101
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Sancho D, Enamorado M, Garaude J. Innate Immune Function of Mitochondrial Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:527. [PMID: 28533780 PMCID: PMC5420559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of microbe-associated molecular patterns or danger signals by innate immune receptors drives a complex exchange of information. Innate receptor signaling not only triggers transcriptional events but also induces profound changes in metabolic fluxes, redox balance, and metabolite abundance thereby influencing immune cell function. Mitochondria are at the core of metabolic adaptation to the changing environment. The close interaction between mitochondrial metabolism and immune signaling has emerged as a central regulator of innate sensing. Metabolic processes generate a constant flow of electrons that eventually end up in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Two electron carriers and four respiratory complexes that can assemble as larger molecular supercomplexes compose the ETC in the mitochondrial inner membrane. While the meaning and biological relevance of such structural organization is a matter of passionate debates, recent data support that innate stimuli remodel the ETC. We will review the function of mitochondrial metabolism and ETC dynamics as innate rheostats that regulate signaling, transcription, and epigenetics to orchestrate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sancho
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel Enamorado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johan Garaude
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
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102
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Freeman L, Guo H, David CN, Brickey WJ, Jha S, Ting JPY. NLR members NLRC4 and NLRP3 mediate sterile inflammasome activation in microglia and astrocytes. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1351-1370. [PMID: 28404595 PMCID: PMC5413320 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine is associated with neurodegeneration and demyelination. Freeman et al. demonstrate that lysophosphatidylcholine triggers NLRP3- and NLRC4-dependent inflammasome activation, and in a synergistic fashion, NLRP3 and NLRC4 contribute to a cuprizone-induced demyelination model in vivo. Inflammation in the brain accompanies several high-impact neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroinflammation is sterile, as damage-associated molecular patterns rather than microbial pathogens elicit the response. The inflammasome, which leads to caspase-1 activation, is implicated in neuroinflammation. In this study, we reveal that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a molecule associated with neurodegeneration and demyelination, elicits NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation in microglia and astrocytes, which are central players in neuroinflammation. LPC-activated inflammasome also requires ASC (apoptotic speck containing protein with a CARD), caspase-1, cathepsin-mediated degradation, calcium mobilization, and potassium efflux but not caspase-11. To study the physiological relevance, Nlrc4−/− and Nlrp3−/− mice are studied in the cuprizone model of neuroinflammation and demyelination. Mice lacking both genes show the most pronounced reduction in astrogliosis and microglial accumulation accompanied by decreased expression of the LPC receptor G2A, whereas MS patient samples show increased G2A. These results reveal that NLRC4 and NLRP3, which normally form distinct inflammasomes, activate an LPC-induced inflammasome and are important in astrogliosis and microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Freeman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Haitao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Clément N David
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - W June Brickey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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103
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Naschberger E, Geißdörfer W, Bogdan C, Tripal P, Kremmer E, Stürzl M, Britzen-Laurent N. Processing and secretion of guanylate binding protein-1 depend on inflammatory caspase activity. