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Aryal B, Price NL, Suarez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. ANGPTL4 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:723-734. [PMID: 31235370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in circulating lipids and ectopic lipid deposition impact on the risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes fatty acids (FAs) from triglyceride (TAG)-rich lipoproteins including very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and chylomicrons, and regulates their distribution to peripheral tissues. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) mediates the inhibition of LPL activity under different circumstances. Accumulating evidence associates ANGPTL4 directly with the risk of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on recent findings on the role of ANGPTL4 in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We highlight human and murine studies that explore ANGPTL4 functions in different tissues and how these effect disease development through possible autocrine and paracrine forms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Aryal
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suarez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Chroni A, Kardassis D. HDL Dysfunction Caused by Mutations in apoA-I and Other Genes that are Critical for HDL Biogenesis and Remodeling. Curr Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180313114950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The “HDL hypothesis” which suggested that an elevation in HDL cholesterol
(HDL-C) levels by drugs or by life style changes should be paralleled by a decrease in the
risk for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) has been challenged by recent epidemiological and
clinical studies using HDL-raising drugs. HDL components such as proteins, lipids or small
RNA molecules, but not cholesterol itself, possess various atheroprotective functions in different
cell types and accumulating evidence supports the new hypothesis that HDL functionality
is more important than HDL-C levels for CVD risk prediction. Thus, the detailed characterization
of changes in HDL composition and functions in various pathogenic conditions
is critically important in order to identify new biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy
monitoring of CVD. Here we provide an overview of how HDL composition, size and
functionality are affected in patients with monogenic disorders of HDL metabolism due to
mutations in genes that participate in the biogenesis and the remodeling of HDL. We also review
the findings from various mouse models with genetic disturbances in the HDL biogenesis
pathway that have been generated for the validation of the data obtained in human patients
and how these models could be utilized for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies such
as the use of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer technology that aim to correct HDL abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research , Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Gao X, Suo Y, Zhang M, Wang Y, Gao X, Bing Q, Liu Q. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 markedly enhanced in the hyperlipidemia related proteinuria. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:116. [PMID: 31103046 PMCID: PMC6525976 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiopoietin-like protein 3(ANGPTL3) is well acknowledged as a key regulator of lipid metabolism. Now, there have not been enough data to explain the mechanism of hyperlipidemia related proteinuria. In this study, we hoped to investigate the changes of Angiopoietin-like protein 3(ANGPTL3) levels in hyperlipidemia patients with different proteinuria levels. METHODS Seventy-one patients with hyperlipidemia were selected, who were hospitalized in Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from September 2016 to September 2017, and 20 healthy people in the physical examination center were selected. We combed through medical history and conducted clinical biochemical indicators of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), 24 h urine protein quantitation (24hUPro), cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low detection of density lipoproteins (LDL-C). The concentration of serum ANGPTL3 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS 1. Serum ANGPTL3 in patients with hyperlipidemia related proteinuria was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05); 2. 24hUPro and BMI (r = 0.321, P = 0.002), TC (r = 0.465, P = 0.000), TG (r = 0.281, P = 0.007), LDL (r = 0.478, P = 0.000) in patients with hyperlipidemia related proteinuria are positively correlated, suggesting that dyslipidemia is related to the occurrence of proteinuria; 3. BMI, TC, TG and LDL in patients with hyperlipidemia related proteinuria were positively correlated with serum ANGPTL3. 4. The 24hUPro of patients with hyperlipidemia related proteinuria was positively correlated with serum ANGPTL3 levels, and BUN and SCr were not associated with serum ANGPTL3 level. 5. There was no significant difference in TC, TG, BMI, 24hUPro and serum ANGPTL3 between the statin-treated and the untreated groups in patients with hyperlipidemia related proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS Angiopoietin-like protein 3 markedly enhanced in the hyperlipidemia related proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Pediatric Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West road, Lanzhou City, 730000, China.
| | - Yanhong Suo
- Pediatric Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West road, Lanzhou City, 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan City, 750000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan City, 750000, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Intensive Care Unit, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou City, 730000, China
| | - Qiu Bing
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou City, 730000, China
| | - Qingju Liu
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou City, 730000, China
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104
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ANGPTL8 regulates adipocytes differentiation and adipogenesis in bovine. Gene 2019; 707:93-99. [PMID: 31048067 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of bovine adipose tissue involves complex developmental and physiological processes that play a vital role in determining the quality of beef; however, the regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) has been reported to be involved in the development of adipose tissue; however, the mechanism of adipogenesis which is regulated by ANGPTL8 has not been revealed in cattle. In this study, RT-qPCR and Oil Red O staining were performed to detect the expression of ANGPTL8 and adipocyte differentiation in bovine. We found that ANGPTL8 had a high expression level in adipose tissue and that the expression pattern was consistent with those of PPARγ, C/EBPα and LPL which are key regulators and transcription factors involved in preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. The overexpression of ANGPTL8 by the adenovirus vector promoted lipid droplet formation in adipocytes. Thus, we speculated that ANGPTL8 could significantly enhance lipid deposition. Moreover, the expression of LPL and SREBP1, key genes inhibiting adipogenesis, was significantly decreased by ANGPTL8 overexpression. These results suggested that ANGPTL8 promotes adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, we consider that ANGPTL8 regulates adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in bovine.
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105
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Tarugi P, Bertolini S, Calandra S. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) deficiency and familial combined hypolipidemia. J Biomed Res 2019; 33:73-81. [PMID: 29752428 PMCID: PMC6477171 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three members of the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) protein family-ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8- are important regulators of plasma lipoproteins. They inhibit the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which plays a key role in the intravascular lipolysis of triglycerides present in some lipoprotein classes. This review focuses on the role of ANGPTL3 as emerged from the study of genetic variants of Angptl3 gene in mice and humans. Both loss of function genetic variants and inactivation of Angptl3 gene in mice are associated with a marked reduction of plasma levels of triglyceride and cholesterol and an increased activity of lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase. In humans with ANGPTL3 deficiency, caused by homozygous loss of function (LOF) variants of Angptl3 gene, the levels of all plasma lipoproteins are greatly reduced. This plasma lipid disorder referred to as familial combined hypolipidemia (FHBL2) does not appear to be associated with distinct pathological manifestations. Heterozygous carriers of LOF variants have reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides and are at lower risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as compared to non-carriers. These observations have paved the way to the development of strategies to reduce the plasma level of atherogenic lipoproteins in man by the inactivation of ANGPTL3, using either a specific monoclonal antibody or anti-sense oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Tarugi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova 16148, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Calandra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
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Effects of Angiopoietin-Like 3 on Triglyceride Regulation, Glucose Homeostasis, and Diabetes. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:6578327. [PMID: 30944669 PMCID: PMC6421734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6578327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) is a regulator of plasma triglyceride (TRG) levels due to its inhibitory action on the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). ANGPTL3 is proteolytically cleaved by proprotein convertases to generate an active N-terminal domain, which forms a complex with ANGPTL8 orchestrating LPL inhibition. ANGPTL3-4-8 mouse model studies indicate that these three ANGPTL family members play a significant role in partitioning the circulating TRG to specific tissues according to nutritional states. Recent data indicate a positive correlation of ANGPTL3 with plasma glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in insulin-resistant states. The aim of this review is to critically present the metabolic effects of ANGPTL3, focusing on the possible mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of carbohydrate homeostasis by this protein. Heterozygous and homozygous carriers of ANGPTL3 loss-of-function mutations have reduced risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Suggested mechanisms for the implication of ANGPTL3 in carbohydrate metabolism include the (i) increment of free fatty acids (FFAs) owing to the enhancement of lipolysis in adipose tissue, which can induce peripheral as well as hepatic insulin resistance; (ii) promotion of FFA flux to white adipose tissue during feeding, leading to the attenuation of de novo lipogenesis and decreased glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity; (iii) induction of hypothalamic LPL activity in mice, which is highly expressed throughout the brain and is associated with enhanced brain lipid sensing, reduction of food intake, and inhibition of glucose production (however, the effects of ANGPTL3 on hypothalamic LPL in humans need more clarification); and (iv) upregulation of ANGPTL4 expression (owing to the plasma FFA increase), which possibly enhances insulin resistance due to the selective inhibition of LPL in white adipose tissue leading to ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Future trials will reveal if ANGPTL3 inhibition could be considered an alternative therapeutic target for dyslipidemia and dysglycemia.
