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Tang N, Luo ZC, Zhang L, Zheng T, Fan P, Tao Y, Ouyang F. The Association Between Gestational Diabetes and Microbiota in Placenta and Cord Blood. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:550319. [PMID: 33193081 PMCID: PMC7609904 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.550319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Early life is a critical period for gut microbial development. It is still controversial whether there is placental microbiota during a healthy pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in the offspring, and the mechanisms are unclear. We sought to explore whether microbiota in placenta and cord blood may be altered in GDM. Methods: Placenta and cord blood samples were collected from eight GDM and seven euglycemic (control) term pregnancies in cesarean deliveries without evidence of clinical infections. The Illumina MiSeq Sequencing System was used to detect the microbiota based on the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Results: The microbiota were detectable in all placental samples. Comparing GDM vs. controls, there were more operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (mean ± SE = 373.63 ± 14.61 vs. 332.43 ± 9.92, P = 0.024) and higher ACE index (395.15 ± 10.56 vs. 356.27 ± 8.47, P = 0.029) and Chao index (397.67 ± 10.24 vs. 361.32 ± 8.87, P = 0.04). The placental microbiota was mainly composed of four phyla: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria at the phylum level and 10 dominant genera at the genus level in both GDM and controls. Despite the dominant similarity in microbiota composition, at the OTU level, the abundance of Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Paraprevotella, and Lactobacillus were higher, whereas Veillonella was lower in the placentas of GDM vs. controls. The microbiota was detected in one of the 15 cord blood samples, and its components were similar as to the corresponding placental microbiota at both phylum and genus levels suggesting placental microbiota as the potential source. Conclusions: The most abundant phyla and genus of placental microbiota were similar in GDM and euglycemic pregnancies, but GDM was associated with higher diversity of placental microbiota. Further study is needed to confirm the existence of microbiota in cord blood in pregnancies without clinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Center for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pianpian Fan
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yexuan Tao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fengxiu Ouyang ;
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102
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Gómez-Rodríguez G, Amador-Licona N, Daza-Benítez L, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Carballo-Magdaleno D, Aguilar-Padilla R, González-Ramirez E. Single strain versus multispecies probiotic on necrotizing enterocolitis and faecal IgA levels in very low birth weight preterm neonates: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Neonatol 2019; 60:564-569. [PMID: 30898471 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature, probiotics are an attractive alternative to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, due to differences in probiotic composition, randomized controlled trials are necessary to compare different probiotic mixtures. The objective of this study was to compare single strain (Lactobacillus acidophilus boucardii) versus multispecies probiotics on NEC incidence and faecal secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in very low preterm newborns. METHODS We performed a double-blind randomized trial in 90 newborns. L. acidophilus boucardii strain or multispecies probiotics were randomly assigned to preterm newborns. As the primary outcome, we evaluated NEC incidence on the total length of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay. As the secondary outcome, we measured the change in faecal sIgA levels from baseline to 3 weeks following the use of probiotics. RESULTS NEC incidence was similar between groups (0% vs. 2.2% for the single strain and multispecies probiotic, respectively). Faecal sIgA levels increased significantly (p < 0.001) within groups (31% for single strain and 47% for multispecies probiotic), but this increase was not different between groups. Neonates with a faecal sIgA level increment >0.45 mg/dl showed higher gestational age, birth weight, and weight at the second and third weeks of follow up than neonates with a faecal sIgA level increment ≤0.45 mg/dl. No adverse effects were found after probiotics use. CONCLUSIONS No difference between strains of probiotics used was found on NEC incidence or in the increase of faecal sIgA levels. Faecal sIgA levels were positively related to gestational age and body weight in very low preterm infants. ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02245815.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonel Daza-Benítez
- Neonatology Department, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social-UMAE HGOP No. 48, Leon, Mexico
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103
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Larose TL, Sætrom P, Martinussen MP, Skogseth H, Sandanger TM, Scélo G, McHale CM, Jacobsen GW, Smith MT. In utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, micro-RNA profiles, and fetal growth: a pilot study protocol. J Public Health Res 2019; 8:1550. [PMID: 31572695 PMCID: PMC6747021 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2019.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable to the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Molecular fingerprints of EDCs can be identified via microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and may be etiologically implicated in the developmental origin of disease (DOHaD). Methods/design: This pilot study includes pregnant women at high risk (smoking at conception), and low risk (non-smoking at conception) for SGA birth (birthweight<10th percentile for gestational age). We have randomly selected 12 mothers (3 high-risk SGA birth, 3 low-risk SGA birth, 3 high-risk non-SGA birth, 3 low-risk non-SGA birth), with EDC measurements from gestational week 17. All offspring are female. We aim to test the stability of our samples (maternal serum, cord blood, placenta tissue), observe the differential expression of miRNA profiles over time (gestational weeks 17, 25, 33, 37, birth), and study the consistency between maternal EDC measures and miRNA expression profiles across our repeated measures. Expected impact of the study for Public Health: Results from this pilot study will inform the development of a larger cohort wide analysis, and will impact the current state of knowledge in the fields of public health, epigenetics, and the DOHaD. Significance for public health This research focuses on the developmental origin of disease with particular emphasis on maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals during pregnancy and fetal growth by examining microRNA profiles in maternal serum, placenta tissue, and cord blood. Pregnant mothers and offspring are the most vulnerable populations affected by environmental exposures including exposure to pesticides, metals, and contaminants in food. Results from our pilot study will inform a larger project proposal that will look not only at epigenetic modifications and fetal development, but also the epigenetic effects on longer term neurodevelopmental and metabolic outcomes in childhood and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Larose
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Sætrom
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Bioinformatics core facility - BioCore, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit P Martinussen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håkon Skogseth
- Biobank 1, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ghislaine Scélo
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Geir W Jacobsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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104
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Konwar C, Del Gobbo G, Yuan V, Robinson WP. Considerations when processing and interpreting genomics data of the placenta. Placenta 2019; 84:57-62. [PMID: 30642669 PMCID: PMC6612459 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The application of genomic approaches to placental research has opened exciting new avenues to help us understand basic biological properties of the placenta, improve prenatal screening/diagnosis, and measure effects of in utero exposures on child health outcomes. In the last decade, such large-scale genomic data (including epigenomics and transcriptomics) have become more easily accessible to researchers from many disciplines due to the increasing ease of obtaining such data and the rapidly evolving computational tools available for analysis. While the potential of large-scale studies has been widely promoted, less attention has been given to some of the challenges associated with processing and interpreting such data. We hereby share some of our experiences in assessing data quality, reproducibility, and interpretation in the context of genome-wide studies of the placenta, with the aim to improve future studies. There is rarely a single "best" approach, as that can depend on the study question and sample cohort. However, being consistent, thoroughly assessing potential confounders in the data, and communicating key variables in the methods section of the manuscript are critically important to help researchers to collaborate and build on each other's work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaini Konwar
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500, Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada.
| | - Giulia Del Gobbo
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500, Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada.
| | - Victor Yuan
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500, Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada.
| | - Wendy P Robinson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500, Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada.
