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Klauser D, Desurmont GA, Glauser G, Vallat A, Flury P, Boller T, Turlings TCJ, Bartels S. The Arabidopsis Pep-PEPR system is induced by herbivore feeding and contributes to JA-mediated plant defence against herbivory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5327-36. [PMID: 26034129 PMCID: PMC4526914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A number of plant endogenous elicitors have been identified that induce pattern-triggered immunity upon perception. In Arabidopsis thaliana eight small precursor proteins, called PROPEPs, are thought to be cleaved upon danger to release eight peptides known as the plant elicitor peptides Peps. As the expression of some PROPEPs is induced upon biotic stress and perception of any of the eight Peps triggers a defence response, they are regarded as amplifiers of immunity. Besides the induction of defences directed against microbial colonization Peps have also been connected with herbivore deterrence as they share certain similarities to systemins, known mediators of defence signalling against herbivores in solanaceous plants, and they positively interact with the phytohormone jasmonic acid. A recent study using maize indicated that the application of ZmPep3, a maize AtPep-orthologue, elicits anti-herbivore responses. However, as this study only assessed the responses triggered by the exogenous application of Peps, the biological significance of these findings remained open. By using Arabidopsis GUS-reporter lines, it is now shown that the promoters of both Pep-receptors, PEPR1 and PEPR2, as well as PROPEP3 are strongly activated upon herbivore attack. Moreover, pepr1 pepr2 double mutant plants, which are insensitive to Peps, display a reduced resistance to feeding Spodoptera littoralis larvae and a reduced accumulation of jasmonic acid upon exposure to herbivore oral secretions. Taken together, these lines of evidence extend the role of the AtPep-PEPR system as a danger detection mechanism from microbial pathogens to herbivores and further underline its strong interaction with jasmonic acid signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Klauser
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Vallat
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Flury
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Bartels
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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102
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Teder T, Lõhelaid H, Boeglin WE, Calcutt WM, Brash AR, Samel N. A Catalase-related Hemoprotein in Coral Is Specialized for Synthesis of Short-chain Aldehydes: DISCOVERY OF P450-TYPE HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE ACTIVITY IN A CATALASE. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19823-32. [PMID: 26100625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In corals a catalase-lipoxygenase fusion protein transforms arachidonic acid to the allene oxide 8R,9-epoxy-5,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid from which arise cyclopentenones such as the prostanoid-related clavulones. Recently we cloned two catalase-lipoxygenase fusion protein genes (a and b) from the coral Capnella imbricata, form a being an allene oxide synthase and form b giving uncharacterized polar products (Lõhelaid, H., Teder, T., Tõldsepp, K., Ekins, M., and Samel, N. (2014) PloS ONE 9, e89215). Here, using HPLC-UV, LC-MS, and NMR methods, we identify a novel activity of fusion protein b, establishing its role in cleaving the lipoxygenase product 8R-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid into the short-chain aldehydes (5Z)-8-oxo-octenoic acid and (3Z,6Z)-dodecadienal; these primary products readily isomerize in an aqueous medium to the corresponding 6E- and 2E,6Z derivatives. This type of enzymatic cleavage, splitting the carbon chain within the conjugated diene of the hydroperoxide substrate, is known only in plant cytochrome P450 hydroperoxide lyases. In mechanistic studies using (18)O-labeled substrate and incubations in H2(18)O, we established synthesis of the C8-oxo acid and C12 aldehyde with the retention of the hydroperoxy oxygens, consistent with synthesis of a short-lived hemiacetal intermediate that breaks down spontaneously into the two aldehydes. Taken together with our initial studies indicating differing gene regulation of the allene oxide synthase and the newly identified catalase-related hydroperoxide lyase and given the role of aldehydes in plant defense, this work uncovers a potential pathway in coral stress signaling and a novel enzymatic activity in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- From the Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Helike Lõhelaid
- From the Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Wade M Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Nigulas Samel
- From the Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia,
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103
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Multilayered Organization of Jasmonate Signalling in the Regulation of Root Growth. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005300. [PMID: 26070206 PMCID: PMC4466561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical damage can strongly affect plant growth, reducing the biomass of developing organs situated at a distance from wounds. These effects, previously studied in leaves, require the activation of jasmonate (JA) signalling. Using a novel assay involving repetitive cotyledon wounding in Arabidopsis seedlings, we uncovered a function of JA in suppressing cell division and elongation in roots. Regulatory JA signalling components were then manipulated to delineate their relative impacts on root growth. The new transcription factor mutant myc2-322B was isolated. In vitro transcription assays and whole-plant approaches revealed that myc2-322B is a dosage-dependent gain-of-function mutant that can amplify JA growth responses. Moreover, myc2-322B displayed extreme hypersensitivity to JA that totally suppressed root elongation. The mutation weakly reduced root growth in undamaged plants but, when the upstream negative regulator NINJA was genetically removed, myc2-322B powerfully repressed root growth through its effects on cell division and cell elongation. Furthermore, in a JA-deficient mutant background, ninja1 myc2-322B still repressed root elongation, indicating that it is possible to generate JA-responses in the absence of JA. We show that NINJA forms a broadly expressed regulatory layer that is required to inhibit JA signalling in the apex of roots grown under basal conditions. By contrast, MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 displayed cell layer-specific localisations and MYC3 and MYC4 were expressed in mutually exclusive regions. In nature, growing roots are likely subjected to constant mechanical stress during soil penetration that could lead to JA production and subsequent detrimental effects on growth. Our data reveal how distinct negative regulatory layers, including both NINJA-dependent and -independent mechanisms, restrain JA responses to allow normal root growth. Mechanistic insights from this work underline the importance of mapping JA signalling components to specific cell types in order to understand and potentially engineer the growth reduction that follows physical damage. The study of plant development is generally carried out in the absence of physical injury. However, damage to plant organs through biotic and abiotic insult is common in nature. Under these conditions the jasmonate pathway that has a low activity in unstressed vegetative tissues imposes its activity on cell division and elongation. Such jasmonate-dependent growth restriction can strongly impact plant productivity. Taking roots as a model, we show that it is possible to manipulate regulatory layers in jasmonate signalling such that cell division and cell elongation can be constrained differently. This approach may lead to future strategies to alter organ growth. Moreover, during this study we identified a novel mutant in a key regulator of the jasmonate pathway. This mutant generated a positive regulator of jasmonate signalling that was so active that we were able to show that hormone synthesis can be completely uncoupled from hormone responses, suggesting ways to modify traits of potential agronomic importance.
