101
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Evans LP, Boehme N, Wu S, Burghardt EL, Akurathi A, Todd BP, Newell EA, Ferguson PJ, Mahajan VB, Dutca LM, Harper MM, Bassuk AG. Sex Does Not Influence Visual Outcomes After Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury but IL-1 Pathway Mutations Confer Partial Rescue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:7. [PMID: 33030508 PMCID: PMC7582458 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In a mouse model of blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI), interleukin-1 (IL-1)-pathway components were tested as potential therapeutic targets for bTBI-mediated retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction. Sex was also evaluated as a variable for RGC outcomes post-bTBI. Methods Male and female mice with null mutations in genes encoding IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-1RI were compared to C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice after exposure to three 20-psi blast waves given at an interblast interval of 1 hour or to mice receiving sham injury. To determine if genetic blockade of IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-1RI could prevent damage to RGCs, the function and structure of these cells were evaluated by pattern electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography, respectively, 5 weeks following blast or sham exposure. RGC survival was also quantitatively assessed via immunohistochemical staining of BRN3A at the completion of the study. Results Our results showed that male and female WT mice had a similar response to blast-induced retinal injury. Generally, constitutive deletion of IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-1RI did not provide full protection from the effects of bTBI on visual outcomes; however, injured WT mice had significantly worse visual outcomes compared to the injured genetic knockout mice. Conclusions Sex does not affect RGC outcomes after bTBI. The genetic studies suggest that deletion of these IL-1 pathway components confers some protection, but global deletion from birth did not result in a complete rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nickolas Boehme
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Elliot L Burghardt
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Abhigna Akurathi
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Brittany P Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Newell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Laura M Dutca
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Matthew M Harper
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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102
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Evans LP, Roghair AM, Gilkes NJ, Bassuk AG. Visual Outcomes in Experimental Rodent Models of Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:659576. [PMID: 33935648 PMCID: PMC8081965 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.659576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-mediated traumatic brain injuries (bTBI) cause long-lasting physical, cognitive, and psychological disorders, including persistent visual impairment. No known therapies are currently utilized in humans to lessen the lingering and often serious symptoms. With TBI mortality decreasing due to advancements in medical and protective technologies, there is growing interest in understanding the pathology of visual dysfunction after bTBI. However, this is complicated by numerous variables, e.g., injury location, severity, and head and body shielding. This review summarizes the visual outcomes observed by various, current experimental rodent models of bTBI, and identifies data showing that bTBI activates inflammatory and apoptotic signaling leading to visual dysfunction. Pharmacologic treatments blocking inflammation and cell death pathways reported to alleviate visual deficits in post-bTBI animal models are discussed. Notably, techniques for assessing bTBI outcomes across exposure paradigms differed widely, so we urge future studies to compare multiple models of blast injury, to allow data to be directly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P. Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ariel M. Roghair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Noah J. Gilkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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103
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Darbeheshti F, Mahdiannasser M, Uhal BD, Ogino S, Gupta S, Rezaei N. Interindividual immunogenic variants: Susceptibility to coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2234. [PMID: 33724604 PMCID: PMC8250219 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (Covid‐19) pandemic is the most serious event of the year 2020, causing considerable global morbidity and mortality. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of reported associations between inter‐individual immunogenic variants and disease susceptibility or symptoms caused by the coronavirus strains severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus‐2, and two of the main respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. The results suggest that the genetic background of the host could affect the levels of proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and might modulate the progression of Covid‐19 in affected patients. Notably, genetic variations in innate immune components such as toll‐like receptors and mannose‐binding lectin 2 play critical roles in the ability of the immune system to recognize coronavirus and initiate an early immune response to clear the virus and prevent the development of severe symptoms. This review provides promising clues related to the potential benefits of using immunotherapy and immune modulation for respiratory infectious disease treatment in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Darbeheshti
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mahdiannasser
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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104
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Mailhot B, Christin M, Tessandier N, Sotoudeh C, Bretheau F, Turmel R, Pellerin È, Wang F, Bories C, Joly-Beauparlant C, De Koninck Y, Droit A, Cicchetti F, Scherrer G, Boilard E, Sharif-Naeini R, Lacroix S. Neuronal interleukin-1 receptors mediate pain in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151879. [PMID: 32573694 PMCID: PMC7478735 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major comorbidity of chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we report that the cytokine IL-1β, which is abundantly produced during multiple sclerosis (MS), arthritis (RA), and osteoarthritis (OA) both in humans and in animal models, drives pain associated with these diseases. We found that the type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) is highly expressed in the mouse and human by a subpopulation of TRPV1+ dorsal root ganglion neurons specialized in detecting painful stimuli, termed nociceptors. Strikingly, deletion of the Il1r1 gene specifically in TRPV1+ nociceptors prevented the development of mechanical allodynia without affecting clinical signs and disease progression in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and K/BxN serum transfer–induced RA. Conditional restoration of IL-1R1 expression in nociceptors of IL-1R1–knockout mice induced pain behavior but did not affect joint damage in monosodium iodoacetate–induced OA. Collectively, these data reveal that neuronal IL-1R1 signaling mediates pain, uncovering the potential benefit of anti–IL-1 therapies for pain management in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Mailhot
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marine Christin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tessandier
- Axe Maladies infectieuses et immunitaires du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Chaudy Sotoudeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Floriane Bretheau
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxanne Turmel
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ève Pellerin
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Feng Wang
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Charles Joly-Beauparlant
- Axe Endocrinologie-néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Arnaud Droit
- Axe Endocrinologie-néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,New York Stem Cell Foundation - Robertson Investigator, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric Boilard
- Axe Maladies infectieuses et immunitaires du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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105
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Somade OT, Ajayi BO, Adeyi OE, Adeshina AA, Adekoya MO, Abdulhameed RO. Oxidative stress-mediated induction of pulmonary oncogenes, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers following time-course exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in rats. Metabol Open 2021; 9:100075. [PMID: 33409483 PMCID: PMC7773962 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) has been used in many products usually handled by humans including inks, paints, polishes, brake fluids and so on. This present study therefore, investigated its effect on lung, in a time-course study in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered 50 mg/kg body weight of EGME for a period of 7, 14, and 21 days. Following 7 days of oral exposure to EGME, activities of GPx and SOD were significantly increased, as well as levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, caspase-3, TNF-α and, IL-6, while NO level and GST activity were significantly reduced compared with control. At the end of 14 days exposure, GSH level was significantly decreased, while levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, NO and the activities of SOD and GPx were significantly elevated with respect to control. After 21 days of EGME administration, levels of Bcl-2, IL-10, GSH and NO as well as GST activity were significantly decreased, while levels of K-Ras, c-Myc, p53, Bax, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, as well as GPx, CAT, and SOD activities were significantly elevated compared with control. Lung histopathology revealed chronic disseminated alveolar inflammation, bronchiolitis, severe alveolar and bronchi hyperplasia, severe disseminated inflammation, thrombosis, and thickened vessels as a result of EGME exposures. Exposures to EGME could trigger lung damage via the disorganization of the antioxidant system, eliciting the up-regulation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oncogenic markers in rats.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Bax, Bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAT, catalase
- Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Histopathology
- IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- K-Ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene
- Lung
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- Oncogenes
- Oxidative stress
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- c-myc, myelocytomatosis
- p53, tumor suppressor protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi T. Somade
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babajide O. Ajayi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Olubisi E. Adeyi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Mary O. Adekoya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ridwan O. Abdulhameed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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106
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJB, Lin CH, Chen SJ, Yen C, Huang RN. Nanogold induces anti-inflammation against oxidative stress induced in human neural stem cells exposed to amyloid-beta peptide. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104992. [PMID: 33609598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive memory loss resulting in dementia. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to neurodegeneration in the brains of AD patients. Numerous in vitro 3D cell culture models are useful mimics for understanding cellular changes that occur during AD under in vivo conditions. The 3D Bioprinter developed at the CELLINK INKREDIBLE was used in this study to directly investigate the influence of 3D conditions on human neural stem cells (hNSCs) exposed to Aβ. The development of anti-AD drugs is usually difficult, mainly due to a lack of therapeutic efficacy and enhanced serious side effects. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) demonstrate benefits in the treatment of several diseases, including AD, and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for AD patients. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms by which AuNPs exert these beneficial effects in hNSCs treated with Aβ are still not well understood. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that AuNPs protect against Aβ-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in hNSCs under 3D conditions. Here, we showed that AuNPs improved the viability of hNSCs exposed to Aβ, which was correlated with the reduction in the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. In addition, AuNPs rescued the levels of the transcripts of inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) in Aβ-treated hNSCs. The Aβ-mediated increases in mRNA, protein, and nuclear translocation levels of NF-κB (p65), a key transcription factor involved in inflammatory responses, were all significantly abrogated following co-treatment of hNSCs with AuNPs. In addition, treatment with AuNPs significantly restored iNOS and COX-2 levels in Aβ-treated hNSCs. Importantly, hNSCs co-treated with AuNPs were significantly protected from Aβ-induced oxidative stress, as detected using the DCFH-DA and DHE staining assays. Furthermore, hNSCs co-treated with AuNPs were significantly protected from the Aβ-induced reduction in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 downstream antioxidant target genes (SOD-1, SOD-2, Gpx1, GSH, Catalase, and HO-1). Moreover, AuNPs reduced the aggregates and increased the proteasome activity and the expression of HSP27 and HSP70 genes in Aβ-treated hNSCs. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence extending our understanding of the molecular mechanisms under 3D scaffold conditions by which AuNPs reverse the inflammation and oxidative stress-induced in hNSCs exposed to Aβ. These findings may facilitate the development of novel treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chiahui Yen