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105
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Kwak YT, Muralimanoharan S, Gogate AA, Mendelson CR. Human Trophoblast Differentiation Is Associated With Profound Gene Regulatory and Epigenetic Changes. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2189-2203. [PMID: 31294776 PMCID: PMC6821221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Defective placental implantation and vascularization with accompanying hypoxia contribute to preeclampsia (PE), a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying differentiation of proliferative cytotrophoblasts (CytTs) to multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (SynT) are incompletely defined. The SynT performs key functions in nutrient and gas exchange, hormone production, and protection of the fetus from rejection by the maternal immune system. In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing of midgestation human trophoblasts before CytT and after SynT differentiation in primary culture to analyze changes in binding of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and of active and repressive histone marks during SynT differentiation. Our findings reveal that increased Pol II binding to promoters of a subset of genes during trophoblast differentiation was closely correlated with active histone marks. This gene set was enriched in those controlling immune response and immune modulation, including interferon-induced tetratricopeptide repeat and placenta-specific glycoprotein gene family members. By contrast, genes downregulated during SynT differentiation included proinflammatory transcription factors ERG1, cFOS, and cJUN, as well as members of the NR4A orphan nuclear receptor subfamily, NUR77, NURR1, and NOR1. Downregulation of proinflammatory transcription factors upon SynT differentiation was associated with decreased promoter enrichment of endogenous H3K27Ac and H3K9Ac and enhanced binding of H3K9me3 and histone deacetylase 1. However, promoter enrichment of H3K27me3 was low in both CytT and SynT and was not altered with changes in gene expression. These findings provide important insight into mechanisms underlying human trophoblast differentiation and may identify therapeutic targets for placental disorders, such as PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Tae Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sribalasubashini Muralimanoharan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aishwarya A Gogate
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carole R Mendelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: Carole R. Mendelson, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. E-mail:
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106
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Wang P, Song Y, Zhong H, Lin S, Zhang X, Li J, Che L, Feng B, Lin Y, Xu S, Zhuo Y, Wu D, Burrin DG, Fang Z. Transcriptome Profiling of Placenta through Pregnancy Reveals Dysregulation of Bile Acids Transport and Detoxification Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174099. [PMID: 31443432 PMCID: PMC6747679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta performs the function of several adult organs for the fetus during intrauterine life. Because of the dramatic physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy and the strong association between maternal metabolism and placental function, the possibility that variation in gene expression patterns during pregnancy might be linked to fetal health warrants investigation. Here, next-generation RNA sequencing was used to investigate the expression profile, including mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of placentas on day 60 of gestation (G60), day 90 of gestation (G90), and on the farrowing day (L0) in pregnant swine. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs consistently showed dysregulation of bile acids transport and detoxification as pregnancy progress. We found the differentially expressed mRNAs, particularly bile salt export pump (ABCB11), organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2), carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), Na+-HCO3− cotransporter (NBC1), and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases (SULT2A1) play an important role in bile acids transport and sulfation in placentas during pregnancy. We also found the potential regulation role of ALDBSSCG0000000220 and XLOC_1301271 on placental SULT2A1. These findings have uncovered a previously unclear function and its genetic basis for bile acids metabolism in developing placentas and have important implications for exploring the potential physiological and pathological pathway to improve fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yumo Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Heju Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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107
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Igonina TN, Ragaeva DS, Petrova OM, Rozkova IN, Brusentsev EY, Amstislavsky SY. Effects of in vitro culture at the preimplantation embryo stage on early development and hypertension in ISIAH rats. Hypertens Pregnancy 2019; 38:208-216. [PMID: 31364410 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2019.1647232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana N. Igonina
- Sector of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Diana S. Ragaeva
- Sector of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga M. Petrova
- Sector of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina N. Rozkova
- Sector of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugeny Yu. Brusentsev
- Sector of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Ya. Amstislavsky
- Sector of Cryopreservation and Reproductive Technologies, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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108
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Allbrand M, Åman J, Nilsson K, Cao Y, Lodefalk M. Expression of genes involved in inflammation and growth - does sampling site in human full-term placenta matter? J Perinat Med 2019; 47:539-546. [PMID: 30920955 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2018-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the placental gene expression of substances in the inflammatory cascade and growth factors at nine different well-defined sampling sites in full-term placentas from 12 normal weight healthy non-smoking women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy. Methods All placentas (six girls and six boys) were delivered vaginally. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze toll receptor-2 and -4, interleukin-6 and -8, tumor necrosis factor-α, leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2, hepatocyte growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor receptor and insulin receptor (IR). Results The leptin gene and the IR gene showed higher expression in lateral regions near the chorionic plate compared to central regions near the basal plate (P = 0.028 and P = 0.041, respectively). Conclusion Our results suggest that the sampling site may influence the gene expression for leptin and IR in placental tissue obtained from full-term normal pregnancies. We speculate that this may be due to differences in placental structure and perfusion and may be important when future studies are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Allbrand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jan Åman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Nilsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lodefalk
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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109
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Profiles of gene expression in maternal blood predict offspring birth weight in normal pregnancy. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 10:676-682. [PMID: 31204630 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The association between lower birth weight and increased disease risk in adulthood has drawn attention to the physiological processes that shape the gestational environment. We implement genome-wide transcriptional profiling of maternal blood samples to identify subsets of genes and associated transcription control pathways that predict offspring birth weight. Female participants (N = 178, mean = 27.0 years) in a prospective observational birth cohort study were contacted between 2009 and 2014 to identify new pregnancies. An in-home interview was scheduled for early in the third trimester (mean = 30.3 weeks) to collect pregnancy-related information and a blood sample, and birth weight was measured shortly after delivery. Transcriptional activity in white blood cells was determined with a whole-genome gene expression direct hybridization assay. Fifty transcripts were differentially expressed in association with offspring birth weight, with 18 up-regulated in relation to lower birth weight, and 32 down-regulated. Examination of transcription control pathways identified increased activity of NF-κB, AP-1, EGR1, EGR4, and Gfi families, and reduced the activity of CEBP, in association with lower birth weight. Transcript origin analyses identified non-classical CD16+ monocytes, CD1c+ myeloid dendritic cells, and neutrophils as the primary cellular mediators of differential gene expression. These results point toward a systematic regulatory shift in maternal white blood cell activity in association with lower offspring birth weight, and they suggest that analyses of gene expression during gestation may provide insight into regulatory and cellular mechanisms that influence birth outcomes.
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110
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Mani C, Kochhar P, Ravikumar G, Dwarkanath P, Sheela CN, George S, Thomas A, Crasta J, Thomas T, Kurpad AV, Mukhopadhyay A. Placental expression of ENG, VEGF, and FLT: Gender-specific associations with maternal vitamin B 12 status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:176-182. [PMID: 31209272 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adequate vitamin B12 is a requisite during pregnancy and its deficiency is linked with increased risk for adverse outcomes, likely mediated by impaired placental angiogenesis. Thus, we aimed to test associations of maternal vitamin B12 status with the placental expression of angiogenesis-associated genes ENG, VEGF, and FLT. SUBJECTS/METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, placental and maternal trimester 1 blood samples (n = 104) were collected from small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) full-term singleton pregnancies. Maternal trimester 1 vitamin B12 status was measured. Placentae and neonates were weighed at birth. Realtime quantitative PCR was performed to assess placental transcript abundance of ENG, VEGF, and FLT normalized to a panel of reference genes. Associations of placental transcript abundance of the genes with maternal trimester 1 vitamin B12 status were evaluated. RESULTS Placental ENG transcript abundance associated negatively with maternal trimester 1 vitamin B12 status (β = -0.461, P = 0.017, n = 104). This association was specific to the female births (β = -0.590, P = 0.014, n = 60). Placental VEGF transcript levels were negatively associated with maternal trimester 1 vitamin B12 status only in the female births (β = -1.995, P = 0.029). Placental FLT transcript levels were not associated with maternal trimester 1 vitamin B12 status. CONCLUSION Maternal trimester 1 vitamin B12 status was associated negatively with placental ENG and VEGF expression predominantly in the female births. Therefore, we hypothesize that the placenta adapts to low maternal vitamin B12 status by up-regulating angiogenic pathways in a gender-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mani
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - P Kochhar
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - G Ravikumar
- Department of Pathology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - P Dwarkanath
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - C N Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - S George
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - A Thomas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - J Crasta
- Department of Pathology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - T Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. John's Medical College, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - A V Kurpad
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - A Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
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Taher S, Borja Y, Cabanela L, Costers VJ, Carson-Marino M, Bailes JC, Dhar B, Beckworth MT, Rabaglino MB, Post Uiterweer ED, Conrad KP. Cholecystokinin, gastrin, cholecystokinin/gastrin receptors, and bitter taste receptor TAS2R14: trophoblast expression and signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R628-R639. [PMID: 30892908 PMCID: PMC6589605 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00153.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) in humans and mice, and the bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 in the human placenta. Because CCK and gastrin activate the CCKBR receptor, we also explored placental gastrin expression. Finally, we investigated calcium signaling by CCK and TAS2R14. By RT-PCR, we found CCK/Cck and GAST/Gast mRNA expression in both normal human and mouse placentas, as well as in human trophoblast cell lines (TCL). Although both Cckar and -br mRNA were expressed in the mouse placenta, only CCKBR mRNA was detected in the human placenta and TCL. mRNA expression for TAS2R14 was also observed in the human placenta and TCL. Using immunohistochemistry, CCK protein was localized to the syncytiotrophoblast (ST) and extravillous trophoblast (EVT) in the human term placenta, and to trophoblast glycogen cells in mouse and human placentas. Gastrin and TAS2R14 proteins were also observed in ST and EVT of the human placenta. Both sulfated and nonsulfated CCK elicited a comparable rise in intracellular calcium in TCL, consistent with CCKBR expression. Three TAS2R14 agonists, flufenamic acid, chlorhexidine, and diphenhydramine, also evoked rises in intracellular calcium in TCL. These results establish CCK, gastrin, and their receptor(s) in both human and mouse placentas, and TAS2R14 in the human placenta. Both CCK and TAS2R14 agonists increased intracellular calcium in human TCL. Although the roles of these ligands and receptors, and their potential cross talk in normal and pathological placentas, are currently unknown, this study opens new avenues for placental research.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Line
- Cholecystokinin/genetics
- Cholecystokinin/metabolism
- Cholecystokinin/pharmacology
- Female
- Gastrins/genetics
- Gastrins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/genetics
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Receptors, Cholecystokinin/agonists
- Receptors, Cholecystokinin/genetics
- Receptors, Cholecystokinin/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Trophoblasts/drug effects
- Trophoblasts/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shèdy Taher
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yamilette Borja
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lucía Cabanela
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vincent J Costers
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Morgan Carson-Marino
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julie C Bailes
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Biswadeep Dhar
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark T Beckworth
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria B Rabaglino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Pabellón de Biología Celular, Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Emiel D Post Uiterweer
- Department of Obstetrics and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Kirk P Conrad
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
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112
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Preeclampsia is Associated with Sex-Specific Transcriptional and Proteomic Changes in Fetal Erythroid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082038. [PMID: 31027199 PMCID: PMC6514549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) has been associated with placental dysfunction, resulting in fetal hypoxia, accelerated erythropoiesis, and increased erythroblast count in the umbilical cord blood (UCB). Although the detailed effects remain unknown, placental dysfunction can also cause inflammation, nutritional, and oxidative stress in the fetus that can affect erythropoiesis. Here, we compared the expression of surface adhesion molecules and the erythroid differentiation capacity of UCB hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), UCB erythroid profiles along with the transcriptome and proteome of these cells between male and female fetuses from PE and normotensive pregnancies. While no significant differences were observed in UCB HSPC migration/homing and in vitro erythroid colony differentiation, the UCB HSPC transcriptome and the proteomic profile of the in vitro differentiated erythroid cells differed between PE vs. normotensive samples. Accordingly, despite the absence of significant differences in the UCB erythroid populations in male or female fetuses from PE or normotensive pregnancies, transcriptional changes were observed during erythropoiesis, particularly affecting male fetuses. Pathway analysis suggested deregulation in the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/AMP-activated protein kinase (mTORC1/AMPK) signaling pathways controlling cell cycle, differentiation, and protein synthesis. These results associate PE with transcriptional and proteomic changes in fetal HSPCs and erythroid cells that may underlie the higher erythroblast count in the UCB in PE.
