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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease all over the world, which places a crushing burden on public health. During the past three decades, steady progress has been made in the evolving concepts of NAFLD, novel diagnostic methods to stage liver steatosis and fibrosis progression, and new pharmacological approaches for disease treatment, which have contributed to a revolutionary success. However, effective preventive and therapeutic strategies are still urgently needed. A better understanding of the research history of NAFLD will be helpful for its scientific prevention and treatment. In this review, we will discuss the progress in the understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Zhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bi-Hui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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102
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Hotta K, Kikuchi M, Kitamoto T, Kitamoto A, Ogawa Y, Honda Y, Kessoku T, Kobayashi K, Yoneda M, Imajo K, Tomeno W, Nakaya A, Suzuki Y, Saito S, Nakajima A. Identification of core gene networks and hub genes associated with progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by RNA sequencing. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:1445-1458. [PMID: 28219123 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progresses because of the interaction between numerous genes. Thus, we carried out a weighted gene coexpression network analysis to identify core gene networks and key genes associated with NAFLD progression. METHODS We enrolled 39 patients with mild NAFLD (fibrosis stages 0-2) and 21 with advanced NAFLD (fibrosis stages 3-4). Total RNA was extracted from frozen liver biopsies, and sequenced to capture a large dynamic range of expression levels. RESULTS A total of 1777 genes differentially expressed between mild and advanced NAFLD (q-value <0.05) clustered into four modules. One module was enriched for genes that encode cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins, and are involved in cell adhesion, proliferation, and signaling. This module formed a scale-free network containing four hub genes (PAPLN, LBH, DPYSL3, and JAG1) overexpressed in advanced NAFLD. PAPLN is a component of the extracellular matrix, LBH and DPYSL3 are reported to be tumor suppressors, and JAG1 is tumorigenic. Another module formed a random network, and was enriched for genes that accumulate in the mitochondria. These genes were downregulated in advanced NAFLD, reflecting impaired mitochondrial function. However, the other two modules did not form unambiguous networks. KEGG analysis indicated that 71 differentially expressed genes were involved in "pathways in cancer". Strikingly, expression of half of all differentially expressed genes was inversely correlated with methylation of CpG sites (q-value <0.05). Among clinical parameters, serum type IV collagen 7 s was most strongly associated with the epigenetic status in NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Newly identified core gene networks suggest that the NAFLD liver undergoes mitochondrial dysfunction and fibrosis, and acquires tumorigenic potential epigenetically. Our data provide novel insights into the pathology and etiology of NAFLD progression, and identify potential targets for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuko Hotta
- Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitamoto
- Pharmacogenomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Radiation Safety, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Aya Kitamoto
- Pharmacogenomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaori Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Medical Solutions Division, NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Tomeno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakaya
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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103
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Genome-Wide Associations Related to Hepatic Histology in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hispanic Boys. J Pediatr 2017; 190:100-107.e2. [PMID: 28918882 PMCID: PMC5690841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genetic loci associated with features of histologic severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a cohort of Hispanic boys. STUDY DESIGN There were 234 eligible Hispanic boys age 2-17 years with clinical, laboratory, and histologic data enrolled in the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network included in the analysis of 624 297 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After the elimination of 4 outliers and 22 boys with cryptic relatedness, association analyses were performed on 208 DNA samples with corresponding liver histology. Logistic regression analyses were carried out for qualitative traits and linear regression analyses were applied for quantitative traits. RESULTS The median age and body mass index z-score were 12.0 years (IQR, 11.0-14.0) and 2.4 (IQR, 2.1-2.6), respectively. The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (scores 1-4 vs 5-8) was associated with SNP rs11166927 on chromosome 8 in the TRAPPC9 region (P = 8.7-07). Fibrosis stage was associated with SNP rs6128907 on chromosome 20, near actin related protein 5 homolog (p = 9.9-07). In comparing our results in Hispanic boys with those of previously reported SNPs in adult nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 2 of 26 susceptibility loci were associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score and 2 were associated with fibrosis stage. CONCLUSIONS In this discovery genome-wide association study, we found significant novel gene effects on histologic traits associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score and fibrosis that are distinct from those previously recognized by adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease genome-wide association studies.
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104
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Seko Y, Sumida Y, Tanaka S, Mori K, Taketani H, Ishiba H, Hara T, Okajima A, Umemura A, Nishikawa T, Yamaguchi K, Moriguchi M, Kanemasa K, Yasui K, Imai S, Shimada K, Itoh Y. Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Association between PNPLA3 genotype and hepatocarcinogenesis/fibrosis progression. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:1083-1092. [PMID: 27862719 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Some patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 (encoding the I148M variant) has been associated with advanced fibrosis and HCC. We determined the risk factors for HCC, including the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism, in Japanese patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed hepatocarcinogenesis in 238 patients. PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype was determined by allelic discrimination in 130 patients. Among them, 86 patients who were followed up for >5 years and without liver cirrhosis were analyzed to clarify the relationship between PNPLA3 genotype and long-term changes in biomarkers. RESULTS Of 238 patients, PNPLA3 genotype frequencies were: CC, 0.14; CG, 0.46; and GG, 0.40. During a follow-up period of 6.1 years, 10 patients (4.2%) with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis developed HCC. The cumulative rate of HCC was 1.9% at the end of the 5th year and 8.3% at the end of the 10th year. Multivariate analysis identified PNPLA3 genotype GG (hazard ratio, 6.36; P = 0.019) and fibrosis stage (fibrosis stage 3/4; hazard ratio, 24.4; P = 0.011) as predictors of HCC development. In the long follow-up cohort, a larger reduction in platelet count was found in the GG group (P = 0.032) despite a larger reduction in alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.023) compared to that in the CC/CG group. CONCLUSIONS In Japanese patients with NAFLD, severe fibrosis and PNPLA3 GG genotype were predictors of HCC development, independent of other known risk factors. Patients with the PNPLA3 GG genotype have the potential for a decreased platelet count, even when alanine aminotransferase levels are well controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Seko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Saiyu Tanaka
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Nara City Hospital, Nara
| | - Kojiroh Mori
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Nara City Hospital, Nara
| | - Hiroyoshi Taketani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Hiroshi Ishiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Tasuku Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Akira Okajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Taichiro Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | | | - Kohichiroh Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Shunsuke Imai
- Department of Pathology, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Keiji Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
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105
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Dai D, Wen F, Zhou S, Su Z, Liu G, Wang M, Zhou J, He F. Association of MTTP gene variants with pediatric NAFLD: A candidate-gene-based analysis of single nucleotide variations in obese children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185396. [PMID: 28953935 PMCID: PMC5617203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We used targeted next-generation sequencing to investigate whether genetic variants of lipid metabolism-related genes are associated with increased susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children. Methods A cohort of 100 obese children aged 6 to 18 years were divided into NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups and subjected to hepatic ultrasound, anthropometric, and biochemical analyses. We evaluated the association of genetic variants with NAFLD susceptibility by investigating the single nucleotide polymorphisms in each of 36 lipid-metabolism-related genes. The panel genes were assembled for target region sequencing. Correlations between single nucleotide variations, biochemical markers, and clinical phenotypes were analyzed. Results 97 variants in the 36 target genes per child were uncovered. Twenty-six variants in 16 genes were more prevalent in NAFLD subjects than in in-house controls. The mutation rate of MTTP rs2306986 and SLC6A2 rs3743788 was significantly higher in NAFLD subjects than in non-NAFLD subjects (OR: 3.879; P = 0.004; OR: 6.667, P = 0.005). Logistic regression analysis indicated the MTTP variant rs2306986 was an independent risk factor for NAFLD (OR: 23.468, P = 0.044). Conclusions The results of this study, examining a cohort of obese children, suggest that the genetic variation at MTTP rs2306986 was associated with higher susceptibility to NAFLD. This may contribute to the altered lipid metabolism by disruption of assembly and secretion of lipoprotein, leading to reducing fat export from the involved hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Dai
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (SZ)
| | - Shaoming Zhou
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (SZ)
| | - Zhe Su
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingbang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianli Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fusheng He
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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106
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Ryaboshapkina M, Hammar M. Human hepatic gene expression signature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12361. [PMID: 28955037 PMCID: PMC5617840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a wide-spread chronic liver condition that places patients at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and may progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated. Challenges in clinical and basic research are caused by poor understanding of NAFLD mechanisms. The purpose of current study is to describe molecular changes occurring in human liver during NAFLD progression by defining a reproducible gene expression signature. We conduct a systematic meta-analysis of published human gene expression studies on liver biopsies and bariatric surgery samples of NAFLD patients. We relate gene expression levels with histology scores using regression models and identify a set of genes showing consistent-sign associations with NAFLD progression that are replicated in at least three independent studies. The analysis reveals genes that have not been previously characterized in the context of NAFLD such as HORMAD2 and LINC01554. In addition, we highlight biomarker opportunities for risk stratification and known drugs that could be used as tool compounds to study NAFLD in model systems. We identify gaps in current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of NAFLD progression and discuss ways to address them. Finally, we provide an extensive data supplement containing meta-analysis results in a computer-readable format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ryaboshapkina
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Translational Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.