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1954-1966. [PMID: 28272793 PMCID: PMC5571548 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human guanylate binding protein‐1 (GBP‐1) belongs to the family of large GTPases. The expression of GBP‐1 is inducible by inflammatory cytokines, and the protein is involved in inflammatory processes and host defence against cellular pathogens. GBP‐1 is the first GTPase which was described to be secreted by eukaryotic cells. Here, we report that precipitation of GBP‐1 with GMP‐agarose from cell culture supernatants co‐purified a 47‐kD fragment of GBP‐1 (p47‐GBP‐1) in addition to the 67‐kD full‐length form. MALDI‐TOF sequencing revealed that p47‐GBP‐1 corresponds to the C‐terminal helical part of GBP‐1 and lacks most of the globular GTPase domain. In silico analyses of protease target sites, together with cleavage experiments in vitro and in vivo, showed that p67‐GBP‐1 is cleaved by the inflammatory caspases 1 and 5, leading to the formation of p47‐GBP‐1. Furthermore, the secretion of p47‐GBP‐1 was found to occur via a non‐classical secretion pathway and to be dependent on caspase‐1 activity but independent of inflammasome activation. Finally, we showed that p47‐GBP‐1 represents the predominant form of secreted GBP‐1, both in cell culture supernatants and, in vivo, in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis, indicating that it may represent the biologically active form of extracellular GBP‐1. These findings confirm the involvement of caspase‐1 in non‐classical secretion mechanisms and open novel perspectives for the extracellular function of secreted GBP‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Geißdörfer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
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104
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Minina EA, Coll NS, Tuominen H, Bozhkov PV. Metacaspases versus caspases in development and cell fate regulation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1314-1325. [PMID: 28234356 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially found to be critically involved in inflammation and apoptosis, caspases have since then been implicated in the regulation of various signaling pathways in animals. How caspases and caspase-mediated processes evolved is a topic of great interest and hot debate. In fact, caspases are just the tip of the iceberg, representing a relatively small group of mostly animal-specific enzymes within a broad family of structurally related cysteine proteases (family C14 of CD clan) found in all kingdoms of life. Apart from caspases, this family encompasses para- and metacaspases, and all three groups of proteases exhibit significant variation in biochemistry and function in vivo. Notably, metacaspases are present in all eukaryotic lineages with a remarkable absence in animals. Thus, metacaspases and caspases must have adapted to operate under distinct cellular and physiological settings. Here we discuss biochemical properties and biological functions of metacaspases in comparison to caspases, with a major focus on the regulation of developmental aspects in plants versus animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Tuominen
- Umeaå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeaå University, Umeaå, Sweden
| | - P V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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105
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Saxena S, Jha S. Role of NOD- like Receptors in Glioma Angiogenesis: Insights into future therapeutic interventions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:15-26. [PMID: 28233643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common solid tumors among central nervous system tumors. Most glioma patients succumb to their disease within two years of the initial diagnosis. The median survival of gliomas is only 14.6 months, even after aggressive therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Gliomas are heavily infiltrated with myeloid- derived cells and endothelial cells. Increasing evidence suggests that these myeloid- derived cells interact with tumor cells promoting their growth and migration. NLRs (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-containing protein like receptors) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that are critical to sensing pathogen and danger associated molecular patterns. Mutations in some NLRs lead to autoinflammatory diseases in humans. Moreover, dysregulated NLR signaling is central to the pathogenesis of several cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Our review explores the role of angiogenic factors that contribute to upstream or downstream signaling pathways leading to NLRs. Angiogenesis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of variety of tumors including gliomas. Though NLRs have been detected in several cancers including gliomas and NLR signaling contributes to angiogenesis, the exact role and mechanism of involvement of NLRs in glioma angiogenesis remain largely unexplored. We discuss cellular, molecular and genetic studies of NLR signaling and convergence of NLR signaling pathways with angiogenesis signaling in gliomas. This may lead to re-appropriation of existing anti-angiogenic therapies or development of future strategies for targeted therapeutics in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanjali Saxena
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Old Residency Road, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Old Residency Road, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India.