- Department of International Business, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Research Center for Plant-Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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107
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Yates AG, Jogia T, Gillespie ER, Couch Y, Ruitenberg MJ, Anthony DC. Acute IL-1RA treatment suppresses the peripheral and central inflammatory response to spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33407641 PMCID: PMC7788822 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute phase response (APR) to CNS insults contributes to the overall magnitude and nature of the systemic inflammatory response. Aspects of this response are thought to drive secondary inflammatory pathology at the lesion site, and suppression of the APR can therefore afford some neuroprotection. In this study, we examined the APR in a mouse model of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), along with its relationship to neutrophil recruitment during the immediate aftermath of the insult. We specifically investigated the effect of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) administration on the APR and leukocyte recruitment to the injured spinal cord. METHODS Adult female C57BL/6 mice underwent either a 70kD contusive SCI, or sham surgery, and tissue was collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours post-operation. For IL-1RA experiments, SCI mice received two intraperitoneal injections of human IL-1RA (100mg/kg), or saline as control, immediately following, and 5 hours after impact, and animals were sacrificed 6 hours later. Blood, spleen, liver and spinal cord were collected to study markers of central and peripheral inflammation by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Results were analysed by two-way ANOVA or student's t-test, as appropriate. RESULTS SCI induced a robust APR, hallmarked by elevated hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory marker genes and a significantly increased neutrophil presence in the blood, liver and spleen of these animals, as early as 2 hours after injury. This peripheral response preceded significant neutrophil infiltration of the spinal cord, which peaked 24 hours post-SCI. Although expression of IL-1RA was also induced in the liver following SCI, its response was delayed compared to IL-1β. Exogenous administration of IL-1RA during this putative therapeutic window was able to suppress the hepatic APR, as evidenced by a reduction in CXCL1 and SAA-2 expression as well as a significant decrease in neutrophil infiltration in both the liver and the injured spinal cord itself. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that peripheral administration of IL-1RA can attenuate the APR which in turn reduces immune cell infiltration at the spinal cord lesion site. We propose IL-1RA treatment as a viable therapeutic strategy to minimise the harmful effects of SCI-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trisha Jogia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellen R Gillespie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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108
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MartInez-Coria H, Arrieta-Cruz I, Cruz ME, López-Valdés HE. Physiopathology of ischemic stroke and its modulation using memantine: evidence from preclinical stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:433-439. [PMID: 32985462 PMCID: PMC7996012 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease and is caused by an interruption of blood flow in the brain. In this disease, two different damage areas are identifying: the lesion core, in which cells quickly die; and the penumbra (surrounding the lesion core), in which cells are functionally weakened but may recover and restore their functions. The currently approved treatments for ischemic stroke are the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy, but they have a short therapeutic window (4.5 and 6 hours after stroke onset, respectively) and a low percentage of stroke patients actually receive these treatments. Memantine is an approved drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Memantine is a noncompetitive, low affinity and use-dependent antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor. Memantine has several advantages over developing a new drug to treat focal ischemic stroke, but the most important is that it has sufficient safe probes in preclinical models and humans, and if the preclinical studies provide more evidence about pharmacological actions in tissue protection and repair, this could help to increase the number of clinical trials. The present review summarizes the physiopathology of isquemic stroke and the pharmacological actions in neuroprotection and neuroplasticity of memantine in the post stroke stage of preclinical stroke models, to illustrate their potential to improve functional recovery in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda MartInez-Coria
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel Arrieta-Cruz
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María-Esther Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor E López-Valdés
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Unidad Periférica de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
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109
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Park JK, Lee KJ, Kim JY, Kim H. The Association of Blood-Based Inflammatory Factors IL-1β, TGF-β and CRP with Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:11-18. [PMID: 33561929 PMCID: PMC7897864 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many patients suffer from dementia in its most common form, Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, the levels of IL-1β, TGF-β and CRP, which are involved in the inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease and its mild cognitive impairment (MCI), were measured and analyzed. METHODS Seventy nine subjects participated in this study (mean age: 75.56 years, female: 54.3%, AD: 26, MCI: 28, normal: 25). The overall cognitive function of the subjects and the severity of the disease stage were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-Korean (GDS-K). RESULTS It was observed that patients with AD had significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TGF-β than the patients with MCI and normal controls. In addition, the MCI group showed a statistically significantly higher TGF-β concentration than the normal group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-1β and TGF-β may be useful biological markers for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kyung Park
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Joon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Grubač Ž, Šutulović N, Jerotić D, Šuvakov S, Rašić-Marković A, Macut D, Simić T, Stanojlović O, Hrnčić D. Experimental chronic sleep fragmentation alters seizure susceptibility and brain levels of interleukins 1β and 6. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:96-109. [PMID: 33949166 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain hyperexcitability in sleep apnea is believed to be provoked by hypoxemia, but sleep fragmentation can also play a significant role. Sleep fragmentation can trigger inflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of chronic sleep fragmentation on seizure susceptibility and brain cytokine profile. Chronic sleep fragmentation in male rats with implanted EEG electrodes was achieved by the treadmill method. Rats were randomized to: treadmill control (TC); activity control (AC) and sleep fragmentation (SF) group. Convulsive behavior was assessed 14 days later by seizure incidence, latency time and seizure severity during 30 min following lindane administration. The number and duration of EEG ictal periods were determined. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in the animals' serum and brain structures (hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex), in separate rat cohort that underwent the same fragmentation protocol except lindane administration. Incidence and severity of seizures were significantly increased, while latency was significantly decreased in SF+L compared with TC+L group. Seizure latency was also significantly decreased in SF+L compared to AC+L group. The number and duration of ictal periods were increased in the SF+L compared to the AC+L group. IL-1β was significantly increased in the thalamus, cortex and hippocampus in the SF compared to the AC and TC groups. IL-6 was statistically higher only in the cortex of SF animals, while in the thalamic or hippocampal tissue, no difference was observed between the groups. It could be concluded that fourteen-day sleep fragmentation increases seizure susceptibility in rats and modulates brain production of IL-1β and IL-6. Brain hyperexcitability in sleep apnea is believed to be provoked by hypoxemia, but sleep fragmentation can also play a significant role. Sleep fragmentation can trigger inflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of chronic sleep fragmentation on seizure susceptibility and brain cytokine profile. Chronic sleep fragmentation in male rats with implanted EEG electrodes was achieved by the treadmill method. Rats were randomized to: treadmill control (TC); activity control (AC) and sleep fragmentation (SF) group. Convulsive behavior was assessed 14 days later by seizure incidence, latency time and seizure severity during 30 min following lindane administration. The number and duration of EEG ictal periods were determined. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in the animals’ serum and brain structures (hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex), in separate rat cohort that underwent the same fragmentation protocol except lindane administration. Incidence and severity of seizures were significantly increased, while latency was significantly decreased in SF+L compared with TC+L group. Seizure latency was also significantly decreased in SF+L compared to AC+L group. The number and duration of ictal periods were increased in the SF+L compared to the AC+L group. IL-1β was significantly increased in the thalamus, cortex and hippocampus in the SF compared to the AC and TC groups. IL-6 was statistically higher only in the cortex of SF animals, while in the thalamic or hippocampal tissue, no difference was observed between the groups. It could be concluded that fourteen-day sleep fragmentation increases seizure susceptibility in rats and modulates brain production of IL-1β and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Grubač
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Nikola Šutulović
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Djudja Jerotić
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Sonja Šuvakov
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Rašić-Marković
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology , Diabetes and Metabolic Disease , CCS, Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simić
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
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Immunological Aspects of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:143-189. [PMID: 33848001 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence over the past two decades points to a pivotal role for immune mechanisms in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathobiology. In this chapter, we will explore immunological aspects of AMD, with a specific focus on how immune mechanisms modulate clinical phenotypes of disease and severity and how components of the immune system may serve as triggers for disease progression in both dry and neovascular AMD. We will briefly review the biology of the immune system, defining the role of immune mechanisms in chronic degenerative disease and differentiating from immune responses to acute injury or infection. We will explore current understanding of the roles of innate immunity (especially macrophages), antigen-specific immunity (T cells, B cells, and autoimmunity), immune amplifications systems, especially complement activity and the NLRP3 inflammasome, in the pathogenesis of both dry and neovascular AMD, reviewing data from pathology, experimental animal models, and clinical studies of AMD patients. We will also assess how interactions between the immune system and infectious pathogens could potentially modulate AMD pathobiology via alterations in in immune effector mechanisms. We will conclude by reviewing the paradigm of "response to injury," which provides a means to integrate various immunologic mechanisms along with nonimmune mechanisms of tissue injury and repair as a model to understand the pathobiology of AMD.