| | - Mårten Hammar
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Translational Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
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107
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Sookoian S, Rohr C, Salatino A, Dopazo H, Fernandez Gianotti T, Castaño GO, Pirola CJ. Genetic variation in long noncoding RNAs and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22917-22926. [PMID: 28206970 PMCID: PMC5410273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human transcriptome comprises a myriad of non protein-coding RNA species, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have a remarkable role in transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. We hypothesized that variants in lncRNAs influence the susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using next generation sequencing, we performed a survey of genetic variation associated with randomly selected lncRNA-genomic regions located within both experimentally validated and computationally predicted regulatory elements. We used a two-stage (exploratory, n = 96 and replication, n = 390) case-control approach that included well-characterized patients with NAFLD diagnosed by liver biopsy. We sequenced > 263 megabase pairs at quality score > Q17, in a total of 2,027,565 reads, including 170 lncRNA-genomic regions. In the sequencing analysis and the validated dataset, we found that the rs2829145 A/G located in a lncRNA (lnc-JAM2-6) was associated with NAFLD and the disease severity. Prediction of regulatory elements in lnc-JAM2-6 showed potential sequence-specific binding motifs of oncogenes MAFK and JUND, and the transcription factor CEBPB that is involved in inflammatory response. The A-allele was significantly associated with NAFLD as disease trait (p = 0.0081) and the disease severity (NASH-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis vs controls: OR 2.36 [95% CI: 1.54-3.62], p = 0.000078). The A-allele carriers also have significantly higher body mass index and glucose-related traits compared with homozygous GG. Hence, our results suggest that variation in lncRNAs contributes to NAFLD severity, while pointing toward the complexity of the genetic component of NAFLD, which involves still unexplored regulatory regions of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Rohr
- Biomedical Genomics and Evolution Laboratory. Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Department, Faculty of Science, IEGEBA, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Salatino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Dopazo
- Biomedical Genomics and Evolution Laboratory. Ecology, Genetics and Evolution Department, Faculty of Science, IEGEBA, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Fernandez Gianotti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo O Castaño
- Liver Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Hospital Abel Zubizarreta, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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108
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Vermeren M, Lyraki R, Wani S, Airik R, Albagha O, Mort R, Hildebrandt F, Hurd T. Osteoclast stimulation factor 1 (Ostf1) KNOCKOUT increases trabecular bone mass in mice. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:498-514. [PMID: 28936620 PMCID: PMC5680368 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclast stimulation factor 1 (OSTF1) is an SH3-domain containing protein that was initially identified as a factor involved in the indirect activation of osteoclasts. It has been linked to spinal muscular atrophy in humans through its interaction with SMN1, and is one of six genes deleted in a human developmental microdeletion syndrome. To investigate the function of OSTF1, we generated an Ostf1 knockout mouse model, with exons 3 and 4 of Ostf1 replaced by a LacZ orf. Extensive X-Gal staining was performed to examine the developmental and adult expression pattern, followed by phenotyping. We show widespread expression of the gene in the vasculature of most organs and in a number of cell types in adult and embryonic mouse tissues. Furthermore, whilst SHIRPA testing revealed no behavioural defects, we demonstrate increased trabecular mass in the long bones, confirming a role for OSTF1 in bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Vermeren
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodanthi Lyraki
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sachin Wani
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rannar Airik
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Omar Albagha
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders 561, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Toby Hurd
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. .,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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109
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Yousef MH, Al Juboori A, Albarrak AA, Ibdah JA, Tahan V. Fatty liver without a large “belly”: Magnified review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese patients. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:100-107. [PMID: 28868179 PMCID: PMC5561430 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is well described as a common cause of chronic liver disease, mostly in the obese population. It refers to a spectrum of chronic liver disease that starts with simple steatosis than progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in patients without significant alcohol consumption. NAFLD in the non-obese population has been increasingly reported and studied recently. The pathogenesis of nonobese NAFLD is poorly understood and is related to genetic predisposition, most notably patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 33 G allele polymorphism that leads to intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. Non-obese NAFLD is associated with components of metabolic syndrome and, especially, visceral obesity which seems to be an important etiological factor in this group. Dietary factors and, specifically, a high fructose diet seem to play a role. Cardiovascular events remain the main cause of mortality and morbidity in NAFLD, including in the non-obese population. There is not enough data regarding treatment in non-obese NAFLD patients, but similar to NAFLD in obese subjects, lifestyle changes that include dietary modification, physical activity, and weight loss remain the mainstay of treatment.