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106
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Khazaei S, Esa NM, Ramachandran V, Hamid RA, Pandurangan AK, Etemad A, Ismail P. In vitro Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Inducing Effect of Allium atroviolaceum Bulb Extract on Breast, Cervical, and Liver Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:5. [PMID: 28197098 PMCID: PMC5281556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are considered potent sources for novel drug discovery and development. The multiple therapeutic effects of natural compounds in traditional medicine motivate us to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of bulb of Allium atroviolaceum in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. The bulb methanol extract of A. atroviolaceum was found to be an active cell proliferation inhibitor at the time and dose dependent manner. Determination of DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated S and G2/M phase arrest of MCF-7 cell, correlated to Cdk1 downregulation, S phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 which is p53 and Cdk1-dependent, sub-G0 cell cycle arrest in HeLa aligned with Cdk1 downregulation, G0/G1, S, G2/M phase arrest in HepG2 which is p53-dependent. Apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death was confirmed by morphology study, caspases activity assay, as well as apoptosis related gene expression, Bcl-2. Caspase-8, -9, and -3 activity with downregulation of Bcl-2 illustrated occurrence of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in MCF7, while caspase-3 and -8 activity revealed extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, although Bcl-2 downregulated. In HeLa cells, the activity of caspase-9 and -3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 shows intrinsic pathway or mitochondrial pathway, whereas HepG2 shows caspase independent apoptosis. Further, the combination of the extract with tamoxifen against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 and combination with doxorubicin against HeLa and HeG2 demonstrated synergistic effect in most concentrations, suggests that the bulb of A. atroviolaceum may be useful for the treatment of cancer lonely or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Khazaei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norhaizan M Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ashok K Pandurangan
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Etemad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
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107
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Abstract
Canonical activation of the inflammasome is critical to promote caspase-1-dependent maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, as well as to induce pyroptotic cell death in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Recent discoveries, however, are beginning to unveil new components of the inflammasome machinery as well as the full spectrum of inflammasome functions, extending their influence beyond canonical functions to regulation of eicosanoid storm, autophagy, and metabolism. In addition, the receptor components of the inflammasome can also regulate diverse biological processes, such as cellular proliferation, gene transcription, and tumorigenesis, all of which are independent of their inflammasome complex-forming capabilities. Here, we review these recent advances that are shaping our understanding of the complex biology of the inflammasome and its constituents.
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108
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Chen Y, Wang L, Pitzer AL, Li X, Li PL, Zhang Y. Contribution of redox-dependent activation of endothelial Nlrp3 inflammasomes to hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1335-1347. [PMID: 27783111 PMCID: PMC5512566 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that inflammasomes serve as intracellular machinery to initiate classical cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether or not the activation of endothelial inflammasomes directly causes cell dysfunction or tissue injury without recruitment of inflammatory cells is unknown. We explored the role of endothelial cell inflammasome activation in mediating tight junction disruption, a hallmark event of endothelial barrier dysfunction leading to endothelial hyperpermeability in diabetes. We used confocal microscopy to study the formation and activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (Nlrp3) inflammasomes and expression of tight junction proteins in coronary arteries of streptozotocin-treated diabetic wild type and Nlrp3 gene-deleted mice. We found that Nlrp3 ablation prevented inflammasome activation and tight junction disassembly in the coronary arterial endothelium of diabetic mice. Similarly, Nlrp3 gene silencing prevented high glucose-induced down-regulation of tight junction proteins in cultured mouse vascular endothelial cells (MVECs). The high glucose-induced tight junction disruption and consequent endothelial permeability were attributed to increased release of the high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1), which is dependent on enhanced Nlrp3 inflammasome activity. Mechanistically, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production abolished high glucose-induced inflammasome activation, tight junction disruption, and endothelial hyperpermeability in MVECs. Collectively, the ROS-dependent activation of endothelial Nlrp3 inflammasomes by hyperglycemia may be an important initiating mechanism to cause endothelial dysfunction. These effects could contribute to the early onset of endothelial injury in diabetes. KEY MESSAGE Endothelial tight junction disruption in diabetes requires Nlrp3 inflammasomes. High glucose activates Nlrp3 inflammasome in endothelial cells via ROS production. Activation of endothelial inflammasome by high glucose triggers release of HMGB1. Blockade of Nlrp3/HMGB1 axis inhibits high glucose-induced endothelial permeability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HMGB1 Protein/genetics
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Permeability
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Streptozocin
- Tight Junctions/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 51006, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ashley L Pitzer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5056, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5056, USA.