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Pyrillou K, Burzynski LC, Clarke MCH. Alternative Pathways of IL-1 Activation, and Its Role in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:613170. [PMID: 33391283 PMCID: PMC7775495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream processes to affect both innate and adaptive immunity. Multiple studies show that IL-1β is typically activated in macrophages after inflammasome sensing of infection or danger, leading to caspase-1 processing of IL-1β and its release. However, many alternative mechanisms activate IL-1α and IL-1β in atypical cell types, and IL-1 function is also important for homeostatic processes that maintain a physiological state. This review focuses on the less studied, yet arguably more interesting biology of IL-1. We detail the production by, and effects of IL-1 on specific innate and adaptive immune cells, report how IL-1 is required for barrier function at multiple sites, and discuss how perturbation of IL-1 pathways can drive disease. Thus, although IL-1 is primarily studied for driving inflammation after release from macrophages, it is clear that it has a multifaceted role that extends far beyond this, with various unconventional effects of IL-1 vital for health. However, much is still unknown, and a detailed understanding of cell-type and context-dependent actions of IL-1 is required to truly understand this enigmatic cytokine, and safely deploy therapeutics for the betterment of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Murray C. H. Clarke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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113
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Wei ZX, Chen L, Zhang JJ, Cheng Y. Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in substance use disorders: a meta-analysis of 74 studies. Addiction 2020; 115:2257-2267. [PMID: 32533781 DOI: 10.1111/add.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the peripheral inflammatory cytokine profile in people with substance use disorders (SUDs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Clinical studies that evaluated peripheral blood inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with SUDs and healthy controls PARTICIPANTS: SUD patients and healthy controls. MEASUREMENTS PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies. Two investigators independently selected studies and extracted data. A total of 77 articles were included in the meta-analysis, containing 5649 patients with SUDs and 4643 healthy controls. Data were pooled using a random-effects model by the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 software. FINDINGS Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6) in 32 studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in 28 studies, IL-10 in 20 studies, IL-8 in 17 studies, C-reactive protein in 14 studies, IL-4 in 10 studies, IL-12 in seven studies, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in 6 studies, TNF-receptor 2 (TNF-R2) in four studies and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in three studies were significantly higher in patients with SUDs compared with healthy controls, while concentrations of leptin in 14 studies were significantly lower in patients with SUDs compared with healthy controls. The findings were inconclusive for the associations between interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, G-CSF, C-C motif chemokine 11, TGF-α and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS People with substance use disorders (SUDs) appear to have higher peripheral concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, MCP-1, TNF-R2 and GM-CSF and lower peripheral concentrations of leptin than people without SUDs. This strengthens the view that SUD is accompanied by an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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114
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Dabouz R, Cheng CWH, Abram P, Omri S, Cagnone G, Sawmy KV, Joyal JS, Desjarlais M, Olson D, Weil AG, Lubell W, Rivera JC, Chemtob S. An allosteric interleukin-1 receptor modulator mitigates inflammation and photoreceptor toxicity in a model of retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:359. [PMID: 33246504 PMCID: PMC7694438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine highly secreted by activated immune cells during early AMD pathological events, contribute significantly to retinal neurodegeneration. Here, we identify specific cell types that generate IL-1β and harbor the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and pharmacologically validate IL-1β's contribution to neuro-retinal degeneration using the IL-1R allosteric modulator composed of the amino acid sequence rytvela (as well as the orthosteric antagonist, Kineret) in a model of blue light-induced retinal degeneration. METHODS Mice were exposed to blue light for 6 h and sacrificed 3 days later. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with rytvela, Kineret, or vehicle twice daily for 3 days. The inflammatory markers F4/80, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were assessed in the retinas. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to determine the cell-specific expression patterns of retinal Il1b and Il1r1. Macrophage-induced photoreceptor death was assessed ex vivo using retinal explants co-cultured with LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages. Photoreceptor cell death was evaluated by the TUNEL assay. Retinal function was assessed by flash electroretinography. RESULTS Blue light markedly increased the mononuclear phagocyte recruitment and levels of inflammatory markers associated with photoreceptor death. Co-localization of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β with F4/80+ mononuclear phagocytes was clearly detected in the subretinal space, suggesting that these inflammatory cells are the main source of IL-1β. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed the immune-specific expression of Il1b and notably perivascular macrophages in light-challenged mice, while Il1r1 expression was found primarily in astrocytes, bipolar, and vascular cells. Retinal explants co-cultured with LPS/ATP-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages displayed a high number of TUNEL-positive photoreceptors, which was abrogated by rytvela treatment. IL-1R antagonism significantly mitigated the inflammatory response triggered in vivo by blue light exposure, and rytvela was superior to Kineret in preserving photoreceptor density and retinal function. CONCLUSION These findings substantiate the importance of IL-1β in neuro-retinal degeneration and revealed specific sources of Il1b from perivascular MPs, with its receptor Ilr1 being separately expressed on surrounding neuro-vascular and astroglial cells. They also validate the efficacy of rytvela-induced IL-1R modulation in suppressing detrimental inflammatory responses and preserving photoreceptor density and function in these conditions, reinforcing the rationale for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Dabouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada.,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Colin W H Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada.,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pénélope Abram
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Michel Desjarlais
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada
| | - David Olson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Sainte Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada.,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, 5415 Boul L'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2 M4, Canada. .,Hôpital Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular damage which in turn results in the rapid release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that prompt resident cells to release cytokines and chemokines. These in turn rapidly recruit neutrophils, which assist in limiting the spread of injury and removing cellular debris. Microglia continuously survey the CNS (central nervous system) compartment and identify structural abnormalities in neurons contributing to the response. After some days, when neutrophil numbers start to decline, activated microglia and astrocytes assemble at the injury site—segregating injured tissue from healthy tissue and facilitating restorative processes. Monocytes infiltrate the injury site to produce chemokines that recruit astrocytes which successively extend their processes towards monocytes during the recovery phase. In this fashion, monocytes infiltration serves to help repair the injured brain. Neurons and astrocytes also moderate brain inflammation via downregulation of cytotoxic inflammation. Depending on the severity of the brain injury, T and B cells can also be recruited to the brain pathology sites at later time points.
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116
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Serial Systemic Injections of Endotoxin (LPS) Elicit Neuroprotective Spinal Cord Microglia through IL-1-Dependent Cross Talk with Endothelial Cells. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9103-9120. [PMID: 33051350 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0131-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic immunosurveillance cells in the CNS. Whether microglia are protective or pathologic is context dependent; the outcome varies as a function of time relative to the stimulus, activation state of neighboring cells in the microenvironment or within progression of a particular disease. Although brain microglia can be "primed" using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin, it is unknown whether LPS delivered systemically can also induce neuroprotective microglia in the spinal cord. Here, we show that serial systemic injections of LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p., daily) for 4 consecutive days (LPSx4) consistently elicit a reactive spinal cord microglia response marked by dramatic morphologic changes, increased production of IL-1, and enhanced proliferation without triggering leukocyte recruitment or overt neuropathology. Following LPSx4, reactive microglia frequently contact spinal cord endothelial cells. Targeted ablation or selective expression of IL-1 and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) in either microglia or endothelia reveal that IL-1-dependent signaling between these cells mediates microglia activation. Using a mouse model of ischemic spinal cord injury in male and female mice, we show that preoperative LPSx4 provides complete protection from ischemia-induced neuron loss and hindlimb paralysis. Neuroprotection is partly reversed by either pharmacological elimination of microglia or selective removal of IL-1R in microglia or endothelia. These data indicate that spinal cord microglia are amenable to therapeutic reprogramming via systemic manipulation and that this potential can be harnessed to protect the spinal cord from injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Data in this report indicate that a neuroprotective spinal cord microglia response can be triggered by daily systemic injections of LPS over a period of 4 d (LPSx4). The LPSx4 regimen induces morphologic transformation and enhances proliferation of spinal cord microglia without causing neuropathology. Using advanced transgenic mouse technology, we show that IL-1-dependent microglia-endothelia cross talk is necessary for eliciting this spinal cord microglia phenotype and also for conferring optimal protection to spinal motor neurons from ischemic spinal cord injury (ISCI). Collectively, these novel data show that it is possible to consistently elicit spinal cord microglia via systemic delivery of inflammogens to achieve a therapeutically effective neuroprotective response against ISCI.