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107
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DiStefano JK. Angiopoietin-like 8 (ANGPTL8) expression is regulated by miR-143-3p in human hepatocytes. Gene 2019; 681:1-6. [PMID: 30261196 PMCID: PMC6330893 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) is associated with reduced HDL-cholesterol levels and may contribute to the development of dyslipidemia. Factors regulating ANGPTL8 expression remain poorly understood. Here we analyzed the relationship between miRNA-143-3p and ANGPTL8 in liver cells. Using target prediction algorithms, we identified a putative binding site for miR-143-3p in the ANGPTL8 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Exogenous miR-143-3p interacted with the ANGPTL8 3'UTR to downregulate its expression compared to scrambled sequence control. Transfection of HepG2 cells with miR-143-3p mimic or siRNA resulted in decreased or increased ANGPTL8 transcript and protein levels, respectively. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 30 mM glucose, 100 nM insulin, or 75 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide to mimic hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, and proinflammatory conditions corresponded with increased miR-143-3p and ANGPTL8 levels. Inhibition of miR-143-3p amplified ANGPTL8 response to these treatments, suggesting that the miRNA acts to suppress ANGPTL8 expression under metabolically distorted conditions. These results, combined with growing evidence supporting a role for ANGPTL8 in the regulation of HDL-C metabolism, provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ANGPTL8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K DiStefano
- Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States of America.
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108
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Kaviani S, Taylor CM, Stevenson JL, Cooper JA, Paton CM. A 7-day high-PUFA diet reduces angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 8 responses and postprandial triglyceride levels in healthy females but not males: a randomized control trial. BMC Nutr 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 32153916 PMCID: PMC7050740 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-018-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial effects on hypertriglyceridemia although their effect on angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs), specifically ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a high-PUFA diet improves postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels through reducing ANGPTL responses following high saturated fat (SFA) meals. METHODS Twenty-six adults were randomized into a PUFA diet (n = 16) or a control diet group (n = 10). Participants completed a pre-diet visit (v1) where they were given two SFA-rich, high-fat meals. Blood draws were taken at fasting and every 2 h postprandially for a total of 8 h. After v1, participants completed a 7d diet of the same macronutrient proportions (50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 15% protein) but with different fatty acid (FA) compositions (PUFA = 21% of total energy from PUFAs vs. Control = 7% of total energy from PUFA). All participants then completed the post-diet visit (v2) identical to v1. RESULTS In the PUFA group, females, but not males, reduced TG concentrations (Area under the curve (AUC): 141.2 ± 18.7 vs. 80.7 ± 6.5 mg/dL/h, p = 0.01, for v1 vs. v2, respectively). Fasting and postprandial AUC levels of ANGPTL3 and 8, but not ANGPTL4, also decreased from v1 to v2 in PUFA females, but not males. No changes from v1 to v2 were seen in either sex in the control group. CONCLUSIONS A PUFA-rich diet improves TG levels in response to high-SFA meals with reductions in ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8. PUFAs may be more protective against hypertriglyceridemia in females, compared to males since no diet effect was observed in males. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02246933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kaviani
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Caroline M. Taylor
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | | | - Jamie A. Cooper
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Chad M. Paton
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Gong Q, Ye L, Gui H, Liu J, Li H, Sun Q. Association study of genetic variants of the ANGPTL3 gene and susceptibility to ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:3015-3020. [PMID: 31749619 PMCID: PMC6817949 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s215387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke ranks as the third-leading cause of years of life lost worldwide. ANGPTL3 plays important roles in lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and occurrence of stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations of genetic variants in the ANGPTL3 gene with ischemic stroke (IS) risk. METHODS A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the associations of tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ANGPTL3 gene and risk of IS, as well as serum lipid levels. Dual-luciferase reporter assays in the HEK293T cell line was conducted to evaluate the promoter activity of ANGPTL3 rs6690733. RESULTS We found rs6690733 (C vs A: OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.59; P=0.001) and rs12563308 (C vs T: OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64-0.93, P=0.007) were significantly associated with susceptibility to IS. Even corrected for Bonferroni adjustment, the two variants were still significant (0.007×4=0.028). Carriers of the minor allele of SNP rs6690733 had significantly higher levels of TC and LDL-C, while carriers of the minor allele of SNP rs12563308 had significantly lower levels of TC and LDL-C (all P<0.05). For rs6690733, the luciferase assay showed that promoter activity was significantly increased by 67% of plasmids containing the minor C allele compared with the major A allele in HEK293 cells. CONCLUSION Our study revealed genetic variants of the ANGPTL3 gene could contribute to susceptibility to IS through participating in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gong
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Ye
- Nursing Department, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Gui
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyin Li
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
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ChREBP Reciprocally Regulates Liver and Plasma Triacylglycerol Levels in Different Manners. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111699. [PMID: 30405056 PMCID: PMC6266805 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) has an important role in the carbohydrate-mediated regulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis, but the mechanism for how it regulates plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels has not been established. This study aimed to clarify the role of ChREBP in regulation of plasma TAG levels. We analyzed the metabolic changes in mice infected with an adenovirus expressing ChREBP Δ196 (Ad-ChREBP). Compared with adenovirus harboring green fluorescent protein infected mice, Ad-ChREBP-infected mice had higher plasma free fatty acid levels and paradoxically lower plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate levels through decreased fatty acid oxidation, rather than ketogenesis. Consistent with their hepatomegaly and increased lipogenic gene expression, the liver TAG contents were much higher. Regarding lipid composition, C16:0 was much lower and C18:1n-9 was much higher, compatible with increased stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 and ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 expression. Furthermore, Ad-ChREBP-infected mice had decreased plasma TAG and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TAG levels, consistent with decreased Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3) and increased fibroblast growth factor (Fgf21) mRNA and protein levels. Finally, Ad-ChREBP infection increased white adipose tissue Ucp1 mRNA levels with increased plasma Fgf21 levels. Because Fgf21 and Angptl3 are known to activate and suppress lipolysis in adipose tissues and oxidative tissues, ChREBP appears to regulate plasma TAG levels by modulating Fgf21 and Angptl3 levels. Thus, ChREBP overexpression led to dissociation of hepatic steatosis from hyperlipidemia.