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104
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Kant MR, Jonckheere W, Knegt B, Lemos F, Liu J, Schimmel BCJ, Villarroel CA, Ataide LMS, Dermauw W, Glas JJ, Egas M, Janssen A, Van Leeuwen T, Schuurink RC, Sabelis MW, Alba JM. Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1015-51. [PMID: 26019168 PMCID: PMC4648464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. SCOPE The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. CONCLUSIONS Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Jonckheere
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Knegt
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Lemos
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Liu
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C A Villarroel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M S Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Dermauw
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Egas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Janssen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Van Leeuwen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R C Schuurink
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Sabelis
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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105
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Keereetaweep J, Blancaflor EB, Hornung E, Feussner I, Chapman KD. Lipoxygenase-derived 9-hydro(pero)xides of linoleoylethanolamide interact with ABA signaling to arrest root development during Arabidopsis seedling establishment. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:315-27. [PMID: 25752187 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolamide-conjugated fatty acid derivatives, also known as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), occur at low levels (μg per g) in desiccated seeds, and endogenous amounts decline rapidly with seedling growth. Linoleoylethanolamide (NAE18:2) is the most abundant of these NAEs in seeds of almost all plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, NAE18:2 may be oxidized by lipoxygenase (LOX) or hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) during normal seedling establishment, and this contributes to the normal progression of NAE depletion that is coincident with the depletion of abscisic acid (ABA). Here we provide biochemical, genetic and pharmacological evidence that a specific 9-LOX metabolite of NAE18:2 [9-hydro(pero)xy linoleoylethanolamide (9-NAE-H(P)OD)] has a potent negative influence on seedling root elongation, and acts synergistically with ABA to modulate the transition from embryo to seedling growth. Genetic analyses using mutants in ABA synthesis (aba1 and aba2), perception (pyr1, pyl1, pyl2, pyl4, pyl5 and pyl8) or transcriptional activation (abi3-1) indicated that arrest of root growth by 9-NAE-H(P)OD requires an intact ABA signaling pathway, and probably operates to increase ABA synthesis as part of a positive feedback loop to modulate seedling establishment in response to adverse environmental conditions. These results identify a specific, bioactive ethanolamide oxylipin metabolite of NAE18:2, different from those of ethanolamide-conjugated linolenic acid (NAE18:3), as well as a molecular explanation for its inhibitory action, emphasizing the oxidative metabolism of NAEs as an important feature of seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Keereetaweep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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106
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Lu J, Robert CAM, Riemann M, Cosme M, Mène-Saffrané L, Massana J, Stout MJ, Lou Y, Gershenzon J, Erb M. Induced jasmonate signaling leads to contrasting effects on root damage and herbivore performance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1100-16. [PMID: 25627217 PMCID: PMC4348761 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Induced defenses play a key role in plant resistance against leaf feeders. However, very little is known about the signals that are involved in defending plants against root feeders and how they are influenced by abiotic factors. We investigated these aspects for the interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and two root-feeding insects: the generalist cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata) and the more specialized rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus). Rice plants responded to root attack by increasing the production of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid, whereas in contrast to in herbivore-attacked leaves, salicylic acid and ethylene levels remained unchanged. The JA response was decoupled from flooding and remained constant over different soil moisture levels. Exogenous application of methyl JA to the roots markedly decreased the performance of both root herbivores, whereas abscisic acid and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid did not have any effect. JA-deficient antisense 13-lipoxygenase (asLOX) and mutant allene oxide cyclase hebiba plants lost more root biomass under attack from both root herbivores. Surprisingly, herbivore weight gain was decreased markedly in asLOX but not hebiba mutant plants, despite the higher root biomass removal. This effect was correlated with a herbivore-induced reduction of sucrose pools in asLOX roots. Taken together, our experiments show that jasmonates are induced signals that protect rice roots from herbivores under varying abiotic conditions and that boosting jasmonate responses can strongly enhance rice resistance against root pests. Furthermore, we show that a rice 13-lipoxygenase regulates root primary metabolites and specifically improves root herbivore growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Michael Riemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Marco Cosme
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Josep Massana
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Michael Joseph Stout
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Matthias Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
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107
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Bajsa J, Pan Z, Duke SO. Cantharidin, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, strongly upregulates detoxification enzymes in the Arabidopsis proteome. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 173:33-40. [PMID: 25462076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cantharidin, a potent inhibitor of plant serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPPs), is highly phytotoxic and dramatically affects the transcriptome in Arabidopsis. To investigate the effect of cantharidin on the Arabidopsis proteome, a combination of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI/TOF) mass spectrometry was employed for protein profiling. Multivariate statistical analysis identified 75 significant differential spots corresponding to 59 distinct cantharidin-responsive proteins, which were representative of different biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions categories. The majority of identified proteins localized in the chloroplast had a significantly decreased presence, especially proteins involved in photosynthesis. Detoxification enzymes, especially glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), were the most upregulated group (ca. 1.5- to 3.3-fold). Given that the primary role of GSTs is involved in the process of detoxification of both xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds, the induction of GSTs suggests that cantharidin promoted inhibition of PPPs may lead to defense-like responses through regulation of GST enzymes as well as other metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bajsa
- USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Stephen O Duke
- USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Cochran Research Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
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108
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Gilroy S, Suzuki N, Miller G, Choi WG, Toyota M, Devireddy AR, Mittler R. A tidal wave of signals: calcium and ROS at the forefront of rapid systemic signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:623-30. [PMID: 25088679 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic signaling pathways enable multicellular organisms to prepare all of their tissues and cells to an upcoming challenge that may initially only be sensed by a few local cells. They are activated in plants in response to different stimuli including mechanical injury, pathogen infection, and abiotic stresses. Key to the mobilization of systemic signals in higher plants are cell-to-cell communication events that have thus far been mostly unstudied. The recent identification of systemically propagating calcium (Ca(2+)) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) waves in plants has unraveled a new and exciting cell-to-cell communication pathway that, together with electric signals, could provide a working model demonstrating how plant cells transmit long-distance signals via cell-to-cell communication mechanisms. Here, we summarize recent findings on the ROS and Ca(2+) waves and outline a possible model for their integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8554 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gad Miller
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Life Sciences Building (204) Room 211, Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Amith R Devireddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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109
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Mithöfer A, Reichelt M, Nakamura Y. Wound and insect-induced jasmonate accumulation in carnivorous Drosera capensis: two sides of the same coin. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:982-987. [PMID: 24499476 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carnivorous sundew plants catch and digest insect prey for their own nutrition. The sundew species Drosera capensis shows a pronounced leaf bending reaction upon prey capture in order to form an 'outer stomach'. This formation is triggered by jasmonates, phytohormones typically involved in defence reactions against herbivory and wounding. Whether jasmonates still have this function in D. capensis in addition to mediating the leaf bending reaction was investigated here. Wounded, insect prey-fed and insect-derived oral secretion-treated leaves of D. capensis were analysed for jasmonates (jasmonic acid, JA; jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate, JA-Ile) using LC-MS/MS. Prey-induced jasmonate accumulation in D. capensis leaves was persistent, and showed high levels of JA and JA-Ile (575 and 55.7 pmol · g · FW(-1) , respectively), whereas wounding induced a transient increase of JA (maximum 500 pmol · g · FW(-1) ) and only low (3.1 pmol · g · FW(-1) ) accumulation of JA-Ile. Herbivory, mimicked with a combined treatment of wounding plus oral secretion (W+OS) obtained from Spodoptera littoralis larvae induced both JA (4000 pmol · g · FW(-1) ) and JA-Ile (25 pmol · g · FW(-1) ) accumulation, with kinetics similar to prey treatment. Only prey and W+OS, but not wounding alone or OS, induced leaf bending. The results indicate that both mechanical and chemical stimuli trigger JA and JA-Ile synthesis. Differences in kinetics and induced jasmonate levels suggest different sensing and signalling events upon injury and insect-dependent challenge. Thus, in Drosera, jasmonates are still part of the response to wounding. Jasmonates are also employed in insect-induced reactions, including responses to herbivory and carnivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mithöfer
