101
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Ghosh S, Ghosh S. Exosome: The “Off-the-Shelf” Cellular Nanocomponent as a Potential Pathogenic Agent, a Disease Biomarker, and Neurotherapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878058. [PMID: 35685643 PMCID: PMC9170956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized “off-the-shelf” lipid vesicles released by almost all cell types and play a significant role in cell–cell communication. Exosomes have already been proven to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, miRNA, and noncoding RNA (ribonucleic acid). These vesicles can be selectively taken up by the neighboring cell and can regulate cellular functions. Herein, we have discussed three different roles of exosomes in neuroscience. First, we have discussed how exosomes play the role of a pathogenic agent as a part of cell–cell communication and transmit pathogens such as amyloid-beta (Aβ), further helping in the propagation of neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. In the next section, the review talks about the role of exosomes in biomarker discovery in neurological disorders. Toward the end, we have reviewed how exosomes can be harnessed and engineered for therapeutic purposes in different brain diseases. This review is based on the current knowledge generated in this field and our comprehension of this domain.
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102
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Younas N, Fernandez Flores LC, Hopfner F, Höglinger GU, Zerr I. A new paradigm for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: peripheral exosomes of brain origin. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35527262 PMCID: PMC9082915 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies, characterized by progressive loss of neurons. These diseases involve an intricate pattern of cross-talk between different types of cells to maintain specific signaling pathways. A component of such intercellular cross-talk is the exchange of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are a subset of EVs, which are increasingly being known for the role they play in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The ability of the central nervous system exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier into blood has generated enthusiasm in their study as potential biomarkers. However, the lack of standardized, efficient, and ultra-sensitive methods for the isolation and detection of brain-derived exosomes has hampered the development of effective biomarkers. Exosomes mirror heterogeneous biological changes that occur during the progression of these incurable illnesses, potentially offering a more comprehensive outlook of neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, progression and treatment. In this review, we aim to discuss the challenges and opportunities of peripheral biofluid-based brain-exosomes in the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In the later part, we discuss the traditional and emerging methods used for the isolation of exosomes and compare their advantages and disadvantages in clinical settings.
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103
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Mizuno M, Matsuzaki T, Ozeki N, Katano H, Koga H, Takebe T, Yoshikawa HY, Sekiya I. Cell membrane fluidity and ROS resistance define DMSO tolerance of cryopreserved synovial MSCs and HUVECs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:177. [PMID: 35505370 PMCID: PMC9066911 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have high freeze–thaw tolerance, whereas human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have low freezing tolerance. The differences in cell type-specific freeze–thaw tolerance and the mechanisms involved are unclear. This study thus aimed to identify the biological and physical factors involved in the differences in freeze–thaw tolerance between MSCs and HUVECs. Materials and methods For biological analysis, MSC and HUVEC viability after freeze-thawing and alteration of gene expression in response to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, a cryoprotectant) were quantitatively evaluated. For physical analysis, the cell membrane fluidity of MSCs and HUVECs before and after DMSO addition was assessed using a histogram for generalized polarization frequency. Results HUVECs showed lower live cell rates and higher gene expression alteration related to extracellular vesicles in response to DMSO than MSCs. Fluidity measurements revealed that the HUVEC membrane was highly fluidic and sensitive to DMSO compared to that of MSCs. Addition of CAY10566, an inhibitor of stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD1) that produces highly fluidic desaturated fatty acids, decreased the fluidity of HUVECs and increased their tolerance to DMSO. The combination of CAY10566 and antioxidant glutathione (GSH) treatment improved HUVEC viability from 57 to 69%. Membrane fluidity alteration may thus contribute to pore-induced DMSO influx into the cytoplasm and reactive oxygen species production, leading to greater cytotoxicity in HUVECs, which have low antioxidant capacity. Conclusions Differences in freeze–thaw tolerance originate from differences in the cell membranes with respect to fluidity and antioxidant capacity. These findings provide a basis for analyzing cell biology and membrane-physics to establish appropriate long-term preservation methods aimed at promoting transplantation therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02850-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Matsuzaki
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.,Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobutake Ozeki
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hisako Katano
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Organoid Medicine Project, T-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA.,The Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hiroshi Y Yoshikawa
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, 255, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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104
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Yang L, Patel KD, Rathnam C, Thangam R, Hou Y, Kang H, Lee KB. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104783. [PMID: 35132796 PMCID: PMC9344859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanomaterials, with their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, may play crucial roles in next-generation extracellular vesicles (EV)-based disease diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As such, one aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to magnetic nanomaterials-facilitated isolation, detection, and delivery of extracellular vesicles and their associated biomolecules. By engaging the fields of extracellular vesicles and magnetic nanomaterials, it is envisioned that their properties can be effectively combined for optimal outcomes in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kapil D. Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
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105
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Guedes VA, Lange RT, Lippa SM, Lai C, Greer K, Mithani S, Devoto C, A Edwards K, Wagner CL, Martin CA, Driscoll AE, Wright MM, Gillow KC, Baschenis SM, Brickell TA, French LM, Gill JM. Extracellular vesicle neurofilament light is elevated within the first 12-months following traumatic brain injury in a U.S military population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4002. [PMID: 35256615 PMCID: PMC8901614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be associated with long-term neurobehavioral symptoms. Here, we examined levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in extracellular vesicles isolated from blood, and their relationship with TBI severity and neurobehavioral symptom reporting. Participants were 218 service members and veterans who sustained uncomplicated mild TBIs (mTBI, n = 107); complicated mild, moderate, or severe TBIs (smcTBI, n = 66); or Injured controls (IC, orthopedic injury without TBI, n = 45). Within one year after injury, but not after, NfL was higher in the smcTBI group than mTBI (p = 0.001, d = 0.66) and IC (p = 0.001, d = 0.35) groups, which remained after controlling for demographics and injury characteristics. NfL also discriminated the smcTBI group from IC (AUC:77.5%, p < 0.001) and mTBI (AUC:76.1%, p < 0.001) groups. No other group differences were observed for NfL or GFAP at either timepoint. NfL correlated with post-concussion symptoms (rs = - 0.38, p = 0.04) in the mTBI group, and with PTSD symptoms in mTBI (rs = - 0.43, p = 0.021) and smcTBI groups (rs = - 0.40, p = 0.024) within one year after injury, which was not confirmed in regression models. Our results suggest the potential of NfL, a protein previously linked to axonal damage, as a diagnostic biomarker that distinguishes TBI severity within the first year after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Guedes
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Rael T Lange
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara M Lippa
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kisha Greer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Sara Mithani
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Christina Devoto
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Katie A Edwards
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Chelsea L Wagner
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Carina A Martin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Angela E Driscoll
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan M Wright
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Kelly C Gillow
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Samantha M Baschenis
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Tracey A Brickell
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louis M French
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica M Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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106
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Shi Y, Bao Q, Chen W, Wang L, Peng D, Liu J, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Ji Z, Shen A. Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Diagnosis Biomarkers and Therapeutic Approaches for Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1-15. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction, the major clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is caused by irreversible progressive neurological dysfunction. With the aging of the population, the incidence of AD is increasing year by year. However, there is neither a simple and accurate early diagnosis method, nor an effective method to alleviate or prevent the occurrence and progression of AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a number of heterogeneous membrane structures that arise from the endosome system or shed from the plasma membrane. In the brain, almost every kind of cell may have EVs, which are related to cell-cell communication and regulate cellular function. At present, an increasing body of evidence suggests that EVs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD, and it is of great significance to use them as specific biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in AD. This article reviews the potential role of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and treatments for cognitive dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces of New Manufacturing Technology, Anhui Hefei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces of New Manufacturing Technology, Anhui Hefei, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaojie Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Aizong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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107