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111
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Jun S, Datta S, Wang L, Pegany R, Cano M, Handa JT. The impact of lipids, lipid oxidation, and inflammation on AMD, and the potential role of miRNAs on lipid metabolism in the RPE. Exp Eye Res 2018; 181:346-355. [PMID: 30292489 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipids within drusen, the epidemiologic link of a high fat diet, and the identification of polymorphisms in genes involved in lipid metabolism that are associated with disease risk, have prompted interest in the role of lipid abnormalities in AMD. Despite intensive investigation, our understanding of how lipid abnormalities contribute to AMD development remains unclear. Lipid metabolism is tightly regulated, and its dysregulation can trigger excess lipid accumulation within the RPE and Bruch's membrane. The high oxidative stress environment of the macula can promote lipid oxidation, impairing their original function as well as producing oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE), which unless neutralized, can induce unwanted inflammation that additionally contributes to AMD progression. Considering the multiple layers of lipid metabolism and inflammation, and the ability to simultaneously target multiple pathways, microRNA (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of many age-related diseases including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases have similar etiologic characteristics such as lipid-rich deposits, oxidative stress, and inflammation with AMD, which suggests that miRNAs might influence lipid metabolism in AMD. In this review, we discuss the contribution of lipids to AMD pathobiology and introduce how miRNAs might affect lipid metabolism during lesion development. Establishing how miRNAs contribute to lipid accumulation in AMD will help to define the role of lipids in AMD, and open new treatment avenues for this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Sayantan Datta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Roma Pegany
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
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Sex-specific differences in hepatic steatosis in obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rats. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:40. [PMID: 30201044 PMCID: PMC6131947 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with metabolic syndrome, who are characterized by co-existence of insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, are also prone to develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the prevalence and severity of NAFLD is significantly greater in men than women, the mechanisms by which gender modulates the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis are poorly defined. The obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rats represent an attractive model of metabolic syndrome without overt type 2 diabetes. Although pathological manifestation caused by the absence of a functional leptin receptor has been extensively studied in SHROB rats, it is unknown whether these animals elicited sex-specific differences in the development of hepatic steatosis. Methods We compared hepatic pathology in male and female SHROB rats. Additionally, we examined key biochemical and molecular parameters of signaling pathways linked with hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. Finally, using methods of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis, we quantified expression of 45 genes related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the livers of male and female SHROB rats. Results We show that all SHROB rats developed hepatic steatosis that was accompanied by enhanced expression of SREBP1, SREBP2, ACC1, and FASN proteins. The livers of male rats also elicited higher induction of Pparg, Ppara, Slc2a4, Atox1, Skp1, Angptl3, and Pnpla3 mRNAs. In contrast, the livers of female SHROB rats elicited constitutively higher levels of phosphorylated JNK and AMPK and enhanced expression of Cd36. Conclusion Based on these data, we conclude that the severity of hepatic steatosis in male and female SHROB rats was mainly driven by increased de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, male and female SHROB rats also elicited differential severity of hepatic steatosis that was coupled with sex-specific differences in fatty acid transport and esterification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-018-0202-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ghasemi H, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Saidijam M, Tavilani H. Association between rs2278426 (C/T) and rs892066 (C/G) variants of ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) and susceptibility to type2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 33:e22649. [PMID: 30191588 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) is a hormone that mainly secreted from the liver and adipose tissue and plays an important role in the proliferation of pancreatic beta cells and lipid metabolism. Therefore, we studied the association of ANGPTL8 rs2278426 (C/T) and rs892066 (C/G) polymorphisms with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their association with biochemical parameters. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-eight subjects (controls; n = 138 and type 2 diabetic patients; n = 150) were enrolled in this study. Direct haplotyping was performed using amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS)-RFLP-PCR. RESULTS The CT genotype frequency of rs2278426 (C/T) variant was significantly higher in T2DM patients compared to the controls group (P = 0.02), and there was a significant association between this genotype and increased risk of T2DM (OR: 2.41, CI: 1.26-4.59, P = 0.007). In addition, there was a significant relationship between CT genotype of this variant and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, insulin resistance and glycated hemoglobin (P < 0.05). Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis revealed that arginine (Arg) to tryptophan (Trp) substitution at rs2278426 position causes structural instability of ANGPTL8 protein. Genotype and allele distribution of rs892066 (C/G) was not statistically significant in T2DM patients compared to the control group. The distribution of haplotypes had no significant difference between controls and T2DM patients (P = 0.24). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the rs2278426 (C/T) variant is associated with increased risk of T2DM and may cause dyslipidemia due to its effect on decreasing HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Angiopoietin-Like 3 (ANGPTL3) and Atherosclerosis: Lipid and Non-Lipid Related Effects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5030039. [PMID: 30011918 PMCID: PMC6162638 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and clinical studies have demonstrated that loss-of-function variants in the angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) gene are associated with decreased plasma levels of triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which leads to a significant reduction in cardiovascular risk. For this reason, ANGPTL3 is considered an important new pharmacological target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) together with more conventional lipid lowering therapies, such as statins and anti proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies. Experimental evidence demonstrates that anti-ANGPTL3 therapies have an important anti-atherosclerotic effect. Results from phase I clinical trials with a monoclonal anti-ANGPTL3 antibody (evinacumab) and anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO) clearly show a significant lipid lowering effect. In addition, from the analysis of the protein structure of ANGPTL3, it has been hypothesized that, beyond its inhibitory activity on lipoprotein and endothelial lipases, this molecule may have a pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic effect and a negative effect on cholesterol efflux, implying additional pro-atherosclerotic properties. In the future, data from phase II clinical trials and additional experimental evidence will help to define the efficacy and the additional anti-atherosclerotic properties of anti-ANGPTL3 therapies beyond the already available lipid lowering therapies.
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115
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A Possible Mechanism: Vildagliptin Prevents Aortic Dysfunction through Paraoxonase and Angiopoietin-Like 3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3109251. [PMID: 29951533 PMCID: PMC5989281 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The collected data have revealed the beneficial effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on the vascular endothelium, including vildagliptin. However, the involved mechanisms are not yet clear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: control, diabetic, diabetic + low-dose vildagliptin (10 mg/kg/d), and diabetic + high-dose vildagliptin (20 mg/kg/d). The diabetic model was created by feeding a high-fat diet for four weeks and injection of streptozotocin. Then, vildagliptin groups were given oral vildagliptin for twelve weeks, and the control and diabetic groups were given the same volume of saline. The metabolic parameters, endothelial function, and whole genome expression in the aorta were examined. After 12 weeks of treatment, vildagliptin groups showed significantly reduced blood glucose, blood total cholesterol, and attenuated endothelial dysfunction. Notably, vildagliptin may inhibit angiopoietin-like 3 (Angptl3) and betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (Bhmt) expression and activated paraoxonase-1 (Pon1) in the aorta of diabetic rats. These findings may demonstrate the vasoprotective pathway of vildagliptin in vivo.
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116
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Chan DC, Watts GF, Somaratne R, Wasserman SM, Scott R, Barrett PHR. Comparative Effects of PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9) Inhibition and Statins on Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1644-1655. [PMID: 29880491 PMCID: PMC6039422 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Inhibition of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) and statins are known to lower plasma LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol concentrations. However, the comparative effects of these treatments on the postprandial metabolism of TRLs (triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) remain to be investigated. Approach and Results— We performed a 2-by-2 factorial trial of the effects of 8 weeks of subcutaneous evolocumab (420 mg every 2 weeks) and atorvastatin (80 mg daily) on postprandial TRL metabolism in 80 healthy, normolipidemic men after ingestion of an oral fat load. We evaluated plasma total and incremental area under the curves for triglycerides, apo (apolipoprotein)B-48, and VLDL (very-LDL)-apoB-100. We also examined the kinetics of apoB-48 using intravenous D3-leucine administration, mass spectrometry, and multicompartmental modeling. Atorvastatin and evolocumab independently lowered postprandial VLDL-apoB-100 total area under the curves (P<0.001). Atorvastatin, but not evolocumab, reduced fasting plasma apoB-48, apoC-III, and angiopoietin-like 3 concentrations (P<0.01), as well as postprandial triglyceride and apoB-48 total area under the curves (P<0.001) and the incremental area under the curves for plasma triglycerides, apoB-48, and VLDL-apoB-100 (P<0.01). Atorvastatin also independently increased TRL apoB-48 fractional catabolic rate (P<0.001) and reduced the number of apoB-48–containing particles secreted in response to the fat load (P<0.01). In contrast, evolocumab did not significantly alter the kinetics of apoB-48. Conclusions— In healthy, normolipidemic men, atorvastatin decreased fasting and postprandial apoB-48 concentration by accelerating the catabolism of apoB-48 particles and reducing apoB-48 particle secretion in response to a fat load. Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab had no significant effect on apoB-48 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- From Schools of Medicine (D.C.C., G.F.W.).,Biomedical Science (D.C.C., P.H.R.B.)
| | - Gerald F Watts
- From Schools of Medicine (D.C.C., G.F.W.) .,the Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (G.F.W.)
| | - Ransi Somaratne
- Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (S.M.W., R. Somaratne, R. Scott)
| | | | - Rob Scott
- Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (S.M.W., R. Somaratne, R. Scott)
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117
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Biterova E, Esmaeeli M, Alanen HI, Saaranen M, Ruddock LW. Structures of Angptl3 and Angptl4, modulators of triglyceride levels and coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6752. [PMID: 29713054 PMCID: PMC5928061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death globally and is linked to a number of risk factors including serum low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a). Recently two proteins, angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4, have emerged from genetic studies as being factors that significantly modulate plasma triglyceride levels and coronary artery disease. The exact function and mechanism of action of both proteins remains to be elucidated, however, mutations in these proteins results in up to 34% reduction in coronary artery disease and inhibition of function results in reduced plasma triglyceride levels. Here we report the crystal structures of the fibrinogen-like domains of both proteins. These structures offer new insights into the reported loss of function mutations, the mechanisms of action of the proteins and open up the possibility for the rational design of low molecular weight inhibitors for intervention in coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Biterova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Mariam Esmaeeli
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heli I Alanen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Mirva Saaranen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland.