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110
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Lu Q, Powles RL, Abdallah S, Ou D, Wang Q, Hu Y, Lu Y, Liu W, Li B, Mukherjee S, Crane PK, Zhao H. Systematic tissue-specific functional annotation of the human genome highlights immune-related DNA elements for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006933. [PMID: 28742084 PMCID: PMC5546707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing efforts from large international consortia have made genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic annotation data publicly available for a variety of cell and tissue types. However, synthesis of these datasets into effective summary metrics to characterize the functional non-coding genome remains a challenge. Here, we present GenoSkyline-Plus, an extension of our previous work through integration of an expanded set of epigenomic and transcriptomic annotations to produce high-resolution, single tissue annotations. After validating our annotations with a catalog of tissue-specific non-coding elements previously identified in the literature, we apply our method using data from 127 different cell and tissue types to present an atlas of heritability enrichment across 45 different GWAS traits. We show that broader organ system categories (e.g. immune system) increase statistical power in identifying biologically relevant tissue types for complex diseases while annotations of individual cell types (e.g. monocytes or B-cells) provide deeper insights into disease etiology. Additionally, we use our GenoSkyline-Plus annotations in an in-depth case study of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Our analyses suggest a strong connection between LOAD heritability and genetic variants contained in regions of the genome functional in monocytes. Furthermore, we show that LOAD shares a similar localization of SNPs to monocyte-functional regions with Parkinson's disease. Overall, we demonstrate that integrated genome annotations at the single tissue level provide a valuable tool for understanding the etiology of complex human diseases. Our GenoSkyline-Plus annotations are freely available at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoSkyline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan L. Powles
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah Abdallah
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Derek Ou
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shubhabrata Mukherjee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Crane
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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111
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Caussy C, Soni M, Cui J, Bettencourt R, Schork N, Chen CH, Ikhwan MA, Bassirian S, Cepin S, Gonzalez MP, Mendler M, Kono Y, Vodkin I, Mekeel K, Haldorson J, Hemming A, Andrews B, Salotti J, Richards L, Brenner DA, Sirlin CB, Loomba R. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with cirrhosis increases familial risk for advanced fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28628033 DOI: 10.1172/jci93465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of advanced fibrosis in first-degree relatives of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis (NAFLD-cirrhosis) is unknown and needs to be systematically quantified. We aimed to prospectively assess the risk of advanced fibrosis in first-degree relatives of probands with NAFLD-cirrhosis. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of 26 probands with NAFLD-cirrhosis and 39 first-degree relatives. The control population included 69 community-dwelling twin, sib-sib, or parent-offspring pairs (n = 138), comprising 69 individuals randomly ascertained to be without evidence of NAFLD and 69 of their first-degree relatives. The primary outcome was presence of advanced fibrosis (stage 3 or 4 fibrosis). NAFLD was assessed clinically and quantified by MRI proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF). Advanced fibrosis was diagnosed by liver stiffness greater than 3.63 kPa using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). RESULTS The prevalence of advanced fibrosis in first-degree relatives of probands with NAFLD-cirrhosis was significantly higher than that in the control population (17.9% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.0032). Compared with controls, the odds of advanced fibrosis among the first-degree relatives of probands with NAFLD-cirrhosis were odds ratio 14.9 (95% CI, 1.8-126.0, P = 0.0133). Even after multivariable adjustment by age, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, BMI, and diabetes status, the risk of advanced fibrosis remained both statistically and clinically significant (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio 12.5; 95% CI, 1.1-146.1, P = 0.0438). CONCLUSION Using a well-phenotyped familial cohort, we demonstrated that first-degree relatives of probands with NAFLD-cirrhosis have a 12 times higher risk of advanced fibrosis. Advanced fibrosis screening may be considered in first-degree relatives of NAFLD-cirrhosis patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION UCSD IRB 140084. FUNDING National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Caussy
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Meera Soni
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cui
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ricki Bettencourt
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Mahdi Al Ikhwan
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shirin Bassirian
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sandra Cepin
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Monica P Gonzalez
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Yuko Kono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
| | - Irine Vodkin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanie Salotti
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
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112
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Umano GR, Martino M, Santoro N. The Association between Pediatric NAFLD and Common Genetic Variants. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017. [PMID: 28629152 PMCID: PMC5483624 DOI: 10.3390/children4060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common complications of obesity. Several studies have shown that genetic predisposition probably plays an important role in its pathogenesis. In fact, in the last few years a large number of genetic studies have provided compelling evidence that some gene variants, especially those in genes encoding proteins regulating lipid metabolism, are associated with intra-hepatic fat accumulation. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the gene variants that have affected the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 06520, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino, di Vhirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Universita' della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Martino
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 06520, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Dipartimento di Medicina V. Tiberio, Universita' del Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 06520, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Dipartimento di Medicina V. Tiberio, Universita' del Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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113
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Benedict M, Zhang X. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An expanded review. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:715-732. [PMID: 28652891 PMCID: PMC5468341 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i16.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses the simple steatosis to more progressive steatosis with associated hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in some cases hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is a growing epidemic, not only in the United States, but worldwide in part due to obesity and insulin resistance leading to liver accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids. Numerous risk factors for the development of NAFLD have been espoused with most having some form of metabolic derangement or insulin resistance at the core of its pathophysiology. NAFLD patients are at increased risk of liver-related as well as cardiovascular mortality, and NAFLD is rapidly becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, but the development of noninvasive advanced imaging, biochemical and genetic tests will no doubt provide future clinicians with a great deal of information and opportunity for enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis and targeted treatment. As it currently stands several medications/supplements are being used in the treatment of NAFLD; however, none seem to be the "magic bullet" in curtailing this growing problem yet. In this review we summarized the current knowledge of NAFLD epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, pathogenesis, pathologic changes, natural history, and treatment in order to aid in further understanding this disease and better managing NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Benedict
- Mark Benedict, Xuchen Zhang, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Mark Benedict, Xuchen Zhang, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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114
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Doulberis M, Kotronis G, Gialamprinou D, Kountouras J, Katsinelos P. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An update with special focus on the role of gut microbiota. Metabolism 2017; 71:182-197. [PMID: 28521872 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant global health burden in children, adolescents and adults with substantial rise in prevalence over the last decades. Accumulating data from manifold studies support the idea of NAFLD as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, being rather a systemic metabolic disease than a liver confined pathology. Emerging data support that the gut microbiome represents a significant environmental factor contributing to NAFLD development and progression. Apart from other regimens, probiotics may have a positive role in the management of NAFLD through a plethora of possible mechanisms. The current review focuses on the NAFLD multifactorial pathogenesis, including mainly the role of intestinal microbiome and all relevant issues are raised. Furthermore, the clinical manifestations and appropriate diagnostic approach of the disease are discussed, with all possible therapeutic measures that can be taken, also including the potential beneficial effect of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doulberis
- Bürgerspital Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Solothurn 4500, Switzerland.
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Agios Pavlos Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, 55134, Greece
| | - Dimitra Gialamprinou
- Papageorgiou General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, 56403, Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Ippokration Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, 54642, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katsinelos
- Ippokration Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, 54642, Greece
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115
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Huang JF, Yeh ML, Huang CF, Huang CI, Tsai PC, Tai CM, Yang HL, Dai CY, Hsieh MH, Chen SC, Yu ML, Chuang WL. Cytokeratin-18 and uric acid predicts disease severity in Taiwanese nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174394. [PMID: 28472039 PMCID: PMC5417412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Identification of disease severity remains a challenge in the management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cytokeratin-18 (CK18), is a recently developed non-invasive biomarker for NASH. We aimed to assess the performance of CK18 in disease severity prediction among Taiwanese NASH patients. METHODS A total of 76 biopsy-proven NASH patients (54 males, age = 41.0 ± 13.5 years) were consecutively recruited. The optimal cutoff values of CK18 for each stage of fibrosis were correlated with their histopathological manifestations. RESULTS There were 23 (30.3%) patients of Metavir fibrosis stage 0 (F0), 32 (42.1%) patients of F1, 14 (18.4%) patients of F2, and 7 (9.2%) patients of F3-4, respectively. The CK18 levels among those patients of F0, F1, F2, F3-4 were 86.7 ± 75.6 U/L, 122.4 ± 123.8 U/L, 160.7 ± 120.4 U/L, and 507.3 ± 343 U/L, respectively (trend for P<0.001). The adjusted optimal cutoff value for F2 prediction was 312.5 U/L, yielding the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the accuracy of 96.4%, 28.6%, 77.9%, 75%, and 77.6%, respectively (P = 0.009). For the prediction of advanced fibrosis (F3-4), the adjusted optimal cutoff value was 374.5 U/L, yielding the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and the accuracy of 97.1%, 54.1%, 95.7%, 66.7%, and 77.6%, respectively (P = 0.003). Among those patients without hyperuricemia, the PPV, NPV, and accuracy of CK18 reached 100%, 95.8%, and 96%, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS CK18 combined with uric acid measurement is a promising non-invasive biomarker for prediction of disease severity in NASH patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01068444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Tai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Ling Yang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Chern Chen
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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116