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Liang TT, Qin X, Xiang Y, Tang Y, Yang F. Advances in nucleic acids-scaffolded electrical sensing of extracellular vesicle biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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108
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Gomes DE, Witwer KW. L1CAM-associated extracellular vesicles: A systematic review of nomenclature, sources, separation, and characterization. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e35. [PMID: 35492832 PMCID: PMC9045013 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When released into biological fluids like blood or saliva, brain extracellular vesicles (EVs) might provide a window into otherwise inaccessible tissue, contributing useful biomarkers of neurodegenerative and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases. To enrich for brain EVs in the periphery, however, cell-specific EV surface markers are needed. The protein that has been used most frequently to obtain EVs of putative neuronal origin is the transmembrane L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM/CD171). In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature on L1CAM and EVs, including investigations of both neurodegenerative disease and cancer through the lens of the minimal information for studies of EVs (MISEV), specifically in the domains of nomenclature usage, EV sources, and EV separation and characterization. Although numerous studies have reported L1CAM-associated biomarker signatures that correlate with disease, interpretation of these results is complicated since L1CAM expression is not restricted to neurons and is also upregulated during cancer progression. A recent study has suggested that L1CAM epitopes are present in biofluids mostly or entirely as cleaved, soluble protein. Our findings on practices and trends in L1CAM-mediated EV separation, enrichment, and characterization yield insights that may assist with interpreting results, evaluating rigor, and suggesting avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitria E. Gomes
- Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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109
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Ortega-Pineda L, Sunyecz A, Salazar-Puerta AI, Rincon-Benavides MA, Alzate-Correa D, Anaparthi AL, Guilfoyle E, Mezache L, Struckman HL, Duarte-Sanmiguel S, Deng B, McComb DW, Dodd D, Lawrence WR, Moore J, Zhang J, Reátegui E, Veeraraghavan R, Nelson MT, Gallego-Perez D, Higuita-Castro N. Designer Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Pro-Neuronal Cell Responses and Improve Intracranial Retention. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100805. [PMID: 35014204 PMCID: PMC9466406 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene/oligonucleotide therapies have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of different neurological conditions. However, current methodologies for the delivery of neurogenic/neurotrophic cargo to brain and nerve tissue are fraught with caveats, including reliance on viral vectors, potential toxicity, and immune/inflammatory responses. Moreover, delivery to the central nervous system is further compounded by the low permeability of the blood brain barrier. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising delivery vehicles for neurogenic/neurotrophic therapies, overcoming many of the limitations mentioned above. However, the manufacturing processes used for therapeutic EVs remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a detailed study of the manufacturing process of neurogenic EVs by characterizing the nature of cargo and surface decoration, as well as the transfer dynamics across donor cells, EVs, and recipient cells. Neurogenic EVs loaded with Ascl1, Brn2, and Myt1l (ABM) are found to show enhanced neuron-specific tropism, modulate electrophysiological activity in neuronal cultures, and drive pro-neurogenic conversions/reprogramming. Moreover, murine studies demonstrate that surface decoration with glutamate receptors appears to mediate enhanced EV delivery to the brain. Altogether, the results indicate that ABM-loaded designer EVs can be a promising platform nanotechnology to drive pro-neuronal responses, and that surface functionalization with glutamate receptors can facilitate the deployment of EVs to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilibeth Ortega-Pineda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Alec Sunyecz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Ana I. Salazar-Puerta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Diego Alzate-Correa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Ellie Guilfoyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Louisa Mezache
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Heather L. Struckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Silvia Duarte-Sanmiguel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Dodd
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - William R. Lawrence
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jordan Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - M. Tyler Nelson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States.,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States.,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States.,Corresponding author:
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110
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Zhou L, Shen M, Fan X, Liu Y, Yang L. Pathogenic and Potential Therapeutic Roles of Exosomes Derived From Immune Cells in Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810300. [PMID: 35185900 PMCID: PMC8854144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma place a heavy burden on many patients worldwide. However, the treatment of many liver diseases is currently insufficient, and the treatment may be associated with strong side effects. Therapies for liver diseases targeting the molecular and cellular levels that minimize adverse reactions and maximize therapeutic effects are in high demand. Immune cells are intimately involved in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of liver diseases. The immune response in the liver can be suppressed, leading to tolerance in homeostasis. When infection or tissue damage occurs, immunity in the liver is activated rapidly. As small membrane vesicles derived from diverse cells, exosomes carry multiple cargoes to exert their regulatory effects on recipient cells under physiological or pathological conditions. Exosomes from different immune cells exert different effects on liver diseases. This review describes the biology of exosomes and focuses on the effects of exosomes from different immune cells on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis and their therapeutic potential in liver diseases.
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111
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The procoagulant effects of extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxic endothelial cells can be selectively inhibited by inorganic nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2022; 122-123:6-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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112
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Rufino-Ramos D, Lule S, Mahjoum S, Ughetto S, Cristopher Bragg D, Pereira de Almeida L, Breakefield XO, Breyne K. Using genetically modified extracellular vesicles as a non-invasive strategy to evaluate brain-specific cargo. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121366. [PMID: 35033904 PMCID: PMC8886823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of techniques to trace brain cell behavior in vivo hampers the ability to monitor status of cells in a living brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized membrane-surrounded vesicles, released by virtually all brain cells might be able to report their status in easily accessible biofluids, such as blood. EVs communicate among tissues using lipids, saccharides, proteins, and nucleic acid cargo that reflect the state and composition of their source cells. Currently, identifying the origin of brain-derived EVs has been challenging, as they consist of a rare population diluted in an overwhelming number of blood and peripheral tissue-derived EVs. Here, we developed a sensitive platform to select out pre-labelled brain-derived EVs in blood as a platform to study the molecular fingerprints of brain cells. This proof-of-principle study used a transducible construct tagging tetraspanin (TSN) CD63, a membrane-spanning hallmark of EVs equipped with affinity, bioluminescent, and fluorescent tags to increase detection sensitivity and robustness in capture of EVs secreted from pre-labelled cells into biofluids. Our platform enables unprecedented efficient isolation of neural EVs from the blood. These EVs derived from pre-labelled mouse brain cells or engrafted human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) were submitted to multiplex analyses, including transcript and protein levels, in compliance with the multibiomolecule EV carriers. Overall, our novel strategy to track brain-derived EVs in a complex biofluid opens up new avenues to study EVs released from pre-labelled cells in near and distal compartments into the biofluid source.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rufino-Ramos
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sevda Lule
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shadi Mahjoum
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - D Cristopher Bragg
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13(th)Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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113
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Bischoff JP, Schulz A, Morrison H. The role of exosomes in inter-cellular and inter-organ communication of the peripheral nervous system. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:655-664. [PMID: 34990014 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, are produced via the endosomal pathway and released in the extracellular space upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Recent evidence shows that these extracellular vesicles play a key role in cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes transport bioactive proteins, messenger RNA (mRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) in an active form to adjacent cells or to distant organs. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in peripheral nerve maintenance and repair, as well as peripheral nerve/organ crosstalk, and discuss the potential benefits of exploiting exosomes for treating PNS injuries. In addition, we will highlight the emerging role of exosomes as new important vehicles for physiological systemic crosstalk failures, which could lead to organ dysfunction during neuroinflammation or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Patricia Bischoff
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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114