- Department Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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110
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Floková K, Tarkowská D, Miersch O, Strnad M, Wasternack C, Novák O. UHPLC-MS/MS based target profiling of stress-induced phytohormones. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 105:147-57. [PMID: 24947339 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced changes in phytohormone metabolite profiles have rapid effects on plant metabolic activity and growth. The jasmonates (JAs) are a group of fatty acid-derived stress response regulators with roles in numerous developmental processes. To elucidate their dual regulatory effects, which overlap with those of other important defence-signalling plant hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), we have developed a highly efficient single-step clean-up procedure for their enrichment from complex plant matrices that enables their sensitive quantitative analysis using hyphenated mass spectrometry technique. The rapid extraction of minute quantities of plant material (less than 20mg fresh weight, FW) into cold 10% methanol followed by one-step reversed-phase polymer-based solid phase extraction significantly reduced matrix effects and increased the recovery of labile JA analytes. This extraction and purification protocol was paired with a highly sensitive and validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method and used to simultaneously profile sixteen stress-induced phytohormones in minute plant material samples, including endogenous JA, several of its biosynthetic precursors and derivatives, as well as SA, ABA and IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Floková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Otto Miersch
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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111
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Meesters C, Mönig T, Oeljeklaus J, Krahn D, Westfall CS, Hause B, Jez JM, Kaiser M, Kombrink E. A chemical inhibitor of jasmonate signaling targets JAR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:830-6. [PMID: 25129030 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates are lipid-derived plant hormones that regulate plant defenses and numerous developmental processes. Although the biosynthesis and molecular function of the most active form of the hormone, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), have been unraveled, it remains poorly understood how the diversity of bioactive jasmonates regulates such a multitude of plant responses. Bioactive analogs have been used as chemical tools to interrogate the diverse and dynamic processes of jasmonate action. By contrast, small molecules impairing jasmonate functions are currently unknown. Here, we report on jarin-1 as what is to our knowledge the first small-molecule inhibitor of jasmonate responses that was identified in a chemical screen using Arabidopsis thaliana. Jarin-1 impairs the activity of JA-Ile synthetase, thereby preventing the synthesis of the active hormone, JA-Ile, whereas closely related enzymes are not affected. Thus, jarin-1 may serve as a useful chemical tool in search for missing regulatory components and further dissection of the complex jasmonate signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meesters
- 1] Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany. [2] Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timon Mönig
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Oeljeklaus
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Krahn
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Corey S Westfall
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
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112
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Phytochrome regulation of plant immunity in vegetation canopies. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:848-57. [PMID: 25063023 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity against pathogens and herbivores is a central determinant of plant fitness in nature and crop yield in agroecosystems. Plant immune responses are orchestrated by two key hormones: jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Recent work has demonstrated that for plants of shade-intolerant species, which include the majority of those grown as grain crops, light is a major modulator of defense responses. Light signals that indicate proximity of competitors, such as a low red to far-red (R:FR) ratio, down-regulate the expression of JA- and SA-induced immune responses against pests and pathogens. This down-regulation of defense under low R:FR ratios, which is caused by the photoconversion of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) to an inactive state, is likely to help the plant to efficiently redirect resources to rapid growth when the competition threat posed by neighboring plants is high. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms that link phyB with defense signaling. In particular, we discuss novel signaling players that are likely to play a role in the repression of defense responses under low R:FR ratios. A better understanding of the molecular connections between photoreceptors and the hormonal regulation of plant immunity will provide a functional framework to understand the mechanisms used by plants to deal with fundamental resource allocation trade-offs under dynamic conditions of biotic stress.
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113
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Jasmonic acid effect on the fatty acid and terpenoid indole alkaloid accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Molecules 2014; 19:10242-60. [PMID: 25029072 PMCID: PMC6271271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment was studied in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. The effect of JA on the primary and secondary metabolism was based on changes in profiles of fatty acids (FA) and terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIA). According to multivariate data analyses (MVDA), three major time events were observed and characterized according to the variations of specific FA and TIA: after 0-30 min of induction FA such as C18:1, C20:0, C22:0 and C24:0 were highly induced by JA; 90-360 min after treatment was characterized by variations of C14:0 and C15:0; and 1440 min after induction JA had the largest effect on both group of metabolites were C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C16:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0, catharanthine, tabersonine-like 1, serpentine, tabersonine and ajmalicine-like had the most significant variations. These results unambiguously demonstrate the profound effect of JA particularly on the accumulation of its own precursor, C18:3 and the accumulation of TIA, which can be considered as late stress response events to JA since they occurred only after 1440 min. These observations show that the early events in the JA response do not involve the de novo biosynthesis of neither its own precursor nor TIA, but is due to an already present biochemical system.
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114
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Abstract
Plant immunity against pathogens and herbivores is a central determinant of plant fitness in nature and crop yield in agroecosystems. Plant immune responses are orchestrated by two key hormones: jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Recent work has demonstrated that for plants of shade-intolerant species, which include the majority of those grown as grain crops, light is a major modulator of defense responses. Light signals that indicate proximity of competitors, such as a low red to far-red (R:FR) ratio, down-regulate the expression of JA- and SA-induced immune responses against pests and pathogens. This down-regulation of defense under low R:FR ratios, which is caused by the photoconversion of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) to an inactive state, is likely to help the plant to efficiently redirect resources to rapid growth when the competition threat posed by neighboring plants is high. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms that link phyB with defense signaling. In particular, we discuss novel signaling players that are likely to play a role in the repression of defense responses under low R:FR ratios. A better understanding of the molecular connections between photoreceptors and the hormonal regulation of plant immunity will provide a functional framework to understand the mechanisms used by plants to deal with fundamental resource allocation trade-offs under dynamic conditions of biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E Moreno
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CC 242 Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina,
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115
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Salvador-Recatalà V, Tjallingii WF, Farmer EE. Real-time, in vivo intracellular recordings of caterpillar-induced depolarization waves in sieve elements using aphid electrodes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:674-684. [PMID: 24716546 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants propagate electrical signals in response to artificial wounding. However, little is known about the electrophysiological responses of the phloem to wounding, and whether natural damaging stimuli induce propagating electrical signals in this tissue. Here, we used living aphids and the direct current (DC) version of the electrical penetration graph (EPG) to detect changes in the membrane potential of Arabidopsis sieve elements (SEs) during caterpillar wounding. Feeding wounds in the lamina induced fast depolarization waves in the affected leaf, rising to maximum amplitude (c. 60 mV) within 2 s. Major damage to the midvein induced fast and slow depolarization waves in unwounded neighbor leaves, but only slow depolarization waves in non-neighbor leaves. The slow depolarization waves rose to maximum amplitude (c. 30 mV) within 14 s. Expression of a jasmonate-responsive gene was detected in leaves in which SEs displayed fast depolarization waves. No electrical signals were detected in SEs of unwounded neighbor leaves of plants with suppressed expression of GLR3.3 and GLR3.6. EPG applied as a novel approach to plant electrophysiology allows cell-specific, robust, real-time monitoring of early electrophysiological responses in plant cells to damage, and is potentially applicable to a broad range of plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenta Salvador-Recatalà
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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116