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Liss KHH, Finck BN. PPARs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochimie 2017; 136:65-74. [PMID: 27916647 PMCID: PMC5380579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of liver pathology ranging from simple steatosis to varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis. Without intervention it can progress to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given its close association with obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has increased dramatically worldwide. Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of NAFLD and although lifestyle modifications with appropriate diet and exercise have been shown to be beneficial, this has been difficult to achieve and sustain for the majority of patients. As such, the search for effective therapeutic agents is an active area of research. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to a class of nuclear receptors. Because of their key role in the transcriptional regulation of mediators of glucose and lipid metabolism, PPAR ligands have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents. Here we review the current evidence from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of PPAR ligands for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H H Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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117
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Genetic predisposition in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017; 23:1-12. [PMID: 28268262 PMCID: PMC5381829 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2016.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease whose prevalence has reached global epidemic proportions. Although the disease is relatively benign in the early stages, when severe clinical forms, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma, occur, they result in worsening the long-term prognosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that NAFLD develops from a complex process in which many factors, including genetic susceptibility and environmental insults, are involved. In this review, we focused on the genetic component of NAFLD, with special emphasis on the role of genetics in the disease pathogenesis and natural history. Insights into the topic of the genetic susceptibility in lean individuals with NAFLD and the potential use of genetic tests in identifying individuals at risk are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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118
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Núñez-Torres R, Macías J, Rivero-Juarez A, Neukam K, Merino D, Téllez F, Merchante N, Gómez-Mateos J, Rivero A, Pineda JA, Real LM. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene variations are related to fatty liver disease in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2017; 18:546-554. [PMID: 28116842 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fatty liver disease (FLD) is frequently observed in HIV-infected patients. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are strongly associated with FLD. Because genetic variants within the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been associated with both pathologies, our aim was to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the FTO, previously related to obesity or T2DM, with FLD in HIV-infected patients. METHODS FLD was defined as a value of the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) ≥ 238 dB/m, obtained by transient elastography. Four SNPs within FTO intron 1 (rs11642841, rs8050136, rs9939609 and rs9940128) were genotyped in 421 individuals using a custom Golden Gate protocol. The results were replicated in a validation sample consisting of a further 206 HIV-infected patients. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted in the entire population. RESULTS Three SNPs (rs8050136, rs9939609 and rs9940128) were associated with FLD, with rs9940128 showing the strongest association. This polymorphism also showed an association with FLD in the validation sample. In total, rs9940128 was genotyped in 627 HIV-infected patients, including 267 (42.6%) FLD-diagnosed individuals. The frequency of FLD among rs9940128 AA carriers was 55.7% (63 of 113 individuals) and that in patients without this genotype was 39.7% (204 of 514 individuals) [P = 0.009; adjusted odds ratio 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-3.01]. CONCLUSIONS Variations within FTO may be predictors of FLD in HIV-infected patients independently of metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Núñez-Torres
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - J Macías
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - A Rivero-Juarez
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - K Neukam
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - D Merino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Huelva University Hospital, Huelva, Spain
| | - F Téllez
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, La Línea de la Concepción Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - N Merchante
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Mateos
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - A Rivero
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Pineda
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - L M Real
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
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119
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Vega-Badillo J. ALTERACIONES EN LA HOMEOSTASIS DEL COLESTEROL HEPÁTICO Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN LA ESTEATOHEPATITIS NO ALCOHÓLICA. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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120
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Nelson JE, Handa P, Aouizerat B, Wilson L, Vemulakonda LA, Yeh MM, Kowdley KV. Increased parenchymal damage and steatohepatitis in Caucasian non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with common IL1B and IL6 polymorphisms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:1253-1264. [PMID: 27730688 PMCID: PMC5118184 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex, multifactorial disease affected by diet, lifestyle and genetics. Proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and IL-6 have been shown to be elevated in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). AIM To investigate the relationship between IL1B and IL6 gene polymorphisms and histological features of NAFLD in the NASH CRN cohort. METHODS A total of 604 adult (≥18 years) non-Hispanic Caucasians with biopsy-proven NAFLD were genotyped for the following SNPs: IL1B, rs16944, rs1143634; IL6, rs1800795, rs10499563. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between genotype and a definitive diagnosis and advanced histological features of NASH after controlling for the following variables selected a priori: age, sex, diabetes, obesity and HOMA-IR level. RESULTS The IL6 rs10499563 C allele was independently associated with the presence of definitive NASH, and increased ballooning and Mallory bodies. The IL1B rs1143634 TT genotype was associated with advanced fibrosis and increased Mallory bodies. The IL6 rs1800795 C allele was associated with not only increased risk for severe steatosis, >66% but also decreased risk for advanced fibrosis and lobular inflammation and Mallory body formation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that common variants in the IL6 and IL1B genes may increase susceptibility for NASH and confer a higher risk of hepatic parenchymal damage including increased ballooning, increased Mallory bodies, and bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. In contrast, the IL6 rs1800795 C allele may confer a higher risk for steatosis, but less parenchymal damage. Our findings support the development of therapeutics aimed at IL-1β and IL-6 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Nelson
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle WA
| | - Priya Handa
- Liver Care Network and Organ Care Research Program, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle WA
| | - Bradley Aouizerat
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Laura Wilson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dept of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD
| | - L Akhila Vemulakonda
- Liver Care Network and Organ Care Research Program, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle WA
| | - Matthew M. Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA
| | - Kris V. Kowdley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle WA
- Liver Care Network and Organ Care Research Program, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle WA
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121
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Cui J, Chen CH, Lo MT, Schork N, Bettencourt R, Gonzalez MP, Bhatt A, Hooker J, Shaffer K, Nelson KE, Long MT, Brenner DA, Sirlin CB, Loomba R, for the Genetics of NAFLD in Twins. Shared genetic effects between hepatic steatosis and fibrosis: A prospective twin study. Hepatology 2016; 64:1547-1558. [PMID: 27315352 PMCID: PMC5090982 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with metabolic risk factors including hypertension and dyslipidemia and may progress to liver fibrosis. Studies have shown that hepatic steatosis and fibrosis are heritable, but whether they have a significant shared gene effect is unknown. This study examined the shared gene effects between hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and their associations with metabolic risk factors. This was a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of well-characterized, community-dwelling twins (45 monozygotic, 20 dizygotic twin pairs, 130 total subjects) from southern California. Hepatic steatosis was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction and hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. A standard bivariate twin additive genetics and unique environment effects model was used to estimate the proportion of phenotypic variance between two phenotypes accounted for by additive genetic effects and individual-specific environmental effects. Genetic correlations estimated from this model represent the degree to which the genetic determinants of two phenotypes overlap. Mean (± standard deviation) age and body mass index were 47.1 (±21.9) years and 26.2 (±5.8) kg/m2 , respectively. Among the cohort, 20% (26/130) had hepatic steatosis (magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction ≥5%), and 8.2% (10/122) had hepatic fibrosis (magnetic resonance elastography ≥3 kPa). Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), triglycerides, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and low high-density lipoprotein had significant shared gene effects with hepatic steatosis. Triglycerides, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and low high-density lipoprotein had significant shared gene effects with hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis had a highly significant shared gene effect of 0.756 (95% confidence interval 0.716-1, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Genes involved with steatosis pathogenesis may also be involved with fibrosis pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1547-1558).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cui
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Min-Tzu Lo
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ricki Bettencourt
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Monica P Gonzalez
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Archana Bhatt
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hooker
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katherine Shaffer
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Michelle T Long
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - David A Brenner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA. .,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
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Karimov DD, Erdman VV, Nasibullin TR, Tuktarova IA, Somova RS, Timasheva YR, Mustafina OE. Alu insertion-deletion polymorphism of COL13A1 and LAMA2 genes: The analysis of association with longevity. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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123