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Kluge A, Bunk J, Schaeffer E, Drobny A, Xiang W, Knacke H, Bub S, Lückstädt W, Arnold P, Lucius R, Berg D, Zunke F. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:3058-3071. [PMID: 35722765 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no reliable clinically applicable biomarker has been established for Parkinson's disease. Our results indicate that a long anticipated blood test for Parkinson's disease may be realized. Following the isolation of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles of Parkinson's disease patients and non-Parkinson's disease individuals, immunoblot analyses were performed to detect extracellular vesicle-derived α-synuclein. Pathological α-synuclein forms derived from neuronal extracellular vesicles could be detected under native conditions and were significantly increased in all individuals with Parkinson's disease and clearly distinguished disease from the non-disease state. By performing an α-synuclein seeding assay these soluble conformers could be amplified and seeding of pathological protein folding was demonstrated. Amplified α-synuclein conformers exhibited β-sheet-rich structures and a fibrillary appearance. Our study demonstrates that the detection of pathological α-synuclein conformers from neuron-derived extracellular vesicles from blood plasma samples has the potential to evolve into a blood-biomarker of Parkinson's disease that is still lacking so far. Moreover, the distribution of seeding-competent α-synuclein within blood exosomes sheds a new light of pathological disease mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrike Knacke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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115
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You Y, Muraoka S, Jedrychowski MP, Hu J, McQuade AK, Young‐Pearse T, Aslebagh R, Shaffer SA, Gygi SP, Blurton‐Jones M, Poon WW, Ikezu T. Human neural cell type-specific extracellular vesicle proteome defines disease-related molecules associated with activated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease brain. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12183. [PMID: 35029059 PMCID: PMC8758831 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer pathogenic molecules and are consequently involved in disease progression. We have investigated the proteomic profiles of EVs that were isolated from four different human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cell types (excitatory neurons, astrocytes, microglia-like cells, and oligodendrocyte-like cells). Novel cell type-specific EV protein markers were then identified for the excitatory neurons (ATP1A3, NCAM1), astrocytes (LRP1, ITGA6), microglia-like cells (ITGAM, LCP1), and oligodendrocyte-like cells (LAMP2, FTH1), as well as 16 pan-EV marker candidates, including integrins and annexins. To further demonstrate how cell-type-specific EVs may be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we performed protein co-expression network analysis and conducted cell type assessments for the proteomes of brain-derived EVs from the control, mild cognitive impairment, and AD cases. A protein module enriched in astrocyte-specific EV markers was most significantly associated with the AD pathology and cognitive impairment, suggesting an important role in AD progression. The hub protein from this module, integrin-β1 (ITGB1), was found to be significantly elevated in astrocyte-specific EVs enriched from the total brain-derived AD EVs and associated with the brain β-amyloid and tau load in independent cohorts. Thus, our study provides a featured framework and rich resource for the future analyses of EV functions in neurodegenerative diseases in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang You
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Satoshi Muraoka
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Jianqiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amanda K. McQuade
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tracy Young‐Pearse
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Roshanak Aslebagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
- Mass Spectrometry FacilityUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolShrewsburyMassachusettsUSA
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
- Mass Spectrometry FacilityUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolShrewsburyMassachusettsUSA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mathew Blurton‐Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wayne W. Poon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- The Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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116
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Recent Advances in Exosome Analysis Assisted by Functional Nucleic Acid-based Signal Amplification Technologies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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117
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Hercher D, Nguyen MQ, Dworak H. Extracellular vesicles and their role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2021; 350:113968. [PMID: 34973963 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries often result in sensory and motor dysfunction in respective parts of the body. Regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries is a complex process including the differentiation of Schwann cells, recruiting of macrophages, blood vessel growth and axonal regrowth. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to play a pivotal role in intercellular communication and transfer of biological information. Specifically, their bioactivity and ability to deliver cargos of various types of nucleic acids and proteins have made them a potential vehicle for neurotherapeutics. However, production, characterization, dosage and targeted delivery of EVs still pose challenges for the clinical translation of EV therapeutics. This review summarizes the current knowledge of EVs in the context of the healthy and injured peripheral nerve and addresses novel concepts for modification of EVs as therapeutic agents for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mai Quyen Nguyen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Dworak
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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118
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Filip R. An Update on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113202. [PMID: 34831425 PMCID: PMC8622309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most fundamental influences of microorganisms inhabiting the human intestinal tract are exerted during infant development and impact the maturation of intestinal mucosa and gut immune system. The impact of bacteria on the host gut immune system is partially mediated via released extracellular vesicles (EVs). The heterogeneity in EV content, size, and bacterial species origin can have an impact on intestinal cells, resulting in inflammation and an immune response, or facilitate pathogen entry into the gut wall. In mammals, maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier might also be an evolutionary function of maternal milk EVs. Recently, the usage of EVs has been explored as a novel therapeutic approach in several pathological conditions, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge of EV biology, followed by a discussion of the role that EVs play in gut maturation and the pathogenesis of NEC and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Filip
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD, Unit of Clinical Hospital 2 in Rzeszow, Lwowska 60, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Majora Wacława Kopisto 2a, 35-210 Rzeszow, Poland
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119
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Guo K, Li Z, Win A, Coreas R, Adkins GB, Cui X, Yan D, Cao M, Wang SE, Zhong W. Calibration-free analysis of surface proteins on single extracellular vesicles enabled by DNA nanostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113502. [PMID: 34298496 PMCID: PMC8580803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential intercellular communicators that are of increasing interest as diagnostic biomarkers. Exploring their biological functions and clinical values, however, remains challenging due to their small sizes and high heterogeneity. Herein, we report an ultrasensitive method that employs target-initiated construction of DNA nanostructure to detect single EVs with an input as low as 100 vesicles/μL. Taking advantage of both DNA nanostructure labeling and EV membrane staining, the method can also permit calibration-free analysis of the protein profiles among different EV samples, leading to clear EV differentiation by their cell of origin. Moreover, this method allows co-localization of dual protein markers on the same EV, and the increased number of EVs carrying dual tumor proteins present in human serum could differentiate cancer patients at the early developmental stage from healthy controls. Our results demonstrate the great potential of this single-EV visualization method in non-invasive detection of the EV-based protein biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zongbo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Allison Win
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Nanofabrication Facility, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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120
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Moreira R, Mendonça LS, Pereira de Almeida L. Extracellular Vesicles Physiological Role and the Particular Case of Disease-Spreading Mechanisms in Polyglutamine Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212288. [PMID: 34830171 PMCID: PMC8621536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research demonstrated pathological spreading of the disease-causing proteins from one focal point across other brain regions for some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Spreading mediated by extracellular vesicles is one of the proposed disease-spreading mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles are cell membrane-derived vesicles, used by cells for cell-to-cell communication and excretion of toxic components. Importantly, extracellular vesicles carrying pathological molecules, when internalized by "healthy" cells, may trigger pathological pathways and, consequently, promote disease spreading to neighboring cells. Polyglutamine diseases are a group of genetic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of mutant misfolded proteins carrying an expanded tract of glutamines, including Huntington's and Machado-Joseph disease. The pathological spread of the misfolded proteins or the corresponding mutant mRNA has been explored. The understanding of the disease-spreading mechanism that plays a key role in the pathology progression of these diseases can result in the development of effective therapeutic approaches to stop disease progression, arresting the spread of the toxic components and disease aggravation. Therefore, the present review's main focus is the disease-spreading mechanisms with emphasis on polyglutamine diseases and the putative role played by extracellular vesicles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana S. Mendonça
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.M.); (L.P.d.A.); Tel.: +351-239-820-190 (L.S.M.)
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.M.); (L.P.d.A.); Tel.: +351-239-820-190 (L.S.M.)