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113
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Arroyo V, Linares C, Díaz J. Premature births in Spain: Measuring the impact of air pollution using time series analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:105-114. [PMID: 30639707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature birth (<37 weeks of gestation) is the principal indicator of neonatal death during the first month of life and the second cause of death of children under age five. There are 15 million premature births (PTB) worldwide. Air pollution in cities, primarily the result of urban traffic, greatly impacts PTBs, though there are few studies carried out on this topic at the country level. The objective of this study is to quantify the relative risks (RR) and the population attributable risk (PAR) of concentrations of contaminants on PTBs in Spain, and to analyze the most susceptible trimesters. METHODS For each province average weekly PTBs were calculated (ICD-10: P07.2-P07.3) during the period 2001-2009 as well as weekly average concentrations of PM10, NO2 and O3. Estimations were made of RR and PAR using generalized linear models with link Poisson, controlling for the trend, seasonality, the autoregressive nature of the series and the influence of temperature in periods of heat and/or cold waves. A meta-analysis was carried out to estimate RR and PAR at the global level based on the RR obtained for each of the provinces. RESULTS For all of Spain, the global RR of PTB due to the impact of PM10 was 1.071 (1.049, 1.093) and 1.150 (1.084, 1.220) for NO2, with no detected association for O3. Therefore, with decreases of 10 μg/m3 in the concentrations of PM10 and NO2, around 12.5% and 4.5% of PTBs could have been avoided respectively. CONCLUSIONS Around 1.35% of PTBs that occurred in Spain during the study period can be attributed to air pollution. The adoption of structural measures to reduce these air pollutants should result in a decrease in the number of PTBs in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Arroyo
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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114
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Vishnyakova PA, Tarasova NV, Volodina MA, Tsvirkun DV, Sukhanova IA, Kurchakova TA, Kan NE, Medzidova MK, Sukhikh GT, Vysokikh MY. Gestation age-associated dynamics of mitochondrial calcium uniporter subunits expression in feto-maternal complex at term and preterm delivery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5501. [PMID: 30940880 PMCID: PMC6445111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium plays a role of universal cellular regulator in the living cell and one of the crucial regulators of proper fetal development during gestation. Mitochondria are important for intracellular calcium handling and signaling. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mtCU) is a multiprotein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane responsible for the transport of calcium to the mitochondrial matrix. In the present study, we analyzed the expression level of mtCU components in two parts of the feto-maternal system – placenta and myometrium at full-term delivery and at preterm birth (PTB) on different stages: 22–27, 28–32, 33–36 weeks of gestation (n = 50). A gradual increase of mRNA expression and changes in protein content of MCU and MICU1 subunits were revealed in the placenta during gestation. We also observed slower depolarization rate of isolated placental mitochondria induced by Ca2+ titration at PTB. In myometrium at PTB relative gene expression level of MCU, MCUb and SMDT1 increased as compared to full-term pregnancy, but the tendency to gradual increase of MCU protein simultaneous with MCUb increase and MICU1 decline was shown in gestational dynamics. Changes observed in the present study might be considered both natural dynamics as well as possible pathological mechanisms underlying preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda V Tarasova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Molecular Medicine Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Maria A Volodina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia.,National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20, Myasnitskaya st, Moscow, 101000, Russia
| | - Daria V Tsvirkun
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Iuliia A Sukhanova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, 1/12, Leninskye gory, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Kurchakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Nataliya E Kan
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Marzanat K Medzidova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Gennadiy T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Vysokikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4, Oparina st., Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Belozerskii Institute of Physico-chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/40, Leninskye gory, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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115
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Barke TL, Money KM, Du L, Serezani A, Gannon M, Mirnics K, Aronoff DM. Sex modifies placental gene expression in response to metabolic and inflammatory stress. Placenta 2019; 78:1-9. [PMID: 30955704 PMCID: PMC6461364 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic stress (e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity) and infections are common during pregnancy, impacting fetal development and the health of offspring. Such antenatal stresses can differentially impact male and female offspring. We sought to determine how metabolic stress and maternal immune activation (MIA), either alone or in combination, alters inflammatory gene expression within the placenta and whether the effects exhibited sexual dimorphism. METHODS Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed a normal diet or a high fat diet for 6 weeks prior to mating, with the latter diet inducing a GDM phenotype during pregnancy. Dams within each diet group at gestational day (GD) 12.5 received either an intraperitoneal injection of the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or saline. Three hours post injection; placentae were collected and analyzed for changes in the expression of 248 unique immune genes. RESULTS Placental immune gene expression was significantly altered by GDM, MIA and the combination of the two (GDM+MIA). mRNA expression was generally lower in placentae of mice exposed to GDM alone compared with the other experimental groups, while mice exposed to MIA exhibited the highest transcript levels. Notably, fetal/placental sex influenced the responses of many immune genes to both metabolic and inflammatory stress. DISCUSSION GDM and MIA provoke inflammatory responses within the placenta and such effects exhibit sexual dimorphism. The combination of these stressors impacts the placenta differently than either condition alone. These findings may help explain sexual dimorphism observed in adverse pregnancy outcomes in human offspring exposed to similar stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Barke
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kelli M Money
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Liping Du
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ana Serezani
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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116
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Abstract
During the course of evolution the human brain has increased in size and complexity, ultimately these differences are the result of changes at the genetic level. Identifying and characterizing molecular evolution requires an understanding of both the genetic underpinning of the system as well as the comparative genetic tools to identify signatures of selection. This chapter aims to describe our current understanding of the genetics of human brain evolution. Primarily this is the story of the evolution of the human brain since our last common ape ancestor, but where relevant we will also discuss changes that are unique to the primate brain (compared to other mammals) or various other lineages in the evolution of humans more generally. It will focus on genetic changes that both directly affected the development and function of the brain as well as those that have indirectly influenced brain evolution through both prenatal and postnatal environment. This review is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather to begin to construct a general framework for understanding the full array of data being generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Vallender
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.
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117
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The Density of Cell Nuclei at the Materno-Fetal Exchange Barrier is Sexually Dimorphic in Normal Placentas, but not in IUGR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2359. [PMID: 30787322 PMCID: PMC6382753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental sexual dimorphism is of special interest in prenatal programming. Various postnatal diseases with gender dependent incidence, especially neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, have prenatal risk factors established. However, the functional relevance of placental microarchitecture in prenatal programming is poorly investigated, mainly due to a lack of statistically efficient methods. We hypothesized that the recently established 3D microscopic analysis of villous trees would be able to identify microscopic structural correlates of human placental sexual dimorphism. We analyzed the density of cell nuclei of villous trophoblast, i.e. the materno-fetal exchange barrier, in placentas from term pregnancies. The cell nuclei were grouped into proliferative and non-proliferative nuclei by detection of a proliferation marker (PCNA). Normal female placentas showed a higher density of non-proliferating nuclei (PCNA-negative) in villous trophoblast than normal male placentas. The density of PCNA-negative cell nuclei was higher in placentas of pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) than in control placentas. The data of the present study shows that the density of non-proliferative cell nuclei in the syncytial layer of villous trophoblast is influenced by fetal sex and by IUGR, while proliferation remains unchanged. A novel concept of post-fusion regulation of syncytial structure and function is proposed.