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118
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Analysis of circulating angiopoietin-like protein 3 and genetic variants in lipid metabolism and liver health: the DiOGenes study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2018; 13:7. [PMID: 29619113 PMCID: PMC5879874 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), a liver-derived protein, plays an important role in the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Using data available from the DiOGenes study, we assessed the link with clinical improvements (weight, plasma lipid, and insulin levels) and changes in liver markers, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), adiponectin, fetuin A and B, and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), upon low-calorie diet (LCD) intervention. We also examined the role of genetic variation in determining the level of circulating ANGPTL3 and the relation between the identified genetic markers and markers of hepatic steatosis. Methods DiOGenes is a multicenter, controlled dietary intervention where obese participants followed an 8-week LCD (800 kcal/day, using a meal replacement product). Plasma ANGPTL3 and liver markers were measured using the SomaLogic (Boulder, CO) platform. Protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) analyses assessed the link between more than four million common variants and the level of circulating ANGPTL3 at baseline and changes in levels during the LCD intervention. Results Changes in ANGPTL3 during weight loss showed only marginal association with changes in triglycerides (nominal p = 0.02) and insulin (p = 0.04); these results did not remain significant after correcting for multiple testing. However, significant association (after multiple-testing correction) were observed between changes in ANGPTL3 and AST during weight loss (p = 0.004) and between ANGPTL3 and CK-18 (baseline p = 1.03 × 10−7, during weight loss p = 1.47 × 10−13). Our pQTL study identified two loci significantly associated with changes in ANGPTL3. One of these loci (the APOA4-APOA5-ZNF259-BUD13 gene cluster) also displayed significant association with changes in CK-18 levels during weight loss (p = 0.007). Conclusion We clarify the link between circulating levels of ANGPTL3 and specific markers of liver function. We demonstrate that changes in ANGPLT3 and CK-18 during LCD are under genetic control from trans-acting variants. Our results suggest an extended function of ANGPTL3 in the inflammatory state of liver steatosis and toward liver metabolic processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12263-018-0597-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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119
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Volta A, Hovingh GK, Grefhorst A. Genetics of familial hypercholesterolemia: a tool for development of novel lipid lowering pharmaceuticals? Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:80-86. [PMID: 29356705 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high LDL cholesterol and an elevated risk to develop coronary heart disease. Mutations in LDL receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake are the main cause of familial hypercholesterolemia. However, multiple mutations in various other genes are also associated with high LDL cholesterol and even familial hypercholesterolemia. Thus, pharmaceuticals that target these genes and proteins might be attractive treatment options to reduce LDL cholesterol. This review provides an overview of the recent developments and clinical testing of such pharmaceuticals. RECENT FINDINGS About 80 genes are associated with hypercholesterolemia but only pharmaceuticals that inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), angiopoietin-related protein 3 (ANGPTL3), and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) have recently been tested in clinical trials. Inhibition of CETP and ANGPTL3 lowered LDL cholesterol. ANGPTL3 inhibition had the largest effect and was even effective in familial hypercholesterolemia patients. The effect of apoC-III inhibition on LDL cholesterol is not conclusive. SUMMARY Of the many potential pharmaceutical targets involved in LDL cholesterol, only a few have been studied so far. Of these, pharmaceuticals that inhibit CETP or ANGPTL3 are promising novel treatment options to reduce LDL cholesterol but the effect of apoC-III inhibition requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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120
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Aryal B, Singh AK, Zhang X, Varela L, Rotllan N, Goedeke L, Chaube B, Camporez JP, Vatner DF, Horvath TL, Shulman GI, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Absence of ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue improves glucose tolerance and attenuates atherogenesis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97918. [PMID: 29563332 PMCID: PMC5926923 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in ectopic lipid deposition and circulating lipids are major risk factors for developing cardiometabolic diseases. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), a protein that inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL), controls fatty acid (FA) uptake in adipose and oxidative tissues and regulates circulating triacylglycerol-rich (TAG-rich) lipoproteins. Unfortunately, global depletion of ANGPTL4 results in severe metabolic abnormalities, inflammation, and fibrosis when mice are fed a high-fat diet (HFD), limiting our understanding of the contribution of ANGPTL4 in metabolic disorders. Here, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue (AT) results in enhanced LPL activity, rapid clearance of circulating TAGs, increased AT lipolysis and FA oxidation, and decreased FA synthesis in AT. Most importantly, we found that absence of ANGPTL4 in AT prevents excessive ectopic lipid deposition in the liver and muscle, reducing novel PKC (nPKC) membrane translocation and enhancing insulin signaling. As a result, we observed a remarkable improvement in glucose tolerance in short-term HFD-fed AT-specific Angptl4-KO mice. Finally, lack of ANGPTL4 in AT enhances the clearance of proatherogenic lipoproteins, attenuates inflammation, and reduces atherosclerosis. Together, these findings uncovered an essential role of AT ANGPTL4 in regulating peripheral lipid deposition, influencing whole-body lipid and glucose metabolism and the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Aryal
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | - Abhishek K. Singh
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | - Luis Varela
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | | | - Balkrishna Chaube
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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121
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Masuda Y, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki C, Aburatani T, Nagano Y, Miyauchi R, Suzuki E, Yamamura N, Nagatomo K, Ishihara H, Okuno K, Nara F, Matschiner G, Hashimoto R, Takahashi T, Nishizawa T. Generation and Characterization of a Novel Small Biologic Alternative to Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Antibodies, DS-9001a, Albumin Binding Domain–Fused Anticalin Protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:368-378. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Dijk W, Schutte S, Aarts EO, Janssen IMC, Afman L, Kersten S. Regulation of angiopoietin-like 4 and lipoprotein lipase in human adipose tissue. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:773-783. [PMID: 29555209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma triglycerides are increasingly viewed as a causal risk factor for coronary artery disease. One protein that raises plasma triglyceride levels and that has emerged as a modulator of coronary artery disease risk is angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4). ANGPTL4 raises plasma triglyceride levels by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of circulating triglycerides on the capillary endothelium. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to assess the association between ANGPTL4 and LPL in human adipose tissue, and to examine the influence of nutritional status on ANGPTL4 expression. METHODS We determined ANGPTL4 and LPL mRNA and protein levels in different adipose tissue depots in a large number of severely obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Furthermore, in 72 abdominally obese subjects, we measured ANGPTL4 and LPL mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the fasted and postprandial state. RESULTS ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were highest in subcutaneous adipose tissue, whereas LPL mRNA levels were highest in mesenteric adipose tissue. ANGPTL4 and LPL mRNA levels were strongly positively correlated in the omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. In contrast, ANGPTL4 and LPL protein levels were negatively correlated in subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggesting a suppressive effect of ANGPTL4 on LPL protein abundance in subcutaneous adipose tissue. ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were 38% higher in the fasted compared to the postprandial state. CONCLUSION Our data provide valuable insights into the relationship between ANGPTL4 and LPL in human adipose tissue, as well as the physiological function and regulation of ANGPTL4 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo O Aarts
- Rijnstate Hospital and Vitalys Clinics, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lydia Afman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Angiopoietin-Like Proteins in Angiogenesis, Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020431. [PMID: 29389861 PMCID: PMC5855653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of secreted factors by tumor cells or cells of the tumor microenvironment is a key event in cancer development and progression. In the last decade, emerging evidences supported the autocrine and paracrine activity of the members of the Angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) protein family in angiogenesis, inflammation and in the regulation of different steps of carcinogenesis and metastasis development. Thus, ANGPTL proteins become attractive either as prognostic or predictive biomarkers, or as novel target for cancer treatment. Here, we outline the current knowledge about the functions of the ANGPTL proteins in angiogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, we discuss the most recent evidences sustaining their role as prognostic or predictive biomarkers for cancer therapy. Although the role of ANGPTL proteins in cancer has not been fully elucidated, increasing evidence suggest their key effects in the proliferative and invasive properties of cancer cells. Moreover, given the common overexpression of ANGPTL proteins in several aggressive solid tumors, and their role in tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment, the field of research about ANGPTL proteins network may highlight new potential targets for the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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124