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109
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Arshid S, Tahir M, Fontes B, de Souza Montero EF, Castro MS, Sidoli S, Roepstorff P, Fontes W. High performance mass spectrometry based proteomics reveals enzyme and signaling pathway regulation in neutrophils during the early stage of surgical trauma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27672009 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In clinical conditions trauma is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Neutrophils play a key role in the development of multiple organ failure after trauma EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To have a detailed understanding of the neutrophil activation at primary stages after trauma, neutrophils are isolated from control and surgical trauma rats in this study. Extracted proteins are analyzed using nano liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 2924 rat neutrophil proteins are identified in our analysis, of which 393 are found differentially regulated between control and trauma groups. By using functional pathways analysis of the 190 proteins up-regulated in surgical trauma, we found proteins related to transcription initiation and protein biosynthesis. On the other hand, among the 203 proteins down-regulated in surgical trauma we found enrichment for proteins of the immune response, proteasome degradation and actin cytoskeleton. Overall, enzyme prediction analysis revealed that regulated enzymes are directly involved in neutrophil apoptosis, directional migration and chemotaxis. Our observations are then confirmed by in silico protein-protein interaction analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Collectively, our results reveal that neutrophils drastically regulate their biochemical pathways after the early stages of surgical trauma, showing lower activity. This implies higher susceptibility of the trauma patients to infection and bystander tissues damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Arshid
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Surgical Physiopathology (LIM-62), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Belchor Fontes
- Laboratory of Surgical Physiopathology (LIM-62), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Castro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Roepstorff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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110
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Growth inhibition of cytosolic Salmonella by caspase-1 and caspase-11 precedes host cell death. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13292. [PMID: 27808091 PMCID: PMC5097160 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing bacterial products in the cytosol of mammalian cells by NOD-like receptors leads to the activation of caspase-1 inflammasomes, and the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β. In addition, mouse caspase-11 (represented in humans by its orthologs, caspase-4 and caspase-5) detects cytosolic bacterial LPS directly. Activation of caspase-1 and caspase-11 initiates pyroptotic host cell death that releases potentially harmful bacteria from the nutrient-rich host cell cytosol into the extracellular environment. Here we use single cell analysis and time-lapse microscopy to identify a subpopulation of host cells, in which growth of cytosolic Salmonella Typhimurium is inhibited independently or prior to the onset of cell death. The enzymatic activities of caspase-1 and caspase-11 are required for growth inhibition in different cell types. Our results reveal that these proteases have important functions beyond the direct induction of pyroptosis and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the control of growth and elimination of cytosolic bacteria. Inflammatory caspases restrict microbial growth by inducing cytokine production and pyroptosis, but other caspase-induced mechanisms are thought to contribute. Here the authors use time-lapse microscopy of single cells to show that caspase1/11 has anti-Salmonella functions that occur in advance of cell death induction.
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111
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Mitochondria as Molecular Platforms Integrating Multiple Innate Immune Signalings. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:1-13. [PMID: 27923767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of vertebrates confers protective mechanisms to the host through the sensing of stress-induced agents expressed during infection or cell stress. Among them, the first line of host defense composed of the innate immune sensing of these agents by pattern recognition receptors enables downstream adaptive immunity to be primed, mediating the body's appropriate response to clear infection and tissue damage. Mitochondria are «bacteria within» that allowed the emergence of functional eukaryotic cells by positioning themselves as the cell powerhouse and an initiator of cell death programs. It is striking to consider that such ancestral bacteria, which had to evade host defense at some point to develop evolutionary endosymbiosis, have become instrumental for the modern eukaryotic cell in alerting the immune system against various insults including infection by other pathogens. Mitochondria have indeed become critical regulators of innate immune responses to both pathogens and cell stress. They host numerous modulators, which play a direct role into the assembly of innate sensing machineries that trigger host immune response in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. Several lines of evidence indicate the existence of a complex molecular interplay between mechanisms involved in inflammation and metabolism. Mitochondrial function seems to participate in innate immunity at various stages as diverse as the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and their maturation by inflammasomes. Here, we review the mechanisms by which mitochondria orchestrate innate immune responses at different levels by promoting a cellular metabolic reprogramming and the cytosolic immune signaling cascades.