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118
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Mitochondrial-related gene associated to obesity can be modulated by in utero hyperglycemic environment. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:59-64. [PMID: 30738174 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether mitochondrial-related genes and proteins are modulated by hyperglycemia promoted by gestational diabetes (GDM), thereby increasing neonate obesity predisposition. 19 healthy pregnant women, 16 pregnant women with GDM and their respective neonates were enrolled. Additionally, 19 obese and 19 eutrophic adults were recruited as a reference population. Umbilical cord, peripheral blood and placental (villous and decidua) tissues were collected to evaluate SOD2, PPAR-α and PPARGC-1β and their respective protein expressions. Data from the reference population confirmed that the three genes and proteins were overexpressed in blood cells of obese compared to eutrophic subjects. Only SOD2 was found upregulated in placental villous (fetal side) tissue of GDM women. Therefore, our findings showed an interaction between the hyperglycemic environment and SOD2 modulation, but also indicated that none of the three genes is useful as potential biomarkers for obesity development.
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119
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Zheng H, Liu L, Zhang H, Kan F, Wang S, Li Y, Tian H, Meng S. Dendritic cells pulsed with placental gp96 promote tumor-reactive immune responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211490. [PMID: 30703157 PMCID: PMC6354997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining and loading of immunogenic and safe cancer antigens remain a major challenge for designing dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines. In this study, we defined a prototype strategy of using DC-based vaccines pulsed with placenta-derived heat shock protein gp96 to induces anti-tumor T cell responses. Placental gp96 was efficiently taken up by CD11c+ bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and resulted in moderate BMDC maturation. Splenocytes and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) generated with mouse BMDCs pulsed with placental gp96 specifically lysed B16 melanoma and LLC lung carcinoma cells. In both transplantable melanoma and lung carcinoma mice models, immunization with placental gp96-stimulated BMDCs led to a significant decrease in tumor growth and mouse mortality with respect to mice treated with liver gp96-pulsed BMDCs or placental gp96 alone. This vaccine induced strong cross-reactive tumor-specific T cell responses. Our results revealed that DCs pulsed with placenta-derived gp96 represent an effective immunotherapy to induce tumor-reactive immune responses, possibly via loading DCs with its associated carcinoembryonic antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Immunotherapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaguo Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Fangming Kan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Huaqin Tian
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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120
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Shallie PD, Naicker T. The placenta as a window to the brain: A review on the role of placental markers in prenatal programming of neurodevelopment. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 73:41-49. [PMID: 30634053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development, the placenta can be said to be the most important organ, however, the most poorly researched. There is currently a broader understanding of how specific insults during development affect the fetal brain, and also the importance of placental signaling in neurodevelopmental programming. Epigenetic responses to maternal and fetal signals are an obvious candidate for transforming early life inputs into long-term programmatic outcomes. As a mediator of maternal and environmental signals to the developing fetus, epigenetic processes within the placenta are particularly powerful such that alterations of placental gene expression, downstream function, and signalling during foetal development have the potential for dramatic changes in developmental programming. SUMMARY In this article, we reviewed emerging evidence for a placental role in prenatal neurodevelopmental programming with a specific focus on nutrient and prenatal stress signals integration into chromatin changes; this new understanding, we hope will provide the means for lowering developmentally based disorder risk, and new therapeutic targets for treatment in adulthood. KEY MESSAGES Based on this review, the placenta is a potent micro-environmental player in neurodevelopment as it orchestrates a series of complex maternal-foetal interactions. Maternal insults to this microenvironment will impair these processes and disrupt foetal brain development resulting in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders. These findings should inspire advance animal model and human research drive to appraise gene-environment impacts during pregnancy that will target the developmental cause of adult-onset mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philemon Dauda Shallie
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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121
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30602375 PMCID: PMC6317263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow's milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40-120 nm, which are pivotal mediators of cell communication via systemic transfer of specific micro-ribonucleic acids, mRNAs and regulatory proteins such as transforming growth factor-β. There is compelling evidence that human and bovine milk exosomes play a crucial role for adequate metabolic and immunological programming of the newborn infant at the beginning of extrauterine life. Milk exosomes assist in executing an anabolic, growth-promoting and immunological program confined to the postnatal period in all mammals. However, epidemiological and translational evidence presented in this review indicates that continuous exposure of humans to exosomes of pasteurized milk may confer a substantial risk for the development of chronic diseases of civilization including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, common cancers (prostate, breast, liver, B-cells) as well as Parkinson's disease. Exosomes of pasteurized milk may represent new pathogens that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Genes involved in angiogenesis and circulatory system development are differentially expressed in porcine epithelial oviductal cells during long-term primary in vitro culture – a transcriptomic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acb-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An oviduct is an essential organ for gamete transport, oocyte maturation, fertilization, spermatozoon capacitation and early embryo development. The epithelium plays an important role in oviduct functioning. The products of secretory cells provide an optimal environment and influence gamete activities and embryonic development. The oviduct physiology changes during the female cycle, thus, the ratio of the secreted molecules in the oviduct fluid differs between phases. In this study, a differential gene expression in porcine oviduct epithelial cells was examined during the long-term primary in vitro culture. The microarray expression analysis revealed 2552 genes, 1537 of which were upregulated and 995 were downregulated after 7 days of culture, with subsequent changes in expression during 30 day-long culture. The obtained genes were classified into 8 GO BP terms, connected with angiogenesis and circulatory system development, extracted by DAVID software. Among all genes, 10 most up-regulated and 10 most down-regulated genes were selected for further investigation. Interactions between genes were indicated by STRING software and REACTOME FIViz application to the Cytoscape 3.6.0 software. Most of the genes belonged to more than one ontology group. Although studied genes are mostly responsible for angiogenesis and circulatory system development, they can also be found to be expressed in processes connected with fertilization and early embryo development. The latter function is focused on more, considering the fact that these genes were expressed in epithelial cells of the fallopian tube which is largely responsible for reproductive processes.
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Gene Expression Profiling of Placenta from Normal to Pathological Pregnancies. Placenta 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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124
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Genetic variants influence on the placenta regulatory landscape. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007785. [PMID: 30452450 PMCID: PMC6277118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From genomic association studies, quantitative trait loci analysis, and epigenomic mapping, it is evident that significant efforts are necessary to define genetic-epigenetic interactions and understand their role in disease susceptibility and progression. For this reason, an analysis of the effects of genetic variation on gene expression and DNA methylation in human placentas at high resolution and whole-genome coverage will have multiple mechanistic and practical implications. By producing and analyzing DNA sequence variation (n = 303), DNA methylation (n = 303) and mRNA expression data (n = 80) from placentas from healthy women, we investigate the regulatory landscape of the human placenta and offer analytical approaches to integrate different types of genomic data and address some potential limitations of current platforms. We distinguish two profiles of interaction between expression and DNA methylation, revealing linear or bimodal effects, reflecting differences in genomic context, transcription factor recruitment, and possibly cell subpopulations. These findings help to clarify the interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in normal human placentas. They also provide strong evidence for genotype-driven modifications of transcription and DNA methylation in normal placentas. In addition to these mechanistic implications, the data and analytical methods presented here will improve the interpretability of genome-wide and epigenome-wide association studies for human traits and diseases that involve placental functions. The placenta is a critical organ playing multiple roles including oxygen and metabolite transfer from mother to fetus, hormone production, and vascular perfusion. With this study, we aimed to deliver a placenta-specific regulatory map based on a combination of publicly available and newly generated data. To complete this reference, we obtained genotype information (n = 303), DNA methylation (n = 303) and expression data (n = 80) for placentas from healthy women. Our analysis of methylation and expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and correlations between methylation and expression data were designed to identify fundamental associations between genome, transcriptome, and epigenome in this key fetal organ. The results provide high-resolution genetic and epigenetic maps specific to the placenta based on a representative ethnically diverse cohort. As interest and efforts are growing to better understand the etiology of placental disease and the impact of the environment on placental function these data will provide a reference and enhance future investigations.