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117
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Walker WH, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Pascoe JL, Zhang N, DeVries AC. Social enrichment attenuates chemotherapy induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and affective behavior via oxytocin signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:451-464. [PMID: 32735935 PMCID: PMC7572590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer survivors receiving chemotherapy often report increased anxiety and depression. However, the mechanism underlying chemotherapy-induced changes in affect remains unknown. We hypothesized that chemotherapy increases cytokine production, in turn altering exploratory and depressive-like behavior. To test this hypothesis, female Balb/C mice received two injections, separated by two weeks, of vehicle (0.9% saline) or a chemotherapeutic cocktail [9 mg/kg doxorubicin (A) and 90 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (C)]. Peripheral and central cytokine concentrations were increased one and seven days, respectively, after AC. Because of the beneficial effects of social enrichment on several diseases with inflammatory components, we examined whether social enrichment could attenuate the increase in peripheral and central cytokine production following chemotherapy administration. Socially isolated mice receiving AC therapy demonstrated increased depressive-like and exploratory behaviors with a concurrent increase in hippocampal IL-6. Whereas, group housing attenuated AC-induced IL-6 and depressive-like behavior. Next, we sought to determine whether central oxytocin may contribute to the protective effects of social housing after AC administration. Intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin to socially isolated mice recapitulated the protective effects of social enrichment; specifically, oxytocin ameliorated the AC-induced effects on IL-6 and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, administration of an oxytocin antagonist to group housed mice recapitulated the responses of socially isolated mice; specifically, AC increased depressive-like behavior and central IL-6. These data suggest a possible neuroprotective role for oxytocin following chemotherapy, via modulation of IL-6. This study adds to the growing literature detailing the negative behavioral effects of chemotherapy and provides further evidence that social enrichment may be beneficial to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Corresponding Author:, 108 Biomedical Road, BMRC Room 370, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - O. Hecmarie Meléndez-Fernández
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA
| | - Jordan L. Pascoe
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA
| | - A. Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA,Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506 USA
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Yuan S, Liu KJ, Qi Z. Occludin regulation of blood-brain barrier and potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2020; 6:152-162. [PMID: 33210038 PMCID: PMC7646391 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_29_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occludin is a key structural component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has recently become an important focus of research in BBB damages. Many studies have demonstrated that occludin could regulate the integrity and permeability of the BBB. The function of BBB depends on the level of occludin protein expression in brain endothelial cells. Moreover, occludin may serve as a potential biomarker for hemorrhage transformation after acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the role of occludin in BBB integrity and the regulatory mechanisms of occludin in the permeability of BBB after ischemic stroke. Multiple factors have been found to regulate occludin protein functions in maintaining BBB permeability, such as Matrix metalloproteinas-mediated cleavage, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and related inflammatory factors. In addition, various signaling pathways participate in regulating the occludin expression, including nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase c, RhoK, and ERK1/2. Emerging therapeutic interventions for ischemic stroke targeting occludin are described, including normobaric hyperoxia, Chinese medicine, chemical drugs, genes, steroid hormones, small molecular peptides, and other therapies. Since occludin has been shown to play a critical role in regulating BBB integrity, further preclinical studies will help evaluate and validate occludin as a viable therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Research Laboratory in Brain Injury and Protection, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Department of Research Laboratory in Brain Injury and Protection, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Furutama D, Matsuda S, Yamawaki Y, Hatano S, Okanobu A, Memida T, Oue H, Fujita T, Ouhara K, Kajiya M, Mizuno N, Kanematsu T, Tsuga K, Kurihara H. IL-6 Induced by Periodontal Inflammation Causes Neuroinflammation and Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100679. [PMID: 32992470 PMCID: PMC7599694 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontal disease (PD) is a risk factor for systemic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. The role of the local and systemic inflammation induced by PD in neuroinflammation currently remains unclear. The present study investigated the involvement of periodontal inflammation in neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Methods: To induce PD in mice (c57/BL6), a ligature was placed around the second maxillary molar. Periodontal, systemic, and neuroinflammation were assessed based on the inflammatory cytokine mRNA or protein levels using qPCR and ELISA. The BBB permeability was evaluated by the mRNA levels and protein levels of tight junction-related proteins in the hippocampus using qPCR and immunofluorescence. Dextran tracing in the hippocampus was also conducted to examine the role of periodontal inflammation in BBB disruption. Results: The TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels markedly increased in gingival tissue 1 week after ligation. The IL-6 serum levels were also increased by ligature-induced PD. In the hippocampus, the IL-1β mRNA expression levels were significantly increased by ligature-induced PD through serum IL-6. The ligature-induced PD decreased the claudin 5 expression levels in the hippocampus, and the neutralization of IL-6 restored its levels. The extravascular 3-kDa dextran levels were increased by ligature-induced PD. Conclusions: These results suggest that the periodontal inflammation-induced expression of IL-6 is related to neuroinflammation and BBB disruption in the hippocampus, ultimately leading to cognitive impairment. Periodontal therapy may protect against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Furutama
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-082-257-5663
| | - Yosuke Yamawaki
- Department of Advanced Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
| | - Saki Hatano
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Ai Okanobu
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Takumi Memida
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Oue
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (H.O.); (K.T.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuga
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (H.O.); (K.T.)
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (D.F.); (S.H.); (A.O.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (K.O.); (M.K.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
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Mukhtar I. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and epilepsy: From pathogenesis to treatment target. Seizure 2020; 82:65-79. [PMID: 33011590 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disease associated with epileptic seizures as well as with neurobehavioral outcomes of this condition. In the last century, inflammation emerged as a crucial factor in epilepsy etiology. Various brain insults through activation of neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells initiate a series of inflammatory events. Growing observations strongly suggest that abnormal activation of critical inflammatory processes contributes to epileptogenesis, a gradual process by which a normal brain transforms into the epileptic brain. Increased knowledge of inflammatory pathways in epileptogenesis has unveiled mechanistic targets for novel antiepileptic therapies. Molecules specifically targeting the pivotal inflammatory pathways may serve as promising candidates to halt the development of epilepsy. The present paper reviews the pieces of evidence conceptually supporting the potential role of inflammatory mechanisms and the relevant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in epileptogenesis. Also, it discusses the mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced neuronal-glial network impairment and highlights innovative neuroregulatory actions of typical inflammatory molecules. Finally, it presents a brief analysis of observations supporting the therapeutic role of inflammation-targeting tiny molecules in epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mukhtar
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center For Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Memory-Enhancing Effects of Origanum majorana Essential Oil in an Alzheimer's Amyloid beta1-42 Rat Model: A Molecular and Behavioral Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100919. [PMID: 32993114 PMCID: PMC7600529 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) is an important genus of medicinal and aromatic plants used in traditional medicine since ancient times as culinary herbs and remedies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition, as well as the biochemical and cellular activities of freshly prepared Origanum majorana L. essential oil (OmEO) in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) rat model. OmEO (1% and 3%) was inhaled for 21 consecutive days, while Aβ1-42 was administered intracerebroventricularly to induce AD-like symptoms. Our data demonstrate that OmEO increased antioxidant activity and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which in concert contributed to the improvement of cognitive function of animals. Moreover, OmEO presented beneficial effects on memory performance in Y-maze and radial arm-maze tests in the Aβ1-42 rat AD model.
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122
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Maramai S, Brindisi M. Targeting Endocannabinoid Metabolism: an Arrow with Multiple Tips Against Multiple Sclerosis. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1985-2003. [PMID: 32762071 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. At present, there is no definitive cure, and the few available disease-modifying options display either poor efficacy or life-threatening side effects. There is clear evidence that relapsing-remitting clinical attacks in MS are driven by inflammatory demyelination and that the subsequent disease steps, being irresponsive to immunotherapy, result from neurodegeneration. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) stands halfway between three key pathomechanisms underlying MS, namely inflammation, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress, thus representing a kingpin for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in MS. This review summarizes the current state of the art in the field of endocannabinoid metabolism modulators and their in vivo effects on relevant animal models. We also highlight key molecular underpinnings of their therapeutic efficacy as well as the potential to turn them into promising clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Department of Excellence of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
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123
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Li Q, Xiao H, Shao Y, Chang X, Zhang Y, Zhou Z. Paraquat increases Interleukin-1β in hippocampal dentate gyrus to impair hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 200:110733. [PMID: 32450442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridium dichloride, PQ), a non-selective and efficient herbicide, causes neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction. However, adverse effects of PQ on the neuroimmune interactions have rarely been investigated. Female adult C57/BL6 mice were divided into 3 groups and treated with PQ (intraperitoneal injection, 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) or the vehicle (an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline) every two days, at day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, for a total of 14 doses. We evaluated blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and PQ concentrations during the course of PQ exposure and tested interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations in dentate gyrus (DG) after 28 days PQ exposure. In addition, memory function, neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation, neurogenesis and microglia polarization were analyzed after PQ exposure. Furthermore, mice were intraperitoneal injections of anti-IL-1β during 5 mg/kg PQ exposure to test the rule of IL-1β. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and PQ concentrations increased gradually during PQ exposure (n = 6). Moreover, memory function, NSCs proliferation and neurogenesis were impaired after 5 mg/kg PQ exposure (n = 6). Further analyses revealed that 'classically' activated (M1) microglia and IL-1β concentrations in DG were increased after 5 mg/kg PQ treatment (n = 6). Moreover, we found that neutralization of IL-1β partly restored PQ-induced NSCs impairments and memory dysfunction (n = 6). In conclusion, our results revealed that PQ induced NSCs impairments and memory dysfunction in adult mice, which was related to the release of IL-1β by M1-polarized microglia in DG. These findings may help understand the neurotoxic effect of PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongxi Xiao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Cataldi M, Pignataro G, Taglialatela M. Neurobiology of coronaviruses: Potential relevance for COVID-19. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:105007. [PMID: 32622086 PMCID: PMC7329662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the first two decades of the 21st century, there have been three outbreaks of severe respiratory infections caused by highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) around the world: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the SARS-CoV in 2002-2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) by the MERS-CoV in June 2012, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the SARS-CoV-2 presently affecting most countries In all of these, fatalities are a consequence of a multiorgan dysregulation caused by pulmonary, renal, cardiac, and circulatory damage; however, COVID patients may show significant neurological signs and symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and sensory disturbances, the most prominent being anosmia and ageusia. The neuroinvasive potential of CoVs might be responsible for at least part of these symptoms and may contribute to the respiratory failure observed in affected patients. Therefore, in the present manuscript, we have reviewed the available preclinical evidence on the mechanisms and consequences of CoVs-induced CNS damage, and highlighted the potential role of CoVs in determining or aggravating acute and long-term neurological diseases in infected individuals. We consider that a widespread awareness of the significant neurotropism of CoVs might contribute to an earlier recognition of the signs and symptoms of viral-induced CNS damage. Moreover, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which CoVs affect CNS function and cause CNS damage could help in planning new strategies for prognostic evaluation and targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Giraud A, Chaux R, Allard MJ, Celle M, Teyssier G, Roche F, Chapelle C, Chabrier S, Sébire G, Patural H. Perinatal inflammation is associated with social and motor impairments in preterm children without severe neonatal brain injury. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 28:126-132. [PMID: 32758415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the association between exposure to perinatal inflammation - i.e. clinical chorioamnionitis or early-onset neonatal infection - in preterm children without severe neonatal brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome at 30 months of corrected age (CA). DESIGN Cross-sectional study from a French regional cohort of clinical follow-up (SEVE Network). PATIENTS One hundred sixty-four surviving neonates without severe brain injury - namely, grade III and IV cerebral hemorrhage and cystic periventricular leukomalacia - and without late-onset neonatal inflammation exposure - namely, late-onset neonatal infection and necrotizing enterocolitis -, born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age from November 2011 to June 2015 and enrolled in the SEVE Network. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Global developmental quotient (DQ) score of the revised Brunet-Lézine scale and its four indices measured by the same neuropsychologist at 30 months of CA. RESULTS After multivariate analysis, exposure to perinatal inflammation was not found significantly associated with a modification of the global DQ score (coefficient -1.7, 95% CI -4.8 to 1.3; p = 0.26). Exposure to perinatal inflammation was associated with a decrease of the gross motor function DQ score (coefficient -6.0, 95% CI -9.9 to -2.1; p < 0.01) and a decrease of the sociability DQ score (coefficient -5.1, 95% CI -9.2 to -0.9; p = 0.02). Language and visuospatial coordination DQ scores were not affected by exposure to perinatal inflammation. CONCLUSION Exposure to perinatal inflammation in preterm children without severe neonatal brain injury is independently associated with decreased motor and social abilities at 30 months of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Giraud