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Su X, Peng DQ. New insights into ANGPLT3 in controlling lipoprotein metabolism and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:12. [PMID: 29334984 PMCID: PMC5769531 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and reduction of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), has been verified as a causal risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), leading to a high mortality rate in general population. It is important to understand the molecular metabolism underlying dyslipidemia in order to reduce the risk and to develop effective therapeutic approaches against CVD. ANGPTL3 (human) or Angptl3 (mouse), one member of the angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family, has been identified as an important regulator of lipid metabolism by inhibiting LPL and EL activity. Results have demonstrated that inactivation of Angptl3 in mice could obviously reduce the level of TG, LDL-C and the atherosclerotic lesion size, leading to a lower risk for dyslipidemia and CVD. Additionally, in humans, carriers with homozygous LOF mutations in ANGPTL3 have lower plasma LDL-C, TG levels and lower risk of atherosclerosis compared to the non-carriers. Here, we collect the latest data and results, giving a new insight into the important role of ANGPTL3 in controlling lipoprotein metabolism. Finally, we introduce two update reports on the antisense oligonucleotide and monoclonal antibody-based inactivation of ANGPTL3 in human clinical trials, to identify that ANGPTL3 could be a novel and effective target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Dao-Quan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Xiao HB, Wang JY, Sun ZL. ANGPTL3 is part of the machinery causing dyslipidemia majorily via LPL inhibition in mastitis mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:242-248. [PMID: 29104012 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown that inflammation induces changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and increased expression of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) contributes to the development of dyslipidemia. Here we investigated whether there is a correlation between increased ANGPTL3 expression and dyslipidemia in mastitis mice. Thirty mice were divided into two groups: control group and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis mice group. Changes in the levels of blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]; activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO); concentrations of plasma inflammation biomarkers [interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α)]; concentration of plasma ANGPTL3 protein; lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities in postheparin plasma; expressions of hepatic N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2), hepatic ANGPTL3 and adipose LPL were determined. The major results indicated specific pathological mammary tissue changes, elevated MPO activity, reduced GALNT2 mRNA expression, elevated ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein expression and reduced LPL mRNA and protein expression. In plasma samples the S.aureus infused mice displayed elevated ANGPTL3 protein concentration, TG, TC and LDL-C levels, and reduced postheparin LPL activities and HDL-C level. The data suggests that ANGPTL3 is part of the machinery causing dyslipidemia majorily via LPL inhibition in mastitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Ji-Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Huai Hua Vocational and Technical College, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Biological Veterinary Drugs Branch, National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Abstract
Triglycerides and cholesterol circulate in the bloodstream as part of various lipoprotein particles. Three members of the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) protein family - ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 - have emerged as important regulators of plasma lipoprotein levels by inhibiting the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. Here, I review the role of ANGPTL3 in lipoprotein metabolism. In contrast to ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8, ANGPTL3 is exclusively produced in the liver and can therefore be classified as a true hepatokine. ANGPTL3 cooperates with ANGPTL8 to inhibit lipoprotein lipase and is mostly active after feeding, whereas ANGPTL4 is mostly active after fasting. Inactivation of ANGPTL3 in mice reduces plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels and suppresses atherosclerosis. In humans, homozygous loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL3 lead to low plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, a condition referred to as familial combined hypolipidaemia. Heterozygous carriers of loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL3 have a lower risk of coronary artery disease than non-carriers. At present, researchers are investigating antisense oligonucleotide and monoclonal antibody-based inactivation of ANGPTL3 in human clinical trials for the therapeutic management of dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Thus, ANGPTL3 is an important liver-derived regulator of lipoprotein metabolism that holds considerable promise as a target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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127
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Tikka A, Metso J, Jauhiainen M. ANGPTL3 serum concentration and rare genetic variants in Finnish population. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:601-609. [PMID: 28972399 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1379608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) are associated with serum triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration in GWASs. ANGPTL3 deficiency causes declined TG, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) serum concentration, a phenotype defined as familial combined hypolipidaemia (FHBL2). Our aim is to establish whether ANGPTL3 serum protein concentration correlates with lipoproteins and lipids in hyper- or hypolipidaemic subjects, and whether ANGPTL3 sequence variants are associated with untypical lipid profiles. Additionally, 10 subjects with very low lipoprotein concentrations were sequenced for ANGPTL3 for possible loss-of-function (LOF) variants. Study subjects were selected from Finnish FINRISK and Health 2000 surveys. ANGPTL protein concentrations were measured by ELISA method. As a result, ANGPTL3 serum concentration correlated positively with age, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activities, but not with any of the lipid or lifestyle attributes. No ANGPTL3 variants were found among sequenced samples. Subjects who carried ANGPTL3 sequence variants rs12563308 (n = 4) and rs199772471 (n = 1) had abnormally high TC and LDL-C concentrations. Whole exome sequencing data of these five subjects were further analyzed for rare and deleterious missense variants in genes associated with cholesterol metabolism. In conclusion, ANGPTL3 serum protein concentration did not predict lipid concentrations, unlike apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) which positively correlated with most of the lipid attributes. ANGPTL3 variant screen yielded five carriers with abnormally high TC concentration; the actual genetic causality, however, could not be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tikka
- a Genomics and Biomarkers Unit , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- a Genomics and Biomarkers Unit , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,b Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research , Biomedicum 2U , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- a Genomics and Biomarkers Unit , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,b Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research , Biomedicum 2U , Helsinki , Finland
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Chi X, Britt EC, Shows HW, Hjelmaas AJ, Shetty SK, Cushing EM, Li W, Dou A, Zhang R, Davies BSJ. ANGPTL8 promotes the ability of ANGPTL3 to bind and inhibit lipoprotein lipase. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1137-1149. [PMID: 29031715 PMCID: PMC5641604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several members of the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) family of proteins, including ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8, regulate lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Deficiency in either ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL8 reduces plasma triglyceride levels and increases LPL activity, whereas overexpression of either protein does the opposite. Recent studies suggest that ANGPTL8 may functionally interact with ANGPTL3 to alter clearance of plasma triglycerides; however, the nature of this interaction has remained elusive. We tested the hypothesis that ANGPTL8 forms a complex with ANGPTL3 and that this complex is necessary for the inhibition of vascular LPL by ANGPTL3. METHODS We analyzed the interactions of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 with each other and with LPL using co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting, lipase activity assays, and the NanoBiT split-luciferase system. We also used adenovirus injection to overexpress ANGPTL3 in mice that lacked ANGPTL8. RESULTS We found that ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL8 alone could only inhibit LPL at concentrations that far exceeded physiological levels, especially when LPL was bound to its endothelial cell receptor/transporter GPIHBP1 (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1). Physical interaction was observed between ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 when the proteins were co-expressed, and co-expression with ANGPTL3 greatly enhanced the secretion of ANGPTL8. Importantly, ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complexes had a dramatically increased ability to inhibit LPL compared to either protein alone. Adenovirus experiments showed that 2-fold overexpression of ANGPTL3 significantly increased plasma triglycerides only in the presence of ANGPTL8. Protein interaction assays showed that ANGPTL8 greatly increased the ability of ANGPTL3 to bind LPL. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data indicate that ANGPTL8 binds to ANGPTL3 and that this complex is necessary for ANGPTL3 to efficiently bind and inhibit LPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Emily C Britt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hannah W Shows
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alexander J Hjelmaas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shwetha K Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Emily M Cushing
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wendy Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alex Dou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Fazio S, Minnier J, Shapiro MD, Tsimikas S, Tarugi P, Averna MR, Arca M, Tavori H. Threshold Effects of Circulating Angiopoietin-Like 3 Levels on Plasma Lipoproteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102. [PMID: 28633452 PMCID: PMC5587068 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) deficiency in plasma due to loss-of-function gene mutations results in familial combined hypobetalipoproteinemia type 2 (FHBL2) in homozygotes. However, the lipid phenotype in heterozygotes is much milder and does not appear to relate directly to ANGPTL3 levels. Furthermore, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) phenotype in carriers of ANGPTL3 mutations is unexplained. OBJECTIVE To determine whether reduction below a critical threshold in plasma ANGPTL3 levels is a determinant of lipoprotein metabolism in FHBL2, and to determine whether proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is involved in determining low LDL levels in this condition. DESIGN We studied subjects from 19 families with ANGPTL3 mutations and subjects with familial combined hypobetalipoproteinemia type 1 (FHBL1) due to truncated apolipoprotein B (apoB) species. RESULTS First, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL and LDL particle concentration correlated with plasma ANGPTL3 levels but only when the latter was <25% of normal (<60 ng/dL). Second, the very low-density lipoprotein particle concentration correlated strongly with plasma ANGPTL3 when the latter was <58% of normal. Third, both FHBL1 and FHBL2 subjects showed low levels of mature and LDL-bound PCSK9 and higher levels of its furin-cleaved form. Finally, LDL-bound PCSK9 is protected from cleavage by furin and binds to the LDL receptor more strongly than apoB-free PCSK9. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the hypolipidemic effects of ANGPTL3 mutations in FHBL2 are dependent on a threshold of plasma ANGPTL3 levels, with differential effects on various lipoprotein particles. The increased inactivation of PCSK9 by furin in FHBL1 and FHBL2 is likely to cause increased LDL clearance and suggests novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hagai Tavori
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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130
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA, and the Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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131