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Abstract
Discoveries in molecular genetics over the last two decades have broadened our information about the genomics of complex microbial communities. As in all other fields of medicine, there is an undeniable need to explore the microbiome and the way it is impacted by biological sex. A number, although small, of recent studies have demonstrated that women and men have striking differences in the species that constitute their microbiomes. This effects pathological physiology in fields such as hepatology, oncology, autoimmune disease (most notably diabetes mellitus), autism, and obstetrics. There is still an unfortunate lack of research being done on the “microgenderome”: the interaction between microbiota, sex hormones, and the immune system. This review will highlight some of the main areas to be affected by microgenderome physiology, with an in depth focus on obstetrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Levy
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Solt
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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Zazara DE, Arck PC. Developmental origin and sex-specific risk for infections and immune diseases later in life. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:137-151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ramaiyan B, Talahalli RR. Dietary Unsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Maternal Dyslipidemia-Induced DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation in Placenta and Fetal Liver in Rats. Lipids 2018; 53:581-588. [PMID: 30203512 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the role of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in maternal dyslipidemia-induced DNA methylation and histone acetylation in placenta and fetal liver and accumulation of lipids in the fetal liver. Weanling female Wistar rats were fed control and experimental diets for 2 months, mated, and continued on their diets during pregnancy. At gestation days of 18-20, rats were euthanized to isolate placenta and fetal liver. DNA methylation, DNA methyl transferase-1 (DNMT1) activity, acetylation of histones (H2A and H2B), and histone acyl transferase (HAT) activity were evaluated in placenta and fetal liver. Fetal liver lipid accumulation and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) were assessed. Maternal dyslipidemia caused significant epigenetic changes in placenta and fetal liver. In the placenta, (1) global DNA methylation increased by 37% and DNMT1 activity by 86%, (2) acetylated H2A and H2B levels decreased by 46% and 24% respectively, and (3) HAT activity decreased by 39%. In fetal liver, (1) global DNA methylation increased by 52% and DNMT1 activity by 78%, (2) acetylated H2A and H2B levels decreased by 28% and 26% respectively, and (3) HAT activity decreased by 37%. Maternal dyslipidemia caused a 4.75-fold increase in fetal liver triacylglycerol accumulation with a 78% decrease in DNA-binding ability of PPAR-α. Incorporation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in the maternal high-fat diet significantly (p < 0.05) modulated dyslipidemia-induced effects in placenta and fetal liver. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) exhibited a profound effect followed by alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) than linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n-6) in modulating the epigenetic parameters in placenta and fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breetha Ramaiyan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
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Stirm L, Kovárová M, Perschbacher S, Michlmaier R, Fritsche L, Siegel-Axel D, Schleicher E, Peter A, Pauluschke-Fröhlich J, Brucker S, Abele H, Wallwiener D, Preissl H, Wadsack C, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Ensenauer R, Desoye G, Staiger H. BMI-Independent Effects of Gestational Diabetes on Human Placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3299-3309. [PMID: 29931171 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, alterations in maternal lipid metabolism were associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, detailed plasma lipid profiles and their relevance for placental and fetal metabolism are currently not understood. METHODS Maternal and placental lipid profiles were characterized in women with GDM and women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Inflammatory gene expression was compared in placentas and primary term trophoblasts between the groups. In addition, trophoblasts were stimulated with nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and effects on gene expression were quantified. Finally, placental macrophage content and cord blood concentrations of inflammatory parameters and NEFAs were compared between women with GDM and women with NGT with similar body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Palmitate and stearate levels were elevated in both maternal plasma and placental tissue of women with GDM. Placental GDM-associated elevations of IL6, IL8, and TLR2 expression were reflected in trophoblasts derived from women with GDM. Stimulation of primary trophoblasts with palmitate led to increased mRNA expression and protein release of the cytokine IL6 and the chemokine IL8. In line with this, elevated amounts of CD68-positive cells were quantified in the placental tissue of women with GDM. No GDM-associated elevations in a range of inflammatory parameters and NEFAs in cord blood of NGT vs GDM neonates was found. CONCLUSIONS GDM, independently of BMI, altered maternal plasma NEFAs and the placental lipid profile. GDM was associated with trophoblast and whole-placenta lipoinflammation; however, this was not accompanied by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines or NEFAs in neonatal cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stirm
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markéta Kovárová
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Perschbacher
- Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Renate Michlmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Siegel-Axel
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Schleicher
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sara Brucker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Abele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diethelm Wallwiener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Experimental Pediatrics and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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129
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Syrett CM, Sierra I, Berry CL, Beiting D, Anguera MC. Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences Are Evident in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and During In Vitro Differentiation of Human Placental Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1360-1375. [PMID: 29993333 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a short-lived tissue required for embryonic growth and survival, and it is fetal derived. Fetal sex influences gestation, and many sexual dimorphic diseases have origins in utero. There is sex-biased gene expression in third-trimester human placentas, yet the origin of sex-specific expression is unknown. Here, we used an in vitro differentiation model to convert human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into trophoblastic progenitor cells of the first-trimester placenta, which will eventually become mature extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. We observed significant sex differences in transcriptomic profiles of hESCs and trophoblastic progenitors, and also with the differentiation process itself. Male cells had higher dosage of X/Y gene pairs relative to female samples, supporting functions for Y-linked genes beyond spermatogenesis in the hESCs and in the early placenta. Female-specific differentiation altered the expression of several thousand genes compared with male cells, and female cells specifically upregulated numerous autosomal genes with known roles in trophoblast function. Sex-biased upregulation of cellular pathways during trophoblast differentiation was also evident. This study is the first to identify sex differences in trophoblastic progenitor cells of the first-trimester human placenta, and reveal early origins for sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Syrett
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabel Sierra
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corbett L Berry
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Beiting
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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130
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Taylor BD, Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Hougaard DM, Skogstrand K, Roberts JM, Olsen J. Fetal sexual dimorphism in systemic soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 among normotensive and preeclamptic women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13034. [PMID: 30106204 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A handful of studies report sexual dimorphism in the maternal angiogenic profile possibly influencing placental development and preeclampsia risk. This secondary analysis explored associations between fetal sex and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT) and endoglin (9-35 weeks gestation) using data from a nested case-control study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. METHOD OF STUDY A total of 448 preeclamptic women and 328 normotensive women had data on sFLT and endoglin. Preeclampsia was defined by blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg and proteinuria (≥0.3g or 300 mg/24 h.). Generalized linear models adjusting for gestational age of blood draw, body mass index, maternal age, and smoking determined associations between fetal sex and log-transformed biomarkers. RESULTS Male fetal sex is associated with 11% lower sFLT levels (β = -0.11, P = 0.03) in preeclamptic women. There were no differences observed in normotensive women. We found no statistically significant differences in endoglin by fetal sex among groups. CONCLUSION Our results are similar with other studies suggesting that women with female fetuses have increased sFLT levels. However, significant difference was only among women with preeclampsia. This study was exploratory and longitudinal investigations across pregnancy are required to understand the relationship between fetal sex and systemic maternal angiogenic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Catherine L Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roberta B Ness
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James M Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Placental H3K27me3 establishes female resilience to prenatal insults. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2555. [PMID: 29967448 PMCID: PMC6028627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sex biases in disease presentation are well documented, the mechanisms mediating vulnerability or resilience to diseases are unknown. In utero insults are more likely to produce detrimental health outcomes for males versus females. In our mouse model of prenatal stress, male offspring experience long-term dysregulation of body weight and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal stress axis dysfunction, endophenotypes of male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental function is critical for healthy fetal development, and we previously showed that sex differences in placental O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) mediate the effects of prenatal stress on neurodevelopmental programming. Here we show that one mechanism whereby sex differences in OGT confer variation in vulnerability to prenatal insults is by establishing sex-specific trophoblast gene expression patterns and via regulation of the canonically repressive epigenetic modification, H3K27me3. We demonstrate that high levels of H3K27me3 in the female placenta create resilience to the altered hypothalamic programming associated with prenatal stress exposure. Sex differences in placental O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) activity mediate the effects of prenatal stress on neurodevelopmental programming. Here authors provide evidence that OGT confers variation in vulnerability to prenatal insults by establishing sex-specific trophoblast gene expression via regulation of H3K27me3.
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Exposure to Phthalate, an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical, Alters the First Trimester Placental Methylome and Transcriptome in Women. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6086. [PMID: 29666409 PMCID: PMC5904105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors and associated with decreased fecundity, pregnancy loss, and adverse obstetrical outcomes, however the underlying mechanisms remain to be established. Environmental factors can influence gene expression and cell function by modifying epigenetic marks, impacting the developing embryo as well as future generations of offspring. The impact of phthalates on placental gene methylation and expression is largely unknown. We studied the effect of maternal phthalate exposure on the human placental DNA methylome and transcriptome. We determined epigenome-wide DNA methylation marks (Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 850k BeadChip) and gene expression (Agilent whole human genome array) associated with phthalate exposure in first trimester placenta. Integrative genomic analysis of candidate genes was performed to define gene methylation-expression relationships. We identified 39 genes with significantly altered methylation and gene expression in the high phthalate exposure group. Most of these relationships were inversely correlated. This analysis identified epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a critical candidate gene mediating the effects of phthalates on early placental function. Although additional studies are needed to determine the functional consequences of these changes, our findings are consistent with the model that phthalates impact placental function by modulating the expression of critical placental genes through epigenetic regulation.