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121
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Thompson AG, Oeckl P, Feneberg E, Bowser R, Otto M, Fischer R, Kessler B, Turner MR. Advancing mechanistic understanding and biomarker development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:977-994. [PMID: 34758687 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteomic analysis has contributed significantly to the study of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It has helped to define the pathological change common to nearly all cases, namely intracellular aggregates of phosphorylated TDP-43, shifting the focus of pathogenesis in ALS toward RNA biology. Proteomics has also uniquely underpinned the delineation of disease mechanisms in model systems and has been central to recent advances in human ALS biomarker development. AREAS COVERED The contribution of proteomics to understanding the cellular pathological changes, disease mechanisms, and biomarker development in ALS are covered. EXPERT OPINION Proteomics has delivered unique insights into the pathogenesis of ALS and advanced the goal of objective measurements of disease activity to improve therapeutic trials. Further developments in sensitivity and quantification are expected, with application to the presymptomatic phase of human disease offering the hope of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Dzne e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Bowser
- Departments of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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122
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Guedes VA, Lai C, Devoto C, Edwards KA, Mithani S, Sass D, Vorn R, Qu BX, Rusch HL, Martin CA, Walker WC, Wilde EA, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gill JM, Kenney K. Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs Are Linked to Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Service Members and Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:745348. [PMID: 34690777 PMCID: PMC8526745 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.745348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common in military populations, and frequently associated with a history of combat-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In this study, we examined relationships between severity of PTSD symptoms and levels of extracellular vesicle (EV) proteins and miRNAs measured in the peripheral blood in a cohort of military service members and Veterans (SMs/Vs) with chronic mTBI(s). Participants (n = 144) were divided into groups according to mTBI history and severity of PTSD symptoms on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). We analyzed EV levels of 798 miRNAs (miRNAs) as well as EV and plasma levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL), Tau, Amyloid beta (Aβ) 42, Aβ40, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We observed that EV levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) were elevated in participants with more severe PTSD symptoms (PCL-5 ≥ 38) and positive mTBI history, when compared to TBI negative controls (p = 0.024) and mTBI participants with less severe PTSD symptoms (p = 0.006). Levels of EV NfL, plasma NfL, and hsa-miR-139–5p were linked to PCL-5 scores in regression models. Our results suggest that levels of NfL, a marker of axonal damage, are associated with PTSD symptom severity in participants with remote mTBI. Specific miRNAs previously linked to neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes, and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways, among others, were also associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms. Our findings provide insights into possible signaling pathways linked to the development of persistent PTSD symptoms after TBI and biological mechanisms underlying susceptibility to PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Guedes
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chen Lai
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christina Devoto
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katie A Edwards
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara Mithani
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dilorom Sass
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rany Vorn
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bao-Xi Qu
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center for Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heather L Rusch
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carina A Martin
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William C Walker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- CENC Neuroimaging Core, George E. Wahlen VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System and Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica M Gill
- CENC Biorepository, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing and Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kimbra Kenney
- CENC Biorepository, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Chen Z, Chang F, Yao L, Yuan F, Hong J, Wu D, Wei Y. Clinical significance of the cognition-related pathogenic proteins in plasma neuronal-derived exosomes among normal cognitive adults over 45 years old with olfactory dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:3467-3476. [PMID: 34693486 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exosomal Phospho-Tau-181(P-T181-tau), Total tau (T-tau), and amyloid-β peptide 42 (Aβ42) have been proved the capacity for the amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to explore the cognitive function and the levels of P-T181-tau, T-tau, and Aβ42 in neuronal-derived exosomes (NDEs) extracted from plasma in normal cognitive adults over 45 years old with olfactory dysfunction. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 29 participants aged over 45 was conducted. Plasma exosomes were isolated, precipitated, and enriched by immuno-absorption with anti- L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) antibody. NDEs were characterized by CD81, and extracted NDE protein (P-T181-tau, T-tau, and Aβ42) biomarkers were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs). Olfactory performance was assessed by Sniffin' Sticks and cognitive performance was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS There was no significant difference between adults with olfactory dysfunction and without olfactory dysfunction regarding the cognitive function as measured by MoCA and all the participants showed normal cognition. Adults with olfactory dysfunction showed a higher concentration of P-T181-tau in plasma NDEs than did adults without olfactory dysfunction (P = 0.034). Both the levels of P-T181-tau (r = - 0.553, P = 0.003) and T-tau (r = - 0.417, P = 0.034) negatively correlated with the odor identification scores. In addition, the level of T-tau negatively correlated with MoCA scores (r = - 0.597, P = 0.002). The levels of P-T181-tau (r = - 0.464, P = 0.022) and T-tau (r = - 0.438, P = 0.032) negatively correlated with the delayed recall scores. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that cognition-related pathogenic proteins including P-T181-tau in plasma NDEs were significantly increased in adults over 45 years old with olfactory dysfunction before the occurrence of cognitive impairment. The impaired odor identification and the delayed recall function were highly associated with the increased levels of P-T181-tau and T-tau in plasma NDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - FeiFan Chang
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Linyin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100029, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100029, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Junsheng Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100029, Chaoyang District, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100029, Chaoyang District, China.
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100029, Chaoyang District, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
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de Rus Jacquet A, Tancredi JL, Lemire AL, DeSantis MC, Li WP, O'Shea EK. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters astrocyte-to-neuron communication via extracellular vesicles and induces neuron atrophy in a human iPSC-derived model of Parkinson's disease. eLife 2021; 10:e73062. [PMID: 34590578 PMCID: PMC8514240 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential cells of the central nervous system, characterized by dynamic relationships with neurons that range from functional metabolic interactions and regulation of neuronal firing activities, to the release of neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopaminergic neurons are progressively lost during the course of the disease, but the effects of PD on astrocytes and astrocyte-to-neuron communication remain largely unknown. This study focuses on the effects of the PD-related mutation LRRK2 G2019S in astrocytes generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. We report the alteration of extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis in astrocytes and identify the abnormal accumulation of key PD-related proteins within multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We found that dopaminergic neurons internalize astrocyte-secreted EVs and that LRRK2 G2019S EVs are abnormally enriched in neurites and fail to provide full neurotrophic support to dopaminergic neurons. Thus, dysfunctional astrocyte-to-neuron communication via altered EV biological properties may participate in the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna L Tancredi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Andrew L Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael C DeSantis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Erin K O'Shea
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
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Prasanna P, Rathee S, Rahul V, Mandal D, Chandra Goud MS, Yadav P, Hawthorne S, Sharma A, Gupta PK, Ojha S, Jha NK, Villa C, Jha SK. Microfluidic Platforms to Unravel Mysteries of Alzheimer's Disease: How Far Have We Come? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101022. [PMID: 34685393 PMCID: PMC8537508 DOI: 10.3390/life11101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a significant health concern with enormous social and economic impact globally. The gradual deterioration of cognitive functions and irreversible neuronal losses are primary features of the disease. Even after decades of research, most therapeutic options are merely symptomatic, and drugs in clinical practice present numerous side effects. Lack of effective diagnostic techniques prevents the early prognosis of disease, resulting in a gradual deterioration in the quality of life. Furthermore, the mechanism of cognitive impairment and AD pathophysiology is poorly understood. Microfluidics exploits different microscale properties of fluids to mimic environments on microfluidic chip-like devices. These miniature multichambered devices can be used to grow cells and 3D tissues in vitro, analyze cell-to-cell communication, decipher the roles of neural cells such as microglia, and gain insights into AD pathophysiology. This review focuses on the applications and impact of microfluidics on AD research. We discuss the technical challenges and possible solutions provided by this new cutting-edge technique to understand disease-associated pathways and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- School of Applied Sciences, KK University, Nalanda 803115, Bihar, India;
- Correspondence: or (P.P.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Shweta Rathee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India;
| | - Vedanabhatla Rahul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India;
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844101, Bihar, India;
| | | | - Pardeep Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.Y.); (N.K.J.)
| | - Susan Hawthorne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK;
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Science and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (P.K.G.)