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France; EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Robin Chaux
- Department of Clinical Research and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Marie-Julie Allard
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Magali Celle
- Coordination du Réseau SEVE, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Georges Teyssier
- Coordination du Réseau SEVE, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Céline Chapelle
- Department of Clinical Research and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Stéphane Chabrier
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; INSERM, UMR 1059 Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Patural
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France; EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
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126
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Wang L, Hauenstein AV. The NLRP3 inflammasome: Mechanism of action, role in disease and therapies. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100889. [PMID: 32859386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 is the best characterized cytosolic nod-like pattern recognition receptor which can detect microbial motifs, endogenous danger and stress signals. Activation of NLRP3 leads to the formation of a cytosolic multiprotein signaling complex called the inflammasome, which serves as a platform for caspase-1 activation leading to the processing of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18 and GSDMD mediated cell death. This form of pyroptotic cell death represents a major pathway of inflammation. Growing evidence has indicated hyperactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. In this review we present the recent advances in understanding the mechanism of NLRP3 activation, its role in driving inflammatory diseases, and the development of NLRP3 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Arthur V Hauenstein
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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127
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Almeida Silva LF, Reschke CR, Nguyen NT, Langa E, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Gerbatin RR, Temp FR, de Freitas ML, Conroy RM, Brennan GP, Engel T, Henshall DC. Genetic deletion of microRNA-22 blunts the inflammatory transcriptional response to status epilepticus and exacerbates epilepsy in mice. Mol Brain 2020; 13:114. [PMID: 32825833 PMCID: PMC7441563 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs perform important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Sequencing as well as functional studies using antisense oligonucleotides indicate important roles for microRNAs during the development of epilepsy through targeting transcripts involved in neuronal structure, gliosis and inflammation. MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) has been reported to protect against the development of epileptogenic brain networks through suppression of neuroinflammatory signalling. Here, we used mice with a genetic deletion of miR-22 to extend these insights. Mice lacking miR-22 displayed normal behaviour and brain structure and developed similar status epilepticus after intraamygdala kainic acid compared to wildtype animals. Continuous EEG monitoring after status epilepticus revealed, however, an accelerated and exacerbated epilepsy phenotype whereby spontaneous seizures began sooner, occurred more frequently and were of longer duration in miR-22-deficient mice. RNA sequencing analysis of the hippocampus during the period of epileptogenesis revealed a specific suppression of inflammatory signalling in the hippocampus of miR-22-deficient mice. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for miR-22 in establishing early inflammatory responses to status epilepticus. Inflammatory signalling may serve anti-epileptogenic functions and cautions the timing of anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment of status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Almeida Silva
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ngoc T Nguyen
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rogerio R Gerbatin
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernanda R Temp
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara L de Freitas
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronan M Conroy
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Gary P Brennan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland. .,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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128
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Zhang F, Zhu T, Li H, He Y, Zhang Y, Huang N, Zhang G, Li Y, Chang D, Li X. Plasma Interleukin-37 is Elevated in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients and Probably Associated With 3-month Functional Prognosis. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:1285-1294. [PMID: 32801675 PMCID: PMC7414924 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s230186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-37 is a novel cytokine emerging as a natural suppressor of inflammatory responses. Inflammation and the immune response play important roles in acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed at evaluating the plasma levels and the association with 3-month outcomes of interleukin-37 in acute ischemic stroke patients. Patients and Methods In total, 152 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke and 45 healthy controls were included. Plasma interleukin-37 levels were determined in the first morning after admission using an enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay. The primary outcome was the 3-month functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score >2). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk and 3-month outcome of stroke according to plasma interleukin-37 level. Results Plasma interleukin-37 levels were significantly higher in the patients with acute ischaemic stroke than in the healthy controls (182.26 versus 97.89 pg/mL, p<0.001). Patients with large-artery atherosclerosis had significantly higher IL-37 levels than those with small-artery occlusion (202.12±35.82 versus 175.67±33.71pg/mL, p<0.001). Plasma interleukin-37 levels were positively correlated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (r=0.521, p<0.0001) and lesion volume (r=0.442, p<0.0001). Ninety-four and 58 patients had favourable and unfavourable 3-month outcomes, respectively. Elevated plasma interleukin-37 levels were independently associated with unfavourable 3-month outcomes (adjusted odds ratio=1.033, p=0.001, 95% confidence interval: 1.015–1.056). Conclusion Admission plasma interleukin-37 levels were significantly increased after acute ischemic stroke. Elevated interleukin-37 levels were independently associated with unfavourable 3-month prognoses in acute ischemic stroke patients. Further studies with other populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Huang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dujuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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129
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Eastman CL, D'Ambrosio R, Ganesh T. Modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress to prevent epilepsy and improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2020; 172:107907. [PMID: 31837825 PMCID: PMC7274911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in young adults worldwide. TBI survival is associated with persistent neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments, including posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). To date, no pharmaceutical treatment has been found to prevent PTE or ameliorate neurological/neuropsychiatric deficits after TBI. Brain trauma results in immediate mechanical damage to brain cells and blood vessels that may never be fully restored given the limited regenerative capacity of brain tissue. This primary insult unleashes cascades of events, prominently including neuroinflammation and massive oxidative stress that evolve over time, expanding the brain injury, but also clearing cellular debris and establishing homeostasis in the region of damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory sequelae of TBI contribute to posttraumatic epileptogenesis. This review will focus on possible roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their interactions with neuroinflammation in posttraumatic epileptogenesis, and emerging therapeutic strategies after TBI. We propose that inhibitors of the professional ROS-generating enzymes, the NADPH oxygenases and myeloperoxidase alone, or combined with selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase mediated signaling may have promise for the treatment or prevention of PTE and other sequelae of TBI. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford L Eastman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Raimondo D'Ambrosio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
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Nist MD, Pickler RH, Harrison TM, Steward DK, Shoben AB. Inflammatory predictors of neurobehavior in very preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2020; 147:105078. [PMID: 32492526 PMCID: PMC7363528 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants are at risk for impaired neurodevelopment. Inflammation may be an important modifiable mediator of preterm birth and neurodevelopmental impairment, but few studies have examined longitudinal measures of inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between longitudinal measures of inflammation and neurobehavior in very preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN Non-experimental, repeated measures cohort study. METHODS Very preterm infants were enrolled between October 2017 and December 2018. Blood was collected weekly until 35 weeks post-menstrual age for the quantification of plasma cytokines. Neurobehavior was assessed at 35 weeks post-menstrual age using the cluster scores for motor development and vigor and alertness/orientation from the Neurobehavioral Assessment of the Preterm Infant. Multiple linear regression models with robust standard errors were used to analyze the data. Average levels of individual cytokines, cytokine trends, and composite scores were used as measures of inflammation. RESULTS Seventy-three infants were enrolled in the study. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist was associated with motor development and vigor scores. Interleukin-6 was associated with alertness/orientation scores. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and composite scores of inflammation were associated with motor development and vigor and alertness/orientation scores. There were interactions with post-menstrual age at birth and infant sex. CONCLUSION Inflammation may be an important predictor of short-term neurobehavior in preterm infants. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are key cytokines for studies of preterm infants, but composite scores may be a better measure of inflammation than individual cytokines. Inflammation can be damaging to the immature brain and may be a specific target for future interventions to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marliese Dion Nist
- The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Rita H Pickler
- The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Tondi M Harrison
- The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Deborah K Steward
- The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Abigail B Shoben
- The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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131
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Corneal In Vivo Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopy Findings in Dry Eye Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070497. [PMID: 32698387 PMCID: PMC7400289 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the changes in cornea in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) with a novel confocal microscopy device. METHODS Twenty-three right eyes of patients with SS (23 women; mean age, 65.4 ± 11.4 years) and 13 right eyes of 13 age- and sex-matched control subjects (13 women; mean age, 68.8 ± 9.8 years) were studied. Furthermore, eight right eyes of patients with SS (8 women; mean age, 66.9 ± 9.6 years) were studied to evaluate the corneal microscopic alterations after the treatment with topical 3% diquafosol sodium eye drops. All cases had tear quantity, tear breakup time (BUT), ocular surface staining measurements, and corneal in vivo laser-scanning confocal microscopy examinations. The density and area of corneal epithelial cells (superficial, wing, and basal), density of corneal stromal cells (anterior, intermediate, and posterior), density and area of corneal endothelial cells, density and morphology of corneal sub-basal nerve plexus, density of corneal sub-basal inflammatory cells were also assessed. RESULTS The tear quantity, stability, and vital staining scores were significantly worse in patients with SS than in control subjects (p < 0.0001). Corneal superficial epithelial cell density was significantly lower in SS compared with control subjects (p < 0.0001). Corneal superficial epithelial cell area was significantly larger in SS compared with control subjects (p = 0.007). Corneal sub-basal nerve fiber density was lower in SS compared with control subjects (p < 0.0001). Morphological abnormality of nerve fibers was observed in SS patients. Corneal sub-basal inflammatory cell density was significantly higher in SS patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the mean corneal superficial epithelial cell density and area, inflammatory cell density, corneal sub-basal nerve fiber density, and morphological abnormality of nerve fibers, were improved with topical 3% diquafosol sodium treatment in the dry eye patients with SS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic modality using in vivo laser-scanning confocal microscopy was a useful method for the evaluation of the corneal cell density and area, nerve fiber density and morphology, and inflammatory cell density in patients with SS and also a useful tool in the assessment of treatment effect with topical 3% diquafosol sodium in the SS patients.