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Genetic and Epigenetic Control of CDKN1C Expression: Importance in Cell Commitment and Differentiation, Tissue Homeostasis and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041055. [PMID: 29614816 PMCID: PMC5979523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDKN1C gene encodes the p57Kip2 protein which has been identified as the third member of the CIP/Kip family, also including p27Kip1 and p21Cip1. In analogy with these proteins, p57Kip2 is able to bind tightly and inhibit cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and, in turn, modulate cell division cycle progression. For a long time, the main function of p57Kip2 has been associated only to correct embryogenesis, since CDKN1C-ablated mice are not vital. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that CDKN1C alterations cause three human hereditary syndromes, characterized by altered growth rate. Subsequently, the p57Kip2 role in several cell phenotypes has been clearly assessed as well as its down-regulation in human cancers. CDKN1C lies in a genetic locus, 11p15.5, characterized by a remarkable regional imprinting that results in the transcription of only the maternal allele. The control of CDKN1C transcription is also linked to additional mechanisms, including DNA methylation and specific histone methylation/acetylation. Finally, long non-coding RNAs and miRNAs appear to play important roles in controlling p57Kip2 levels. This review mostly represents an appraisal of the available data regarding the control of CDKN1C gene expression. In addition, the structure and function of p57Kip2 protein are briefly described and correlated to human physiology and diseases.
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Wilson SL, Robinson WP. Utility of DNA methylation to assess placental health. Placenta 2018; 64 Suppl 1:S23-S28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Alterations in Placental Gene Expression of Pregnant Women with Chronic Chagas Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1345-1353. [PMID: 29545200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection in women of reproductive age is associated with congenital transmission and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The placenta is a key barrier to infection. Gene expression profiles of term placental environment from T. cruzi-seropositive (SP) and -seronegative (SN) mothers were characterized by RNA-Seq. Nine pools of placental RNA paired samples were used: three from SN and six from SP tissues. Each pool consisted of female/male newborns and vaginal/cesarean delivery binomials. No newborn was congenitally infected. T. cruzi satellite DNA quantitative PCR in placental tissues and maternal and neonatal blood, and parasite 18S quantitative RT-PCR from placental RNA were negative, except in three SP women's bloodstream. To identify pathways associated with maternal T. cruzi infection, a gene-set association analysis was implemented: SP placental samples showed overexpression of inflammatory response and lymphocytic activation, whereas numerous biosynthetic processes were down-regulated. About 42 genes showed a significant fold-change between SP and SN groups. KISS1 and CGB5 were down-regulated, whereas KIF12, HLA-G, PRG2, TAC3, FN1, and ATXN3L were up-regulated. Several expressed genes in SP placentas encode proteins associated with preeclampsia and miscarriage. This first transcriptomics study in human term placental environment shows a placental response that may affect the fetus while protecting it from parasite infection; this host response could be responsible for the low rate of congenital transmission in chronic Chagas disease.
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Ohmaru-Nakanishi T, Asanoma K, Fujikawa M, Fujita Y, Yagi H, Onoyama I, Hidaka N, Sonoda K, Kato K. Fibrosis in Preeclamptic Placentas Is Associated with Stromal Fibroblasts Activated by the Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:683-695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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137
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The impact of female fetal sex on preeclampsia and the maternal immune milieu. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 12:53-57. [PMID: 29674199 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small studies suggest that fetal sex alters maternal inflammation. We examined the association between fetal sex, preeclampsia and circulating maternal immune markers. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis within a nested case-control study of 216 preeclamptic women and 432 randomly selected normotensive controls from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. All women had singleton, primiparous pregnancies without chronic health conditions. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between female fetal sex and preeclampsia. Outcomes included preeclampsia, preterm preeclampsia (<37 and <34 weeks), and normotensive preterm birth <37 weeks. Associations between female fetal sex and immune markers [interleukin (IL)-6, IL4, IL5, IL12, IL10, IL8, IL1-beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta, and transforming growth factor-beta] were examined using a statistical method developed for large proportions of censored biomarker data. Models were adjusted for maternal age, race, body mass index, and smoking. RESULTS Women with early preterm preeclampsia (<34 weeks) had higher odds of having a female fetus (ORadj. 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.6) and women with normotensive preterm birth had lower odds (ORadj. 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Female fetal sex was associated with lower first trimester pro-inflammatory IFNγ and IL-12 but higher second trimester pro-inflammatory IL1β and TNFβ, anti-inflammatory IL4r, and regulatory cytokines IL5 and IL10. Female fetal sex was associated with higher postpartum IL10 in preeclamptic women only. CONCLUSIONS We identified sexual dimorphism in maternal inflammation. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if fetal sex impacts the maternal immune milieu across pregnancy.
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138
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Knopik VS, Marceau K, Bidwell LC, Rolan E. Prenatal substance exposure and offspring development: Does DNA methylation play a role? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 71:50-63. [PMID: 29408446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The period of in utero development is one of the most critical windows during which adverse conditions and exposures may influence the growth and development of the fetus as well as its future postnatal health and behavior. Maternal substance use during pregnancy remains a relatively common but nonetheless hazardous in utero exposure. For example, previous epidemiological studies have associated prenatal substance exposure with reduced birth weight, poor developmental and psychological outcomes, and increased risk for diseases and behavioral disorders (e.g., externalizing behaviors like ADHD, conduct disorder, and substance use) later in life. Researchers are now learning that many of the mechanisms whereby adverse in utero exposures may affect key pathways crucial for proper fetal growth and development are epigenetic in nature, with the majority of work in humans considering DNA methylation specifically. This review will explore the research to date on epigenetic alterations tied to maternal substance use during pregnancy and will also discuss the possible role of DNA methylation in the robust relationship between maternal substance use and later behavioral and developmental sequelae in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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139
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Muralimanoharan S, Gao X, Weintraub S, Myatt L, Maloyan A. Sexual dimorphism in activation of placental autophagy in obese women with evidence for fetal programming from a placenta-specific mouse model. Autophagy 2018; 12:752-69. [PMID: 26986453 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1156822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of maternal obesity and its co-morbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular disease) continues to increase at an alarming rate, with major public health implications. In utero exposure to maternal obesity has been associated with development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the offspring as a result of developmental programming. The placenta regulates maternal-fetal metabolism and shows significant changes in its function with maternal obesity. Autophagy is a cell-survival process, which is responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Here we show an activation of autophagosomal formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion in placentas of males but not females from overweight (OW) and obese (OB) women vs. normal weight (NW) women. However, total autophagic activity in these placentas appeared to be decreased as it showed an increase in SQSTM1/p62 and a decrease in lysosomal biogenesis. A mouse model with a targeted deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg7 in placental tissue showed significant placental abnormalities comparable to those seen in human placenta with maternal obesity. These included a decrease in expression of mitochondrial genes and antioxidants, and decreased lysosomal biogenesis. Strikingly, the knockout mice were developmentally programmed as they showed an increased sensitivity to high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased adiposity, and cardiac remodeling. In summary, our results indicate a sexual dimorphism in placental autophagy in response to maternal obesity. We also show that autophagy plays an important role in placental function and that inhibition of placental autophagy programs the offspring to obesity, and to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sribalasubashini Muralimanoharan
- a Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- b The Metabolomics Core Facility, Institutional Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Susan Weintraub
- b The Metabolomics Core Facility, Institutional Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Leslie Myatt
- a Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA.,c Department of Ob/Gyn , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Alina Maloyan
- a Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA.,d Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
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140
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Gonzalez TL, Sun T, Koeppel AF, Lee B, Wang ET, Farber CR, Rich SS, Sundheimer LW, Buttle RA, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Turner SD, Williams J, Goodarzi MO, Pisarska MD. Sex differences in the late first trimester human placenta transcriptome. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29335024 PMCID: PMC5769539 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of the placenta during the late first trimester is critical to ensure normal growth and development of the fetus. Developmental differences in this window such as sex-specific variation are implicated in later placental disease states, yet gene expression at this time is poorly understood. Methods RNA-sequencing was performed to characterize the transcriptome of 39 first trimester human placentas using chorionic villi following genetic testing (17 females, 22 males). Gene enrichment analysis was performed to find enriched canonical pathways and gene ontologies in the first trimester. DESeq2 was used to find sexually dimorphic gene expression. Patient demographics were analyzed for sex differences in fetal weight at time of chorionic villus sampling and birth. Results RNA-sequencing analyses detected 14,250 expressed genes, with chromosome 19 contributing the greatest proportion (973/2852, 34.1% of chromosome 19 genes) and Y chromosome contributing the least (16/568, 2.8%). Several placenta-enriched genes as well as histone-coding genes were identified to be unique to the first trimester and common to both sexes. Further, we identified 58 genes with significantly different expression between males and females: 25 X-linked, 15 Y-linked, and 18 autosomal genes. Genes that escape X inactivation were highly represented (59.1%) among X-linked genes upregulated in females. Many genes differentially expressed by sex consisted of X/Y gene pairs, suggesting that dosage compensation plays a role in sex differences. These X/Y pairs had roles in parallel, ancient canonical pathways important for eukaryotic cell growth and survival: chromatin modification, transcription, splicing, and translation. Conclusions This study is the first characterization of the late first trimester placenta transcriptome, highlighting similarities and differences among the sexes in ongoing human pregnancies resulting in live births. Sexual dimorphism may contribute to pregnancy outcomes, including fetal growth and birth weight, which was seen in our cohort, with males significantly heavier than females at birth. This transcriptome provides a basis for development of early diagnostic tests of placental function that can indicate overall pregnancy heath, fetal-maternal health, and long-term adult health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-018-0165-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Gonzalez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tianyanxin Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander F Koeppel