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Science and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.S.); (P.K.G.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.Y.); (N.K.J.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.Y.); (N.K.J.)
- Correspondence: or (P.P.); (S.K.J.)
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Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz M, Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Sulkowski G, Strużyńska L. Nanosystems and exosomes as future approaches in treating multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7377-7404. [PMID: 34561918 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which leads to neurological dysfunctions and severe disabilities. MS pathology is characterised by damage of the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of autoreactive T cells that overactivate glial cells, thereby initiating neuroinflammation accompanied by the formation of demyelinating plaques and neurodegeneration. Clinical deficits in this multifactorial disease depend on the progression of myelin loss, the stage of inflammation, the status of axons and the activity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Despite significant progress in the treatment of MS, current therapies remain limited and new approaches are highly desirable. Nanosystems based on liposomes and nanoparticles are among some of the more noteworthy therapeutic strategies being investigated. Applications of nanosystems alone or as drug carriers in animal models of MS have been found to successfully alleviate the symptoms of the disease and exert anti-inflammatory potential. Exosomes are a specific type of nanosystem based on nanometre-sized extracellular vesicles released by different cells which exhibit important healing features. Exosomes contain an array of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents which may contribute to modulation of the immune system as well as promoting remyelination and tissue repair. In this review, opportunities to use nanosystems against progression of MS will be discussed in context of cell-specific pathologies associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Strużyńska
- Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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127
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Gamage TKJB, Fraser M. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Developing Brain: Current Perspective and Promising Source of Biomarkers and Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:744840. [PMID: 34630028 PMCID: PMC8498217 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.744840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review focuses on our current understanding of the proposed physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the developing brain. Furthermore, since EVs have attracted great interest as potential novel cell-free therapeutics, we discuss advances in the knowledge of stem cell- and astrocyte-derived EVs in relation to their potential for protection and repair following perinatal brain injury. This review identified 13 peer-reviewed studies evaluating the efficacy of EVs in animal models of perinatal brain injury; 12/13 utilized mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) and 1/13 utilized astrocyte-derived EVs. Animal model, method of EV isolation and size, route, timing, and dose administered varied between studies. Notwithstanding, EV treatment either improved and/or preserved perinatal brain structures both macroscopically and microscopically. Additionally, EV treatment modulated inflammatory responses and improved brain function. Collectively this suggests EVs can ameliorate, or repair damage associated with perinatal brain injury. These findings warrant further investigation to identify the optimal cell numbers, source, and dosage regimens of EVs, including long-term effects on functional outcomes.
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128
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Amrollahi P, Zheng W, Monk C, Li CZ, Hu TY. Nanoplasmonic Sensor Approaches for Sensitive Detection of Disease-Associated Exosomes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6589-6603. [PMID: 35006963 PMCID: PMC9130051 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are abundantly secreted by most cells that carry membrane and cytosolic factors that can reflect the physiologic state of their source cells and thus have strong potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease staging, and treatment monitoring. However, traditional diagnostic or prognostic applications that might use exosomes are hindered by the lack of rapid and sensitive assays that can exploit their biological information. An array of assay approaches have been developed to address this deficit, including those that integrate immunoassays with nanoplasmonic sensors to measure changes in optical refractive indexes in response to the binding of low concentrations of their targeted molecules. These sensors take advantage of enhanced and tunable interactions between the electron clouds of nanoplasmonic particles and structures and incident electromagnetic radiation to enable isolation-free and ultrasensitive quantification of disease-associated exosome biomarkers present in complex biological samples. These unique advantages make nanoplasmonic sensing one of the most competitive approaches available for clinical applications and point-of-care tests that evaluate exosome-based biomarkers. This review will briefly summarize the origin and clinical utility of exosomes and the limitations of current isolation and analysis approaches before reviewing the specific advantages and limitations of nanoplasmonic sensing devices and indicating what additional developments are necessary to allow the translation of these approaches into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Amrollahi
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Wenshu Zheng
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chandler Monk
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tony Ye Hu
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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Tang Q, Gao P, Arzberger T, Höllerhage M, Herms J, Höglinger G, Koeglsperger T. Alpha-Synuclein defects autophagy by impairing SNAP29-mediated autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:854. [PMID: 34535638 PMCID: PMC8448865 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the gradual appearance of neuronal protein aggregates termed Lewy bodies (LBs) that are comprised of vesicular membrane structures and dysmorphic organelles in conjunction with the protein alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn). Although the exact mechanism of neuronal aggregate formation and death remains elusive, recent research suggests α-Syn-mediated alterations in the lysosomal degradation of aggregated proteins and organelles - a process termed autophagy. Here, we used a combination of molecular biology and immunochemistry to investigate the effect of α-Syn on autophagy turnover in cultured human DA neurons and in human post-mortem brain tissue. We found α-Syn overexpression to reduce autophagy turnover by compromising the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, thus leading to a decrease in the formation of autolysosomes. In accord with a compensatory increase in the plasma membrane fusion of autophagosomes, α-Syn enhanced the number of extracellular vesicles (EV) and the abundance of autophagy-associated proteins in these EVs. Mechanistically, α-Syn decreased the abundance of the v-SNARE protein SNAP29, a member of the SNARE complex mediating autophagolysosome fusion. In line, SNAP29 knockdown mimicked the effect of α-Syn on autophagy whereas SNAP29 co-expression reversed the α-Syn-induced changes on autophagy turnover and EV release and ameliorated DA neuronal cell death. In accord with our results from cultured neurons, we found a stage-dependent reduction of SNAP29 in SNc DA neurons from human post-mortem brain tissue of Lewy body pathology (LBP) cases. In summary, our results thus demonstrate a previously unknown effect of α-Syn on intracellular autophagy-associated SNARE proteins and, as a consequence, a reduced autolysosome fusion. As such, our findings will therefore support the investigation of autophagy-associated pathological changes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Tang
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Department of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pan Gao
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Department of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCentre of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig, Maximilian University, Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Höllerhage
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Department of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCentre of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig, Maximilian University, Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Department of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Shotgun-based proteomics of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease reveals biomarkers involved in immunological and coagulation pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18518. [PMID: 34531462 PMCID: PMC8445922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and without readily available clinical biomarkers. Blood-derived proteins are routinely used for diagnostics; however, comprehensive plasma profiling is challenging due to the dynamic range in protein concentrations. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross the blood-brain barrier and may provide a source for AD biomarkers. We investigated plasma-derived EV proteins for AD biomarkers from 10 AD patients, 10 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients, and 9 healthy controls (Con) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The ultracentrifuged EVs were washed and confirmed according to the MISEV2018 guidelines. Some AD patients presented with highly elevated FXIIIA1 (log2 FC: 4.6, p-value: 0.005) and FXIIIB (log2 FC: 4.9, p-value: 0.018). A panel of proteins was identified discriminating Con from AD (AUC: 0.91, CI: 0.67-1.00) with ORM2 (AUC: 1.00, CI: 1.00-1.00), RBP4 (AUC: 0.99, CI: 0.95-1.00), and HYDIN (AUC: 0.89, CI: 0.72-1.00) were found especially relevant for AD. This indicates that EVs provide an easily accessible matrix for possible AD biomarkers. Some of the MCI patients, with similar protein profiles as the AD group, progressed to AD within a 2-year timespan.
