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A Novel Approach to the Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics of Obesity and Weight Management. Curr Oncol Rep 2016; 18:43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-016-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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102
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p53-upregulated-modulator-of-apoptosis (PUMA) deficiency affects food intake but does not impact on body weight or glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23802. [PMID: 27033313 PMCID: PMC4817123 DOI: 10.1038/srep23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL-2 proteins have been implicated in the control of glucose homeostasis and metabolism in different cell types. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein, p53-upregulated-modulator-of-apoptosis (PUMA), in metabolic changes mediated by diet-induced obesity, using PUMA deficient mice. At 10 weeks of age, knockout and wild type mice either continued consuming a low fat chow diet (6% fat), or were fed with a high fat diet (23% fat) for 14–17 weeks. We measured body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, insulin response in peripheral tissues, energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio in vivo. All these parameters were indistinguishable between wild type and knockout mice on chow diet and were modified equally by diet-induced obesity. Interestingly, we observed decreased food intake and ambulatory capacity of PUMA knockout mice on high fat diet. This was associated with increased adipocyte size and fasted leptin concentration in the blood. Our findings suggest that although PUMA is dispensable for glucose homeostasis in lean and obese mice, it can affect leptin levels and food intake during obesity.
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Association between GNB3 c.825C > T polymorphism and the risk of overweight and obesity: A meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2016; 9:18-25. [PMID: 27114919 PMCID: PMC4833052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between G protein β-polypeptide 3 gene (GNB3) c.825C > T polymorphism (rs5443) and the risk of overweight/obesity has been investigated in many published studies, but the results were conflicting and inconclusive. A meta-analysis was performed to make a more accurate assessment of the relationship. Methods The PubMed, ProQuest Health & Medical Complete, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Medical databases (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan Fang databases were searched to identify eligible literatures. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association between GNB3 c.825C > T polymorphism and overweight/obesity. Results Eleven articles including 15 case–control studies with a total of 10,396 subjects (3171 cases of overweight/obesity and 7225 controls) were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The GNB3 c.825C > T was significantly associated with overweight/obesity under a recessive model (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04–1.44, P = 0.015). Moreover, the GNB3 825T allele was obviously associated with overweight alone in all inheritable models (P < 0.05) except in a recessive model (P = 0.084). In the stratification analysis by potential confounding variables, a significant association was observed between GNB3 c.825C > T polymorphism and overweight/obesity risk in males under an allelic model (P = 0.008), a homozygous model (P = 0.014), a recessive model (P = 0.005), and a dominant model (P = 0.049). And the results also showed that GNB3 c.825C > T polymorphism was significantly associated with overweight/obesity in subgroups of mean age less than 30 years, consistent with HWE, and high-quality studies (P = 0.027, P = 0.043, P = 0.040, respectively) under a recessive model, but not in other subgroups. Meta-regression also revealed that P value of HWE, publication year, and the quality scores of studies were the sources of heterogeneity in a recessive model and an allelic model. “Leave one out” sensitivity analyses indicated that the association was more significant after excluding some studies. The funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test and Begg's test revealed no apparent publication bias. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that the presence of TT homozygote might be one of the genetic factors susceptible to overweight/obesity and that males or aged under 30 years increase the genetic susceptibility.
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Key Words
- BMI, body mass index
- CBM, Chinese Biomedical Medical databases
- CIs, confidence intervals
- CNKI, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure
- G protein β-polypeptide 3
- GNB3, G protein β-polypeptide 3 gene
- HB, hospital based
- HWE, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
- MOOSE, guidelines from meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology
- Meta-analysis
- NOS, the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale
- ORs, pooled odds ratios
- Obesity
- Overweight
- PB, population based
- PCR–RFLP, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism
- Polymorphism
- WHO, World Health Organization
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104
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Papandonatos GD, Pan Q, Pajewski NM, Delahanty LM, Peter I, Erar B, Ahmad S, Harden M, Chen L, Fontanillas P, Wagenknecht LE, Kahn SE, Wing RR, Jablonski KA, Huggins GS, Knowler WC, Florez JC, McCaffery JM, Franks PW. Genetic Predisposition to Weight Loss and Regain With Lifestyle Intervention: Analyses From the Diabetes Prevention Program and the Look AHEAD Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes 2015; 64:4312-21. [PMID: 26253612 PMCID: PMC4657576 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinically relevant weight loss is achievable through lifestyle modification, but unintentional weight regain is common. We investigated whether recently discovered genetic variants affect weight loss and/or weight regain during behavioral intervention. Participants at high-risk of type 2 diabetes (Diabetes Prevention Program [DPP]; N = 917/907 intervention/comparison) or with type 2 diabetes (Look AHEAD [Action for Health in Diabetes]; N = 2,014/1,892 intervention/comparison) were from two parallel arm (lifestyle vs. comparison) randomized controlled trials. The associations of 91 established obesity-predisposing loci with weight loss across 4 years and with weight regain across years 2-4 after a minimum of 3% weight loss were tested. Each copy of the minor G allele of MTIF3 rs1885988 was consistently associated with greater weight loss following lifestyle intervention over 4 years across the DPP and Look AHEAD. No such effect was observed across comparison arms, leading to a nominally significant single nucleotide polymorphism×treatment interaction (P = 4.3 × 10(-3)). However, this effect was not significant at a study-wise significance level (Bonferroni threshold P < 5.8 × 10(-4)). Most obesity-predisposing gene variants were not associated with weight loss or regain within the DPP and Look AHEAD trials, directly or via interactions with lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Pan
- The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Nicholas M Pajewski
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Linda M Delahanty
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bahar Erar
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Ling Chen
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Look AHEAD Coordinating Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rena R Wing
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Gordon S Huggins
- Center for Translational Genomics, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - William C Knowler
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jeanne M McCaffery
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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105
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Mou Z, Hyde TM, Lipska BK, Martinowich K, Wei P, Ong CJ, Hunter LA, Palaguachi GI, Morgun E, Teng R, Lai C, Condarco TA, Demidowich AP, Krause AJ, Marshall LJ, Haack K, Voruganti VS, Cole SA, Butte NF, Comuzzie AG, Nalls MA, Zonderman AB, Singleton AB, Evans MK, Martin B, Maudsley S, Tsao JW, Kleinman JE, Yanovski JA, Han JC. Human Obesity Associated with an Intronic SNP in the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Locus. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1073-1080. [PMID: 26526993 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in energy balance. In population studies, SNPs of the BDNF locus have been linked to obesity, but the mechanism by which these variants cause weight gain is unknown. Here, we examined human hypothalamic BDNF expression in association with 44 BDNF SNPs. We observed that the minor C allele of rs12291063 is associated with lower human ventromedial hypothalamic BDNF expression (p < 0.001) and greater adiposity in both adult and pediatric cohorts (p values < 0.05). We further demonstrated that the major T allele for rs12291063 possesses a binding capacity for the transcriptional regulator, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0B, knockdown of which disrupts transactivation by the T allele. Binding and transactivation functions are both disrupted by substituting C for T. These findings provide a rationale for BDNF augmentation as a targeted treatment for obesity in individuals who have the rs12291063 CC genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Mou
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peter Wei
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Chiew-Jen Ong
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hunter
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gladys I Palaguachi
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Eva Morgun
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rujia Teng
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Tania A Condarco
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew P Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amanda J Krause