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bora Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica T Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lauren W Sundheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rae A Buttle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen D Turner
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margareta D Pisarska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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141
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Myatt L, Thornburg KL. Effects of Prenatal Nutrition and the Role of the Placenta in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1735:19-46. [PMID: 29380305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies identified the linkage between exposures to stresses, including the type and plane of nutrition in utero with development of disease in later life. Given the critical roles of the placenta in mediating transport of nutrients between the mother and fetus and regulation of maternal metabolism, recent attention has focused on the role of the placenta in mediating the effect of altered nutritional exposures on the development of disease in later life. In this chapter we describe the mechanisms of nutrient transport in the placenta, the influence of placental metabolism on this, and how placental energetics influence placental function in response to a variety of stressors. Further the recent "recognition" that the placenta itself has a sex which affects its function may begin to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the well-known dimorphism in development of disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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142
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Stratakis N, Gielen M, Margetaki K, Godschalk RW, van der Wurff I, Rouschop S, Ibrahim A, Antoniou E, Chatzi L, de Groot RHM, Zeegers MP. Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels at birth and child-to-adult growth: Results from the MEFAB cohort. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 126:72-78. [PMID: 29031398 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may influence childhood growth. However, available evidence mostly derived from short-term studies is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To assess whether fetal PUFA exposure is associated with height and body mass index (BMI), a common measure of adiposity, from 6 months to 23 years of age. METHODS In the MEFAB cohort, we assessed cord blood phospholipid n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels, reflecting fetal exposure in late pregnancy. For 250 (45.2% females) participants, we collected a total of 1770 (n= 802 for females) repeated growth measurements from infancy to young adulthood. We examined sex-specific associations of PUFAs with height and BMI at different developmental ages (infant: 6 months; toddler: 2 years; pre-schooler: 4 years; school-aged child: 7 years; adolescent: 12 years; and young adult: 23 years) using fractional polynomial mixed models adjusted for important covariates. RESULTS Higher n-3 PUFA levels were associated with higher infant length in males (β= 0.44cm [95% CI: 0.07, 0.82] per SD increase), whereas, for females, higher n-6 PUFA concentrations were associated with lower length in infancy (β= -0.69cm [95% CI: -1.08, -0.30] per SD increase). A higher ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs was associated with higher infant length in both sexes (β= 0.40cm [95% CI: 0.01, 0.78] and 0.42cm [95% CI: 0.05, 0.79] per unit increase for males and females, respectively). These associations were not detectable later in childhood and young adulthood. No associations with BMI were found at any time point examined. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a small sex-specific influence of PUFA status at birth on length in infancy, but this does not persist in later life up to young adulthood. PUFA status at birth does not seem to affect BMI from infancy till young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stratakis
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - M Gielen
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - K Margetaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - R W Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - I van der Wurff
- Welten Institute - Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - S Rouschop
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - A Ibrahim
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - E Antoniou
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - L Chatzi
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - R H M de Groot
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Welten Institute - Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - M P Zeegers
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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143
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Pérez-Cerezales S, Ramos-Ibeas P, Rizos D, Lonergan P, Bermejo-Alvarez P, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Early sex-dependent differences in response to environmental stress. Reproduction 2017; 155:R39-R51. [PMID: 29030490 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity enables the appearance of long-term effects in offspring caused by exposure to environmental stressors during embryonic and foetal life. These long-term effects can be traced to pre- and post-implantation development, and in both cases, the effects are usually sex specific. During preimplantation development, male and female embryos exhibit an extensive transcriptional dimorphism mainly driven by incomplete X chromosome inactivation. These early developmental stages are crucial for the establishment of epigenetic marks that will be conserved throughout development, making it a particularly susceptible period for the appearance of long-term epigenetic-based phenotypes. Later in development, gonadal formation generates hormonal differences between the sexes, and male and female placentae exhibit different responses to environmental stressors. The maternal environment, including hormones and environmental insults during pregnancy, contributes to sex-specific placental development that controls genetic and epigenetic programming during foetal development, regulating sex-specific differences, including sex-specific epigenetic responses to environmental hazards, leading to long-term effects. This review summarizes several human and animal studies examining sex-specific responses to environmental stressors during both the periconception period (caused by differences in sex chromosome dosage) and placental development (caused by both sex chromosomes and hormones). The identification of relevant sex-dependent trajectories caused by sex chromosomes and/or sex hormones is essential to define diagnostic markers and prevention/intervention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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144
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Wander PL, Boyko EJ, Hevner K, Parikh VJ, Tadesse MG, Sorensen TK, Williams MA, Enquobahrie DA. Circulating early- and mid-pregnancy microRNAs and risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 132:1-9. [PMID: 28783527 PMCID: PMC5623075 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epigenetic regulators, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are implicated in type 2 diabetes, but evidence linking circulating miRNAs in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) is sparse. Potential modifiers, including pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and offspring sex, are unexamined. We hypothesized that circulating levels of early-mid-pregnancy (range 7-23weeks of gestation) candidate miRNAs are related to subsequent development of GDM. We also hypothesized that miRNA-GDM associations might vary by pre-pregnancy body-mass index (ppBMI) or offspring sex. METHODS In a case-control analysis (36GDM cases/80 controls) from the Omega study, a prospective cohort study of pregnancy complications, we measured early-mid-pregnancy plasma levels of 10miRNAs chosen for potential roles in pregnancy course and complications (miR-126-3p, -155-5p, -21-3p, -146b-5p, -210-3p, -222-3p, -223-3p, -517-5p, -518a-3p, and 29a-3p) using qRT-PCR. Logistic regression models adjusted for gestational age at blood draw (GA) were fit to compare circulating miRNAs between cases and controls. We repeated analyses among overweight/obese (ppBMI≥25kg/m2) or lean (ppBMI<25kg/m2) women, and women with male or female offspring separately. RESULTS Mean age was 34.3years (cases) and 32.9years (controls). GA-adjusted miR-155-5p (β=0.260/p=0.028) and -21-3p (β=0.316/p=0.005) levels were positively associated with GDM. MiR-146b-5p (β=0.266/p=0.068) and miR-517-5p (β=0.196/p=0.074) were borderline. Associations of miR-21-3p and miR-210-3p with GDM were observed among overweight/obese but not lean women. Associations of six miRNAs (miR-155-5p, -21-3p, -146b-5p, -223-3p, -517-5p, and -29a-3p) with GDM were present only among women carrying male fetuses (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Circulating early-mid-pregnancy miRNAs are associated with GDM, particularly among women who are overweight/obese pre-pregnancy or pregnant with male offspring. This area has potential to clarify mechanisms underlying GDM pathogenesis and identify at-risk mothers earlier in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandora L Wander
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Edward J Boyko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Hevner
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Viraj J Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mahlet G Tadesse
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tanya K Sorensen
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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145
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Kim SC, Lee JE, Kang SS, Yang HS, Kim SS, An BS. The regulation of oxytocin and oxytocin receptor in human placenta according to gestational age. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:235-243. [PMID: 28694300 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) is a peptide hormone that plays a central role in the regulation of parturition and lactation. OXT signaling is mediated by OXT receptor (OXTR), which shows species- and tissue-specific expressions and gene regulation. In the present study, we examined the synthesis of OXT and OXTR in human placenta tissue according to gestational age. A total of 48 placentas were divided into early preterm, late preterm and term groups depending on gestational age, and expression of OXT and OXTR was evaluated. First, OXT and OXTR mRNA and protein were detected in normal placenta tissue via Q-PCR, Dot-blot and Western blot assay. Both OXT and OXTR levels in normal placenta increased gradually in the late stage of pregnancy, suggesting that local OXT may play a critical role in the function of the placenta. To determine the regulatory mechanism of OXT, placental BeWo cells were administrated estrogen (E2) or progesterone (P4), and expression of OXT and OXTR was tested. The mRNA and protein levels of OXT and OXTR were upregulated by E2 but blocked by co-treatment with P4 In order to confirm the estrogen receptor (ESR)-mediated signaling, we administrated ESR antagonists together with E2 to BeWo cells. As a result, both OXT and OXTR were significantly altered by ESR1 antagonist (MPP) while moderately regulated by ESR2 antagonist (PHTPP). These results suggest that OXT and OXTR are controlled mainly by E2 in the placenta via ESR1 and thus may play physiological functions in the human placenta during the late stage of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyBiomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, Korea