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131
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Zhang Z, Wu H, Peng Q, Xie Z, Chen F, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yang J, Chen C, Li S, Zhang Y, Tian W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Luo H, Zhu M, Kuang YQ, Yu J, Wang K. Integration of Molecular Inflammatory Interactome Analyses Reveals Dynamics of Circulating Cytokines and Extracellular Vesicle Long Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs in Heroin Addicts During Acute and Protracted Withdrawal. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730300. [PMID: 34489980 PMCID: PMC8416766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heroin addiction and withdrawal influence multiple physiological functions, including immune responses, but the mechanism remains largely elusive. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular inflammatory interactome, particularly the cytokines and transcriptome regulatory network in heroin addicts undergoing withdrawal, compared to healthy controls (HCs). Twenty-seven cytokines were simultaneously assessed in 41 heroin addicts, including 20 at the acute withdrawal (AW) stage and 21 at the protracted withdrawal (PW) stage, and 38 age- and gender-matched HCs. Disturbed T-helper(Th)1/Th2, Th1/Th17, and Th2/Th17 balances, characterized by reduced interleukin (IL)-2, elevated IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A, but normal TNF-α, were present in the AW subjects. These imbalances were mostly restored to the baseline at the PW stage. However, the cytokines TNF-α, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-17A remained dysregulated. This study also profiled exosomal long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA in the plasma of heroin addicts, constructed co-expression gene regulation networks, and identified lncRNA-mRNA-pathway pairs specifically associated with alterations in cytokine profiles and Th1/Th2/Th17 imbalances. Altogether, a large amount of cytokine and exosomal lncRNA/mRNA expression profiling data relating to heroin withdrawal was obtained, providing a useful experimental and theoretical basis for further understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of withdrawal symptoms in heroin addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyue Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingyan Peng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fengrong Chen
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiqing Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shaoyou Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiwei Tian
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Echo Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huayou Luo
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Zebrafish as a preclinical model for Extracellular Vesicle-based therapeutic development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113815. [PMID: 34058284 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are released during various pathophysiological processes and reflect the state of their cell of origin. Once released, they can propagate through biological fluids, target cells, deliver their content and elicit functional responses. These specific features would allow their harnessing as biomarkers, drug nano-vehicles and therapeutic intrinsic modulators. However, the further development of their potential therapeutic application is hampered by the lack of knowledge about how EVs behave in vivo. Recent advances in the field of imaging EVs in vivo now allow live-tracking of endogenous and exogenous EV in various model organisms at high spatiotemporal resolution to define their distribution, half-life and fate. This review highlights current imaging tools available to image EVs in vivo and how live imaging especially in the zebrafish embryo can bring further insights into the characterization of EVs dynamics, biodistribution and functions to potentiate their development for therapeutic applications.
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Wu Q, Poulsen SB, Murali SK, Grimm PR, Su XT, Delpire E, Welling PA, Ellison DH, Fenton RA. Large-Scale Proteomic Assessment of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Highlights Their Reliability in Reflecting Protein Changes in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2195-2209. [PMID: 34230103 PMCID: PMC8729841 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are secreted into urine by cells from the kidneys and urinary tract. Although changes in uEV proteins are used for quantitative assessment of protein levels in the kidney or biomarker discovery, whether they faithfully reflect (patho)physiologic changes in the kidney is a matter of debate. METHODS Mass spectrometry was used to compare in an unbiased manner the correlations between protein levels in uEVs and kidney tissue from the same animal. Studies were performed on rats fed a normal or high K+ diet. RESULTS Absolute quantification determined a positive correlation (Pearson R=0.46 or 0.45, control or high K+ respectively, P<0.0001) between the approximately 1000 proteins identified in uEVs and corresponding kidney tissue. Transmembrane proteins had greater positive correlations relative to cytoplasmic proteins. Proteins with high correlations (R>0.9), included exosome markers Tsg101 and Alix. Relative quantification highlighted a monotonic relationship between altered transporter/channel abundances in uEVs and the kidney after dietary K+ manipulation. Analysis of genetic mouse models also revealed correlations between uEVs and kidney. CONCLUSION This large-scale unbiased analysis identifies uEV proteins that track the abundance of the parent proteins in the kidney. The data form a novel resource for the kidney community and support the reliability of using uEV protein changes to monitor specific physiologic responses and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul R. Grimm
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul A. Welling
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David H. Ellison
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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134
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Busatto S, Morad G, Guo P, Moses MA. The role of extracellular vesicles in the physiological and pathological regulation of the blood-brain barrier. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:665-675. [PMID: 34485835 PMCID: PMC8409556 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a subclass of biological nanoparticles secreted by most cell types. Once secreted, EVs can travel long distances to deliver their content to target cells thereby playing a key role in cell-to-cell communication and supporting both physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, the functional versatility of EVs has come to be more widely appreciated. Their heterogeneous structure encloses solubilized bioactive cargoes including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs mirror the secreting cell in composition therefore representing a novel source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their unique structure, EVs constitute a promising class of biocompatible nanovehicles for drug delivery as well. Importantly, and of burgeoning interest, is the fact that EVs have the intrinsic ability to breach biological barriers including the complex blood-brain barrier (BBB), whose restrictive nature represents a significant therapeutic challenge. EVs have been shown to contribute to the progression of a variety of brain diseases including metastatic brain cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute pathologies including infections and ischemia. In this review, the role of EVs in the maintenance and regulation of the BBB under normal physiological and pathologic conditions are discussed. Applications of EVs as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in the treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system are presented as are limitations hindering their broad translation and potential solutions to resolve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Busatto
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Golnaz Morad
- Department of Surgical OncologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Peng Guo
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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135
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Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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136
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Horn MD, MacLean AG. Extracellular Vesicles as a Means of Viral Immune Evasion, CNS Invasion, and Glia-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695899. [PMID: 34290592 PMCID: PMC8287503 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells as a means of intercellular communication. EVs transfer proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically relevant molecules from one cell to another. In the context of viral infections, EVs can also contain viruses, viral proteins, and viral nucleic acids. While there is some evidence that the inclusion of viral components within EVs may be part of the host defense, much of the research in this field supports a pro-viral role for EVs. Packaging of viruses within EVs has repeatedly been shown to protect viruses from antibody neutralization while also allowing for their integration into cells otherwise impervious to the virus. EVs also bidirectionally cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing a potential route for peripheral viruses to enter the brain while exiting EVs may serve as valuable biomarkers of neurological disease burden. Within the brain, EVs can alter glial activity, increase neuroinflammation, and induce neurotoxicity. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize research related to viral manipulation of EV-mediated intercellular communication and how such manipulation may lead to infection of the central nervous system, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda D Horn
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, United States
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137
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Zhang T, Ma S, Lv J, Wang X, Afewerky HK, Li H, Lu Y. The emerging role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101321. [PMID: 33727157 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifested by memory loss and a decline in cognitive functions, is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease accounting for 60-80 % of dementia cases. But, to-date, there is no effective treatment available to slow or stop the progression of AD. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry constituents, such as functional messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNA, and other bioactive substances of their source cells. In the brain, exosomes are likely to be sourced by almost all cell types and involve in cell communication to regulate cellular functions. The yet, accumulated evidence on the roles of exosomes and their constituents in the AD pathological process suggests their significance as additional biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD. This review summarizes the current reported research findings on exosomes roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AD.