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leslie J Marshall
- Preclinical Microbicide & Prevention Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karin Haack
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Aging (NIA), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Aging (NIA), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, NIA, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, NIA, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jack W Tsao
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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106
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Developments in genomics may improve patient consultations about weight management; however, optimal approaches for these communications are unstudied. PURPOSE We assessed the influence of receiving generic, genomic information and of physician communication approach on overweight females in simulated clinical weight counseling interactions. METHODS Two hundred participants were randomized to receive information about genomic or behavioral underpinnings of body weight from a virtual reality-based physician who used either a supportive or directive communication approach. Participants completed post-test self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Genomic explanations for body weight led patients to perceive less blame [F (1,196) = 47.68, p < .0001] and weight stigma [F (1,196) = 5.75, p = .017] in the consultation. They did not lead to negative outcomes in physician-patient interaction or affect health behavior-related attitudes and beliefs. Physician's supportive or directive communication approach did not moderate these effects. CONCLUSIONS Integrating genomic concepts into health care has potential to positively influence the patient-provider relationship while addressing longstanding challenges in weight management. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01443910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, B1B36, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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107
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Abstract
Obesity ensues from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure that results from gene-environment interactions, which favour a positive energy balance. A society that promotes unhealthy food and encourages sedentary lifestyle (that is, an obesogenic environment) has become a major contributory factor in excess fat deposition in individuals predisposed to obesity. Energy homeostasis relies upon control of energy intake as well as expenditure, which is in part determined by the themogenesis of brown adipose tissue and mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Several areas of the brain that constitute cognitive and autonomic brain systems, which in turn form networks involved in the control of appetite and thermogenesis, also contribute to energy homeostasis. These networks include the dopamine mesolimbic circuit, as well as the opioid, endocannabinoid and melanocortin systems. The activity of these networks is modulated by peripheral factors such as hormones derived from adipose tissue and the gut, which access the brain via the circulation and neuronal signalling pathways to inform the central nervous system about energy balance and nutritional status. In this Review, I focus on the determinants of energy homeostasis that have emerged as prominent factors relevant to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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108
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Saeed S, Bonnefond A, Manzoor J, Shabbir F, Ayesha H, Philippe J, Durand E, Crouch H, Sand O, Ali M, Butt T, Rathore AW, Falchi M, Arslan M, Froguel P. Genetic variants in LEP, LEPR, and MC4R explain 30% of severe obesity in children from a consanguineous population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1687-95. [PMID: 26179253 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single gene mutations leading to severe obesity have so far been identified in 3-5% cases in European populations. However, prevalence of these pathogenic mutations has not systematically been examined in specific consanguineous populations. Here we describe the incidence of obesity-associated mutations through a step-wise sequence analysis, in a cohort of 73 Pakistani children with severe obesity from consanguineous families. METHODS Initially, all subjects were screened for mutations in coding regions of leptin (LEP) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) genes by direct sequencing. Subjects negative for mutation in these genes were screened using microdroplet PCR enrichment and NGS. Genomic structural variation was assessed by genotyping. Serum leptin, insulin, and cortisol were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Among 73 children with severe obesity (BMI SDS > 3.0), we identified 22 probands and 5 relatives, carrying 10 different loss-of-function homozygous mutations in LEP, leptin receptor (LEPR), and MC4R genes, including 4 novel variants. Hypercortisolemia was significantly emphasized in LEP mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of pathogenic mutations in genes known to directly influence leptin-melanocortin signaling is 30% in our cohort. The results of this study emphasize the desirability of undertaking systematic and in-depth genetic analysis of cases with severe obesity in specific consanguineous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Saeed
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Jaida Manzoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Shabbir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hina Ayesha
- Department of Paediatrics, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Julien Philippe
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Durand
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Hutokshi Crouch
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Olivier Sand
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taeed Butt
- Department of Paediatrics, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan W Rathore
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CNRS-Umr8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Lille University, Lille, France
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109
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Viljakainen H, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Armenio M, Pekkinen M, Pettersson M, Valta H, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Mäkitie O, Lindstrand A. Low Copy Number of the AMY1 Locus Is Associated with Early-Onset Female Obesity in Finland. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131883. [PMID: 26132294 PMCID: PMC4489572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The salivary α-amylase locus (AMY1) is located in a highly polymorphic multi allelic copy number variable chromosomal region. A recent report identified an association between AMY1 copy numbers and BMI in common obesity. The present study investigated the relationship between AMY1 copy number, BMI and serum amylase in childhood-onset obesity. Patients Sixty-one subjects with a history of childhood-onset obesity (mean age 19.1 years, 54% males) and 71 matched controls (19.8 yrs, 45% males) were included. All anthropometric measures were greater in the obese; their mean BMI was 40 kg/m2 (range 25-62 kg/m2) compared with 23 kg/m2 in the controls (15-32 kg/m2). Results Mean AMY1 copy numbers did not differ between the obese and control subjects, but gender differences were observed; obese men showed the highest and obese women the lowest number of AMY1 copies (p=0.045). Further, only in affected females, AMY1 copy number correlated significantly with whole body fat percent (r=-0.512, p=0.013) and BMI (r=-0.416, p=0.025). Finally, a clear linear association between AMY1 copy number and serum salivary amylase was observed in all subgroups but again differences existed between obese males and females. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings suggest that AMY1 copy number differences play a role in childhood-onset obesity but the effect differs between males and females. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Viljakainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna C Andersson-Assarsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miriam Armenio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Valta
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marita Lipsanen-Nyman
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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110
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Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7489. [PMID: 26102296 PMCID: PMC4557287 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom used in traditional Chinese medicine with putative anti-diabetic effects. Here, we show that a water extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium (WEGL) reduces body weight, inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Our data indicate that WEGL not only reverses HFD-induced gut dysbiosis—as indicated by the decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios and endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria levels—but also maintains intestinal barrier integrity and reduces metabolic endotoxemia. The anti-obesity and microbiota-modulating effects are transmissible via horizontal faeces transfer from WEGL-treated mice to HFD-fed mice. We further show that high molecular weight polysaccharides (>300 kDa) isolated from the WEGL extract produce similar anti-obesity and microbiota-modulating effects. Our results indicate that G. lucidum and its high molecular weight polysaccharides may be used as prebiotic agents to prevent gut dysbiosis and obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese individuals. Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom used in Traditional Chinese Medicine with putative anti-diabetic properties. Here, the authors show that polysaccharides from a water extract of this mushroom exert beneficial metabolic effects by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota in mice.