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132
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Zheng J, Sariol A, Meyerholz D, Zhang Q, Abrahante Lloréns JE, Narumiya S, Perlman S. Prostaglandin D2 signaling in dendritic cells is critical for the development of EAE. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102508. [PMID: 32624353 PMCID: PMC7332282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Priming of autoreactive T cells in lymph nodes by dendritic cells (DCs) is critical for the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). DC activation reflects a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals. One anti-inflammatory factor is prostaglandin D2 signaling through its cognate receptor, D-prostanoid receptor 1 (PTGDR), on myeloid cells. Loss of PTGDR signaling might be expected to enhance DC activation and EAE but here we show that PTGDR−/− mice developed only mild signs of MOG35-55 peptide immunization-induced EAE. Compared to wild type mice, PTGDR−/− mice exhibited less demyelination, decreased leukocyte infiltration and diminished microglia activation. These effects resulted from increased pro-inflammatory responses in the lymph nodes, most notably in IL-1β production, with the unexpected consequence of increased activation-induced apoptosis of MOG35-55 peptide-specific T cells. Conditional deletion of PTGDR on DCs, and not other myeloid cells ameliorated EAE. Together, these results demonstrate the indispensable role that PGD2/PTGDR signaling on DCs has in development of pathogenic T cells in autoimmune demyelination. Increased T cell activation occurred in PTGDR−/- mice resulting in T cell apoptosis. AICD decreased T cell infiltration into, and demyelination in CNS during EAE. Decreased PGD2/PTGDR signaling in DCs resulted in increased IL-1β expression. Anakinra treatment in PTGDR−/- mice increased EAE severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qinran Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Tokyo, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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133
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In vivo characterization of functional states of cortical microglia during peripheral inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:243-255. [PMID: 31837418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is known to trigger a mirror inflammatory response in the brain, involving brain's innate immune cells - microglia. However, the functional phenotypes, which these cells adopt in the course of peripheral inflammation, remain obscure. In vivo two-photon imaging of microglial Ca2+ signaling as well as process motility reveals two distinct functional states of cortical microglia during a lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral inflammation: an early "sensor state" characterized by dramatically increased intracellular Ca2+ signaling but ramified morphology and a later "effector state" characterized by slow normalization of intracellular Ca2+ signaling but hypertrophic morphology, substantial IL-1β production in a subset of cells as well as increased velocity of directed process extension and loss of coordination between individual processes. Thus, lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial Ca2+ signaling might represent the central element connecting receptive and executive functions of microglia.
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134
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Simvastatin Prevents Long-Term Cognitive Deficits in Sepsis Survivor Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:871-886. [PMID: 32524380 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy causes brain dysfunction that can result in cognitive impairments in sepsis survivor patients. In previous work, we showed that simvastatin attenuated oxidative stress in brain structures related to memory in septic rats. However, there is still a need to evaluate the long-term impact of simvastatin administration on brain neurodegenerative processes and cognitive damage in sepsis survivors. Here, we investigated the possible neuroprotective role of simvastatin in neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration conditions of brain structures related to memory in rats at 10 days after sepsis survival. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, n = 42) or remained as non-manipulated (naïve, n = 30). Both groups were treated (before and after the surgery) by gavage with simvastatin (20 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline and observed for 10 days. Simvastatin-treated rats that survived to sepsis showed a reduction in the levels of nitrate, IL1-β, and IL-6 and an increase in Bcl-2 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and synaptophysin only in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence revealed a reduction of glial activation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and amyloid aggregates confirmed by quantification of GFAP, Iba-1, phospho Ser396-tau, total tau, cleaved caspase-3, and thioflavin-S in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, treated animals presented better performance in tasks involving habituation memory, discriminative, and aversive memory. These results suggest that statins exert a neuroprotective role by upregulation of the Bcl-2 and gliosis reduction, which may prevent the cognitive deficit observed in sepsis survivor animals.
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135
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Expedition into Taurine Biology: Structural Insights and Therapeutic Perspective of Taurine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060863. [PMID: 32516961 PMCID: PMC7355587 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. The hallmarks of protein aggregation in NDs proceed with impairment in the mitochondrial function, besides causing an enhancement in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. As accumulation of misfolded proteins hampers normal neuronal functions, it triggers ER stress, which leads to the activation of downstream effectors formulating events along the signaling cascade—referred to as unfolded protein response (UPRER) —thereby controlling cellular gene expression. The absence of disease-modifying therapeutic targets in different NDs, and the exponential increase in the number of cases, makes it critical to explore new approaches to treating these devastating diseases. In one such approach, osmolytes (low molecular weight substances), such as taurine have been found to promote protein folding under stress conditions, thereby averting aggregation of the misfolded proteins. Maintaining the structural integrity of the protein, taurine-mediated resumption of protein folding prompts a shift in folding homeostasis more towards functionality than towards aggregation and degradation. Together, taurine enacts protection in NDs by causing misfolded proteins to refold, so as to regain their stability and functionality. The present study provides recent and useful insights into understanding the progression of NDs, besides summarizing the genetics of NDs in correlation with mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. It also highlights the structural and functional aspects of taurine in imparting protection against the aggregation/misfolding of proteins, thereby shifting the focus more towards the development of effective therapeutic modules that could avert the development of NDs.