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Ruduś I, Terai H, Shimizu T, Kojima H, Hattori K, Nishimori Y, Tsukagoshi H, Kamiya Y, Seo M, Nakamura K, Kępczyński J, Ishiguro S. Wound-induced expression of DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 and DAD1-like lipase genes is mediated by both CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1-dependent and independent pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:849-860. [PMID: 24430866 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous JA production is not necessary for wound-induced expression of JA-biosynthetic lipase genes such as DAD1 in Arabidopsis. However, the JA-Ile receptor COI1 is often required for their JA-independent induction. Wounding is a serious event in plants that may result from insect feeding and increase the risk of pathogen infection. Wounded plants produce high amounts of jasmonic acid (JA), which triggers the expression of insect and pathogen resistance genes. We focused on the transcriptional regulation of DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 and six of its homologs including DONGLE (DGL) in Arabidopsis, which encode lipases involved in JA biosynthesis. Plants constitutively expressing DAD1 accumulated a higher amount of JA than control plants after wounding, indicating that the expression of these lipase genes contributes to determining JA levels. We found that the expression of DAD1, DGL, and other DAD1-LIKE LIPASE (DALL) genes is induced upon wounding. Some DALLs were also expressed in unwounded leaves. Further experiments using JA-biosynthetic and JA-response mutants revealed that the wound induction of these genes is regulated by several distinct pathways. DAD1 and most of its homologs other than DALL4 were fully induced without relying on endogenous JA-Ile production and were only partly affected by JA deficiency, indicating that positive feedback by JA is not necessary for induction of these genes. However, DAD1 and DGL required CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) for their expression, suggesting that a molecule other than JA might act as a regulator of COI1. Wound induction of DALL1, DALL2, and DALL3 did not require COI1. This differential regulation of DAD1 and its homologs might explain their functions at different time points after wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ruduś
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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117
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Nilsson AK, Johansson ON, Fahlberg P, Steinhart F, Gustavsson MB, Ellerström M, Andersson MX. Formation of oxidized phosphatidylinositol and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid containing acylated phosphatidylglycerol during the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:65-75. [PMID: 24559746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant membranes are composed of a wide array of polar lipids. The functionality of these extends far beyond a pure structural role. Membrane lipids function as enzyme co-factors, establish organelle identity and as substrates for enzymes such as lipases and lipoxygenases. Enzymatic degradation or oxidation (enzymatic or non-enzymatic) of membrane lipids leads to the formation of a diverse group of bioactive compounds. Plant defense reactions provoked by pathogenic microorganisms are often associated with substantial modifications of the lipidome. In this study, we profiled changes in phospholipids during the hypersensitive response triggered by recognition of the bacterial effector protein AvrRpm1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. A simple and robust LC-MS based method for profiling plant lipids was designed to separate all the major species of glycerolipids extracted from Arabidopsis leaf tissue. The method efficiently separated several isobaric and near isobaric lipid species, which otherwise are difficult to quantify in direct infusion based profiling. In addition to the previously reported OPDA-containing galactolipids found to be induced during hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis, three OPDA-containing sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol species, one phosphatidylinositol species as well as two acylated OPDA-containing phosphatidylglycerol species were found to accumulate during the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. Our study confirms and extends on the notion that the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis triggers a unique profile of Allene Oxide Synthase dependent oxidation of membrane lipids. Primary targets of this oxidation seem to be uncharged and anionic lipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Fahlberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Feray Steinhart
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael B Gustavsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Ellerström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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118
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Baxter A, Mittler R, Suzuki N. ROS as key players in plant stress signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1229-40. [PMID: 24253197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 961] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an integral role as signalling molecules in the regulation of numerous biological processes such as growth, development, and responses to biotic and/or abiotic stimuli in plants. To some extent, various functions of ROS signalling are attributed to differences in the regulatory mechanisms of respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs) that are involved in a multitude of different signal transduction pathways activated in assorted tissue and cell types under fluctuating environmental conditions. Recent findings revealed that stress responses in plants are mediated by a temporal-spatial coordination between ROS and other signals that rely on production of stress-specific chemicals, compounds, and hormones. In this review we will provide an update of recent findings related to the integration of ROS signals with an array of signalling pathways aimed at regulating different responses in plants. In particular, we will address signals that confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Baxter
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Lõhelaid H, Teder T, Tõldsepp K, Ekins M, Samel N. Up-regulated expression of AOS-LOXa and increased eicosanoid synthesis in response to coral wounding. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89215. [PMID: 24551239 PMCID: PMC3925239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In octocorals, a catalase-like allene oxide synthase (AOS) and an 8R-lipoxygenase (LOX) gene are fused together encoding for a single AOS-LOX fusion protein. Although the AOS-LOX pathway is central to the arachidonate metabolism in corals, its biological function in coral homeostasis is unclear. Using an acute incision wound model in the soft coral Capnella imbricata, we here test whether LOX pathway, similar to its role in plants, can contribute to the coral damage response and regeneration. Analysis of metabolites formed from exogenous arachidonate before and after fixed time intervals following wounding indicated a significant increase in AOS-LOX activity in response to mechanical injury. Two AOS-LOX isoforms, AOS-LOXa and AOS-LOXb, were cloned and expressed in bacterial expression system as active fusion proteins. Transcription levels of corresponding genes were measured in normal and stressed coral by qPCR. After wounding, AOS-LOXa was markedly up-regulated in both, the tissue adjacent to the incision and distal parts of a coral colony (with the maximum reached at 1 h and 6 h post wounding, respectively), while AOS-LOXb was stable. According to mRNA expression analysis, combined with detection of eicosanoid product formation for the first time, the AOS-LOX was identified as an early stress response gene which is induced by mechanical injury in coral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helike Lõhelaid
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tarvi Teder
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merrick Ekins
- Sessile Marine Invertebrates, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigulas Samel
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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Tixier A, Badel E, Franchel J, Lakhal W, Leblanc-Fournier N, Moulia B, Julien JL. Growth and molecular responses to long-distance stimuli in poplars: bending vs flame wounding. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:225-237. [PMID: 24032360 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inter-organ communication is essential for plants to coordinate development and acclimate to mechanical environmental fluctuations. The aim of this study was to investigate long-distance signaling in trees. We compared on young poplars the short-term effects of local flame wounding and of local stem bending for two distal responses: (1) stem primary growth and (2) the expression of mechanoresponsive genes in stem apices. We developed a non-contact measurement method based on the analysis of apex images in order to measure the primary growth of poplars. The results showed a phased stem elongation with alternating nocturnal circumnutation phases and diurnal growth arrest phases in Populus tremula × alba clone INRA 717-1B4. We applied real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplifications in order to evaluate the PtaZFP2, PtaTCH2, PtaTCH4, PtaACS6 and PtaJAZ5 expressions. The flame wounding inhibited primary growth and triggered remote molecular responses. Flame wounding induced significant changes in stem elongation phases, coupled with inhibition of circumnutation. However, the circadian rhythm of phases remained unaltered and the treated plants were always phased with control plants during the days following the stress. For bent plants, the stimulated region of the stem showed an increased PtaJAZ5 expression, suggesting the jasmonates may be involved in local responses to bending. No significant remote responses to bending were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Tixier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR547 PIAF, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Findling S, Fekete A, Warzecha H, Krischke M, Brandt H, Blume E, Mueller MJ, Berger S. Manipulation of methyl jasmonate esterase activity renders tomato more susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:133-143. [PMID: 32480973 DOI: 10.1071/fp13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid methyl ester has been discussed as a stress signal in plants. To investigate the relevance of reversible methylation of jasmonic acid, stress responses of transgenic tomato lines with altered expression and activity of methyl jasmonate esterase were analysed. No consistent changes in levels of methyl jasmonate, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid isoleucine and expression of the jasmonate-responsive genes AOC and PINII between control line and RNAi as well as overexpressing lines were detectable under basal and wound-induced conditions. In contrast, reduction as well as enhancement of methyl jasmonate esterase activity resulted in increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum despite higher levels of the hormonal active jasmonic acid isoleucine conjugate. Results suggest that methyl jasmonate esterase has a function in vivo in plant defence, which appears not to be related to its in vitro capacity to hydrolyse methyl jasmonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Findling
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Present address: Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Brandt
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Blume
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Berger