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Magee N, Zou A, Zhang Y. Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Interactions between Liver Parenchymal and Nonparenchymal Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5170402. [PMID: 27822476 PMCID: PMC5086374 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common type of chronic liver disease in the Western countries, affecting up to 25% of the general population and becoming a major health concern in both adults and children. NAFLD encompasses the entire spectrum of fatty liver disease in individuals without significant alcohol consumption, ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NASH is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and hepatic disorders with the presence of steatosis, hepatocyte injury (ballooning), inflammation, and, in some patients, progressive fibrosis leading to cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is a complex process and implicates cell interactions between liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells as well as crosstalk between various immune cell populations in liver. Lipotoxicity appears to be the central driver of hepatic cellular injury via oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This review focuses on the contributions of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells to NASH, assessing their potential applications to the development of novel therapeutic agents. Currently, there are limited pharmacological treatments for NASH; therefore, an increased understanding of NASH pathogenesis is pertinent to improve disease interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Magee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - An Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Zhong S, Jiang D, McPeek MS. CERAMIC: Case-Control Association Testing in Samples with Related Individuals, Based on Retrospective Mixed Model Analysis with Adjustment for Covariates. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006329. [PMID: 27695091 PMCID: PMC5047592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the problem of genetic association testing of a binary trait in a sample that contains related individuals, where we adjust for relevant covariates and allow for missing data. We propose CERAMIC, an estimating equation approach that can be viewed as a hybrid of logistic regression and linear mixed-effects model (LMM) approaches. CERAMIC extends the recently proposed CARAT method to allow samples with related individuals and to incorporate partially missing data. In simulations, we show that CERAMIC outperforms existing LMM and generalized LMM approaches, maintaining high power and correct type 1 error across a wider range of scenarios. CERAMIC results in a particularly large power increase over existing methods when the sample includes related individuals with some missing data (e.g., when some individuals with phenotype and covariate information have missing genotype), because CERAMIC is able to make use of the relationship information to incorporate partially missing data in the analysis while correcting for dependence. Because CERAMIC is based on a retrospective analysis, it is robust to misspecification of the phenotype model, resulting in better control of type 1 error and higher power than that of prospective methods, such as GMMAT, when the phenotype model is misspecified. CERAMIC is computationally efficient for genomewide analysis in samples of related individuals of almost any configuration, including small families, unrelated individuals and even large, complex pedigrees. We apply CERAMIC to data on type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the Framingham Heart Study. In a genome scan, 9 of the 10 smallest CERAMIC p-values occur in or near either known T2D susceptibility loci or plausible candidates, verifying that CERAMIC is able to home in on the important loci in a genome scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Duo Jiang
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary Sara McPeek
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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125
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Ye Q, Qian BX, Yin WL, Wang FM, Han T. Association between the HFE C282Y, H63D Polymorphisms and the Risks of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 5,758 Cases and 14,741 Controls. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163423. [PMID: 27657935 PMCID: PMC5033482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting results have been obtained for the association between two common polymorphisms (C282Y, H63D) of human HFE (hereditary hemochromatosis) gene and the risks of the liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS An updated systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential role of HFE polymorphisms in the susceptibility to NAFLD, liver cirrhosis and HCC. After retrieving articles from online databases, eligible studies were enrolled according to the selection criteria. Stata/SE 12.0 software was utilized to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS In total, 43 articles with 5,758 cases and 14,741 controls were selected. Compared with the control group, a significantly increased risk of NAFLD was observed for the C282Y polymorphism in the Caucasian population under all genetic models and for the H63D polymorphism under the allele, heterozygote and dominant models (all OR>1, Passociation<0.05). However, no significant difference between liver cirrhosis cases and the control group was observed for HFE C282Y and H63D (all Passociation>0.05). In addition, we found that HFE C282Y was statistically associated with increased HCC susceptibility in the overall population, while H63D increased the odds of developing non-cirrhotic HCC in the African population (all OR>1, Passociation<0.05). Moreover, a positive association between compound heterozygosity for C282Y/H63D and the risk of NAFLD and HCC, but not liver cirrhosis, was observed. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis provides evidence that the HFE C282Y and H63D polymorphisms confer increased genetic susceptibility to NAFLD and HCC but not liver cirrhosis. Additional well-powered studies are required to confirm our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- The Third Central clinical college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bao-Xin Qian
- The Third Central clinical college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wei-Li Yin
- The Third Central clinical college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Feng-Mei Wang
- The Third Central clinical college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Han
- The Third Central clinical college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells, Tianjin, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Honda Y, Yoneda M, Kessoku T, Ogawa Y, Tomeno W, Imajo K, Mawatari H, Fujita K, Hyogo H, Ueno T, Chayama K, Saito S, Nakajima A, Hotta K. Characteristics of non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Effect of genetic and environmental factors. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:1011-8. [PMID: 26763865 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are a considerable number of patients with non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the clinical characteristics of non-obese NAFLD is not fully understood. We investigated genetic and other clinical parameters in non-obese and obese NAFLD. METHODS The single nucleotide polymorphism rs738409 in the patatin-like phospholipase 3 gene (PNPLA3) was genotyped by the Invader assay in 540 NAFLD patients (134 non-obese and 406 obese) and 1012 control subjects (782 non-obese and 230 obese). All NAFLD patients underwent liver biopsy. Odds ratios were calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis using age, sex, body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and rs738409 genotype as explanatory variables. RESULTS Non-obese NAFLD subjects had a higher rs738409 GG genotype than obese NAFLD. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratios of T2DM and rs738409 GG genotype for NAFLD were higher in non-obese than in obese groups. In non-obese NAFLD, rs738409 GG genotype was associated with lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and NAFLD activity score. In obese NAFLD, BMI and T2DM but not rs738409 GG genotype were associated with severity of histology. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the risk factors for the development and progression of NAFLD were different between non-obese and obese patients and that PNPLA3 rs738409 was strongly associated with the development and progression of non-obese NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Tomeno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hironori Mawatari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, JA Hiroshima General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takato Ueno
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kikuko Hotta
- Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the commonest cause of liver disease worldwide, and is rapidly becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation. SOURCES OF DATA Original articles, reviews and meta-analyses, guidelines. AREAS OF AGREEMENT NAFLD strongly correlates with obesity and insulin resistance; currently, the best management strategy is weight loss and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Recent data suggest that the presence of fibrosis and not non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the predictor of clinical outcome. GROWING POINTS Many phase 2 and 3 trials are underway. Drugs hoped to be effective are obeticholic acid, elafibranor, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues and CCR2/5 inhibitors. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of NAFLD should help us identify which patients progress to significant liver disease and to develop therapies to target this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Townsend
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Liver Unit, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Liver Unit, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK
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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang K, Wang Z, Sun X, Zhong L, Deng G, Song G, Sun B, Peng Z, Liu W. Additive Effects of the Risk Alleles of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in a Chinese Population. Front Genet 2016; 7:140. [PMID: 27532011 PMCID: PMC4969299 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified that variants in or near PNPLA3, NCAN, GCKR, LYPLAL1, and TM6SF2 are significantly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in multiple ethnic groups. Studies on their impact on NAFLD in Han Chinese are still limited. In this study, we examined the relevance of these variants to NAFLD in a community-based Han Chinese population and further explored their potential joint effect on NAFLD. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (PNPLA3 rs738409, rs2294918, NCAN rs2228603, GCKR rs780094, LYPLAL1 rs12137855, and TM6SF2 rs58542926) previously identified in genome-wide analyses, to be associated with NAFLD were genotyped in 384 NAFLD patients and 384 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We found two out of the six polymorphisms, PNPLA3 rs738409 (OR = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.19–1.96; P = 0.00087) and TM6SF2 rs58542926 (OR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.34–3.39; P = 0.0016) are independently associated with NAFLD after adjustment for the effects of age, gender, and BMI. Our analysis further demonstrated the strong additive effects of the risk alleles of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 with an overall significance between the number of risk alleles and NAFLD (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.34–2.01; P = 1.4 × 10-6). The OR for NAFLD increased in an additive manner, with an average increase in OR of 1.52 per additional risk allele. Our results confirmed that the PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 variants were the most significant risk alleles for NAFLD in Chinese population. Therefore, genotyping these two genetic risk factors may help identify individuals with the highest risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou China
| | - Zhaowen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Xing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Guilong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Guohe Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Baining Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
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Dongiovanni P, Valenti L. Genetics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1026-37. [PMID: 26409295 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epidemiological, familial, and twin studies indicate that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, now the leading cause of liver damage in developed countries, has a strong heritability. The common I148M variant of PNPLA3 impairing hepatocellular lipid droplets remodeling is the major genetic determinant of hepatic fat content. The I148M variant has a strong impact on the full spectrum of liver damage related to fatty liver, encompassing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and influences the response to therapeutic approaches. Common variants in GCKR enhance de novo hepatic lipogenesis in response to glucose and liver inflammation. Furthermore, the low-frequency E167K variant of TM6SF2 and rare mutations in APOB, which impair very low-density lipoproteins secretion, predispose to progressive fatty liver. CONCLUSIONS These and other recent findings reviewed here indicate that impaired lipid handling by hepatocytes has a major role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by triggering inflammation, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis. These discoveries have provided potential novel biomarkers for clinical use and have revealed intriguing therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
| | - Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Ravi Kanth VV, Sasikala M, Sharma M, Rao PN, Reddy DN. Genetics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: From susceptibility and nutrient interactions to management. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:827-837. [PMID: 27458502 PMCID: PMC4945502 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i20.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics plays an important role in determining the susceptibility of an individual to develop a disease. Complex, multi factorial diseases of modern day (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and obesity) are a result of disparity between the type of food consumed and genes, suggesting that food which does not match the host genes is probably one of the major reasons for developing life style diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver is becoming a global epidemic leading to substantial morbidity. While various genotyping approaches such as whole exome sequencing using next generation sequencers and genome wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including variants in patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 genes apart from others; nutrient based studies emphasized on a combination of vitamin D, E and omega-3 fatty acids to manage fatty liver disease. However majority of the studies were conducted independent of each other and very few studies explored the interactions between the genetic susceptibility and nutrient interactions. Identifying such interactions will aid in optimizing the nutrition tailor made to an individual’s genetic makeup, thereby aiding in delaying the onset of the disease and its progression. The present topic focuses on studies that identified the genetic susceptibility for NAFLD, nutritional recommendations, and their interactions for better management of NAFLD.