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136
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Lee CH. Change of Nurr1 expression in mouse hippocampal CA3 region following excitotoxic neuronal damage. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:202-205. [PMID: 32405363 PMCID: PMC7211359 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.38712.9177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (Nurr1), one of immediate-early genes, is a member of orphan nuclear receptor family. The aim of this study was to investigate the time-dependent change of Nurr1 protein expression in the mouse hippocampal CA3 region following kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxic neuronal damage. Materials and Methods: Male ICR mice were used as experimental animals, and 30 mg/kg KA was administered intraperitoneally. To confirm the KA-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA3 region, Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining was performed. In addition, the time-dependent change of Nurr1 protein expression was also examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results: Marked neuronal damage was observed in the hippocampal CA3 region at 24 hr after KA injection. In addition, both Nurr1 immunoreactivity and protein level were significantly increased at 6 hr and 12 hr after KA injection, and then decreased at 24 hr after KA injection. Conclusion: This result indicates that KA-induced alteration of Nurr1 protein expression may be associated with the neuronal degeneration in the hippocampal CA3 region after KA injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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137
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The AD pathophysiology entails chronic inflammation involving innate immune cells including microglia, astrocytes, and other peripheral blood cells. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and complements are also linked to AD pathogenesis. Despite increasing evidence supporting the association between abnormal inflammation and AD, no well-established inflammatory biomarkers are currently available for AD. Since many reports have shown that abnormal inflammation precedes the outbreak of the disease, non-invasive and readily available peripheral inflammatory biomarkers should be considered as possible biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD. In this mini-review, we introduce the peripheral biomarker candidates related to abnormal inflammation in AD and discuss their possible molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we also summarize the current state of inflammatory biomarker research in clinical practice and molecular diagnostics. We believe this review will provide new insights into biomarker candidates for the early diagnosis of AD with systemic relevance to inflammation during AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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138
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Voet S, Srinivasan S, Lamkanfi M, van Loo G. Inflammasomes in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201810248. [PMID: 31015277 PMCID: PMC6554670 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration often result from the aberrant deposition of aggregated host proteins, including amyloid‐β, α‐synuclein, and prions, that can activate inflammasomes. Inflammasomes function as intracellular sensors of both microbial pathogens and foreign as well as host‐derived danger signals. Upon activation, they induce an innate immune response by secreting the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18, and additionally by inducing pyroptosis, a lytic cell death mode that releases additional inflammatory mediators. Microglia are the prominent innate immune cells in the brain for inflammasome activation. However, additional CNS‐resident cell types including astrocytes and neurons, as well as infiltrating myeloid cells from the periphery, express and activate inflammasomes. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the role of inflammasomes in common degenerative diseases of the brain and highlight inflammasome‐targeted strategies that may potentially treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Voet
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sahana Srinivasan
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium .,Janssen Immunosciences, World without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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139
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Lammert CR, Frost EL, Bellinger CE, Bolte AC, McKee CA, Hurt ME, Paysour MJ, Ennerfelt HE, Lukens JR. AIM2 inflammasome surveillance of DNA damage shapes neurodevelopment. Nature 2020; 580:647-652. [PMID: 32350463 PMCID: PMC7788527 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is characterized by rapid rates of neural cell proliferation and differentiation followed by massive cell death in which more than half of all recently generated brain cells are pruned back. Large amounts of DNA damage, cellular debris, and by-products of cellular stress are generated during these neurodevelopmental events, all of which can potentially activate immune signalling. How the immune response to this collateral damage influences brain maturation and function remains unknown. Here we show that the AIM2 inflammasome contributes to normal brain development and that disruption of this immune sensor of genotoxic stress leads to behavioural abnormalities. During infection, activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in response to double-stranded DNA damage triggers the production of cytokines as well as a gasdermin-D-mediated form of cell death known as pyroptosis1-4. We observe pronounced AIM2 inflammasome activation in neurodevelopment and find that defects in this sensor of DNA damage result in anxiety-related behaviours in mice. Furthermore, we show that the AIM2 inflammasome contributes to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis specifically through its regulation of gasdermin-D, and not via its involvement in the production of the cytokines IL-1 and/or IL-18. Consistent with a role for this sensor of genomic stress in the purging of genetically compromised CNS cells, we find that defective AIM2 inflammasome signalling results in decreased neural cell death both in response to DNA damage-inducing agents and during neurodevelopment. Moreover, mutations in AIM2 lead to excessive accumulation of DNA damage in neurons as well as an increase in the number of neurons that incorporate into the adult brain. Our findings identify the inflammasome as a crucial player in establishing a properly formed CNS through its role in the removal of genetically compromised cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Lammert
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Calli E Bellinger
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ashley C Bolte
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Immunology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Celia A McKee
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mariah E Hurt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matt J Paysour
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hannah E Ennerfelt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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140
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Evans LP, Woll AW, Wu S, Todd BP, Hehr N, Hedberg-Buenz A, Anderson MG, Newell EA, Ferguson PJ, Mahajan VB, Harper MM, Bassuk AG. Modulation of Post-Traumatic Immune Response Using the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra for Improved Visual Outcomes. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1463-1480. [PMID: 32056479 PMCID: PMC7249480 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize acute changes in inflammatory pathways in the mouse eye after blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and to determine whether modulation of these pathways could protect the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). The bTBI was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by exposure to three 20 psi blast waves directed toward the head with the body shielded, with an inter-blast interval of one hour. Acute cytokine expression in retinal tissue was measured through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) four hours post-blast. Increased retinal expression of interleukin (lL)-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α was observed in bTBI mice exposed to blast when compared with shams, which was associated with activation of microglia and macroglia reactivity, assessed via immunohistochemistry with ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively, one week post-blast. Blockade of the IL-1 pathway was accomplished using anakinra, an IL-1RI antagonist, administered intra-peritoneally for one week before injury and continuing for three weeks post-injury. Retinal function and RGC layer thickness were evaluated four weeks post-injury using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. After bTBI, anakinra treatment resulted in a preservation of RGC function and RGC structure when compared with saline treated bTBI mice. Optic nerve integrity analysis demonstrated a trend of decreased damage suggesting that IL-1 blockade also prevents axonal damage after blast. Blast exposure results in increased retinal inflammation including upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of resident microglia and macroglia. This may explain partially the RGC loss we observed in this model, as blockade of the acute inflammatory response after injury with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra resulted in preservation of RGC function and RGC layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Addison W Woll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brittany P Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicole Hehr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Matthew M Harper
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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141
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Chaudhry SR, Kahlert UD, Kinfe TM, Lamprecht A, Niemelä M, Hänggi D, Muhammad S. Elevated Systemic IL-10 Levels Indicate Immunodepression Leading to Nosocomial Infections after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) in Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051569. [PMID: 32106601 PMCID: PMC7084744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a highly complex disease with very high mortality and morbidity. About one-third of SAH patients suffer from systemic infections, predominantly pneumonia, that can contribute to excess mortality after SAH. Immunodepression is probably the most important mechanism leading to infections. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a master regulator of immunodepression, but it is still not clear if systemic IL-10 levels contribute to immunodepression, occurrence of infections and clinical outcome after SAH. Methods: This explorative study included 76 patients with SAH admitted to our neurointensive care unit within 24 h after ictus. A group of 24 patients without any known intracranial pathology were included as controls. Peripheral venous blood was withdrawn on day 1 and day 7 after SAH. Serum was isolated by centrifugation and stored at −80 °C until analysis. Serum IL-10 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Patient characteristics, post-SAH complications and clinical outcome at discharge were retrieved from patients’ record files. Results: Serum IL-10 levels were significantly higher on day 1 and day 7 in SAH patients compared to controls. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly higher on day 7 in patients who developed any kind of infection, cerebral vasospasm (CVS) or chronic hydrocephalus. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly higher in SAH patients discharged with poor clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 3–6 or Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1–3). Conclusion: Serum IL-10 might be an additional useful parameter along with other biomarkers to predict post-SAH infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany; or
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa-Tameer-e-Millat University, Pitras Bukhari Road H-8/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ulf Dietrich Kahlert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (U.D.K.); (D.H.)
| | - Thomas Mehari Kinfe
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (U.D.K.); (D.H.)
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany; or
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (U.D.K.); (D.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-211-811-9298
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142
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Andreone BJ, Larhammar M, Lewcock JW. Cell Death and Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036434. [PMID: 31451511 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal function caused by the degeneration of synapses, axons, and ultimately the death of nerve cells. An increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying altered cellular homeostasis and neurodegeneration is critical to the development of effective treatments for disease. Here, we review what is known about neuronal cell death and how it relates to our understanding of neurodegenerative disease pathology. First, we discuss prominent molecular signaling pathways that drive neuronal loss, and highlight the upstream cell biology underlying their activation. We then address how neuronal death may occur during disease in response to neuron intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction and cell death will open up avenues for clinical intervention in a field lacking disease-modifying treatments.