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Appel HM, Maqbool SB, Raina S, Jagadeeswaran G, Acharya BR, Hanley JC, Miller KP, Hearnes L, Jones AD, Raina R, Schultz JC. Transcriptional and metabolic signatures of Arabidopsis responses to chewing damage by an insect herbivore and bacterial infection and the consequences of their interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:441. [PMID: 25278943 PMCID: PMC4166115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use multiple interacting signaling systems to identify and respond to biotic stresses. Although it is often assumed that there is specificity in signaling responses to specific pests, this is rarely examined outside of the gene-for-gene relationships of plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, we first compared early events in gene expression and later events in metabolite profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana following attack by either the caterpillar Spodoptera exigua or avirulent (DC3000 avrRpm1) Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato at three time points. Transcriptional responses of the plant to caterpillar feeding were rapid, occurring within 1 h of feeding, and then decreased at 6 and 24 h. In contrast, plant response to the pathogen was undetectable at 1 h but grew larger and more significant at 6 and 24 h. There was a surprisingly large amount of overlap in jasmonate and salicylate signaling in responses to the insect and pathogen, including levels of gene expression and individual hormones. The caterpillar and pathogen treatments induced different patterns of expression of glucosinolate biosynthesis genes and levels of glucosinolates. This suggests that when specific responses develop, their regulation is complex and best understood by characterizing expression of many genes and metabolites. We then examined the effect of feeding by the caterpillar Spodoptera exigua on Arabidopsis susceptibility to virulent (DC3000) and avirulent (DC3000 avrRpm1) P. syringae pv. tomato, and found that caterpillar feeding enhanced Arabidopsis resistance to the avirulent pathogen and lowered resistance to the virulent strain. We conclude that efforts to improve plant resistance to bacterial pathogens are likely to influence resistance to insects and vice versa. Studies explicitly comparing plant responses to multiple stresses, including the role of elicitors at early time points, are critical to understanding how plants organize responses in natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Appel
- Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Heidi M. Appel, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA e-mail:
| | - Shahina B. Maqbool
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
| | - Surabhi Raina
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA
| | - Guru Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University - StillwaterStillwater, OK, USA
| | - Biswa R. Acharya
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - John C. Hanley
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, State College, PA, USA
- Allergan, Inc.Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn P. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/AI duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmington, DE, USA
| | - Leonard Hearnes
- Department of Statistics, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ramesh Raina
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jack C. Schultz
- Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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Savatin DV, Gramegna G, Modesti V, Cervone F. Wounding in the plant tissue: the defense of a dangerous passage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:470. [PMID: 25278948 PMCID: PMC4165286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial pathogens. Wounding provides nutrients to pathogens and facilitates their entry into the tissue and subsequent infection. Plants have evolved constitutive and induced defense mechanisms to properly respond to wounding and prevent infection. The constitutive defenses are represented by physical barriers, i.e., the presence of cuticle or lignin, or by metabolites that act as toxins or deterrents for herbivores. Plants are also able to sense the injured tissue as an altered self and induce responses similar to those activated by pathogen infection. Endogenous molecules released from wounded tissue may act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that activate the plant innate immunity. Wound-induced responses are both rapid, such as the oxidative burst and the expression of defense-related genes, and late, such as the callose deposition, the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and of hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., chitinases and gluganases). Typical examples of DAMPs involved in the response to wounding are the peptide systemin, and the oligogalacturonides, which are oligosaccharides released from the pectic component of the cell wall. Responses to wounding take place both at the site of damage (local response) and systemically (systemic response) and are mediated by hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felice Cervone
- *Correspondence: Felice Cervone, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza–University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy e-mail:
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Yan L, Zhai Q, Wei J, Li S, Wang B, Huang T, Du M, Sun J, Kang L, Li CB, Li C. Role of tomato lipoxygenase D in wound-induced jasmonate biosynthesis and plant immunity to insect herbivores. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003964. [PMID: 24348260 PMCID: PMC3861047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to insect attack and mechanical wounding, plants activate the expression of genes involved in various defense-related processes. A fascinating feature of these inducible defenses is their occurrence both locally at the wounding site and systemically in undamaged leaves throughout the plant. Wound-inducible proteinase inhibitors (PIs) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) provide an attractive model to understand the signal transduction events leading from localized injury to the systemic expression of defense-related genes. Among the identified intercellular molecules in regulating systemic wound response of tomato are the peptide signal systemin and the oxylipin signal jasmonic acid (JA). The systemin/JA signaling pathway provides a unique opportunity to investigate, in a single experimental system, the mechanism by which peptide and oxylipin signals interact to coordinate plant systemic immunity. Here we describe the characterization of the tomato suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses8 (spr8) mutant, which was isolated as a suppressor of (pro)systemin-mediated signaling. spr8 plants exhibit a series of JA-dependent immune deficiencies, including the inability to express wound-responsive genes, abnormal development of glandular trichomes, and severely compromised resistance to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and Botrytis cinerea. Map-based cloning studies demonstrate that the spr8 mutant phenotype results from a point mutation in the catalytic domain of TomLoxD, a chloroplast-localized lipoxygenase involved in JA biosynthesis. We present evidence that overexpression of TomLoxD leads to elevated wound-induced JA biosynthesis, increased expression of wound-responsive genes and, therefore, enhanced resistance to insect herbivory attack and necrotrophic pathogen infection. These results indicate that TomLoxD is involved in wound-induced JA biosynthesis and highlight the application potential of this gene for crop protection against insects and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhe Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Institute of Vegetable, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Minmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Bao Li
- Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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125
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Heyno E, Alkan N, Fluhr R. A dual role for plant quinone reductases in host-fungus interaction. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:340-53. [PMID: 23464356 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quinone reductases (QR, EC 1.5.6.2) are flavoproteins that protect organisms from oxidative stress. The function of plant QRs has not as yet been addressed in vivo despite biochemical evidence for their involvement in redox reactions. Here, using knock-out (KO) and overexpressing lines, we studied the protective role of two groups of Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic QRs, Nqr (NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase) and Fqr (flavodoxin-like quinone reductase), in response to infection by necrotrophic fungi. The KO lines nqr(-) and fqr1(-) displayed significantly slower development of lesions of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotium in comparison to the wild type (WT). Consistent with this observation, the overexpressing line FQR1(+) was hypersensitive to the pathogens. Both the nqr(-) and fqr1(-) displayed increased fluorescence of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, a reporter for reactive oxygen species in response to B. cinerea. Infection by B. cinerea was accompanied with increased Nqr and Fqr1 protein levels in the WT as revealed by western blotting. In addition, a marked stimulation of salicylic acid-sensitive transcripts and suppression of jasmonate-sensitive transcripts was observed in moderately wounded QR KO mutant leaves, a condition mimicking the early stage of infection. In contrast to the above observations, germination of conidia was accelerated on leaves of QR KO mutants in comparison with the WT and FQR1(+). The same effect was observed in water-soluble leaf surface extracts. It is proposed that the altered interaction between B. cinerea and the QR mutants is a consequence of subtly altered redox state of the host, which perturbs host gene expression in response to environmental stress such as fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiri Heyno
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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126
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Monshausen GB, Haswell ES. A force of nature: molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4663-80. [PMID: 23913953 PMCID: PMC3817949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense and respond to a wide variety of mechanical stimuli-gravity, touch, osmotic pressure, or the resistance of the cell wall-is a critical feature of every plant cell, whether or not it is specialized for mechanotransduction. Mechanoperceptive events are an essential part of plant life, required for normal growth and development at the cell, tissue, and whole-plant level and for the proper response to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses. One current challenge for plant mechanobiologists is to link these physiological responses to specific mechanoreceptors and signal transduction pathways. Here, we describe recent progress in the identification and characterization of two classes of putative mechanoreceptors, ion channels and receptor-like kinases. We also discuss how the secondary messenger Ca(2+) operates at the centre of many of these mechanical signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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127