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Vaughan LK, Wiener HW, Aslibekyan S, Allison DB, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL, O'Brien DM, Hopkins SE, Lemas DJ, Boyer BB, Tiwari HK. Linkage and association analysis of obesity traits reveals novel loci and interactions with dietary n-3 fatty acids in an Alaska Native (Yup'ik) population. Metabolism 2015; 64:689-97. [PMID: 25772781 PMCID: PMC4408244 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel genetic markers of obesity-related traits and to identify gene-diet interactions with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake in Yup'ik people. MATERIAL AND METHODS We measured body composition, plasma adipokines and ghrelin in 982 participants enrolled in the Center for Alaska Native Health Research (CANHR) Study. We conducted a genome-wide SNP linkage scan and targeted association analysis, fitting additional models to investigate putative gene-diet interactions. Finally, we performed bioinformatic analysis to uncover likely candidate genes within the identified linkage peaks. RESULTS We observed evidence of linkage for all obesity-related traits, replicating previous results and identifying novel regions of interest for adiponectin (10q26.13-2) and thigh circumference (8q21.11-13). Bioinformatic analysis revealed DOCK1, PTPRE (10q26.13-2) and FABP4 (8q21.11-13) as putative candidate genes in the newly identified regions. Targeted SNP analysis under the linkage peaks identified associations between three SNPs and obesity-related traits: rs1007750 on chromosome 8 and thigh circumference (P=0.0005), rs878953 on chromosome 5 and thigh skinfold (P=0.0004), and rs1596854 on chromosome 11 for waist circumference (P=0.0003). Finally, we showed that n-3 PUFA modified the association between obesity related traits and two additional variants (rs2048417 on chromosome 3 for adiponectin, P for interaction=0.0006 and rs730414 on chromosome 11 for percentage body fat, P for interaction=0.0004). CONCLUSIONS This study presents evidence of novel genomic regions and gene-diet interactions that may contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity-related traits among Yup'ik people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kelly Vaughan
- Department of Biology, King University, 1350 King College Rd, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
| | - Howard W Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - David B Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Peter J Havel
- Departments of Nutrition and Molecular Biosciences, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Departments of Nutrition and Molecular Biosciences, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- USACenter for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, 311 Irving I Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
| | - Scarlett E Hopkins
- USACenter for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, 311 Irving I Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
| | - Dominick J Lemas
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Bert B Boyer
- USACenter for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, 311 Irving I Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Goni L, Cuervo M, Milagro FI, Martínez JA. Gene-Gene Interplay and Gene-Diet Interactions Involving the MTNR1B rs10830963 Variant with Body Weight Loss. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2015; 7:232-42. [PMID: 25870980 DOI: 10.1159/000380951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Investigation of the genetic makeup may facilitate the implementation of more personalized nutritional interventions. The aims were to examine whether the rs10830963 MTNR1B polymorphism affects weight loss in response to a hypocaloric diet and to find potential gene-gene interplays and gene-diet interactions. METHODS 167 subjects enrolled in a personalized nutritional intervention for weight loss (3-6 weeks) were examined for anthropometric measurements, dietary habits and physical activity at baseline and at the first follow-up visit. Three polymorphisms, which have previously been associated with body weight regulation, rs10830963 (MTNR1B), rs9939609 (FTO) and rs17782313 (MC4R), were analyzed using the Luminex® 100/200™ System. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, females with the rs10830963 CG/GG genotype showed lower weight loss than those with the CC genotype. In the total population, carriers of variant alleles of both FTO and MC4R showed a significant association with MTNR1B and weight loss outcome. Moreover, among women, higher total protein and animal protein intakes were associated with a lower weight loss in G allele carriers of the MTNR1B variant. CONCLUSIONS Our data evidenced that rs10830963 MTNR1B polymorphism could be associated with individual differences in weight loss induced by a hypocaloric diet. This association was influenced by FTO and MC4R loci and modified by baseline protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Goni
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Goni L, Cuervo M, Milagro FI, Martínez JA. Future Perspectives of Personalized Weight Loss Interventions Based on Nutrigenetic, Epigenetic, and Metagenomic Data. J Nutr 2015; 146:905S-912S. [PMID: 26962191 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.218354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As obesity has become a major global public health challenge, a large number of studies have analyzed different strategies aimed at inducing a negative energy balance and, consequently, body weight loss. However, most existing weight loss programs are generally unsuccessful, so several interventions have been carried out to identify physiologic and behavioral factors concerning this variability in order to implement more personalized treatment. Nowadays, an individualized approach is being proposed through so-called personalized nutrition, whereby not only the phenotype but also the genotype is used for customized nutrition treatment. Regarding body weight regulation, ∼70 polymorphisms have been identified in or near genes related to energy expenditure, appetite, adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism. Although personalized nutrition refers mainly to genetic makeup, recent advances in the investigation of the epigenome and the microbiome open the door to implement more personalized recommendations for body weight management. In this context, recent studies have demonstrated the existence of several epigenetic markers that may modify gene expression and could be involved in the outcome of weight loss interventions. Moreover, different studies have shown that dietary interventions could affect the composition of gut microbiota and have an impact on body weight. The integration of nutrigenetic, epigenetic, and metagenomic data may lead to the design of more personalized dietary treatments to prevent chronic diseases and to optimize the individual's response to dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Goni
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Cuervo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Val-Laillet D, Aarts E, Weber B, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Stoeckel L, Alonso-Alonso M, Audette M, Malbert C, Stice E. Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:1-31. [PMID: 26110109 PMCID: PMC4473270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional, molecular and genetic neuroimaging has highlighted the existence of brain anomalies and neural vulnerability factors related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating or anorexia nervosa. In particular, decreased basal metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and striatum as well as dopaminergic alterations have been described in obese subjects, in parallel with increased activation of reward brain areas in response to palatable food cues. Elevated reward region responsivity may trigger food craving and predict future weight gain. This opens the way to prevention studies using functional and molecular neuroimaging to perform early diagnostics and to phenotype subjects at risk by exploring different neurobehavioral dimensions of the food choices and motivation processes. In the first part of this review, advantages and limitations of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pharmacogenetic fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will be discussed in the context of recent work dealing with eating behavior, with a particular focus on obesity. In the second part of the review, non-invasive strategies to modulate food-related brain processes and functions will be presented. At the leading edge of non-invasive brain-based technologies is real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, which is a powerful tool to better understand the complexity of human brain-behavior relationships. rtfMRI, alone or when combined with other techniques and tools such as EEG and cognitive therapy, could be used to alter neural plasticity and learned behavior to optimize and/or restore healthy cognition and eating behavior. Other promising non-invasive neuromodulation approaches being explored are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). Converging evidence points at the value of these non-invasive neuromodulation strategies to study basic mechanisms underlying eating behavior and to treat its disorders. Both of these approaches will be compared in light of recent work in this field, while addressing technical and practical questions. The third part of this review will be dedicated to invasive neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). In combination with neuroimaging approaches, these techniques are promising experimental tools to unravel the intricate relationships between homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits. Their potential as additional therapeutic tools to combat pharmacorefractory morbid obesity or acute eating disorders will be discussed, in terms of technical challenges, applicability and ethics. In a general discussion, we will put the brain at the core of fundamental research, prevention and therapy in the context of obesity and eating disorders. First, we will discuss the possibility to identify new biological markers of brain functions. Second, we will highlight the potential of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in individualized medicine. Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- AN, anorexia nervosa