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Stitziel NO, Khera AV, Wang X, Bierhals AJ, Vourakis AC, Sperry AE, Natarajan P, Klarin D, Emdin CA, Zekavat SM, Nomura A, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Kraus WE, Shah SH, Yu B, Boerwinkle E, Rader DJ, Gupta N, Frossard PM, Rasheed A, Danesh J, Lander ES, Gabriel S, Saleheen D, Musunuru K, Kathiresan S. ANGPTL3 Deficiency and Protection Against Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:2054-2063. [PMID: 28385496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial combined hypolipidemia, a Mendelian condition characterized by substantial reductions in all 3 major lipid fractions, is caused by mutations that inactivate the gene angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3). Whether ANGPTL3 deficiency reduces risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown. OBJECTIVES The study goal was to leverage 3 distinct lines of evidence-a family that included individuals with complete (compound heterozygote) ANGPTL3 deficiency, a population based-study of humans with partial (heterozygote) ANGPTL3 deficiency, and biomarker levels in patients with myocardial infarction (MI)-to test whether ANGPTL3 deficiency is associated with lower risk for CAD. METHODS We assessed coronary atherosclerotic burden in 3 individuals with complete ANGPTL3 deficiency and 3 wild-type first-degree relatives using computed tomography angiography. In the population, ANGPTL3 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations were ascertained in up to 21,980 people with CAD and 158,200 control subjects. LOF mutations were defined as nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site variants, along with missense variants resulting in <25% of wild-type ANGPTL3 activity in a mouse model. In a biomarker study, circulating ANGPTL3 concentration was measured in 1,493 people who presented with MI and 3,232 control subjects. RESULTS The 3 individuals with complete ANGPTL3 deficiency showed no evidence of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. ANGPTL3 gene sequencing demonstrated that approximately 1 in 309 people was a heterozygous carrier for an LOF mutation. Compared with those without mutation, heterozygous carriers of ANGPTL3 LOF mutations demonstrated a 17% reduction in circulating triglycerides and a 12% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Carrier status was associated with a 34% reduction in odds of CAD (odds ratio: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.44 to 0.98; p = 0.04). Individuals in the lowest tertile of circulating ANGPTL3 concentrations, compared with the highest, had reduced odds of MI (adjusted odds ratio: 0.65; 95% confidence interval: 0.55 to 0.77; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ANGPTL3 deficiency is associated with protection from CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Amit V Khera
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiao Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Bierhals
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Derek Klarin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Connor A Emdin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Seyedeh M Zekavat
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Svati H Shah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John Danesh
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S Lander
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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133
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Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) have emerged as an important regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism as well as insulin sensitivity. ANGPTL3 plays a key role in regulating circulating triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol levels through reversible inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and endothelial lipase enzymes activity. Loss of function mutation of ANGPTL3 gene has been identified in many subjects with familial combined hypolipidemia. ANGPTL4 produces irreversible inhibition of LPL activity, while ANGPTL8 enhances the activity of ANGPTL3, which highlight the interplay between the different ANGPTLs in a coordinated manner to regulate lipid metabolism during different nutritional states. This new class of lipid modulators may serve as potential novel therapeutic target for reducing plasma lipoprotein and treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan
- Division of Cardiology, Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
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134
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Bi X, Pashos EE, Cuchel M, Lyssenko NN, Hernandez M, Picataggi A, McParland J, Yang W, Liu Y, Yan R, Yu C, DerOhannessian SL, Phillips MC, Morrisey EE, Duncan SA, Rader DJ. ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Deficiency in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Abrogates HDL Biogenesis and Enhances Triglyceride Secretion. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:139-145. [PMID: 28330813 PMCID: PMC5405159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recognized role of the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism, our understanding of ABCA1 deficiency in human hepatocytes is limited. To define the functional effects of human hepatocyte ABCA1 deficiency, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from Tangier disease (TD) and matched control subjects. Control HLCs exhibited robust cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and formed nascent HDL particles. ABCA1-deficient HLCs failed to mediate lipid efflux or nascent HDL formation, but had elevated triglyceride (TG) secretion. Global transcriptome analysis revealed significantly increased ANGPTL3 expression in ABCA1-deficient HLCs. Angiopoietin-related protein 3 (ANGPTL3) was enriched in plasma of TD relative to control subjects. These results highlight the required role of ABCA1 in cholesterol efflux and nascent HDL formation by hepatocytes. Furthermore, our results suggest that hepatic ABCA1 deficiency results in increased hepatic TG and ANGPTL3 secretion, potentially underlying the elevated plasma TG levels in TD patients. ABCA1 deficiency in human hepatocytes abolishes nascent HDL formation, but elevates triglyceride secretion ABCA1 deficiency increases hepatic ANGPTL3 expression and secretion Tangier disease patients display higher plasma ANGPTL3 levels relative to normal HDL control subjects
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a key regulator of high-density lipoprotein metabolism, but the intrinsic functional impact of human hepatocyte ABCA1 deficiency is yet to be defined. We generated hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) of patients with Tangier disease (TD), a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in ABCA1. ABCA1 deficiency in HLCs abrogates lipid efflux and nascent HDL formation but increases triglyceride secretion. ANGPTL3 has also been uncovered as a potential mediator of hypertriglyceridemia in TD. This study thus highlights the utility of iPSC-derived cells in disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evanthia E Pashos
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas N Lyssenko
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mayda Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antonino Picataggi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James McParland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruilan Yan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Yu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie L DerOhannessian
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael C Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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135
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Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a rate-limiting enzyme for hydrolysing circulating triglycerides (TG) into free fatty acids that are taken up by peripheral tissues. Postprandial LPL activity rises in white adipose tissue (WAT), but declines in the heart and skeletal muscle, thereby directing circulating TG to WAT for storage; the reverse is true during fasting. However, the mechanism for the tissue-specific regulation of LPL activity during the fed–fast cycle has been elusive. Recent identification of lipasin/angiopoietin-like 8 (Angptl8), a feeding-induced hepatokine, together with Angptl3 and Angptl4, provides intriguing, yet puzzling, insights, because all the three Angptl members are LPL inhibitors, and the deficiency (overexpression) of any one causes hypotriglyceridaemia (hypertriglyceridaemia). Then, why does nature need all of the three? Our recent data that Angptl8 negatively regulates LPL activity specifically in cardiac and skeletal muscles suggest an Angptl3-4-8 model: feeding induces Angptl8, activating the Angptl8–Angptl3 pathway, which inhibits LPL in cardiac and skeletal muscles, thereby making circulating TG available for uptake by WAT, in which LPL activity is elevated owing to diminished Angptl4; the reverse is true during fasting, which suppresses Angptl8 but induces Angptl4, thereby directing TG to muscles. The model suggests a general framework for how TG trafficking is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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136
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Nøhr MK, Kroager TP, Sanggaard KW, Knudsen AD, Stensballe A, Enghild JJ, Ølholm J, Richelsen B, Pedersen SB. SILAC-MS Based Characterization of LPS and Resveratrol Induced Changes in Adipocyte Proteomics - Resveratrol as Ameliorating Factor on LPS Induced Changes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159747. [PMID: 27438462 PMCID: PMC4954707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is believed to play a pivotal role in the development obesity-related morbidities such as insulin resistance. However, it is not known how this (low-grade) inflammatory state develops. It has been proposed that the leakage of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), originating from the gut microbiota, through the gut epithelium could drive initiation of inflammation. To get a better understanding of which proteins and intracellular pathways are affected by LPS in adipocytes, we performed SILAC proteomic analysis and identified proteins that were altered in expression. Furthermore, we tested the anti-inflammatory compound resveratrol. A total of 927 proteins were quantified by the SILAC method and of these 57- and 64 were significantly up- and downregulated by LPS, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis (GO analysis) revealed that the upregulated proteins were especially involved in the pathways of respiratory electron transport chain and inflammation. The downregulated proteins were especially involved in protein glycosylation. One of the latter proteins, GALNT2, has previously been described to regulate the expression of liver lipases such as ANGPTL3 and apoC-III affecting lipid metabolism. Furthermore, LPS treatment reduced the protein levels of the insulin sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin, and proteins participating in the final steps of triglyceride- and cholesterol synthesis. Generally, resveratrol opposed the effect induced by LPS and, as such, functioning as an ameliorating factor in disease state. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we present novel insight of how the proteome is altered in adipocytes in response to LPS as seen in obesity. We suggest that LPS partly exerts its detrimental effects by altering glycosylation processes of the cell, which is starting to emerge as important posttranscriptional regulators of protein expression. Furthermore, resveratrol could be a prime candidate in ameliorating dysfunctioning adipose tissue induced by inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Nøhr
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toke P. Kroager
- Laboratory for Proteome Analysis and Protein Characterization, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian W. Sanggaard
- Laboratory for Proteome Analysis and Protein Characterization, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Knudsen
- Laboratory for Proteome Analysis and Protein Characterization, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- Laboratory for Proteome Analysis and Protein Characterization, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Ølholm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen B. Pedersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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137
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Abstract