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143
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Bae SH, Yoo MR, Kim YY, Hong IK, Kim MH, Lee SH, Kim DY. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to protect neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1483-1489. [PMID: 31997812 PMCID: PMC7059593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a chemokine that plays an essential role in immune system function. Previous studies suggested that MIF protects neurons in ischemic conditions. However, few studies are reported on the role of MIF in neurological recovery after ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection mediated by MIF. Human neuroblastoma cells were incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 hours and then returned to normal aerobic environment for reperfusion (OGD/R). 30 ng/mL MIF recombinant (30 ng/mL) or ISO-1 (MIF antagonist; 50 μM) was administered to human neuroblastoma cells. Then cell cultures were assigned to one of four groups: control, OGD/R, OGD/R with MIF, OGD/R with ISO-1. Cell viability was analyzed using WST-1 assay. Expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), Caspase-3, Bcl2, and Bax were detected by western blot assay and immunocytochemistry in each group to measure apoptotic activity. WST-1 assay results revealed that compared to the OGD/R group, cell survival rate was significantly higher in the OGD/R with MIF group and lower in the OGD/R with ISO-1 group. Western blot assay and immunocytochemistry results revealed that expression levels of BDNF, Bcl2, and MAP2 were significantly higher, and expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly lower in the MIF group than in the OGD/R group. Expression levels of BDNF, Bcl2, and MAP2 were significantly lower, and expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were significantly higher in the ISO-1 group than in the OGD/R group. MIF administration promoted neuronal cell survival and induced high expression levels of BDNF, MAP2, and Bcl2 (anti-apoptosis) and low expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax (pro-apoptosis) in an OGD/R model. These results suggest that MIF administration is effective for inducing expression of BDNF and leads to neuroprotection of neuronal cells against hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hwan Bae
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Yeong Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyung Hong
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hak Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yul Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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144
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Giraud A, Allard MJ, Segura M, Roche F, Patural H, Sébire G. Ampicillin Treatment Increases Placental Interleukin-1 Beta Concentration and Polymorphonuclear Infiltration in Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis: A Preclinical Study. Neonatology 2020; 117:369-373. [PMID: 32375156 DOI: 10.1159/000506906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic therapy during preterm labor with intact membranes has been associated with an increased risk of neonatal death. OBJECTIVES Using an established rat model of group B Streptococcus (GBS)-induced chorioamnionitis, we hypothesized that ampicillin treatment increases placental inflammation, as shown in other bacterial infections. METHODS At gestational day 19, 19 Lewis dams were intraperitoneally (i.p.) inoculated by 108 CFU of β-hemolytic serotype Ia GBS (strain #16955 susceptible to ampicillin). Dams were treated i.p. with either 200 mg/kg of ampicillin (n = 9) or 0.9% saline (n = 10) at 48 and 60 h post-GBS inoculation. Cesarean sections were performed 72 h post-GBS inoculation. RESULTS Ampicillin treatment was associated with an increased number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) infiltrating the decidua (mean 1,536 vs. 532 PMN/mm2; p < 0.001) and a higher placental concentration of IL-1β (mean 26.4 vs. 7.9 pg/mg; p < 0.01) compared to saline-treated dams. These effects were observed in dams without GBS bacteremia. Conversely, ampicillin treatment was associated with a decreased placental concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in dams with GBS bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS Ampicillin increases placental inflammation in a rat model of GBS-induced chorioamnionitis without bacteremia. This proinflammatory effect of ampicillin could be due to bacterial lysis. Our findings do not query the intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against GBS disease. They pave the way for future preclinical studies combining anti-inflammatory treatments and antibiotic therapy for GBS-induced chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Giraud
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada, .,EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France,
| | - Marie-Julie Allard
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Department of Infectiology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Roche
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Hugues Patural
- EA 4607 SNA EPIS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Guillaume Sébire
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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145
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Xie Y, Peng J, Pang J, Guo K, Zhang L, Yin S, Zhou J, Gu L, Tu T, Mu Q, Liao Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Jiang Y. Biglycan regulates neuroinflammation by promoting M1 microglial activation in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2019; 152:368-380. [PMID: 31778579 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Kecheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Neurosurgery Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province Luzhou China
| | - Shigang Yin
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Functions Clinical Medical Research Center of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Long Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Tianqi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Qiancheng Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Yuyan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Neurosurgery Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province Luzhou China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
- Neurosurgery Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province Luzhou China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Functions Clinical Medical Research Center of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Luzhou China
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146
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Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by cytokines is the main mechanism by which cells of the immune system talk to each other. Many aspects of cytokine signalling in the immune system have been explored in great detail at the structural, biophysical, biochemical and cellular levels. However, a systematic understanding of the quantitative rules that govern cytokine-mediated cell-to-cell communication is still lacking. Here, we discuss recent efforts in the field of systems immunology to bring about a quantitative understanding of cytokine-mediated communication between leukocytes and to provide novel insights into the orchestration of immune responses and inflammation.
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147
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Al-Ahmady ZS, Jasim D, Ahmad SS, Wong R, Haley M, Coutts G, Schiessl I, Allan SM, Kostarelos K. Selective Liposomal Transport through Blood Brain Barrier Disruption in Ischemic Stroke Reveals Two Distinct Therapeutic Opportunities. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12470-12486. [PMID: 31693858 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective therapies for stroke continues to face repeated translational failures. Brain endothelial cells form paracellular and transcellular barriers to many blood-borne therapies, and the development of efficient delivery strategies is highly warranted. Here, in a mouse model of stroke, we show selective recruitment of clinically used liposomes into the ischemic brain that correlates with biphasic blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Intravenous administration of liposomes into mice exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion took place at early (0.5 and 4 h) and delayed (24 and 48 h) time points, covering different phases of BBB disruption after stroke. Using a combination of in vivo real-time imaging and histological analysis we show that selective liposomal brain accumulation coincides with biphasic enhancement in transcellular transport followed by a delayed impairment to the paracellular barrier. This process precedes neurological damage in the acute phase and maintains long-term liposomal colocalization within the neurovascular unit, which could have great potential for neuroprotection. Levels of liposomal uptake by glial cells are similarly selectively enhanced in the ischemic region late after experimental stroke (2-3 days), highlighting their potential for blocking delayed inflammatory responses or shifting the polarization of microglia/macrophages toward brain repair. These findings demonstrate the capability of liposomes to maximize selective translocation into the brain after stroke and identify two windows for therapeutic manipulation. This emphasizes the benefits of selective drug delivery for efficient tailoring of stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa S Al-Ahmady
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
- Pharmacology Department, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Dhifaf Jasim
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Sabahuddin Syed Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Wong
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Haley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Graham Coutts
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
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148
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Aabed K, Bhat RS, Al-Dbass A, Moubayed N, Algahtani N, Merghani NM, Alanazi A, Zayed N, El-Ansary A. Bee pollen and propolis improve neuroinflammation and dysbiosis induced by propionic acid, a short chain fatty acid in a rodent model of autism. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:200. [PMID: 31733650 PMCID: PMC6858724 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of autism because the cytokine levels are typically disturbed in the brain in autistic patients. Prebiotics-rich diet maintains the healthy gut microbiota and hence can regulate the neuroinflammation indirectly. The study aimed to investigate the role of bee pollen and propolis in ameliorating neuroinflammation, including cytokine levels, in an animal model of autism. METHODS Hamsters were classified as four groups: Group I, control; Group II, autistic model/animals treated with 250 mg propionic acid (PPA)/kg body weight (BW)/day for 3 days; Group III, animals treated with bee pollen at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW/day for 4 weeks; and Group IV, animals treated with propolis at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW/day for 4 weeks. Neuroinflammatory responses were evaluated using the levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). RESULTS Significant decrease of IL-10 (P<0.026), VEGF (P<0.005), and TNFα(P<0.005) levels and increased IL-1α (P<0.032), IL-6(P<0.028), and IFN-γ (P<0.013) levels were observed between the four studied groups. The neurotoxic effects of PPA was clearly presented as much higher IL-6, as pro-inflammatory cytokine (P<0.05), concomitant with much lower IL-10, as anti-inflammatory cytokine(P<0.015) compared to controls. Both bee pollen and propolis were effective in ameliorating the neurotoxic effects of PPA demonstrating non-significant changes of IL-6 and IL-10 when compared to control healthy hamsters. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that both bee pollen and propolis protect against neuroinflammation in the rodent model of autism. However, further studies are needed to investigate the clinical benefits of prebiotics-rich diet in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther Aabed
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Al-Dbass
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine Moubayed
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Algahtani
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M Merghani
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah Alanazi
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naima Zayed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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149
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Kesler SR, Harrison RA, Petersen ML, Rao V, Dyson H, Alfaro-Munoz K, Weathers SP, de Groot J. Pre-surgical connectome features predict IDH status in diffuse gliomas. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6484-6493. [PMID: 31741712 PMCID: PMC6849657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumor. Clinical outcomes depend on many factors including tumor molecular characteristics. Mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene confers significant benefits in terms of survival and quality of life. Preoperative determination of IDH genotype can facilitate surgical planning, allow for novel clinical trial designs, and assist clinical counseling surrounding the individual patient's disease. METHODS In this study, we aimed to evaluate a novel approach for non-invasively predicting IDH status from conventional MRI via connectomics, a whole-brain network-based technique. We retrospectively extracted 93 connectome features from the preoperative, T1-weighted MRI data of 234 adult patients (148 IDH mutated) and evaluated the performance of four common machine learning models to predict IDH genotype. RESULTS Area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic were 0.76 to 0.94 with random forest (RF) showing significantly higher performance (p < 0.01) than other algorithms. Feature selection schemes and the addition of age and tumor location did not change RF performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that connectomics is a feasible approach for preoperatively predicting IDH genotype in patients with gliomas. Our results support prior evidence that RF is an ideal machine learning method for this area of research. Additionally, connectomics provides unique insights regarding potential mechanisms of tumor genotype on large-scale brain network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli R. Kesler
- Cancer Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell School of Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rebecca A. Harrison
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Melissa L. Petersen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Cancer Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell School of Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah Dyson
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin Alfaro-Munoz
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shiao-Pei Weathers
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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150
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Lainez NM, Coss D. Obesity, Neuroinflammation, and Reproductive Function. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2719-2736. [PMID: 31513269 PMCID: PMC6806266 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of obesity has become a significant public health concern. Individuals with obesity have higher prevalence of heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and reproductive disorders. Reproductive problems include menstrual irregularities, pregnancy complications, and infertility due to anovulation, in women, and lower testosterone and diminished sperm count, in men. In particular, women with obesity have reduced levels of both gonadotropin hormones, and, in obese men, lower testosterone is accompanied by diminished LH. Taken together, these findings indicate central dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, specifically at the level of the GnRH neuron function, which is the final brain output for the regulation of reproduction. Obesity is a state of hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and chronic inflammation. Herein, we review recent advances in our understanding of how these metabolic and immune changes affect hypothalamic function and regulation of GnRH neurons. In the latter part, we focus on neuroinflammation as a major consequence of obesity and discuss findings that reveal that GnRH neurons are uniquely positioned to respond to inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Lainez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
- Correspondence: Djurdjica Coss, PhD, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 303 SOM Research Building, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521. E-mail:
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