| | - Jae-Eon Lee
- Department of Biomaterials ScienceCollege of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Kang
- Department of Veterinary SurgeryCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoe-Saeng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical College, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Korea
| | - Sun Suk Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyBiomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials ScienceCollege of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
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Heywood WE, Preece RL, Pryce J, Hallqvist J, Clayton R, Virasami A, Mills K, Sebire NJ. Proteomic profiling reveals sub proteomes of the human placenta. Placenta 2017; 59:69-72. [PMID: 29108639 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic characterisation of the placenta has largely been focused on effect of disease, anatomical features or specific cell types. We describe an unbiased proteomic mapping analysis to investigate how the placental proteome changes throughout the organ. A transverse slice of a human placenta was sectioned into 1 × 1cm samples. Sections were analysed using label free proteomics. Analysis revealed two distinct sub-proteomes that did not have anatomical significance. One had a muscular proteome and the other had distinct immunomodulation functions. Chorionic plate enriched proteins highlighted the fetal tissues high energy requirements whilst mechanisms of the decidua observed included modulation of cortisone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Heywood
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Rhian-Lauren Preece
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jeremy Pryce
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jenny Hallqvist
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Robert Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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147
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Integrative single-cell and cell-free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7786-E7795. [PMID: 28830992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710470114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta is a dynamic and heterogeneous organ critical in the establishment of the fetomaternal interface and the maintenance of gestational well-being. It is also the major source of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the maternal circulation. Placental dysfunction contributes to significant complications, such as preeclampsia, a potentially lethal hypertensive disorder during pregnancy. Previous studies have identified significant changes in the expression profiles of preeclamptic placentas using whole-tissue analysis. Moreover, studies have shown increased levels of targeted RNA transcripts, overall and placental contributions in maternal cell-free nucleic acids during pregnancy progression and gestational complications, but it remains infeasible to noninvasively delineate placental cellular dynamics and dysfunction at the cellular level using maternal cell-free nucleic acid analysis. In this study, we addressed this issue by first dissecting the cellular heterogeneity of the human placenta and defined individual cell-type-specific gene signatures by analyzing more than 24,000 nonmarker selected cells from full-term and early preeclamptic placentas using large-scale microfluidic single-cell transcriptomic technology. Our dataset identified diverse cellular subtypes in the human placenta and enabled reconstruction of the trophoblast differentiation trajectory. Through integrative analysis with maternal plasma cell-free RNA, we resolved the longitudinal cellular dynamics of hematopoietic and placental cells in pregnancy progression. Furthermore, we were able to noninvasively uncover the cellular dysfunction of extravillous trophoblasts in early preeclamptic placentas. Our work showed the potential of integrating transcriptomic information derived from single cells into the interpretation of cell-free plasma RNA, enabling the noninvasive elucidation of cellular dynamics in complex pathological conditions.
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148
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Davis-Anderson KL, Berger S, Lunde-Young ER, Naik VD, Seo H, Johnson GA, Steen H, Ramadoss J. Placental Proteomics Reveal Insights into Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1551-1558. [PMID: 28722160 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) describe many of the well-known neurodevelopmental deficits afflicting children exposed to alcohol in utero. The effects of alcohol on the maternal-fetal interface, especially the placenta, have been less explored. We herein hypothesized that chronic binge alcohol exposure during pregnancy significantly alters the placental protein profile in a rat FASD model. METHODS Pregnant rats were orogastrically treated daily with alcohol (4.5 g/kg, gestational day [GD] 5 to 10; 6.0 g/kg, GD 11 to 19) or 50% maltose dextrin (isocalorically matched pair-fed controls). On GD 20, placentae were collected, flash-frozen, and stored until tissues were homogenized. Protein lysates were denatured, reduced, captured on a 10-kDa spin filter, and digested. Peptides were eluted, reconstituted, and analyzed by a Q Exactive™ Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. RESULTS Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis identified 2,285 placental proteins based on normalized spectral counts and 2,000 proteins by intensity-based absolute quantification. Forty-five placental proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) altered by gestational alcohol exposure by both quantification approaches. These included proteins directly related to alcohol metabolism; specific isoforms of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase were up-regulated in the alcohol group. Ingenuity analysis identified ethanol degradation as the most significantly altered canonical pathway in placenta, and fetal/organ development as most altered function, with increased risk for metabolic, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiological roles of the significantly altered proteins were related to early pregnancy adaptations, implantation, gestational diseases, fetal organ development, neurodevelopment, and immune functions. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the placenta is a valuable organ not only to understand FASD etiology but it may also serve as a diagnostic tool to identify novel biomarkers for detecting the outcome of fetal alcohol exposure. Placental MS analysis can offer sophisticated insights into identifying alcohol metabolism-related enzymes and regulators of fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Davis-Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sebastian Berger
- Departments of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emilie R Lunde-Young
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Vishal D Naik
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Greg A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Hanno Steen
- Departments of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jayanth Ramadoss
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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149
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Gur TL, Shay L, Palkar AV, Fisher S, Varaljay VA, Dowd S, Bailey MT. Prenatal stress affects placental cytokines and neurotrophins, commensal microbes, and anxiety-like behavior in adult female offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:50-58. [PMID: 28027927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that exposure to stress changes the composition of the intestinal microbiota, which is associated with development of stress-induced changes to social behavior, anxiety, and depression. Stress during pregnancy has also been related to the emergence of these disorders; whether commensal microbes are part of a maternal intrauterine environment during prenatal stress is not known. Here, we demonstrate that microbiome changes are manifested in the mother, and also found in female offspring in adulthood, with a correlation between stressed mothers and female offspring. Alterations in the microbiome have been shown to alter immune responses, thus we examined cytokines in utero. IL-1β was increased in placenta and fetal brain from offspring exposed to the prenatal stressor. Because IL-1β has been shown to prevent induction of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we examined BDNF and found a reduction in female placenta and adult amygdala, suggesting in utero impact on neurodevelopment extending into adulthood. Furthermore, gastrointestinal microbial communities were different in adult females born from stressed vs. non-stressed pregnancies. Adult female offspring also demonstrated increased anxiety-like behavior and alterations in cognition, suggesting a critical window where stress is able to influence the microbiome and the intrauterine environment in a deleterious manner with lasting behavioral consequences. The microbiome may be a key link between the intrauterine environment and adult behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Gur
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States.
| | - Lena Shay
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Aditi Vadodkar Palkar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Sydney Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, United States; Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Scot Dowd
- Research and Testing Laboratory and Medical Biofilm Research Institute, Lubbock, TX 79407, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, United States; Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, United States
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150
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Tsamou M, Martens DS, Winckelmans E, Madhloum N, Cox B, Gyselaers W, Nawrot TS, Vrijens K. Mother's Pre-pregnancy BMI and Placental Candidate miRNAs: Findings from the ENVIRONAGE Birth Cohort. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5548. [PMID: 28717128 PMCID: PMC5514037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the predisposition for development of chronic diseases arises at the earliest times of life. In this context, maternal pre-pregnancy weight might modify fetal metabolism and the child’s predisposition to develop disease later in life. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and miRNA alterations in placental tissue at birth. In 211 mother-newborn pairs from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort, we assessed placental expression of seven miRNAs important in crucial cellular processes implicated in adipogenesis and/or obesity. Multiple linear regression models were used to address the associations between pre-pregnancy BMI and placental candidate miRNA expression. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI averaged (±SD) 23.9 (±4.1) kg/m2. In newborn girls (not in boys) placental miR-20a, miR-34a and miR-222 expression was lower with higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. In addition, the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and placental expression of these miRNAs in girls was modified by gestational weight gain. The lower expression of these miRNAs in placenta in association with pre-pregnancy BMI, was only evident in mothers with low weight gain (<14 kg). The placental expression of miR-20a, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-210 and miR-222 may provide a sex-specific basis for epigenetic effects of pre-pregnancy BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsamou
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dries S Martens
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ellen Winckelmans
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Narjes Madhloum
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bianca Cox
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Tim S Nawrot
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Department of Public Health, Environment & Health Unit, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karen Vrijens
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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