, and well before the kisspeptin neuronal system is fully matured, our data support that the regulation of kisspeptin synthesis and release are key events in puberty onset in the male rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete H Bentsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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147
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Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptin signaling in the brain: recent developments and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 314:164-9. [PMID: 19464345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins, a family of peptides encoded by the KISS1 gene which binds GPR54 (or KISS1 receptor), have recently emerged as essential neuropeptide regulators of key aspects of reproductive maturation and function, including puberty onset, neuroendocrine control of ovulation and metabolic regulation of fertility. Yet, while the neuroanatomy of kisspeptin system has begun to be deciphered, and the involvement of kisspeptins in the above phenomena has been experimentally documented in recent years, precise information on the signaling events underlying these functions has remained scarce. Similarly, the nature and mechanisms of action of most of the regulatory signals of KISS1 expression in the brain are largely unknown. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize some of the recent developments in these areas of kisspeptin physiology, with the ultimate aim to delineate unresolved questions and future pathways for the progression of this active field of Neuroendocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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148
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Aquila S, Guido C, Santoro A, Gazzerro P, Laezza C, Baffa MF, Andò S, Bifulco M. Rimonabant (SR141716) induces metabolism and acquisition of fertilizing ability in human sperm. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:831-41. [PMID: 20067470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid system and the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor have been identified in human sperm, and it is well known that endocannabinoids have pronounced adverse effects on male and female reproduction. In order to elucidate further the pathophysiological role of the endocannabinoid system in male fertility, we investigated the activity of the CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716) on the fertilizing ability of human sperm. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated in vitro the effects of rimonabant on motility, survival, capacitation, acrosin activity and metabolism of human sperm. Particularly, capacitation was studied by using three different approaches: intracellular free Ca(2+) content assay, cholesterol efflux assay and protein tyrosine phosphorylation analysis. KEY RESULTS Rimonabant significantly increased sperm motility and viability through the induction of pAkt and pBcl2, key proteins of cell survival and metabolism, and it induced acrosome reaction and capacitation as well. Rimonabant reduced the triglyceride content of sperm, while enhancing lipase and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities, implying an overall lipolytic action in these cells. Rimonabant also affected sperm glucose metabolism by decreasing phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and increasing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting a role in inducing sperm energy expenditure. Intriguingly, agonism at the CB(1) receptor, with an anandamide analogue or a selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase, produced opposing effects on human sperm functions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that blockade of the CB(1) receptor by rimonabant induces the acquisition of fertilizing ability and stimulates energy expenditure in human sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aquila
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Italy
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149
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Physiological Roles of the Kisspeptin/GPR54 System in the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 181:55-77. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)81005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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150
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Ciofi P, Garret M, Lapirot O, Lafon P, Loyens A, Prévot V, Levine JE. Brain-endocrine interactions: a microvascular route in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5509-19. [PMID: 19837874 PMCID: PMC2819742 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood-borne hormones acting in the mediobasal hypothalamus, like those controlling food intake, require relatively direct access to target chemosensory neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC). An anatomical substrate for this is a permeable microvasculature with fenestrated endothelial cells in the ARC, a system that has awaited comprehensive documentation. Here, the immunofluorescent detection of endothelial fenestral diaphragms in the rat ARC allowed us to quantitate permeable microvessels throughout its rostrocaudal extent. We have determined that permeable microvessels are part of the subependymal plexus irrigating exclusively the ventromedial (vm) ARC from the subadjacent neuroendocrine median eminence. Unexpectedly, permeable microvessels were concentrated proximal to the pituitary stalk. This marked topography strongly supports the functional importance of retrograde blood flow from the pituitary to the vmARC, therefore making a functional relationship between peripheral long-loop, pituitary short-loop, and neuroendocrine ultra-short loop feedback, altogether converging for integration in the vmARC (formerly known as the hypophysiotrophic area), thereby so pivotal as a multicompetent brain endocrinostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ciofi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 862, Neurocentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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