- ANT, anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- B N, bulimia nervosa
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BED, binge eating disorder
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BS, bariatric surgery
- Brain
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- Cg25, subgenual cingulate cortex
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- DBT, deep brain therapy
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- ED, eating disorders
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Eating disorders
- GP, globus pallidus
- HD-tDCS, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHb, deoxygenated-hemoglobin
- Human
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- MER, microelectrode recording
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nac, nucleus accumbens
- Neuroimaging
- Neuromodulation
- O2Hb, oxygenated-hemoglobin
- OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- Obesity
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TRD, treatment-resistant depression
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- VN, vagus nerve
- VNS, vagus nerve stimulation
- VS, ventral striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aCC, anterior cingulate cortex
- dTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
- daCC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- lPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex
- pCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rtfMRI, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
- tACS, transcranial alternate current stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
- vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- vmH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aarts
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L.E. Stoeckel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - M. Alonso-Alonso
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Manning S, Pucci A, Batterham RL. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: effects on feeding behavior and underlying mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:939-48. [PMID: 25729850 DOI: 10.1172/jci76305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity, producing marked sustained weight loss with associated reduced morbidity and mortality. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBP), the most commonly performed procedure, was initially viewed as a hybrid restrictive-malabsorptive procedure. However, over the last decade, it has become apparent that alternative physiologic mechanisms underlie its beneficial effects. RYGBP-induced altered feeding behavior, including reduced appetite and changes in taste/food preferences, is now recognized as a key driver of the sustained postoperative weight loss. The brain ultimately determines feeding behavior, and here we review the mechanisms by which RYGBP may affect central appetite-regulating pathways.
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Abstract
After many years of research, obesity is still a disease with an unmet medical need. Very few compounds have been approved, acting mainly on neuromediators; researches, in recent years, pointed toward compounds potentially safer than first-generation antiobesity drugs, able to interact with one or more (multitarget therapy) receptors for substances produced by the gut, adipose tissue and other targets outside CNS. Other holistic approaches, such as those involving gut microbiota and plant extracts, appeared recently in the literature, and undoubtedly will contribute to the discovery of a valuable therapy for this disease. This review deals with the positive results and the pitfalls obtained following these approaches, with a view on their clinical trial studies.
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Mejía-Benítez MA, Bonnefond A, Yengo L, Huyvaert M, Dechaume A, Peralta-Romero J, Klünder-Klünder M, García Mena J, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Falchi M, Cruz M, Froguel P. Beneficial effect of a high number of copies of salivary amylase AMY1 gene on obesity risk in Mexican children. Diabetologia 2015; 58:290-4. [PMID: 25394825 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Childhood obesity is a major public health problem in Mexico, affecting one in every three children. Genome-wide association studies identified genetic variants associated with childhood obesity, but a large missing heritability remains to be elucidated. We have recently shown a strong association between a highly polymorphic copy number variant encompassing the salivary amylase gene (AMY1 also known as AMY1A) and obesity in European and Asian adults. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the association between AMY1 copy number and obesity in Mexican children. METHODS We evaluated the number of AMY1 copies in 597 Mexican children (293 obese children and 304 normal weight controls) through highly sensitive digital PCR. The effect of AMY1 copy number on obesity status was assessed using a logistic regression model adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS We identified a marked effect of AMY1 copy number on reduced risk of obesity (OR per estimated copy 0.84, with the number of copies ranging from one to 16 in this population; p = 4.25 × 10(-6)). The global association between AMY1 copy number and reduced risk of obesity seemed to be mostly driven by the contribution of the highest AMY1 copy number. Strikingly, all children with >10 AMY1 copies were normal weight controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of dietary starch, which is highly consumed in Mexico. Our current study suggests putative benefits of high number of AMY1 copies (and related production of salivary amylase) on energy metabolism in Mexican children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Mejía-Benítez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Gupta A, Mayer EA, Sanmiguel CP, Van Horn JD, Woodworth D, Ellingson BM, Fling C, Love A, Tillisch K, Labus JS. Patterns of brain structural connectivity differentiate normal weight from overweight subjects. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 7:506-17. [PMID: 25737959 PMCID: PMC4338207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Alterations in the hedonic component of ingestive behaviors have been implicated as a possible risk factor in the pathophysiology of overweight and obese individuals. Neuroimaging evidence from individuals with increasing body mass index suggests structural, functional, and neurochemical alterations in the extended reward network and associated networks. Aim To apply a multivariate pattern analysis to distinguish normal weight and overweight subjects based on gray and white-matter measurements. Methods Structural images (N = 120, overweight N = 63) and diffusion tensor images (DTI) (N = 60, overweight N = 30) were obtained from healthy control subjects. For the total sample the mean age for the overweight group (females = 32, males = 31) was 28.77 years (SD = 9.76) and for the normal weight group (females = 32, males = 25) was 27.13 years (SD = 9.62). Regional segmentation and parcellation of the brain images was performed using Freesurfer. Deterministic tractography was performed to measure the normalized fiber density between regions. A multivariate pattern analysis approach was used to examine whether brain measures can distinguish overweight from normal weight individuals. Results 1. White-matter classification: The classification algorithm, based on 2 signatures with 17 regional connections, achieved 97% accuracy in discriminating overweight individuals from normal weight individuals. For both brain signatures, greater connectivity as indexed by increased fiber density was observed in overweight compared to normal weight between the reward network regions and regions of the executive control, emotional arousal, and somatosensory networks. In contrast, the opposite pattern (decreased fiber density) was found between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the anterior insula, and between thalamus and executive control network regions. 2. Gray-matter classification: The classification algorithm, based on 2 signatures with 42 morphological features, achieved 69% accuracy in discriminating overweight from normal weight. In both brain signatures regions of the reward, salience, executive control and emotional arousal networks were associated with lower morphological values in overweight individuals compared to normal weight individuals, while the opposite pattern was seen for regions of the somatosensory network. Conclusions 1. An increased BMI (i.e., overweight subjects) is associated with distinct changes in gray-matter and fiber density of the brain. 2. Classification algorithms based on white-matter connectivity involving regions of the reward and associated networks can identify specific targets for mechanistic studies and future drug development aimed at abnormal ingestive behavior and in overweight/obesity. Multivariate analysis can be used to classify overweight from normal weight individuals. Anatomical connectivity achieved 97% accuracy in the classification algorithm. Greater connectivity was observed in extended reward and somatosensory regions. Morphological gray-matter achieved 69% accuracy in the classification algorithm. Lower morphological values were observed in regions of the extended reward network.