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131
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Mapping liver fat female-dependent quantitative trait loci in collaborative cross mice. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:565-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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132
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Ligthart S, Vaez A, Hsu YH, Stolk R, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Alizadeh BZ, Franco OH, Dehghan A. Bivariate genome-wide association study identifies novel pleiotropic loci for lipids and inflammation. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:443. [PMID: 27286809 PMCID: PMC4901478 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic loci for C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipids, of which some overlap. We aimed to identify genetic pleiotropy among CRP and lipids in order to better understand the shared biology of chronic inflammation and lipid metabolism. RESULTS In a bivariate GWAS, we combined summary statistics of published GWAS on CRP (n = 66,185) and lipids, including LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol (n = 100,184), using an empirical weighted linear-combined test statistic. We sought replication for novel CRP associations in an independent sample of 17,743 genotyped individuals, and performed in silico replication of novel lipid variants in 93,982 individuals. Fifty potentially pleiotropic SNPs were identified among CRP and lipids: 21 for LDL-cholesterol and CRP, 20 for HDL-cholesterol and CRP, 21 for triglycerides, and CRP and 20 for total cholesterol and CRP. We identified and significantly replicated three novel SNPs for CRP in or near CTSB/FDFT1 (rs10435719, Preplication: 2.6 × 10(-5)), STAG1/PCCB (rs7621025, Preplication: 1.4 × 10(-3)) and FTO (rs1558902, Preplication: 2.7 × 10(-5)). Seven pleiotropic lipid loci were replicated in the independent set of MetaboChip samples of the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium. Annotating the effect of replicated CRP SNPs to the expression of nearby genes, we observed an effect of rs10435719 on gene expression of FDFT1, and an effect of rs7621025 on PCCB. CONCLUSIONS Our large scale combined GWAS analysis identified numerous pleiotropic loci for CRP and lipids providing further insight in the genetic interrelation between lipids and inflammation. In addition, we provide evidence for FDFT1, PCCB and FTO to be associated with CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ronald Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Anstee QM, Seth D, Day CP. Genetic Factors That Affect Risk of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1728-1744.e7. [PMID: 26873399 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies have informed our understanding of factors contributing to the well-recognized interindividual variation in the progression and outcomes of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We discuss the mounting evidence for shared modifiers and common pathophysiological processes that contribute to development of both diseases. We discuss the functions of proteins encoded by risk variants of genes including patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, as well as epigenetic factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We also discuss important areas of future genetic research and their potential to affect clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Christopher P Day
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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134
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Schroeder F, McIntosh AL, Martin GG, Huang H, Landrock D, Chung S, Landrock KK, Dangott LJ, Li S, Kaczocha M, Murphy EJ, Atshaves BP, Kier AB. Fatty Acid Binding Protein-1 (FABP1) and the Human FABP1 T94A Variant: Roles in the Endocannabinoid System and Dyslipidemias. Lipids 2016; 51:655-76. [PMID: 27117865 PMCID: PMC5408584 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first discovered member of the mammalian FABP family, liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1, L-FABP), occurs at high cytosolic concentration in liver, intestine, and in the case of humans also in kidney. While the rat FABP1 is well studied, the extent these findings translate to human FABP1 is not clear-especially in view of recent studies showing that endocannabinoids and cannabinoids represent novel rat FABP1 ligands and FABP1 gene ablation impacts the hepatic endocannabinoid system, known to be involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) development. Although not detectable in brain, FABP1 ablation nevertheless also impacts brain endocannabinoids. Despite overall tertiary structure similarity, human FABP1 differs significantly from rat FABP1 in secondary structure, much larger ligand binding cavity, and affinities/specificities for some ligands. Moreover, while both mouse and human FABP1 mediate ligand induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα), they differ markedly in pattern of genes induced. This is critically important because a highly prevalent human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (26-38 % minor allele frequency and 8.3 ± 1.9 % homozygous) results in a FABP1 T94A substitution that further accentuates these species differences. The human FABP1 T94A variant is associated with altered body mass index (BMI), clinical dyslipidemias (elevated plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol), atherothrombotic cerebral infarction, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Resolving human FABP1 and the T94A variant's impact on the endocannabinoid and cannabinoid system is an exciting challenge due to the importance of this system in hepatic lipid accumulation as well as behavior, pain, inflammation, and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Shengrong Li
- Avanti Polar Lipids, 700 Industrial Park Dr., Alabaster, AL, 35007-9105, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics and Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Barbara P Atshaves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
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Wu W, Patel A, Kyöstilä K, Lohi H, Mladkova N, Kiryluk K, Sun X, Lefkowitch JH, Worman HJ, Gharavi AG. Genome-wide association study in mice identifies loci affecting liver-related phenotypes including Sel1l influencing serum bile acids. Hepatology 2016; 63:1943-56. [PMID: 26857093 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using publicly available data from inbred mouse strains, we conducted a genome-wide association study to identify loci that accounted for liver-related phenotypes between C57BL/6J and A/J mice fed a Paigen diet. We confirmed genome-wide significant associations for hepatic cholesterol (chromosome 10A2) and serum total bile acid concentration (chromosome 12E) and identified a new locus for liver inflammation (chromosome 7C). Analysis of consomic mice confirmed that chromosome 12 A/J alleles accounted for the variance in serum total bile acid concentrations and had pleiotropic effects on liver mass, serum cholesterol, and serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Using an affected-only haplotype analysis among strains, we refined the chromosome 12E signal to a 1.95 Mb linkage disequilibrium block containing only one gene, sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like (Sel1l). RNA sequencing and immunoblotting demonstrated that the risk allele locally conferred reduced expression of SEL1L in liver and distantly down-regulated pathways associated with hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A (Hnf1a) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A (Hnf4a), known modifiers of bile acid transporters and metabolic traits. Consistent with these data, knockdown of SEL1L in HepG2 cells resulted in reduced HNF1A and HNF4A and increased bile acids in culture media; it further captured multiple molecular signatures observed in consomic mouse livers with reduced SEL1L. Finally, dogs harboring a SEL1L mutation and Sel1l(+/-) mice fed a Paigen diet had significantly increased serum total bile acid concentrations, providing independent confirmation linking SEL1L to bile acid metabolism. CONCLUSION Genetic analyses of inbred mouse strains identified loci affecting different liver-related traits and implicated Sel1l as a significant determinant of serum bile acid concentration. (Hepatology 2016;63:1943-1956).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ami Patel
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kaisa Kyöstilä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nikol Mladkova
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jay H Lefkowitch
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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136
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Tryndyak VP, Han T, Fuscoe JC, Ross SA, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Status of hepatic DNA methylome predetermines and modulates the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver injury in mice. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:298. [PMID: 27103143 PMCID: PMC4840954 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem and a leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and Western countries. In humans, genetic factors greatly influence individual susceptibility to NAFLD; nonetheless, the effect of inter-individual differences in the normal liver epigenome with regard to the susceptibility to NAFLD has not been determined. Results In the present study, we investigated the association between the DNA methylation status in the livers of A/J and WSB/EiJ mice and the severity of NAFLD-associated liver injury. We demonstrate that A/J and WSB/EiJ mice, which are characterized by significant differences in the severity of liver injury induced by a choline- and folate-deficient (CFD) diet exhibit substantial differences in cytosine DNA methylation in their normal livers. Furthermore, feeding A/J and WSB/EiJ mice a CFD diet for 12 weeks resulted in different trends and changes in hepatic cytosine DNA methylation. Conclusion Our findings indicate a primary role of hepatic DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and suggest that individual variations in DNA methylation across the genome may be a factor determining and influencing the vulnerability to NAFLD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2617-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr P Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - James C Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Sharon A Ross
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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137