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112
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Xie M, Yu Y, Kang R, Zhu S, Yang L, Zeng L, Sun X, Yang M, Billiar TR, Wang H, Cao L, Jiang J, Tang D. PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13280. [PMID: 27779186 PMCID: PMC5093342 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock are the main cause of mortality in non-cardiac intensive care units. Immunometabolism has been linked to sepsis; however, the precise mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates the inflammatory response is unclear. Here we show that aerobic glycolysis contributes to sepsis by modulating inflammasome activation in macrophages. PKM2-mediated glycolysis promotes inflammasome activation by modulating EIF2AK2 phosphorylation in macrophages. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PKM2 or EIF2AK2 attenuates NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes activation, and consequently suppresses the release of IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1 by macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of the PKM2-EIF2AK2 pathway protects mice from lethal endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis. Moreover, conditional knockout of PKM2 in myeloid cells protects mice from septic death induced by NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. These findings define an important role of PKM2 in immunometabolism and guide future development of therapeutic strategies to treat sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Shan Zhu
- Center of DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Liangchun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Research institute for Traffic Medicine of People's Liberation Army, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Center of DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Research institute for Traffic Medicine of People's Liberation Army, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
- Center of DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
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113
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Alvarez DF, Housley N, Koloteva A, Zhou C, O'Donnell K, Audia JP. Caspase-1 Activation Protects Lung Endothelial Barrier Function during Infection-Induced Stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:500-510. [PMID: 27119735 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0386oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated activation of the inflammasome-caspase-1-IL-1β axis elicits damaging hyperinflammation during critical illnesses, such as pneumonia and sepsis. However, in critical illness models of Salmonella infection, burn, or shock, caspase-1 inhibition worsens outcomes. These paradoxical effects suggest that caspase-1 drives novel protective responses. Whether the protective effects of caspase-1 activation involve canonical immune cell and/or nonimmune cell responses is unknown. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that, in addition to its recognized proinflammatory function, caspase-1 initiates protective stress responses in nonimmune cells. In vivo, lung epithelial and endothelial barrier function and inflammation were assessed in mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence or absence of a caspase-1 inhibitor. Lung endothelial barrier function was assessed ex vivo in isolated, perfused rat lungs infected with P. aeruginosa in the presence or absence of a caspase-1 inhibitor. Endothelial barrier function during P. aeruginosa infection was assessed in vitro in cultured rat wild-type pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) or recombinant PMVECs engineered to decrease caspase-1 expression. We demonstrated in vivo that caspase-1 inhibition in P. aeruginosa-infected mice ameliorated hyperinflammation, but, counterintuitively, increased pulmonary edema. Ex vivo, caspase-1 inhibition increased pulmonary permeability in P. aeruginosa-infected isolated rat lungs. To uncouple caspase-1 from its canonical inflammatory role, we used cultured rat PMVECs in vitro and discovered that genetic knockdown of caspase-1 accelerated P. aeruginosa-induced barrier disruption. In conclusion, caspase-1 is a sentinel stress-response regulator that initiates proinflammatory responses and also initiates novel response(s) to protect PMVEC barrier function during pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Alvarez
- 1 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology.,2 Center for Lung Biology, and
| | - Nicole Housley
- 2 Center for Lung Biology, and.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | | | | | | | - Jonathon P Audia
- 2 Center for Lung Biology, and.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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114
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Yen H, Karino M, Tobe T. Modulation of the Inflammasome Signaling Pathway by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:89. [PMID: 27617233 PMCID: PMC4999430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an essential component in the protection of a host against pathogens. Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively) are known to modulate the innate immune responses of infected cells. The interference is dependent on their type III secretion system (T3SS) and T3SS-dependent effector proteins. Furthermore, these cytosolically injected effectors have been demonstrated to engage multiple immune signaling pathways, including the IFN/STAT, MAPK, NF-κB, and inflammasome pathways. In this review, recent work describing the interaction between EPEC/EHEC and the inflammasome pathway will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilo Yen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Karino