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Key Words
- ACC, anterior cingulate cortex
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Anatomical white-matter connectivity
- BMI, body mass index
- CT, cortical thickness
- Classification algorithm
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- DWI, diffusion-weighted MRIs
- FA, flip angle
- FACT, fiber assignment by continuous tracking
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- FOV, field of view
- GLM, general linear model
- GMV, gray matter volume
- HAD, hospital anxiety and Depression Scale
- HC, healthy control
- MC, mean curvature
- Morphological gray-matter
- Multivariate analysis
- NPV, negative predictive value
- OFG, orbitofrontal gyrus
- Obesity
- Overweight
- PPC, posterior parietal cortex
- PPV, positive predictive value
- Reward network
- SA, surface area
- SPSS, statistical package for the social sciences
- TE, echo time
- TR, repetition time
- VIP, variable importance in projection
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aMCC, anterior mid cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- sPLS-DA, sparse partial least squares for discrimination Analysis
- sgACC, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Gupta
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudia P Sanmiguel
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D Van Horn
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Davis Woodworth
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Connor Fling
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aubrey Love
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Integrative Medicine, GLA VHA, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Labus
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program (IBOP), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zandian M, Bergh C, Ioakimidis I, Esfandiari M, Shield J, Lightman S, Leon M, Södersten P. Control of Body Weight by Eating Behavior in Children. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:89. [PMID: 26539422 PMCID: PMC4609845 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet, exercise, and pharmacological interventions have limited effects in counteracting the worldwide increase in pediatric body weight. Moreover, the promise that individualized drug design will work to induce weight loss appears to be exaggerated. We suggest that the reason for this limited success is that the cause of obesity has been misunderstood. Body weight is mainly under external control; our brain permits us to eat under most circumstances, and unless the financial or physical cost of food is high, eating and body weight increase by default. When energy-rich, inexpensive foods are continually available, people need external support to maintain a healthy body weight. Weight loss can thereby be achieved by continuous feedback on how much and how fast to eat on a computer screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modjtaba Zandian
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinic Novum , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bergh
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinic Novum , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Ioannis Ioakimidis
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinic Novum , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Maryam Esfandiari
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinic Novum , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Julian Shield
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK ; Department of Diabetes, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK ; Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Michael Leon
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinic Novum , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Per Södersten
- Section of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinic Novum , Huddinge , Sweden
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Garver WS, de la Torre L, Brennan MC, Luo L, Jelinek D, Castillo JJ, Meyre D, Orlando RA, Heidenreich RA, Rayburn WF. Differential Association of Niemann-Pick C1 Gene Polymorphisms with Maternal Prepregnancy Overweight and Gestational Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26120596 PMCID: PMC4482482 DOI: 10.15436/2376-0494.15.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) and subsequent replication studies in diverse ethnic groups indicate that common Niemann-Pick C1 gene (NPC1) polymorphisms are associated with morbid-adult obesity or diabetes independent of body weight. The objectives for this prospective cross-sectional study were to determine allele frequencies for NPC1 polymorphisms (644A>G, 1926C>G, 2572A>G, and 3797G>A) and association with metabolic disease phenotypes in an ethnically diverse New Mexican obstetric population. Allele frequencies for 1926C>G, 2572A>G, and 3797G>A were significantly different between race/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and Native American). The results also indicated a significant pairwise linkage-disequilibrium between each of the four NPC1 polymorphisms in race/ethnic groups. Moreover, the derived and major allele for 1926C>G was associated (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.10–3.96, P = 0.022) with increased risk for maternal prepregnancy overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9kg/m2) while the ancestral and major allele for 2572A>G was associated (OR 4.68, 95% CI 1.23–17.8, P = 0.024) with increased risk for gestational diabetes in non-Hispanic whites, but not Hispanics or Native Americans. In summary, this is the first transferability study to investigate common NPC1 polymorphisms in a multiethnic population and demonstrate a differential association with increased risk for maternal prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Garver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lesley de la Torre
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew C Brennan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David Jelinek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Joseph J Castillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Robert A Orlando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Randall A Heidenreich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - William F Rayburn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Martinez JA, Navas-Carretero S, Saris WHM, Astrup A. Personalized weight loss strategies-the role of macronutrient distribution. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:749-60. [PMID: 25311395 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large number of different dietary approaches have been studied in an attempt to achieve healthy, sustainable weight loss among individuals with overweight and obesity. Restriction of energy intake is the primary method of producing a negative energy balance leading to weight loss. However, owing to the different metabolic roles of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in energy homeostasis, diets of similar overall energy content but with different macronutrient distribution can differentially affect metabolism, appetite and thermogenesis. Evidence increasingly suggests that the fuel values of calories provided by distinct macronutrients should be considered separately, as metabolism of specific molecular components generates differences in energy yield. The causes of variation in individual responses to various diets are currently under debate, and some evidence suggests that differences are associated with specific genotypes. This Review discusses all available systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and summarizes the results of relevant randomized controlled intervention trials assessing the influence of macronutrient composition on weight management. The initial findings of research into personalized nutrition, based on the interactions of macronutrient intake and genetic background and its potential influence on dietary intervention strategies, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alfredo Martinez
- Centre for Nutrition Research, CIBERobn (Fisiopatología de la obesidad), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition Research, CIBERobn (Fisiopatología de la obesidad), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26 Frederiksberg C, DK-1958, Denmark
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Abstract
Lifestyle habits, host gene repertoire, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota concur to the development of obesity. A great deal of research has recently been focused on investigating the role gut microbiota plays in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunctions and increased adiposity. Altered microbiota can affect host physiology through several pathways, including enhanced energy harvest, and perturbations in immunity, metabolic signaling, and inflammatory pathways. A broad range of "omics" technologies is now available to help decipher the interactions between the host and the gut microbiota at detailed genetic and functional levels. In particular, metabolomics--the comprehensive analysis of metabolite composition of biological fluids and tissues--could provide breakthrough insights into the links among the gut microbiota, host genetic repertoire, and diet during the development and progression of obesity. Here, we briefly review the most insightful findings on the involvement of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity. We also discuss how metabolomic approaches based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy could help understand the activity of gut microbiota in relation to obesity, and assess the effects of gut microbiota modulation in the treatment of this condition.