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Yu H, Cowan CA. Minireview: Genome Editing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Metabolic Disease. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:575-86. [PMID: 27075706 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of metabolic diseases such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, and obesity is complex and multifactorial. Developing new strategies to prevent or treat these diseases requires in vitro models with which researchers can extensively study the molecular mechanisms that lead to disease. Human pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated derivatives have the potential to provide an unlimited source of disease-relevant cell types and, when combined with recent advances in genome editing, make the goal of generating functional metabolic disease models, for the first time, consistently attainable. However, this approach still has certain limitations including lack of robust differentiation methods and potential off-target effects. This review describes the current progress in human pluripotent stem cell-based metabolic disease research using genome-editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology (H.Y., C.A.C.), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Center for Regenerative Medicine (C.A.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology (H.Y., C.A.C.), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Center for Regenerative Medicine (C.A.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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138
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Ioannou GN. The Role of Cholesterol in the Pathogenesis of NASH. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:84-95. [PMID: 26703097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity drives the development of progressive hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a subgroup of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), causing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and even progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of inflammation and fibrosis that characterize progressive NASH remain unclear, emerging evidence now suggests that hepatic free cholesterol (FC) is a major lipotoxic molecule critical in the development of experimental and human NASH. In this review, we examine the effects of excess FC in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (KCs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and the subcellular mechanisms by which excess FC can induce cellular toxicity or proinflammatory and profibrotic effects in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Ioannou
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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139
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Abstract
Although discussion of the obesity epidemic had become a cocktail party cliché, its impact on public health cannot be dismissed. In the past decade, cancer had joined the list of chronic debilitating diseases whose risk is substantially increased by hypernutrition. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding how obesity increases cancer risk and propose a unifying hypothesis according to which the major tumor-promoting mechanism triggered by hypernutrition is the indolent inflammation that takes place at particular organ sites, including liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms by which excessive fat deposition feeds this tumor-promoting inflammatory flame are diverse and tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA.
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140
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Zheng Z, Wang X, Cai B. A review of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - genetics and animal models. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/2468-5690.185292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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141
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Abstract
Along with the obesity epidemic, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased exponentially. The histological disease spectrum of NAFLD ranges from bland fatty liver (hepatic steatosis), to the concomitant presence of inflammation and ballooning which defines nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The latter can progress in a subset to fibrosis, leading ultimately to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic bases of NAFLD, mainly through the application of high end technology platforms including genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These have helped to define common gene variants (minor allele frequency >5 %) that contribute to the NAFLD phenotype. Looking to the future, these discoveries are expected to lead to improved diagnostics, the personalization of medicine, and a better understanding of the pathophysiological underpinnings that drive the transition from NAFLD to steatohepatitis and fibrosis, leading to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize data on the current state of knowledge with regard to the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for the development of NASH.
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142
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder characterized by excess accumulation of fat in hepatocytes (nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)); in up to 40% of individuals, there are additional findings of portal and lobular inflammation and hepatocyte injury (which characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). A subset of patients will develop progressive fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cardiovascular complications are life-threatening co-morbidities of both NAFL and NASH. NAFLD is closely associated with insulin resistance; obesity and metabolic syndrome are common underlying factors. As a consequence, the prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 10-40% in adults worldwide, and it is the most common liver disease in children and adolescents in developed countries. Mechanistic insights into fat accumulation, subsequent hepatocyte injury, the role of the immune system and fibrosis as well as the role of the gut microbiota are unfolding. Furthermore, genetic and epigenetic factors might explain the considerable interindividual variation in disease phenotype, severity and progression. To date, no effective medical interventions exist that completely reverse the disease other than lifestyle changes, dietary alterations and, possibly, bariatric surgery. However, several strategies that target pathophysiological processes such as an oversupply of fatty acids to the liver, cell injury and inflammation are currently under investigation. Diagnosis of NAFLD can be established by imaging, but detection of the lesions of NASH still depend on the gold-standard but invasive liver biopsy. Several non-invasive strategies are being evaluated to replace or complement biopsies, especially for follow-up monitoring.
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143
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Haas JT, Francque S, Staels B. Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2015; 78:181-205. [PMID: 26667070 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by abnormal hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatocyte dysfunction. Importantly, it is also closely linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD predisposes susceptible individuals to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease. Although the precise signals remain poorly understood, NAFLD pathogenesis likely involves actions of the different hepatic cell types and multiple extrahepatic signals. The complexity of this disease has been a major impediment to the development of appropriate metrics of its progression and effective therapies. Recent clinical data place increasing importance on identifying fibrosis, as it is a strong indicator of hepatic disease-related mortality. Preclinical modeling of the fibrotic process remains challenging, particularly in the contexts of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Future studies are needed to define the molecular pathways determining the natural progression of NAFLD, including key determinants of fibrosis and disease-related outcomes. This review covers the evolving concepts of NAFLD from both human and animal studies. We discuss recent clinical and diagnostic methods assessing NAFLD diagnosis, progression, and outcomes; compare the features of genetic and dietary animal models of NAFLD; and highlight pharmacological approaches for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Haas
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France; , .,Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,INSERM UMR 1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium; .,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, F-59000 Lille, France; , .,Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,INSERM UMR 1011, F-59000 Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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144
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Constitutive Activation of the Nlrc4 Inflammasome Prevents Hepatic Fibrosis and Promotes Hepatic Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:909827. [PMID: 26635450 PMCID: PMC4655266 DOI: 10.1155/2015/909827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TThe molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of hepatic fibrosis are not fully understood. The Nlrc4 inflammasome detects cytosolic presence of bacterial components, activating inflammatory cytokines to facilitate clearance of pathogens and infected cells. We hypothesized that low-grade constitutive activation of the Nlrc4 inflammasome may lead to induced hepatocyte proliferation and prevent the development of hepatic fibrosis. The gene of Nlrc4 contains two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one located within the Nlrc4 promoter and one contained within exon 5. These SNPs regulate Nlrc4 gene transcription and activation as measured through gene reporter assays and IL-1β secretion. The 17C-6 mice have increased IL-1β in plasma after chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration compared to B6 mice. After two-thirds partial hepatectomy (2/3PH) 17C-6 mice have earlier restoration of liver mass with greater cyclin D1 protein and BrdU incorporation compared to B6 mice at several time points. These data reveal mild constitutive activation of the Nlrc4 inflammasome as the results of two SNPs, which leads to the stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation. The increased liver regeneration induces rapid liver mass recovery after hepatectomy and may prevent the development of hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis.
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Abstract
NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in children and adults, with its prevalence closely associated with obesity and other features of the metabolic syndrome. As young adults with NAFLD transition from the paediatric care environment to adult services, establishing a coordinated model of transition to ensure ongoing and appropriate care is critical. Enabling a smooth transfer begins with an understanding of the key differences between paediatric and adult NAFLD as well as the psychosocial factors that affect older adolescents. This Review summarizes the literature on paediatric NAFLD from the past two decades with a focus on the differences in epidemiology, pathology, pathophysiology and treatment that are relevant to clinicians who transition paediatric patients to adult care. An integrated model, which employs a team of adult and paediatric providers who can address the psychosocial, cognitive and logistical challenges of transition, provides the best opportunity for a seamless and coordinated transfer to adult care.