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Keereetaweep J, Blancaflor EB, Hornung E, Feussner I, Chapman KD. Ethanolamide oxylipins of linolenic acid can negatively regulate Arabidopsis seedling development. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3824-40. [PMID: 24151297 PMCID: PMC3877782 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty-acid derivatives with potent biological activities in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Polyunsaturated NAEs are among the most abundant NAE types in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, and they can be metabolized by either fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or by lipoxygenase (LOX) to low levels during seedling establishment. Here, we identify and quantify endogenous oxylipin metabolites of N-linolenoylethanolamine (NAE 18:3) in Arabidopsis seedlings and show that their levels were higher in faah knockout seedlings. Quantification of oxylipin metabolites in lox mutants demonstrated altered partitioning of NAE 18:3 into 9- or 13-LOX pathways, and this was especially exaggerated when exogenous NAE was added to seedlings. When maintained at micromolar concentrations, NAE 18:3 specifically induced cotyledon bleaching of light-grown seedlings within a restricted stage of development. Comprehensive oxylipin profiling together with genetic and pharmacological interference with LOX activity suggested that both 9-hydroxy and 13-hydroxy linolenoylethanolamides, but not corresponding free fatty-acid metabolites, contributed to the reversible disruption of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts of seedling cotyledons. We suggest that NAE oxylipins of linolenic acid represent a newly identified, endogenous set of bioactive compounds that may act in opposition to progression of normal seedling development and must be depleted for successful establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Keereetaweep
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Denton, Texas 76203
- Address correspondence to
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Nakashima A, von Reuss SH, Tasaka H, Nomura M, Mochizuki S, Iijima Y, Aoki K, Shibata D, Boland W, Takabayashi J, Matsui K. Traumatin- and dinortraumatin-containing galactolipids in Arabidopsis: their formation in tissue-disrupted leaves as counterparts of green leaf volatiles. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26078-26088. [PMID: 23888054 PMCID: PMC3764811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.487959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) consisting of six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and their esters, are biosynthesized through the action of fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), which uses fatty acid hydroperoxides as substrates. GLVs form immediately after disruption of plant leaf tissues by herbivore attacks and mechanical wounding and play a role in defense against attackers that attempt to invade through the wounds. The fates and the physiological significance of the counterparts of the HPL reaction, the 12/10-carbon oxoacids that are formed from 18/16-carbon fatty acid 13-/11-hydroperoxides, respectively, are largely unknown. In this study, we detected monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDGs) containing the 12/10-carbon HPL products in disrupted leaf tissues of Arabidopsis, cabbage, tobacco, tomato, and common bean. They were identified as an MGDG containing 12-oxo-9-hydroxy-(E)-10-dodecenoic acid and 10-oxo-7-hydroxy-(E)-8-decenoic acid and an MGDG containing two 12-oxo-9-hydroxy-(E)-10-dodecenoic acids as their acyl groups. Analyses of Arabidopsis mutants lacking HPL indicated that these MGDGs were formed enzymatically through an active HPL reaction. Thus, our results suggested that in disrupted leaf tissues, MGDG-hydroperoxides were cleaved by HPL to form volatile six-carbon aldehydes and non-volatile 12/10-carbon aldehyde-containing galactolipids. Based on these results, we propose a novel oxylipin pathway that does not require the lipase reaction to form GLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nakashima
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Stephan H von Reuss
- the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Tasaka
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Misaki Nomura
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochizuki
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoko Iijima
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan,; the Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan,; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefectural University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- the Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan,.
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129
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GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE genes mediate leaf-to-leaf wound signalling. Nature 2013; 500:422-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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130
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-1058. [PMID: 23558912 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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131
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1451] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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132
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Niehl A, Zhang ZJ, Kuiper M, Peck SC, Heinlein M. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of systemic responses to local wounding and virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2491-503. [PMID: 23594257 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to changing environmental conditions and must, as sessile organisms, possess sophisticated acclimative mechanisms. To gain insight into systemic responses to local virus infection or wounding, we performed comparative LC-MS/MS protein profiling of distal, virus-free leaves four and five days after local inoculation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with either Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) or inoculation buffer alone. Our study revealed biomarkers for systemic signaling in response to wounding and compatible virus infection in Arabidopsis, which should prove useful in further addressing the trigger-specific systemic response network and the elusive systemic signals. We observed responses common to ORMV and mock treatment as well as protein profile changes that are specific to local virus infection or mechanical wounding (mock treatment) alone, which provides evidence for the existence of more than one systemic signal to induce these distinct changes. Comparison of the systemic responses between time points indicated that the responses build up over time. Our data indicate stress-specific changes in proteins involved in jasmonic and abscisic acid signaling, intracellular transport, compartmentalization of enzyme activities, protein folding and synthesis, and energy and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, a virus-triggered systemic signal appears to suppress antiviral host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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133
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Hentrich M, Böttcher C, Düchting P, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Berkowitz O, Masle J, Medina J, Pollmann S. The jasmonic acid signaling pathway is linked to auxin homeostasis through the modulation of YUCCA8 and YUCCA9 gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:626-37. [PMID: 23425284 PMCID: PMC3654092 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between phytohormones play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, but knowledge of the networks controlling hormonal relationships, such as between oxylipins and auxins, is just emerging. Here, we report the transcriptional regulation of two Arabidopsis YUCCA genes, YUC8 and YUC9, by oxylipins. Similar to previously characterized YUCCA family members, we show that both YUC8 and YUC9 are involved in auxin biosynthesis, as demonstrated by the increased auxin contents and auxin-dependent phenotypes displayed by gain-of-function mutants as well as the significantly decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in yuc8 and yuc8/9 knockout lines. Gene expression data obtained by qPCR analysis and microscopic examination of promoter-reporter lines reveal an oxylipin-mediated regulation of YUC9 expression that is dependent on the COI1 signal transduction pathway. In support of these findings, the roots of the analyzed yuc knockout mutants displayed a reduced response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The similar response of the yuc8 and yuc9 mutants to MeJA in cotyledons and hypocotyls suggests functional overlap of YUC8 and YUC9 in aerial tissues, while their function in roots shows some specificity, probably in part related to different spatio-temporal expression patterns of the two genes. These results provide evidence for an intimate functional relationship between oxylipin signaling and auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hentrich
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Petra Düchting
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Youfa Cheng
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Josette Masle
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Corresponding author: Stephan Pollmann; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Autopista M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Tel.: +34-91-336-4589; Fax: +34-91-715-7721;
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134
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Hahn A, Kilian J, Mohrholz A, Ladwig F, Peschke F, Dautel R, Harter K, Berendzen KW, Wanke D. Plant core environmental stress response genes are systemically coordinated during abiotic stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7617-41. [PMID: 23567274 PMCID: PMC3645707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying plant stress responses is an important issue in a world threatened by global warming. Unfortunately, comparative analyses are hampered by varying experimental setups. In contrast, the AtGenExpress abiotic stress experiment displays intercomparability. Importantly, six of the nine stresses (wounding, genotoxic, oxidative, UV-B light, osmotic and salt) can be examined for their capacity to generate systemic signals between the shoot and root, which might be essential to regain homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. We classified the systemic responses into two groups: genes that are regulated in the non-treated tissue only are defined as type I responsive and, accordingly, genes that react in both tissues are termed type II responsive. Analysis of type I and II systemic responses suggest distinct functionalities, but also significant overlap between different stresses. Comparison with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) responsive genes implies that MeJA is involved in the systemic stress response. Certain genes are predominantly responding in only one of the categories, e.g., WRKY genes respond mainly non-systemically. Instead, genes of the plant core environmental stress response (PCESR), e.g., ZAT10, ZAT12, ERD9 or MES9, are part of different response types. Moreover, several PCESR genes switch between the categories in a stress-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Mohrholz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Friederike Ladwig
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Florian Peschke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Rebecca Dautel
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Kenneth W. Berendzen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany; E-Mails: (A.H.); (J.K.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (F.P.); (R.D.); (K.H.); (K.W.B.)