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138
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Gualerzi A, Picciolini S, Carlomagno C, Rodà F, Bedoni M. Biophotonics for diagnostic detection of extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:229-249. [PMID: 33887403 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are versatile carriers for biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of multiple human disorders. Despite the increasing scientific and commercial interest in EV application in diagnostics, traditional biomolecular techniques usually require consistent sample amount, rely on operator-dependent and time- consuming procedures and cannot cope with the nano-size range of EVs, limiting both sensitivity and reproducibility of results. The application of biophotonics, i.e. light-based methods, for the diagnostic detection of EVs has brought to the development of innovative platforms with excellent sensitivity. In this review, we propose an overview of the most promising and emerging technologies used in the field of EV-related biomarker discovery. When tested on clinical samples, the reported biophotonic approaches in most cases have managed to discriminate between nanovesicles and contaminants, achieved much higher resolution compared to traditional procedures, and reached moderate to excellent diagnostic accuracy, thus demonstrating great potentialities for their clinical translation.
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139
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we describe the biology of extracellular vesicles (EV) and how they contribute to bone-associated cancers. RECENT FINDINGS Crosstalk between tumor and bone has been demonstrated to promote tumor and metastatic progression. In addition to direct cell-to-cell contact and soluble factors, such as cytokines, EVs mediate crosstalk between tumor and bone. EVs are composed of a heterogenous group of membrane-delineated vesicles of varying size range, mechanisms of formation, and content. These include apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, large oncosomes, and exosomes. EVs derived from primary tumors have been shown to alter bone remodeling and create formation of a pre-metastatic niche that favors development of bone metastasis. Similarly, EVs from marrow stromal cells have been shown to promote tumor progression. Additionally, EVs can act as therapeutic delivery vehicles due to their low immunogenicity and targeting specificity. EVs play critical roles in intercellular communication. Multiple classes of EVs exist based on size on mechanism of formation. In addition to a role in pathophysiology, EVs can be exploited as therapeutic delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Dai
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, NCRC B14 RM116, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison B Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, NCRC B14 RM116, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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140
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Non-neuronal cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - from pathogenesis to biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:333-348. [PMID: 33927394 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing motor neuron-centric view of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis could be an important factor in the failure to identify disease-modifying therapy for this neurodegenerative disorder. Non-neuronal cells have crucial homeostatic functions within the CNS and evidence of involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS, is accumulating. Microglia and astrocytes, in crosstalk with peripheral immune cells, can exert both neuroprotective and adverse effects, resulting in a highly nuanced range of neuronal and non-neuronal cell interactions. This Review provides an overview of the diverse roles of non-neuronal cells in relation to the pathogenesis of ALS and the emerging potential of non-neuronal cell biomarkers to advance therapeutic development.
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141
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L1CAM is not associated with extracellular vesicles in human cerebrospinal fluid or plasma. Nat Methods 2021; 18:631-634. [PMID: 34092791 PMCID: PMC9075416 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
L1CAM is a transmembrane protein expressed on neurons that was presumed to be found on neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) in human biofluids. We developed a panel of single-molecule array assays to evaluate the use of L1CAM for NDEV isolation. We demonstrate that L1CAM is not associated with extracellular vesicles in human plasma or cerebrospinal fluid and therefore recommend against its use as a marker in NDEV isolation protocols.
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142
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Wang R, Yan H, Yu A, Ye L, Zhai G. Cancer targeted biomimetic drug delivery system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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143
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Koh YQ, Ng DQ, Ng CC, Boey A, Wei M, Sze SK, Ho HK, Acharya M, Limoli CL, Chan A. Extracellular Vesicle Proteome of Breast Cancer Patients with and Without Cognitive Impairment Following Anthracycline-based Chemotherapy: An Exploratory Study. Biomark Insights 2021; 16:11772719211018204. [PMID: 34103887 PMCID: PMC8150437 DOI: 10.1177/11772719211018204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment due to cancer and its therapy is a major concern among cancer patients and survivors. Extracellular vesicle (EVs) composition altered by cancer and chemotherapy may affect neurological processes such as neuroplasticity, potentially impacting the cognitive abilities of cancer patients and survivors. We investigated the EV proteome of breast cancer patients with and without cognitive impairment following anthracycline-based chemotherapy from longitudinally collected plasma. EVs were cup-shaped and positive for Flotillin-1 and TSG-101. We identified 517 differentially expressed EV proteins between the cognitive impaired and non-impaired groups during and post-chemotherapy. The observed decreased expression of p2X purinoceptor, cofilin-1, ADAM 10, and dynamin-1 in the plasma EVs of the cognitive impaired group may suggest alterations in the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. The reduced expression of tight junction proteins among cognitive-impaired patients may imply weakening of the blood-brain barrier. These EV protein signatures may serve as a fingerprint that underscores the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in cancer patients and survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Quan Ng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chiu Chin Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Boey
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Munjal Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Oncology Pharmacy, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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144
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Hong Z, Tian C, Stewart T, Aro P, Soltys D, Bercow M, Sheng L, Borden K, Khrisat T, Pan C, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Quinn JF, Montine TJ, Aasly J, Shi M, Zhang J. Development of a Sensitive Diagnostic Assay for Parkinson Disease Quantifying α-Synuclein-Containing Extracellular Vesicles. Neurology 2021; 96:e2332-e2345. [PMID: 34032594 PMCID: PMC8166433 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a reliable and fast assay to quantify the α-synuclein (α-syn)-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in CSF and to assess their diagnostic potential for Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS A cross-sectional, multicenter study was designed, including 170 patients with PD and 131 healthy controls (HCs) with a similar distribution of age and sex recruited from existing center studies at the University of Washington and Oregon Health and Science University. CSF EVs carrying α-syn or aggregated α-syn were quantified using antibodies against total or aggregated α-syn, respectively, and highly specific, sensitive, and rapid assays based on the novel Apogee nanoscale flow cytometry technology. RESULTS No significant differences in the number and size distribution of total EVs between patients with PD and HCs in CSF were observed. When examining the total α-syn-positive and aggregated α-syn-positive EV subpopulations, the proportions of both among all detected CSF EVs were significantly lower in patients with PD compared to HCs (p < 0.0001). While each EV subpopulation showed better diagnostic sensitivity and specificity than total CSF α-syn measured directly with an immunoassay, a combination of the 2 EV subpopulations demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy that attained clinical relevance (area under curve 0.819, sensitivity 80%, specificity 71%). CONCLUSION Using newly established, sensitive nanoscale flow cytometry assays, we have demonstrated that total α-syn-positive and aggregated α-syn-positive EVs in CSF may serve as a helpful tool in PD diagnosis. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that total and aggregated α-syn-positive EVs in CSF identify patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hong
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chen Tian
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patrick Aro
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Soltys
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matt Bercow
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lifu Sheng
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kayla Borden
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tarek Khrisat
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catherine Pan
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas J Montine
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aasly
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Min Shi
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jing Zhang
- From the Departments of Pathology (Z.H., T.S., P.A., D.S., M.B., L.S., K.B., T.K., C.P., M.S., J.Z.), Neurology (C.P.Z.), and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology (Z.H.), West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Pathology (C.T., J.Z.), Central Laboratory (J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, and National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center (J.Z.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (C.P.Z.) and Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centre (E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Care Center (J.F.Q.), Portland VA Medical Center; Department of Neurology (J.F.Q.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Pathology (T.J.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Neurology (J.A.), St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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145