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146
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Kahali B, Halligan B, Speliotes EK. Insights from Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2015; 35:375-91. [PMID: 26676813 PMCID: PMC4941959 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1567870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by hepatic steatosis, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease will become the number one cause of liver disease worldwide by 2020. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is correlated albeit imperfectly with obesity and other metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, but exactly how having one of these diseases contributes to the development of other metabolic diseases is only now being elucidated. Development of NAFLD and related metabolic diseases is genetically influenced in the population, and recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered genetic variants that associate with these diseases. These GWAS-associated variants cannot only help us to identify individuals at high risk of developing NAFLD, but also to better understand its pathophysiology so that we can develop more effective treatments for this disease and related metabolic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bratati Kahali
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian Halligan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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147
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Macaluso FS, Maida M, Petta S. Genetic background in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11088-11111. [PMID: 26494964 PMCID: PMC4607907 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i39.11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Western world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most significant liver diseases of the twenty-first century. Its development is certainly driven by environmental factors, but it is also regulated by genetic background. The role of heritability has been widely demonstrated by several epidemiological, familial, and twin studies and case series, and likely reflects the wide inter-individual and inter-ethnic genetic variability in systemic metabolism and wound healing response processes. Consistent with this idea, genome-wide association studies have clearly identified Patatin-like phosholipase domain-containing 3 gene variant I148M as a major player in the development and progression of NAFLD. More recently, the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 E167K variant emerged as a relevant contributor in both NAFLD pathogenesis and cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, numerous case-control studies have been performed to elucidate the potential role of candidate genes in the pathogenesis and progression of fatty liver, although findings are sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive literature search and review on the role of genetics in NAFLD. We emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the available literature and outline the putative role of each genetic variant in influencing susceptibility and/or progression of the disease.
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148
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Huang JF, Yeh ML, Yu ML, Huang CF, Dai CY, Hsieh MY, Hsieh MH, Huang CI, Lin ZY, Chen SC, Hsiao PJ, Shin SJ, Chuang WL. Hyperuricemia Inversely Correlates with Disease Severity in Taiwanese Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139796. [PMID: 26441244 PMCID: PMC4595446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Asians are more susceptible to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as well as metabolic disorder than other ethnicities. We aimed to assess the interaction between metabolic factors and fibrosis in Taiwanese NASH patients. Methods A total of 130 biopsy-proven Taiwanese NASH patients (94 males, age = 43.0 ± 13.0 years) were consecutively enrolled. Their demographic, metabolic profiles and histopathological manifestations were analyzed. Results Twenty-four (18.5%) NASH patients were non-obese. Thirty-three (25.4%) patients had significant fibrosis (F2) or more: 22 (16.9%) patients were of F2, whilst 11 (8.5%) patients were of advanced fibrosis (F3-4). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension were 60.8%, 39.4%, and 61.5%, respectively. There was a significant inverse correlation between hyperuricemia and fibrosis stages, ranging from 48.4% of F0-1, 33.3% of F2, and 9.1% of F3-4, respectively (P = 0.01, linear trend). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a decreased serum albumin level (OR = 40.0, 95% CI = 4.5–300, P = 0.001) and normal uric acid level (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 1.5–21.7, P = 0.01) were the significant factors associated with significant fibrosis. Conclusions Hyperuricemia inversely predicts fibrosis stages. Females might carry a more disease severity than males in Taiwanese NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Hsieh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zu-Yau Lin
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Chern Chen
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Jung Hsiao
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: ;
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149
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Grünvogel O, Esser-Nobis K, Reustle A, Schult P, Müller B, Metz P, Trippler M, Windisch MP, Frese M, Binder M, Fackler O, Bartenschlager R, Ruggieri A, Lohmann V. DDX60L Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene Product Restricting Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Cell Culture. J Virol 2015; 89:10548-68. [PMID: 26269178 PMCID: PMC4580188 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01297-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED All major types of interferon (IFN) efficiently inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, HCV replication is not sensitive to IFN-γ in the hepatoma cell line Huh6, despite an intact signaling pathway. We performed transcriptome analyses between Huh6 and Huh-7 cells to identify effector genes of the IFN-γ response and thereby identified the DExD/H box helicase DEAD box polypeptide 60-like (DDX60L) as a restriction factor of HCV replication. DDX60L and its homolog DEAD box polypeptide 60 (DDX60) were both induced upon viral infection and IFN treatment in primary human hepatocytes. However, exclusively DDX60L knockdown increased HCV replication in Huh-7 cells and rescued HCV replication from type II IFN as well as type I and III IFN treatment, suggesting that DDX60L is an important effector protein of the innate immune response against HCV. In contrast, we found no impact of DDX60L on replication of hepatitis A virus. DDX60L protein was detectable only upon strong ectopic overexpression, displayed a broad cytoplasmic distribution, but caused cytopathic effects under these conditions. DDX60L knockdown did not alter interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) induction after IFN treatment but inhibited HCV replication upon ectopic expression, suggesting that it is a direct effector of the innate immune response. It most likely inhibits viral RNA replication, since we found neither impact of DDX60L on translation or stability of HCV subgenomic replicons nor additional impact on assembly of infectious virus. Similar to DDX60, DDX60L had a moderate impact on RIG-I dependent activation of innate immunity, suggesting additional functions in the sensing of viral RNA. IMPORTANCE Interferons induce a plethora of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are our first line of defense against viral infections. In addition, IFNs have been used in antiviral therapy, in particular against the human pathogen hepatitis C virus (HCV); still, their mechanism of action is not well understood, since diverse, overlapping sets of antagonistic effector ISGs target viruses with different biologies. Our work identifies DDX60L as a novel factor that inhibits replication of HCV. DDX60L expression is regulated similarly to that of its homolog DDX60, but our data suggest that it has distinct functions, since we found no contribution of DDX60 in combatting HCV replication. The identification of novel components of the innate immune response contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanisms governing antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grünvogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Reustle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schult
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birthe Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Metz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Trippler
- Medical Research Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc P Windisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Frese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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150
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Mascarenhas R, Pietrzak M, Smith RM, Webb A, Wang D, Papp AC, Pinsonneault JK, Seweryn M, Rempala G, Sadee W. Allele-Selective Transcriptome Recruitment to Polysomes Primed for Translation: Protein-Coding and Noncoding RNAs, and RNA Isoforms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136798. [PMID: 26331722 PMCID: PMC4558023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA translation into proteins is highly regulated, but the role of mRNA isoforms, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), and genetic variants remains poorly understood. mRNA levels on polysomes have been shown to correlate well with expressed protein levels, pointing to polysomal loading as a critical factor. To study regulation and genetic factors of protein translation we measured levels and allelic ratios of mRNAs and ncRNAs (including microRNAs) in lymphoblast cell lines (LCL) and in polysomal fractions. We first used targeted assays to measure polysomal loading of mRNA alleles, confirming reported genetic effects on translation of OPRM1 and NAT1, and detecting no effect of rs1045642 (3435C>T) in ABCB1 (MDR1) on polysomal loading while supporting previous results showing increased mRNA turnover of the 3435T allele. Use of high-throughput sequencing of complete transcript profiles (RNA-Seq) in three LCLs revealed significant differences in polysomal loading of individual RNA classes and isoforms. Correlated polysomal distribution between protein-coding and non-coding RNAs suggests interactions between them. Allele-selective polysome recruitment revealed strong genetic influence for multiple RNAs, attributable either to differential expression of RNA isoforms or to differential loading onto polysomes, the latter defining a direct genetic effect on translation. Genes identified by different allelic RNA ratios between cytosol and polysomes were enriched with published expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) affecting RNA functions, and associations with clinical phenotypes. Polysomal RNA-Seq combined with allelic ratio analysis provides a powerful approach to study polysomal RNA recruitment and regulatory variants affecting protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Mascarenhas
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Smith
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Danxin Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Audrey C. Papp
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julia K. Pinsonneault
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michal Seweryn
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Rempala
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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