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Tobe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
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115
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Martel J, Lai HC, Ko YF, Young JD, Ojcius DM. Alternative functions for the multifarious inflammasome. Biomed J 2016; 39:183-7. [PMID: 27621119 PMCID: PMC6138791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome has been mainly studied in innate immune cells in which it senses microbes and cellular damage, and induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This process induces an inflammatory response that is critical for the resolution of infections and repair of tissue damage following injury. Recent studies indicate that inflammasome complex formation also participates in many other cellular and physiological processes beyond modulation of inflammation, such as autophagy, metabolism, eicosanoids production, and phagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry and Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, NY, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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116
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Sun Q, Scott MJ. Caspase-1 as a multifunctional inflammatory mediator: noncytokine maturation roles. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:961-967. [PMID: 27450556 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0516-224r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 is an inflammatory caspase that is activated through formation of inflammasome complexes in response to both pathogen-derived and endogenous mediators. The most well-known function of active caspase-1 is to cleave the proforms of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and -18 into their active forms in response to inflammatory stimuli in immune cells. However, recent evidence suggests that caspase-1 has multiple functions in addition to this cytokine maturation role and that it is at the center of many cell responses to stress and inflammation. The current review focuses on roles for caspase-1, and the closely related caspase-11, in inflammatory forms of cell death and protein cleavage and also in protein secretion. These alternative caspase-1 functions can influence inflammatory responses, not just in immune cells but in other cell types, such as epithelia, where inflammatory cytokine production may not be a primary cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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117
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Sun Q, Wang Q, Scott MJ, Billiar TR. Immune Activation in the Liver by Nucleic Acids. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:151-7. [PMID: 27350945 PMCID: PMC4913071 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection in the liver, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is a major health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The infection triggers a pro-inflammatory response in patients that is crucial for host defense. Recent studies have identified multiple transmembrane and cytosolic receptors that recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acids, and these receptors are essential for driving immune activation in the liver. In addition to sensing DNA/RNA from pathogens, these intracellular receptors can be activated by nucleic acids of host origin in response to sterile injuries. In this review, we discuss the expanding roles of these receptors in both immune and nonimmune cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J. Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Timothy R. Billiar, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Suite F1281, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Tel: +1-412-647-1749, Fax: +1-412-647-3247,
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118
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McRae S, Iqbal J, Sarkar-Dutta M, Lane S, Nagaraj A, Ali N, Waris G. The Hepatitis C Virus-induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activates the Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein (SREBP) and Regulates Lipid Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:3254-67. [PMID: 26698881 PMCID: PMC4751372 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on host lipids and lipid droplets for replication and morphogenesis. The accumulation of lipid droplets in infected hepatocytes manifests as hepatosteatosis, a common pathology observed in chronic hepatitis C patients. One way by which HCV promotes the accumulation of intracellular lipids is through enhancing de novo lipogenesis by activating the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). In general, activation of SREBPs occurs during cholesterol depletion. Interestingly, during HCV infection, the activation of SREBPs occurs under normal cholesterol levels, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Our previous study has demonstrated the activation of the inflammasome complex in HCV-infected human hepatoma cells. In this study, we elucidate the potential link between chronic hepatitis C-associated inflammation and alteration of lipid homeostasis in infected cells. Our results reveal that the HCV-activated NLRP3 inflammasome is required for the up-regulation of lipogenic genes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA against the inflammasome components (NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, and caspase-1), we further show that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in lipid droplet formation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HCV-infected cells enables caspase-1-mediated degradation of insulin-induced gene proteins. This subsequently leads to the transport of the SREBP cleavage-activating protein·SREBP complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, followed by proteolytic activation of SREBPs by S1P and S2P in the Golgi. Typically, inflammasome activation leads to viral clearance. Paradoxically, here we demonstrate how HCV exploits the NLRP3 inflammasome to activate SREBPs and host lipid metabolism, leading to liver disease pathogenesis associated with chronic HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven McRae