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Abstract
The heritability of obesity has long been appreciated and the genetics of obesity has been the focus of intensive study for decades. Early studies elucidating genetic factors involved in rare monogenic and syndromic forms of extreme obesity focused attention on dysfunction of hypothalamic leptin-related pathways in the control of food intake as a major contributor. Subsequent genome-wide association studies of common genetic variants identified novel loci that are involved in more common forms of obesity across populations of diverse ethnicities and ages. The subsequent search for factors contributing to the heritability of obesity not explained by these 2 approaches ("missing heritability") has revealed additional rare variants, copy number variants, and epigenetic changes that contribute. Although clinical applications of these findings have been limited to date, the increasing understanding of the interplay of these genetic factors with environmental conditions, such as the increased availability of high calorie foods and decreased energy expenditure of sedentary lifestyles, promises to accelerate the translation of genetic findings into more successful preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Waalen
- The Scripps Research Institute and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California.
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Direk K, Lau W, Small KS, Maniatis N, Andrew T. ABCC5 transporter is a novel type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene in European and African American populations. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:333-44. [PMID: 25117150 PMCID: PMC4173130 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous functional studies have implicated PARL in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesised that conflicting human association studies may be due to neighbouring causal variants being in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with PARL. We conducted a comprehensive candidate gene study of the extended LD genomic region that includes PARL and transporter ABCC5 using three data sets (two European and one African American), in relation to healthy glycaemic variation, visceral fat accumulation and T2D disease. We observed no evidence for previously reported T2D association with Val262Leu or PARL using array and fine-map genomic and expression data. By contrast, we observed strong evidence of T2D association with ABCC5 (intron 26) for European and African American samples (P = 3E-07) and with ABCC5 adipose expression in Europeans [odds ratio (OR) = 3.8, P = 2E-04]. The genomic location estimate for the ABCC5 functional variant, associated with all phenotypes and expression data (P = 1E-11), was identical for all samples (at Chr3q 185,136 kb B36), indicating that the risk variant is an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) with increased expression conferring risk of disease. That the association with T2D is observed in populations of disparate ancestry suggests the variant is a ubiquitous risk factor for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Direk
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, School of MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Winston Lau
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, School of MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Nikolas Maniatis
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Toby Andrew
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial CollegeLondon, UK
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Paz-Filho G, Boguszewski MCS, Mastronardi CA, Patel HR, Johar AS, Chuah A, Huttley GA, Boguszewski CL, Wong ML, Arcos-Burgos M, Licinio J. Whole exome sequencing of extreme morbid obesity patients: translational implications for obesity and related disorders. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:709-25. [PMID: 25158045 PMCID: PMC4198926 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is a new tool that allows the rapid, inexpensive and accurate exploration of Mendelian and complex diseases, such as obesity. To identify sequence variants associated with obesity, we performed WES of family trios of one male teenager and one female child with severe early-onset obesity. Additionally, the teenager patient had hypopituitarism and hyperprolactinaemia. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis found de novo and compound heterozygote sequence variants with a damaging effect on genes previously associated with obesity in mice (LRP2) and humans (UCP2), among other intriguing mutations affecting ciliary function (DNAAF1). A gene ontology and pathway analysis of genes harbouring mutations resulted in the significant identification of overrepresented pathways related to ATP/ITP (adenosine/inosine triphosphate) metabolism and, in general, to the regulation of lipid metabolism. We discuss the clinical and physiological consequences of these mutations and the importance of these findings for either the clinical assessment or eventual treatment of morbid obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Paz-Filho
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Margaret C S Boguszewski
- Endocrine Division (SEMPR), Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Avenida Agostinho Leão Junior, 285-Alto da Glória. CEP 80030-110, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Claudio A Mastronardi
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Angad S Johar
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Gavin A Huttley
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Cesar L Boguszewski
- Endocrine Division (SEMPR), Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Avenida Agostinho Leão Junior, 285-Alto da Glória. CEP 80030-110, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, PO Box 11060 Adelaide SA 5001, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Rd, building 131, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Julio Licinio
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, PO Box 11060 Adelaide SA 5001, Adelaide, Australia.