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135
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Grebner W, Stingl NE, Oenel A, Mueller MJ, Berger S. Lipoxygenase6-dependent oxylipin synthesis in roots is required for abiotic and biotic stress resistance of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2159-70. [PMID: 23444343 PMCID: PMC3613484 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.214544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are oxylipin signals that play important roles in the development of fertile flowers and in defense against pathogens and herbivores in leaves. The aim of this work was to understand the synthesis and function of jasmonates in roots. Grafting experiments with a jasmonate-deficient mutant demonstrated that roots produce jasmonates independently of leaves, despite low expression of biosynthetic enzymes. Levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, jasmonic acid, and its isoleucine derivative increased in roots upon osmotic and drought stress. Wounding resulted in a decrease of preformed 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid concomitant with an increase of jasmonic acid and jasmonoyl-isoleucine. 13-Lipoxygenases catalyze the first step of lipid oxidation leading to jasmonate production. Analysis of 13-lipoxygenase-deficient mutant lines showed that only one of the four 13-lipoxygenases, LOX6, is responsible and essential for stress-induced jasmonate accumulation in roots. In addition, LOX6 was required for production of basal 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in leaves and roots. Loss-of-function mutants of LOX6 were more attractive to a detritivorous crustacean and more sensitive to drought, indicating that LOX6-derived oxylipins are important for the responses to abiotic and biotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Grebner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja E. Stingl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ayla Oenel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J. Mueller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Berger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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136
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Flury P, Klauser D, Schulze B, Boller T, Bartels S. The anticipation of danger: microbe-associated molecular pattern perception enhances AtPep-triggered oxidative burst. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2023-35. [PMID: 23400703 PMCID: PMC3613473 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.216077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peptides, AtPeps, elicit an innate immune response reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity. Detection of various danger signals, including microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), leads to elevated transcription of PROPEPs, the AtPep precursors, and PEPRs, the AtPep receptors. It has been hypothesized that AtPeps are involved in enhancing pattern-triggered immunity. Following this idea, we analyzed the relationship between MAMP- and AtPep-elicited signaling. We found that the perception of MAMPs enhanced a subsequent AtPep-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, other components of AtPep-triggered immunity like Ca(2+) influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, ethylene production, and expression of early defense genes, as well as ROS-activated genes, remained unchanged. By contrast, treatment with methyl jasmonate promoted an increase of all analyzed AtPep-triggered responses. We positively correlated the intensities of generic AtPep-triggered responses with the abundance of the two AtPep receptors by generating constitutively expressing PEPR1 and PEPR2 transgenic lines and by analyzing pepr1 and pepr2 mutants. Further, we show that enhanced, as well as basal, ROS production triggered by AtPeps is absent in the double mutant of the respiratory burst oxidase homologs D and F (rbohD rbohF). We present evidence that the enhancement of AtPep-triggered ROS is not based on changes in the ROS detoxification machinery and is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ca(2+) signaling pathways. Taken together, these results indicate an additional level of regulation besides receptor abundance for the RbohD/RbohF-dependent production of AtPep-elicited ROS, which is specifically operated by MAMP-triggered pathways.
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137
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Perkins LE, Cribb BW, Brewer PB, Hanan J, Grant M, de Torres M, Zalucki MP. Generalist insects behave in a jasmonate-dependent manner on their host plants, leaving induced areas quickly and staying longer on distant parts. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122646. [PMID: 23390101 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile, so have evolved sensitive ways to detect attacking herbivores and sophisticated strategies to effectively defend themselves. Insect herbivory induces synthesis of the phytohormone jasmonic acid which activates downstream metabolic pathways for various chemical defences such as toxins and digestion inhibitors. Insects are also sophisticated animals, and many have coevolved physiological adaptations that negate this induced plant defence. Insect behaviour has rarely been studied in the context of induced plant defence, although behavioural adaptation to induced plant chemistry may allow insects to bypass the host's defence system. By visualizing jasmonate-responsive gene expression within whole plants, we uncovered spatial and temporal limits to the systemic spread of plant chemical defence following herbivory. By carefully tracking insect movement, we found induced changes in plant chemistry were detected by generalist Helicoverpa armigera insects which then modified their behaviour in response, moving away from induced parts and staying longer on uninduced parts of the same plant. This study reveals that there are plant-wide signals rapidly generated following herbivory that allow insects to detect the heterogeneity of plant chemical defences. Some insects use these signals to move around the plant, avoiding localized sites of induction and staying ahead of induced toxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda E Perkins
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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138
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Glauser G, Wolfender JL. A non-targeted approach for extended liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of free and esterified jasmonates after wounding. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:123-134. [PMID: 23615992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Upon wounding or herbivory, plants quickly react by activating various defense mechanisms. A major part of these defenses is thought to be regulated by the jasmonate pathway through the induction of jasmonic acid and its biologically active jasmonoyl-isoleucine conjugate. Yet, these well-known phytohormones are only two among the numerous compounds that compose the jasmonate family. Here, we describe a method based on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry that can potentially profile the full range of known free and esterified jasmonates in a non-targeted manner. The developed approach is illustrated by the analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Glauser
- Chemical Analytical Service of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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139
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Chauvin A, Caldelari D, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Four 13-lipoxygenases contribute to rapid jasmonate synthesis in wounded Arabidopsis thaliana leaves: a role for lipoxygenase 6 in responses to long-distance wound signals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:566-575. [PMID: 23171345 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Damage-inducible defenses in plants are controlled in part by jasmonates, fatty acid-derived regulators that start to accumulate within 30 s of wounding a leaf. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we sought to identify the 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOXs) that initiate wound-induced jasmonate synthesis within a 190-s timeframe in Arabidopsis thaliana in 19 single, double, triple and quadruple mutant combinations derived from the four 13-LOX genes in this plant. All four 13-LOXs were found to contribute to jasmonate synthesis in wounded leaves: among them LOX6 showed a unique behavior. The relative contribution of LOX6 to jasmonate synthesis increased with distance from a leaf tip wound, and LOX6 was the only 13-LOX necessary for the initiation of early jasmonate synthesis in leaves distal to the wounded leaf. Herbivory assays that compared Spodoptera littoralis feeding on the lox2-1 lox3B lox4A lox6A quadruple mutant and the lox2-1 lox3B lox4A triple mutant revealed a role for LOX6 in defense of the shoot apical meristem. Consistent with this, we found that LOX6 promoter activity was strong in the apical region of rosettes. The LOX6 promoter was active in and near developing xylem cells and in expression domains we term subtrichomal mounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Chauvin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Caldelari
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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140
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Herde M, Koo AJK, Howe GA. Elicitation of jasmonate-mediated defense responses by mechanical wounding and insect herbivory. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:51-61. [PMID: 23615987 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many plant immune responses to biotic stress are mediated by the wound hormone jasmonate (JA). Functional and mechanistic studies of the JA signaling pathway often involve plant manipulations that elicit JA production and subsequent changes in gene expression in local and systemic tissues. Here, we describe a simple mechanical wounding procedure to effectively trigger JA responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana rosette. For comparison, we also present a plant-insect bioassay to elicit defense responses with the chewing insect Trichoplusia ni. This latter procedure can be used to determine the effect of JA-regulated defenses on growth and development of insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Herde
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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141
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Stingl N, Krischke M, Fekete A, Mueller MJ. Analysis of defense signals in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: jasmonates, salicylic acid, abscisic acid. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1009:103-113. [PMID: 23681528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-401-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Defense signaling compounds and phytohormones play an essential role in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the most severe stresses are herbivory, pathogen infection, and drought stress. The major hormones involved in the regulation of these responses are 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), the pro-hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its biologically active isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). These signaling compounds are present and biologically active at very low concentrations from ng/g to μg/g dry weight. Accurate and sensitive quantification of these signals has made a significant contribution to the understanding of plant stress responses. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) has become an essential technique for the analysis and quantification of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Stingl
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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142