The introduction of statins ≈ 30 years ago ushered in the era of lipid lowering as the most effective way to reduce risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, residual risk remains high, and statin intolerance is frequently encountered in clinical practice. After a long dry period, the field of therapeutics targeted to lipids and atherosclerosis has entered a renaissance. Moreover, the demonstration of clinical benefits from the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy in subjects with acute coronary syndromes has renewed the enthusiasm for the cholesterol hypothesis and the hope that additional agents that lower low-density lipoprotein will decrease risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Drugs in the orphan disease category are now available for patients with the most extreme hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, discovery and rapid translation of a novel biological pathway has given rise to a new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 inhibitors. Trials of niacin added to statin have failed to demonstrate cardiac benefits, and 3 cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors have also failed to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, despite producing substantial increases in HDL levels. Although the utility of triglyceride-lowering therapies remains uncertain, 2 large clinical trials are testing the influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on atherosclerotic events in hypertriglyceridemia. Novel antisense therapies targeting apolipoprotein C-III (for triglyceride reduction) and apo(a) (for lipoprotein(a) reduction) are showing a promising trajectory. Finally, 2 large clinical trials are formally putting the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis to the test and may open a new avenue for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shapiro
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sergio Fazio
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
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138
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Grammatikos G, Dietz J, Ferreiros N, Koch A, Dultz G, Bon D, Karakasiliotis I, Lutz T, Knecht G, Gute P, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Mavromara P, Sarrazin C, Pfeilschifter J. Persistence of HCV in Acutely-Infected Patients Depletes C24-Ceramide and Upregulates Sphingosine and Sphinganine Serum Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E922. [PMID: 27304952 PMCID: PMC4926455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) substantially affects lipid metabolism, and remodeling of sphingolipids appears to be essential for HCV persistence in vitro. The aim of the current study is the evaluation of serum sphingolipid variations during acute HCV infection. We enrolled prospectively 60 consecutive patients with acute HCV infection, most of them already infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and serum was collected at the time of diagnosis and longitudinally over a six-month period until initiation of antiviral therapy or confirmed spontaneous clearance. Quantification of serum sphingolipids was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Spontaneous clearance was observed in 11 out of 60 patients (18.3%), a sustained viral response (SVR) in 43 out of 45 patients (95.5%) receiving an antiviral treatment after follow-up, whereas persistence of HCV occurred in six out of 60 patients (10%). C24-ceramide (C24-Cer)-levels increased at follow-up in patients with spontaneous HCV eradication (p < 0.01), as compared to baseline. Sphingosine and sphinganine values were significantly upregulated in patients unable to clear HCV over time compared to patients with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection on follow-up (p = 0.013 and 0.006, respectively). In summary, the persistence of HCV after acute infection induces a downregulation of C24Cer and a simultaneous elevation of serum sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Grammatikos
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Julia Dietz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Nerea Ferreiros
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für klinische Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexander Koch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Georg Dultz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dimitra Bon
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Department of Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Lutz
- Infektiologikum, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Gaby Knecht
- Infektiologikum, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Gute
- Infektiologikum, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für klinische Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece.
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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139
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) 3, 4 and 8 have emerged as key regulators of plasma lipid metabolism by serving as potent inhibitors of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In this review, we provide an integrated picture of the role of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 in lipid metabolism by focusing on their impact on LPL activity and plasma triglyceride clearance during physiological conditions such as fasting, refeeding, exercise and cold exposure. RECENT FINDINGS Upon refeeding, circulating ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 promote the replenishment of white adipose tissue depots by specifically inhibiting LPL activity in oxidative tissues. During exercise and cold exposure, ANGPTL4 represses local LPL activity to assure that plasma triglycerides are specifically shuttled to exercising muscle and brown adipose tissue, respectively. Overall, ANGPTL4 is the central component of a fatty acid-driven feedback mechanism that regulates plasma triglyceride hydrolysis and subsequent tissue fatty acid uptake in response to changes in lipid availability and cellular fuel demand. SUMMARY ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 together ensure that triglycerides from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are adequately distributed during different physiological conditions. The impact of the ANGPTLs on plasma lipid levels has led to scrutiny of ANGPTLs as therapeutic targets for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Hanson RL, Leti F, Tsinajinnie D, Kobes S, Puppala S, Curran JE, Almasy L, Lehman DM, Blangero J, Duggirala R, DiStefano JK. The Arg59Trp variant in ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) is associated with total and HDL-cholesterol in American Indians and Mexican Americans and differentially affects cleavage of ANGPTL3. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:128-37. [PMID: 27117576 PMCID: PMC4880492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a locus linked to total cholesterol (TC) concentration in Pima Indians on chromosome 19p. To characterize this locus, we genotyped >2000 SNPs in 1838 Pimas and assessed association with log(TC). We observed evidence for association with log(TC) with rs2278426 (3.5% decrease/copy of the T allele; P=5.045×10(-6)) in the ANGPTL8 (angiopoietin-like 8) gene. We replicated this association in 2413 participants of the San Antonio Mexican American Family Study (SAMAFS: 2.0% decrease per copy of the T allele; P=0.005842). In a meta-analysis of the combined data, we found the strongest estimated effect with rs2278426 (P=2.563×10(-7)). The variant T allele at rs2278426 predicts an Arg59Trp substitution and has previously been associated with LDL-C and HDL-C. In Pimas and SAMAFS participants, the T allele of rs2278426 was associated with reduced HDL-C levels (P=0.000741 and 0.00002, respectively), and the combined estimated effect for the two cohorts was -3.8% (P=8.526×10(-8)). ANGPTL8 transcript and protein levels increased in response to both glucose and insulin. The variant allele was associated with increased levels of cleaved ANGPTL3. We conclude that individuals with the variant allele may have lower TC and HDL-C levels due to increased activation of ANGPTL3 by ANGPTL8.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3
- Angiopoietin-Like Protein 8
- Angiopoietin-like Proteins/genetics
- Angiopoietin-like Proteins/metabolism
- Arginine/genetics
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Coronary Disease/blood
- Coronary Disease/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Female
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Indians, North American/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Male
- Mexican Americans/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Peptide Hormones/genetics
- Peptide Hormones/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Tryptophan/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hanson
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85014, United States
| | - Fatjon Leti
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Darwin Tsinajinnie
- Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
| | - Sayuko Kobes
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85014, United States
| | - Sobha Puppala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Laura Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (STDOI), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) School of Medicine, 2700 E. Jackson St. Brownsville, TX 78520; 1214 W. Schunior Street, Edinburgh, TX 78541; 3463 Magic Drive San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Johanna K DiStefano
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States; Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
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141
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Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is a secretory protein regulating plasma lipid levels via affecting lipoprotein lipase- and endothelial lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids. ANGPTL3-deficiency due to loss-of-function mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene causes familial combined hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL2, OMIM # 605019), a phenotype characterized by low concentration of all major lipoprotein classes in circulation. ANGPTL3 is therefore a potential therapeutic target to treat combined hyperlipidemia, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. This review focuses on the mechanisms behind ANGPTL3-deficiency induced FHBL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tikka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare. Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00250, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare. Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
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142
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Canfrán-Duque A, Lin CS, Goedeke L, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Micro-RNAs and High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1076-84. [PMID: 27079881 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases is one of the challenges in Western societies, where ischemic heart disease and stroke are the leading cause of death. Early epidemiological studies have shown an inverse correlation between circulating high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular diseases. The cardioprotective effect of HDL is because of its ability to remove cholesterol from plaques in the artery wall to the liver for excretion by a process known as reverse cholesterol transport. Numerous studies have reported the role that micro-RNAs (miRNA) play in the regulation of the different steps in reverse cholesterol transport, including HDL biogenesis, cholesterol efflux, and cholesterol uptake in the liver and bile acid synthesis and secretion. Because of their ability to control different aspects of HDL metabolism and function, miRNAs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets to combat cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the miRNA-mediated control of HDL metabolism. We also discuss how HDL particles serve as carriers of miRNAs and the potential use of HDL-containing miRNAs as cardiovascular diseases biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- From the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.) and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-S.L.)
| | - Chin-Sheng Lin
- From the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.) and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-S.L.)