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Domingue BW, Belsky DW, Harris KM, Smolen A, McQueen MB, Boardman JD. Polygenic risk predicts obesity in both white and black young adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101596. [PMID: 24992585 PMCID: PMC4081643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test transethnic replication of a genetic risk score for obesity in white and black young adults using a national sample with longitudinal data. DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective longitudinal study using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Sibling Pairs (n = 1,303). Obesity phenotypes were measured from anthropometric assessments when study members were aged 18-26 and again when they were 24-32. Genetic risk scores were computed based on published genome-wide association study discoveries for obesity. Analyses tested genetic associations with body-mass index (BMI), waist-height ratio, obesity, and change in BMI over time. RESULTS White and black young adults with higher genetic risk scores had higher BMI and waist-height ratio and were more likely to be obese compared to lower genetic risk age-peers. Sibling analyses revealed that the genetic risk score was predictive of BMI net of risk factors shared by siblings. In white young adults only, higher genetic risk predicted increased risk of becoming obese during the study period. In black young adults, genetic risk scores constructed using loci identified in European and African American samples had similar predictive power. CONCLUSION Cumulative information across the human genome can be used to characterize individual level risk for obesity. Measured genetic risk accounts for only a small amount of total variation in BMI among white and black young adults. Future research is needed to identify modifiable environmental exposures that amplify or mitigate genetic risk for elevated BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Domingue
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Sociology Department and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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Dhanvantari S. The genetics of obesity meets basic cell biology through prohormone convertase 1/3. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2343-5. [PMID: 24950989 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Manning S, Pucci A, Finer N. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: novel agents and paradigms. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:135-48. [PMID: 24790728 DOI: 10.1177/2040622314522848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health initiatives focused on obesity prevention and lifestyle intervention programmes for patients with obesity have struggled to contain the obesity epidemic to date. In recent years, antiobesity drug therapies have had a limited role in clinical treatment algorithms for patients with obesity. Indeed, a number of high-profile antiobesity drug suspensions have markedly impacted upon the landscape of obesity pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discuss the advent of an increasing array of pharmacotherapeutic agents, which are effective both in inducing weight loss and in maintaining weight loss achieved by lifestyle measures. The development of these drugs as antiobesity agents has followed varying paths, ranging from lorcaserin, a selective serotonin agent, exploiting the beneficial central actions of fenfluramine but without the associated systemic side effects, to liraglutide, a gut hormone already used as a glucose-lowering drug but with appetite-suppressant properties, or the novel drug combination of phentermine/topiramate, two 'old' drugs used in lower doses than with previous therapeutic uses, resulting in an additive effect on weight loss and fewer side effects. We summarize the key findings from recent randomized controlled trials of these three drugs. Although these agents lead to clinically important weight loss when used as monotherapy, the use of antiobesity drugs as adjunctive therapy post intensive lifestyle intervention could prove to be the most successful strategy. Moreover, a progressive approach to obesity pharmacotherapy perhaps offers the best opportunity to finally address the obesity crisis on a mass scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Manning
- UCLH Centre for Weight Loss, Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Andrea Pucci
- UCLH Centre for Weight Loss, Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Finer
- UCLH Centre for Weight Loss, Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
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Philippe J, Stijnen P, Meyre D, De Graeve F, Thuillier D, Delplanque J, Gyapay G, Sand O, Creemers JW, Froguel P, Bonnefond A. A nonsense loss-of-function mutation in PCSK1 contributes to dominantly inherited human obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:295-302. [PMID: 24890885 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of severe familial forms of obesity remain genetically elusive. Taking advantage of our unique cohort of multigenerational obese families, we aimed to assess the contribution of rare mutations in 29 common obesity-associated genes to familial obesity, and to evaluate in these families the putative presence of nine known monogenic forms of obesity. METHODS Through next-generation sequencing, we sequenced the coding regions of 34 genes involved in polygenic and/or monogenic forms of obesity in 201 participants (75 normal weight individuals, 54 overweight individuals and 72 individuals with obesity class I, II or III) from 13 French families. In vitro functional analyses were performed to investigate the mutation PCSK1-p.Arg80* which was identified in a family. RESULTS A novel heterozygous nonsense variant in PCSK1 (p.Arg80*), encoding a propeptide truncated to less than two exons (out of 14), was found to co-segregate with obesity in a three-generation family. We demonstrated that this mutation inhibits PCSK1 enzyme activity and that this inhibition most likely does not involve a strong physical interaction. Furthermore, both mutations PCSK1-p.Asn180Ser and POMC-p.Phe144Leu, which had previously been reported to be associated with severe obesity, were also identified in this study, but did not co-segregate with obesity. Finally, we did not identify any rare mutations co-segregating with obesity in common obesity susceptibility genes, except for CADM2 and QPCTL, where we found two novel variants (p.Arg81His and p.Leu98Pro, respectively) in three obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that a nonsense mutation in PCSK1 was likely to cause dominantly inherited human obesity, due to the inhibiting properties of the propeptide fragment encoded by the null allele. Furthermore, the present family sequencing design challenged the contribution of previously reported mutations to monogenic or at least severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philippe
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - P Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Meyre
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France [4] Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - F De Graeve
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - D Thuillier
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - J Delplanque
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | | | - O Sand
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - J W Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Froguel
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France [4] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Bonnefond
- 1] CNRS-UMR8199, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France [2] Lille 2 University, Lille, France [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
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Brondani LA, Assmann TS, de Souza BM, Bouças AP, Canani LH, Crispim D. Meta-analysis reveals the association of common variants in the uncoupling protein (UCP) 1-3 genes with body mass index variability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96411. [PMID: 24804925 PMCID: PMC4013025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between uncoupling protein (UCP) 1–3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to obesity has been investigated in several genetic studies. However, the impact of these polymorphisms on obesity is still under debate, with contradictory results being reported. Until this date, no meta-analysis evaluated the association of UCP polymorphisms with body mass index (BMI) variability. Thus, this paper describe a meta-analysis conducted to evaluate if the -3826A/G (UCP1); -866G/A, Ala55Val and Ins/Del (UCP2) and -55C/T (UCP3) polymorphisms are associated with BMI changes. Methods A literature search was run to identify all studies that investigated associations between UCP1-3 polymorphisms and BMI. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated for different inheritance models. Results Fifty-six studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results showed that UCP2 55Val/Val genotype was associated with increased BMI in Europeans [Random Effect Model (REM) WMD 0.81, 95% CI 0.20, 1.41]. Moreover, the UCP2 Ins allele and UCP3-55T/T genotype were associated with increased BMI in Asians [REM WMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.09, 0.83 and Fixed Effect Model (FEM) WMD 1.63, 95% CI 0.25, 3.01]. However, a decreased BMI mean was observed for the UCP2-866 A allele in Europeans under a dominant model of inheritance (REM WMD −0.18, 95% CI −0.35, −0.01). There was no significant association of the UCP1-3826A/G polymorphism with BMI mean differences. Conclusions The meta-analysis detected a significant association between the UCP2-866G/A, Ins/Del, Ala55Val and UCP3-55C/T polymorphisms and BMI mean differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia A. Brondani
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tais S. Assmann
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca M. de Souza
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Bouças
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis H. Canani