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Farmer EE, Mueller MJ. ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation and RES-activated signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:429-50. [PMID: 23451784 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic lipid oxidation is usually viewed as deleterious. But if this is the case, then why does it occur so frequently in cells? Here we review the mechanisms of membrane peroxidation and examine the genesis of reactive electrophile species (RES). Recent evidence suggests that during stress, both lipid peroxidation and RES generation can benefit cells. New results from genetic approaches support a model in which entire membranes can act as supramolecular sinks for singlet oxygen, the predominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plastids. RES reprogram gene expression through a class II TGA transcription factor module as well as other, unknown signaling pathways. We propose a framework to explain how RES signaling promotes cell "REScue" by stimulating the expression of genes encoding detoxification functions, cell cycle regulators, and chaperones. The majority of the known biological activities of oxygenated lipids (oxylipins) in plants are mediated either by jasmonate perception or through RES signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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143
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Delano-Frier JP, Pearce G, Huffaker A, Stratmann JW. Systemic Wound Signaling in Plants. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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144
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Balcke GU, Handrick V, Bergau N, Fichtner M, Henning A, Stellmach H, Tissier A, Hause B, Frolov A. An UPLC-MS/MS method for highly sensitive high-throughput analysis of phytohormones in plant tissues. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:47. [PMID: 23173950 PMCID: PMC3573895 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are the key metabolites participating in the regulation of multiple functions of plant organism. Among them, jasmonates, as well as abscisic and salicylic acids are responsible for triggering and modulating plant reactions targeted against pathogens and herbivores, as well as resistance to abiotic stress (drought, UV-irradiation and mechanical wounding). These factors induce dramatic changes in phytohormone biosynthesis and transport leading to rapid local and systemic stress responses. Understanding of underlying mechanisms is of principle interest for scientists working in various areas of plant biology. However, highly sensitive, precise and high-throughput methods for quantification of these phytohormones in small samples of plant tissues are still missing. RESULTS Here we present an LC-MS/MS method for fast and highly sensitive determination of jasmonates, abscisic and salicylic acids. A single-step sample preparation procedure based on mixed-mode solid phase extraction was efficiently combined with essential improvements in mobile phase composition yielding higher efficiency of chromatographic separation and MS-sensitivity. This strategy resulted in dramatic increase in overall sensitivity, allowing successful determination of phytohormones in small (less than 50 mg of fresh weight) tissue samples. The method was completely validated in terms of analyte recovery, sensitivity, linearity and precision. Additionally, it was cross-validated with a well-established GC-MS-based procedure and its applicability to a variety of plant species and organs was verified. CONCLUSION The method can be applied for the analyses of target phytohormones in small tissue samples obtained from any plant species and/or plant part relying on any commercially available (even less sensitive) tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Ulrich Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Handrick
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Mandy Fichtner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Anja Henning
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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Stenzel I, Otto M, Delker C, Kirmse N, Schmidt D, Miersch O, Hause B, Wasternack C. ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC) gene family members of Arabidopsis thaliana: tissue- and organ-specific promoter activities and in vivo heteromerization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6125-38. [PMID: 23028017 PMCID: PMC3481204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are important signals in plant stress responses and plant development. An essential step in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) is catalysed by ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC) which establishes the naturally occurring enantiomeric structure of jasmonates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four genes encode four functional AOC polypeptides (AOC1, AOC2, AOC3, and AOC4) raising the question of functional redundancy or diversification. Analysis of transcript accumulation revealed an organ-specific expression pattern, whereas detailed inspection of transgenic lines expressing the GUS reporter gene under the control of individual AOC promoters showed partially redundant promoter activities during development: (i) In fully developed leaves, promoter activities of AOC1, AOC2, and AOC3 appeared throughout all leaf tissue, but AOC4 promoter activity was vascular bundle-specific; (ii) only AOC3 and AOC4 showed promoter activities in roots; and (iii) partially specific promoter activities were found for AOC1 and AOC4 in flower development. In situ hybridization of flower stalks confirmed the GUS activity data. Characterization of single and double AOC loss-of-function mutants further corroborates the hypothesis of functional redundancies among individual AOCs due to a lack of phenotypes indicative of JA deficiency (e.g. male sterility). To elucidate whether redundant AOC expression might contribute to regulation on AOC activity level, protein interaction studies using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) were performed and showed that all AOCs can interact among each other. The data suggest a putative regulatory mechanism of temporal and spatial fine-tuning in JA formation by differential expression and via possible heteromerization of the four AOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stenzel
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nils Kirmse
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Schmidt
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Otto Miersch
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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146
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Wasternack C, Goetz S, Hellwege A, Forner S, Strnad M, Hause B. Another JA/COI1-independent role of OPDA detected in tomato embryo development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1349-1353. [PMID: 22895103 PMCID: PMC3493424 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are ubiquitously occurring signaling compounds in plants formed in response to biotic and abiotic stress as well as in development. (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl isoleucine, the bioactive JA, is involved in most JA-dependent processes mediated by the F-box protein COI1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. However, there is an increasing number of examples, where the precursor of JA biosynthesis, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) is active in a JA/COI1-independent manner. Here, we discuss those OPDA-dependent processes, thereby giving emphasis on tomato embryo development. Recent data on seed coat-generated OPDA and its role in embryo development is discussed based on biochemical and genetic evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg; Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Goetz
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg; Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg; Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Hellwege
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg; Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susanne Forner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg; Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg; Halle (Saale), Germany
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147
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Dang X, Hu C, Chen Z, Wang S, Hu S. Electrochemical characteristics of cis-jasmone in acid media at multi-wall carbon nanotube-Nafion composite film modified electrode and its analytical application. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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148
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Zoeller M, Stingl N, Krischke M, Fekete A, Waller F, Berger S, Mueller MJ. Lipid profiling of the Arabidopsis hypersensitive response reveals specific lipid peroxidation and fragmentation processes: biogenesis of pimelic and azelaic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:365-78. [PMID: 22822212 PMCID: PMC3440211 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is induced by a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. Although LPO is involved in diverse signaling processes, little is known about the oxidation mechanisms and major lipid targets. A systematic lipidomics analysis of LPO in the interaction of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with Pseudomonas syringae revealed that LPO is predominantly confined to plastid lipids comprising galactolipid and triacylglyceride species and precedes programmed cell death. Singlet oxygen was identified as the major cause of lipid oxidation under basal conditions, while a 13-lipoxygenase (LOX2) and free radical-catalyzed lipid oxidation substantially contribute to the increase upon pathogen infection. Analysis of lox2 mutants revealed that LOX2 is essential for enzymatic membrane peroxidation but not for the pathogen-induced free jasmonate production. Despite massive oxidative modification of plastid lipids, levels of nonoxidized lipids dramatically increased after infection. Pathogen infection also induced an accumulation of fragmented lipids. Analysis of mutants defective in 9-lipoxygenases and LOX2 showed that galactolipid fragmentation is independent of LOXs. We provide strong in vivo evidence for a free radical-catalyzed galactolipid fragmentation mechanism responsible for the formation of the essential biotin precursor pimelic acid as well as of azelaic acid, which was previously postulated to prime the immune response of Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that azelaic acid is a general marker for LPO rather than a general immune signal. The proposed fragmentation mechanism rationalizes the pathogen-induced radical amplification and formation of electrophile signals such as phytoprostanes, malondialdehyde, and hexenal in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zoeller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Stingl
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Waller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Berger
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J. Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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149
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Zhao H, Jiang M, Xie C, Song S, Wang J, Bai G, Luo G. Metabolic Fingerprinting ofacs7Mutant and Wild-TypeArabidopsis thalianaUnder Salt Stress by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.677984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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150
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Nilsson AK, Fahlberg P, Ellerström M, Andersson MX. Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is formed on fatty acids esterified to galactolipids after tissue disruption in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2483-7. [PMID: 22728240 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stress induces the formation of galactolipids esterified with the phytohormones 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dnOPDA) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The biosynthetic pathways of free (dn)OPDA is well described, but it is unclear how they are incorporated into galactolipids. We herein show that (dn)OPDA containing lipids are formed rapidly after disruption of cellular integrity in leaf tissue. Five minutes after freeze-thawing, 60-70% of the trienoic acids esterified to chloroplast galactolipids are converted to (dn)OPDA. Stable isotope labeling with (18)O-water provides strong evidence for that the fatty acids remain attached to galactolipids during the enzymatic conversion to (dn)OPDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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