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- From the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.) and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-S.L.)
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- From the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.) and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-S.L.)
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- From the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.) and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology (A.C.-D., L.G., Y.S., C.F.-H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-S.L.).
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143
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Minicocci I, Tikka A, Poggiogalle E, Metso J, Montali A, Ceci F, Labbadia G, Fontana M, Di Costanzo A, Maranghi M, Rosano A, Ehnholm C, Donini LM, Jauhiainen M, Arca M. Effects of angiopoietin-like protein 3 deficiency on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1097-107. [PMID: 27040449 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p066183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) deficiency on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism has not been investigated in humans. We studied 7 homozygous (undetectable circulating ANGPTL3 levels) and 31 heterozygous (50% of circulating ANGPTL3 levels) subjects with familial combined hypolipidemia (FHBL2) due to inactivating ANGPTL3 mutations in comparison with 35 controls. All subjects were evaluated at fasting and during 6 h after a high fat meal. Postprandial lipid and lipoprotein changes were quantified by calculating the areas under the curve (AUCs) using the 6 h concentration data. Plasma changes of β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-HBA) were measured as marker of hepatic oxidation of fatty acids. Compared with controls, homozygotes showed lower incremental AUCs (iAUCs) of total TG (-69%, P < 0.001), TG-rich lipoproteins (-90%, P < 0.001), apoB-48 (-78%, P = 0.032), and larger absolute increase of FFA (128%, P < 00.1). Also, heterozygotes displayed attenuated postprandial lipemia, but the difference was significant only for the iAUC of apoB-48 (-28%; P < 0.05). During the postprandial period, homozygotes, but not heterozygotes, showed a lower increase of β-HBA. Our findings demonstrate that complete ANGPTL3 deficiency associates with highly reduced postprandial lipemia probably due to faster catabolism of intestinally derived lipoproteins, larger expansion of the postprandial FFA pool, and decreased influx of dietary-derived fatty acids into the liver. These results add information on mechanisms underlying hypolipidemia in FHBL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Minicocci
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Tikka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jari Metso
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Montali
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceci
- Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Labbadia
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fontana
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Maranghi
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Rosano
- ISFOL, Department of Employment and Social Policies, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Ehnholm
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcello Arca
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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144
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Therapeutic Targets of Triglyceride Metabolism as Informed by Human Genetics. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:328-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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145
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Julve J, Martín-Campos JM, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F. Chylomicrons: Advances in biology, pathology, laboratory testing, and therapeutics. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:134-48. [PMID: 26868089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adequate absorption of lipids is essential for all mammalian species due to their inability to synthesize some essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Chylomicrons (CMs) are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are produced in intestinal enterocytes in response to fat ingestion, which function to transport the ingested lipids to different tissues. In addition to the contribution of CMs to postprandial lipemia, their remnants, the degradation products following lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase, are linked to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will focus on the structure-function and metabolism of CMs. Second, we will analyze the impact of gene defects reported to affect CM metabolism and, also, the role of CMs in other pathologies, such as atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Third, we will provide an overview of the laboratory tests currently used to study CM disorders, and, finally, we will highlight current treatments in diseases affecting CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Martín-Campos
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servei de Bioquímica, Barcelona, Spain
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146
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Chung HS, Lee MJ, Hwang SY, Lee HJ, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, Choi DS, Kim SM, Choi KM. Circulating angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) and ANGPTL3 concentrations in relation to anthropometric and metabolic profiles in Korean children: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:1. [PMID: 26739706 PMCID: PMC4702335 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8), also called as betatrophin, acts together with ANGPTL3 to regulate lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, ANGPTL8 promotes proliferation of pancreatic β-cells and induces insulin secretion. However, there are no previous longitudinal studies in humans. Methods We analyzed the age- and sex-matched data of 240 normal weight and overweight Korean children from the Korean Metabolic disorders and Obesity Study in Elementary School children (K-MOSES), a prospective observational cohort study. Results At baseline, ANGPTL8 concentrations were positively associated with triglycerides (TG) (r = 0.168, P = 0.010), whereas ANGPTL3 levels were associated with fasting insulin (r = 0.248, P < 0.001) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.197, P = 0.002). Although both ANGPTL8 and ANGPTL3 levels did not differ between children with normal weight and children with overweight, ANGPTL8 levels were increased in males compared to females (341.2 [267.4–436.5] vs. 270.2 [213.9–378.8] pg/ml, P = 0.001). In particular, there was no significant inter-relationship between circulating ANGPTL8 and ANGPTL3 concentrations in Korean boys and girls (r = −0.073, P = 0.265). Multivariate analysis showed that baseline ANGPTL8 concentrations were independently associated with future changes of serum TG levels in Korean children after adjusting for confounding factors after a 3 year follow-up period (r = −0.165, P = 0.016). Conclusions This longitudinal study demonstrated for the first time that baseline ANGPTL8 levels were associated with baseline and future changes in TG levels in Korean children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Soo Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Soon Young Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji-A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong Seop Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seon Mi Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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147
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Lee J, Hong SW, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses the expression of LXR/SREBP-1 signaling-induced ANGPTL8 in HepG2 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 414:148-55. [PMID: 26254015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ANGPTL8 is a liver-derived secretory protein that leads to elevated serum triglyceride and the level of circulating ANGPTL8 is strongly associated with obesity and diabetes. Here we investigated the mechanisms of activation and inhibition of ANGPTL8 expression in hepatocytes. The expression of ANGPTL8 was significantly increased in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitic acid, tunicamycin, or T0901317, and was reversed in cells treated with AICAR. Palmitic acid, tunicamycin, and T0901317 increased LXRα and SREBP-1c mRNA expression. The inhibitory effect of AICAR on the expression of T0901317-induced ANGPTL8 was most strongly evident in cells that were transfected with SREBP-1 siRNA. AICAR increased phosphorylation of PPARα and the effect of AICAR was not observed in cells treated with PPARα inhibitor. Metformin had a similar effect on ANGPTL8 expression to that of AICAR. These data suggest that AMPK can suppress the expression of LXR/SREBP-1 signal-induced ANGPTL8 in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Ki-Won Oh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea.
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148
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149
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Structure-activity relationships for lipoprotein lipase agonists that lower plasma triglycerides in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:191-209. [PMID: 26355531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular events increases in individuals with elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, therefore advocating the need for efficient TG-lowering drugs. In the blood circulation, TG levels are regulated by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an unstable enzyme that is only active as a non-covalently associated homodimer. We recently reported on a N-phenylphthalimide derivative (1) that stabilizes LPL in vitro, and moderately lowers triglycerides in vivo (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2014, 450, 1063). Herein, we establish structure-activity relationships of 51 N-phenylphthalimide analogs of the screening hit 1. In vitro evaluation highlighted that modifications on the phthalimide moiety were not tolerated and that lipophilic substituents on the central phenyl ring were functionally essential. The substitution pattern on the central phenyl ring also proved important to stabilize LPL. However, in vitro testing demonstrated rapid degradation of the phthalimide fragment in plasma which was addressed by replacing the phthalimide scaffold with other heterocyclic fragments. The in vitro potency was retained or improved and substance 80 proved stable in plasma and efficiently lowered plasma TGs in vivo.
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150
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Kobayashi J, Miyashita K, Nakajima K, Mabuchi H. Hepatic Lipase: a Comprehensive View of its Role on Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015. [PMID: 26194979 DOI: 10.5551/jat.31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (HL) is a key enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) and phospholipids (PLs) in several lipoproteins. It is generally recognized that HL is involved in the remodeling of remnant, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the production of small, dense low-density lipoproteins (sd-LDLs).On the other hand, it is unclear whether HL accelerates or retards atherosclerosis. From the clinical point of view, HL deficiency may provide useful information on answering this question, but the rarity of this disease makes it impossible to conduct epidemiological study.In this review, we describe a comprehensive and updated view of the clinical significance of HL on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
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