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Saeed S, Bonnefond A, Manzoor J, Philippe J, Durand E, Arshad M, Sand O, Butt TA, Falchi M, Arslan M, Froguel P. Novel LEPR mutations in obese Pakistani children identified by PCR-based enrichment and next generation sequencing. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1112-7. [PMID: 24319006 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in leptin receptor gene (LEPR) result in early onset extreme adiposity. However, their prevalence in different populations is not known. Indeed, LEPR screening by gold standard Sanger sequencing has been limited by its large size and the cost. One-step PCR-based targeted enrichment could be an option for rapid and cost effective molecular diagnosis of monogenic forms of obesity. METHODS The study is based on 39 unrelated severely obese Pakistani children, previously shown to be negative for leptin (LEP) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene mutations, from an initial cohort of 62 probands. Patient samples were analyzed by microdroplet PCR-enrichment (RainDance technologies) targeting coding exons of 26 obesity-associated genes combined with next generation sequencing. Hormone levels were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS The analysis revealed two novel homozygous LEPR mutations, an essential splice site mutation in exon 15 (c.2396-1 G>T), and a nonsense mutation in exon 10 (c.1675 G>A). Both probands had high leptin levels and were phenotypically indistinguishable from age-matched leptin-deficient subjects from the same population. CONCLUSIONS The two subjects carrying homozygous LEPR mutations, reported here for the first time in the Pakistani population, constitute 3% of the whole cohort of severely obese children (compared to 17% for LEP and 3% for MC4R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Saeed
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Belsky DW. Appetite for prevention: genetics and developmental epidemiology join forces in obesity research. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:309-11. [PMID: 24535111 PMCID: PMC3981876 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Belsky
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center 2020 W. Main St. Suite 201, 27708 Tel. 919-357-8200 Fax 919-684-5835
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Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, Huang J, Rose LM, Jensen MK, Liang L, Curhan GC, Pasquale LR, Wiggs JL, De Vivo I, Chan AT, Choi HK, Tamimi RM, Ridker PM, Hunter DJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Chasman DI, Hu FB, Qi L. Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. BMJ 2014; 348:g1610. [PMID: 24646652 PMCID: PMC3959253 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the interactions between genetic predisposition and consumption of fried food in relation to body mass index (BMI) and obesity. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Health professionals in the United States. PARTICIPANTS 9623 women from the Nurses' Health Study, 6379 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and a replication cohort of 21,421 women from the Women's Genome Health Study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Repeated measurement of BMI over follow-up. RESULTS There was an interaction between fried food consumption and a genetic risk score based on 32 BMI-associated variants on BMI in both the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (P ≤ 0.001 for interaction). Among participants in the highest third of the genetic risk score, the differences in BMI between individuals who consumed fried foods four or more times a week and those who consumed fried foods less than once a week amounted to 1.0 (SE 0.2) in women and 0.7 (SE 0.2) in men, whereas the corresponding differences were 0.5 (SE 0.2) and 0.4 (SE 0.2) in the lowest third of the genetic risk score. The gene-diet interaction was replicated in the Women's Genome Health Study (P<0.001 for interaction). Viewed differently, the genetic association with adiposity was strengthened with higher consumption of fried foods. In the combined three cohorts, the differences in BMI per 10 risk alleles were 1.1 (SE 0.2), 1.6 (SE 0.3), and 2.2 (SE 0.6) for fried food consumption less than once, one to three times, and four or more times a week (P<0.001 for interaction); and the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for obesity per 10 risk alleles were 1.61 (1.40 to 1.87), 2.12 (1.73 to 2.59), and 2.72 (2.12 to 3.48) across the three categories of consumption (P=0.002 for interaction). In addition, the variants in or near genes highly expressed or known to act in the central nervous system showed significant interactions with fried food consumption, with the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) variant showing the strongest result (P<0.001 for interaction). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that consumption of fried food could interact with genetic background in relation to obesity, highlighting the particular importance of reducing fried food consumption in individuals genetically predisposed to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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135
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Albuquerque D, Estévez MN, Víbora PB, Giralt PS, Balsera AM, Cortés PG, López MJ, Luego LM, Gervasini G, Hernández SB, Arroyo-Díez J, Vacas MA, Nóbrega C, Manco L, Rodríguez-López R. Novel Variants in theMC4RandLEPRGenes among Severely Obese Children from the Iberian Population. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:195-207. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Albuquerque
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS); Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | | | - Pilar Beato Víbora
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | - Plácida Sánchez Giralt
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | | | - Pedro Gil Cortés
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | - Mercedes Jiménez López
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics; Medical School; University of Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Luego
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics; Medical School; University of Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
| | | | | | | | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Licínio Manco
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS); Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Portugal
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136
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Martínez JA. Perspectives on Personalized Nutrition for Obesity. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2014; 7:I-III. [DOI: 10.1159/000365158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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O'Brien RM. Moving on from GWAS: functional studies on the G6PC2 gene implicated in the regulation of fasting blood glucose. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:768-77. [PMID: 24142592 PMCID: PMC4041587 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in G6PC2 are the most important common determinants of variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. Molecular studies examining the functional impact of these SNPs on G6PC2 gene transcription and splicing suggest that they affect FBG by directly modulating G6PC2 expression. This conclusion is supported by studies on G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice showing that G6pc2 represents a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate, thereby reducing glycolytic flux and opposing the action of glucokinase. Suppression of G6PC2 activity might, therefore, represent a novel therapy for lowering FBG and the risk of cardiovascular-associated mortality. GWAS and G6pc2 KO mouse studies also suggest that G6PC2 affects other aspects of beta cell function. The evolutionary benefit conferred by G6PC2 remains unclear, but it is unlikely to be related to its ability to modulate FBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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138
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Wu H, Wylie-Rosett J, Qi Q. Dietary Interventions for Weight Loss and Maintenance: Preference or Genetic Personalization? Curr Nutr Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-013-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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139
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Abstract
Recent advances in genetic analysis especially DNA sequencing technology open a new strategy for adult disease prevention by genetic screening. Physicians presently treat disease pathology with less emphasis on disease risk prevention/reduction. Genetic screening has reduced the incidence of untreatable childhood genetic diseases and improved the care of newborns. The opportunity exists to expand screening programs and reduce the incidence of adult onset diseases via genetic risk identification and disease intervention. This article outlines the approach, challenges, and benefits of such screening for adult genetic disease risks.
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Haplogroup T is an obesity risk factor: mitochondrial DNA haplotyping in a morbid obese population from southern Italy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:631082. [PMID: 23936828 PMCID: PMC3713591 DOI: 10.1155/2013/631082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups have been associated with the expression of mitochondrial-related diseases and with metabolic alterations, but their role has not yet been investigated in morbid obese Caucasian subjects. Therefore, we investigated the association between mitochondrial haplogroups and morbid obesity in patients from southern Italy. The mtDNA D-loop of morbid obese patients (n = 500; BMI > 40 kg/m2) and controls (n = 216; BMI < 25 kg/m2) was sequenced to determine the mtDNA haplogroups. The T and J haplogroup frequencies were higher and lower, respectively, in obese subjects than in controls. Women bearing haplogroup T or J had twice or half the risk of obesity. Binomial logistic regression analysis showed that haplogroup T and systolic blood pressure are risk factors for a high degree of morbid obesity, namely, BMI > 45 kg/m2 and in fact together account for 8% of the BMI. In conclusion, our finding that haplogroup T increases the risk of obesity by about two-fold, suggests that, besides nuclear genome variations and environmental factors, the T haplogroup plays a role in morbid obesity in our study population from southern Italy.
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