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Tian C, Gao L, Zucker IH. Regulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in heart failure: Role of extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:218-231. [PMID: 33741451 PMCID: PMC8096694 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The balance between pro- and antioxidant molecules has been established as an important driving force in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Chronic heart failure is associated with oxidative stress in the myocardium and globally. Redox balance in the heart and brain is controlled, in part, by antioxidant proteins regulated by the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is reduced in the heart failure state. Nrf2 can, in turn, be regulated by a variety of mechanisms including circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from multiple cell types in the heart. Here, we review the role of the Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme signaling pathway in mediating redox balance in the myocardium and the brain in the heart failure state. This review focuses on Nrf2 and antioxidant protein regulation in the heart and brain by miRNA-enriched EVs in the setting of heart failure. We discuss EV-mediated intra- and inter-organ communications especially, communication between the heart and brain via an EV pathway that mediates cardiac function and sympatho-excitation in heart failure. Importantly, we speculate how engineered EVs with specific miRNAs or antagomirs may be used in a therapeutic manner in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Lie Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
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146
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Su H, Rustam YH, Masters CL, Makalic E, McLean CA, Hill AF, Barnham KJ, Reid GE, Vella LJ. Characterization of brain-derived extracellular vesicle lipids in Alzheimer's disease. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12089. [PMID: 34012516 PMCID: PMC8111496 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid dyshomeostasis is associated with the most common form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Substantial progress has been made in identifying positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for AD, but they have limited use as front-line diagnostic tools. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells and contain a subset of their parental cell composition, including lipids. EVs are released from the brain into the periphery, providing a potential source of tissue and disease specific lipid biomarkers. However, the EV lipidome of the central nervous system is currently unknown and the potential of brain-derived EVs (BDEVs) to inform on lipid dyshomeostasis in AD remains unclear. The aim of this study was to reveal the lipid composition of BDEVs in human frontal cortex, and to determine whether BDEVs have an altered lipid profile in AD. Using semi-quantitative mass spectrometry, we describe the BDEV lipidome, covering four lipid categories, 17 lipid classes and 692 lipid molecules. BDEVs were enriched in glycerophosphoserine (PS) lipids, a characteristic of small EVs. Here we further report that BDEVs are enriched in ether-containing PS lipids, a finding that further establishes ether lipids as a feature of EVs. BDEVs in the AD frontal cortex offered improved detection of dysregulated lipids in AD over global lipid profiling of this brain region. AD BDEVs had significantly altered glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid levels, specifically increased plasmalogen glycerophosphoethanolamine and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acyl containing lipids, and altered amide-linked acyl chain content in sphingomyelin and ceramide lipids relative to CTL. The most prominent alteration was a two-fold decrease in lipid species containing anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving docosahexaenoic acid. The in-depth lipidome analysis provided in this study highlights the advantage of EVs over more complex tissues for improved detection of dysregulated lipids that may serve as potential biomarkers in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yepy H. Rustam
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Enes Makalic
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Catriona A. McLean
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gavin E. Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Laura J. Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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147
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Ali A, Zambrano R, Duncan MR, Chen S, Luo S, Yuan H, Chen P, Benny M, Schmidt A, Young K, Kerr N, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW, Dietrich WD, Wu S. Hyperoxia-activated circulating extracellular vesicles induce lung and brain injury in neonatal rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8791. [PMID: 33888735 PMCID: PMC8062626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia-induced lung injury plays a key role in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), characterized by inflammatory injury and impaired lung development in preterm infants. Although BPD is a predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, currently it is uncertain how lung injury contributes to brain injury in preterm infants. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures that regulate intercellular and inter-organ communications. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) has emerged as a key executor of inflammasome-mediated cell death and inflammation. In this study, we utilized a neonatal rat model of BPD to assess if hyperoxia stimulates lung release of circulating EVs and if these EVs induce lung and brain injury. We found that hyperoxia-exposed rats had elevated numbers of plasma-derived EVs compared to rats maintained in room air. These EVs also had increased cargos of surfactant protein C, a marker of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), and the active (p30) form of GSDMD. When these EVs were adoptively transferred into normal newborn rats via intravenous injection, they were taken up both by lung and brain tissues. Moreover, EVs from hyperoxic animals induced not only the pathological hallmarks of BPD, but also brain inflammatory injury in recipient rats, as well as inducing cell death in cultured pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and neural stem cells (NSC). Similarly, hyperoxia-exposed cultured AEC-like cells released EVs that also contained increased GSDMD-p30 and these EVs induced pyroptotic cell death in NSC. Overall, these data indicate that hyperoxia-activated circulating EVs mediate a lung to brain crosstalk resulting in brain injury and suggest a mechanism that links lung injury and neurodevelopmental impairment in BPD infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Ali
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Ronald Zambrano
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Matthew R Duncan
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Shaoyi Chen
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Shihua Luo
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Huijun Yuan
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Pingping Chen
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Merline Benny
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Augusto Schmidt
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Karen Young
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Nadine Kerr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA.
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148
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Pirolli NH, Bentley WE, Jay SM. Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and the Gut-Microbiota Brain Axis: Emerging Roles in Communication and Potential as Therapeutics. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000540. [PMID: 33857347 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) have emerged as candidate signaling vectors for long-distance interkingdom communication within the gut-microbiota brain axis. Most bacteria release these nanosized vesicles, capable of signaling to the brain via their abundant protein and small RNA cargo, possibly directly via crossing the blood-brain barrier. BEVs have been shown to regulate brain gene expression and induce pathology at most stages of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and thus they may play a causal role in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and depression/anxiety. On the other hand, BEVs have intrinsic therapeutic properties that may be relevant to probiotic therapy and can also be engineered to function as drug delivery vehicles and vaccines. Thus, BEVs may be both a cause of and solution to neuropathological conditions. In this review, current knowledge of the physiological roles of BEVs as well as state of the art pertaining to the development of therapeutic BEVs in the context of the microbiome-gut-brain axis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Pirolli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5120A A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3116 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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149
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Hantak MP, Einstein J, Kearns RB, Shepherd JD. Intercellular Communication in the Nervous System Goes Viral. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:248-259. [PMID: 33485691 PMCID: PMC8041237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses and transposable elements are major drivers of evolution and make up over half the sequences in the human genome. In some cases, these elements are co-opted to perform biological functions for the host. Recent studies made the surprising observation that the neuronal gene Arc forms virus-like protein capsids that can transfer RNA between neurons to mediate a novel intercellular communication pathway. Phylogenetic analyses showed that mammalian Arc is derived from an ancient retrotransposon of the Ty3/gypsy family and contains homology to the retroviral Gag polyproteins. The Drosophila Arc homologs, which are independently derived from the same family of retrotransposons, also mediate cell-to-cell signaling of RNA at the neuromuscular junction; a striking example of convergent evolution. Here we propose an Arc 'life cycle', based on what is known about retroviral Gag, and discuss how elucidating these biological processes may lead to novel insights into brain plasticity and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hantak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jenifer Einstein
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rachel B Kearns
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jason D Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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150
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Tallon C, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Bell BJ, Rais R, Tsukamoto T, Witwer KW, Haughey NJ, Slusher BS. Nipping disease in the bud: nSMase2 inhibitors as therapeutics in extracellular vesicle-mediated diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1656-1668. [PMID: 33798648 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are indispensable mediators of intercellular communication, but they can also assume a nefarious role by ferrying pathological cargo that contributes to neurological, oncological, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. The canonical pathway for generating EVs involves the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, but an alternative pathway is induced by the enrichment of lipid membrane ceramides generated by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2). Inhibition of nSMase2 has become an attractive therapeutic strategy for inhibiting EV biogenesis, and a growing number of small-molecule nSMase2 inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic activity in preclinical disease models. This review outlines the function of EVs, their potential role in disease, the discovery and efficacy of nSMase2 inhibitors, and the path to translate these findings into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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