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Mehuli Sarkar-Dutta
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Samantha Lane
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Abhiram Nagaraj
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
| | - Naushad Ali
- the Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Gulam Waris
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064 and
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119
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Jorgensen I, Miao EA. Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:130-42. [PMID: 25879289 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases play a central role in innate immunity by responding to cytosolic signals and initiating a twofold response. First, caspase-1 induces the activation and secretion of the two prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Second, either caspase-1 or caspase-11 can trigger a form of lytic, programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Pyroptosis operates to remove the replication niche of intracellular pathogens, making them susceptible to phagocytosis and killing by a secondary phagocyte. However, aberrant, systemic activation of pyroptosis in vivo may contribute to sepsis. Emphasizing the efficiency of inflammasome detection of microbial infections, many pathogens have evolved to avoid or subvert pyroptosis. This review focuses on molecular and morphological characteristics of pyroptosis and the individual inflammasomes and their contribution to defense against infection in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Jorgensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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120
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Fischer A, Rudel T. Subversion of Cell-Autonomous Host Defense by Chlamydia Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 412:81-106. [PMID: 27169422 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obligate intracellular bacteria entirely depend on the metabolites of their host cell for survival and generation of progeny. Due to their lifestyle inside a eukaryotic cell and the lack of any extracellular niche, they have to perfectly adapt to compartmentalized intracellular environment of the host cell and counteract the numerous defense strategies intrinsically present in all eukaryotic cells. This so-called cell-autonomous defense is present in all cell types encountering Chlamydia infection and is in addition closely linked to the cellular innate immune defense of the mammalian host. Cell type and chlamydial species-restricted mechanisms point a long-term evolutionary adaptation that builds the basis of the currently observed host and cell-type tropism among different Chlamydia species. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the strategies pathogenic Chlamydia species have developed to subvert and overcome the multiple mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells defend themselves against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology and Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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121
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Skeldon AM, Morizot A, Douglas T, Santoro N, Kursawe R, Kozlitina J, Caprio S, Mehal WZ, Saleh M. Caspase-12, but Not Caspase-11, Inhibits Obesity and Insulin Resistance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:437-47. [PMID: 26582949 PMCID: PMC5594569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is well established to significantly impact metabolic diseases. The inflammatory protease caspase-1 has been implicated in metabolic dysfunction; however, a potential role for the related inflammatory caspases is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated a role for caspase-11 and caspase-12 in obesity and insulin resistance. Loss of caspase-12 in two independently generated mouse strains predisposed mice to develop obesity, metabolic inflammation, and insulin resistance, whereas loss of caspase-11 had no effect. The use of bone marrow chimeras determined that deletion of caspase-12 in the radio-resistant compartment was responsible for this metabolic phenotype. The Nlrp3 inflammasome pathway mediated the metabolic syndrome of caspase-12-deficient mice as ablation of Nlrp3 reversed Casp12(-/-) mice obesity phenotype. Although the majority of people lack a functional caspase-12 because of a T(125) single nucleotide polymorphism that introduces a premature stop codon, a fraction of African descendents express full-length caspase-12. Expression of caspase-12 was linked to decreased systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in a cohort of African American obese children. However, analysis of the Dallas Heart Study African American cohort indicated that the coding T(125)C single nucleotide polymorphism was not associated with metabolic parameters in humans, suggesting that host-specific differences mediate the expressivity of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Skeldon
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Morizot
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Todd Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Romy Kursawe
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Julia Kozlitina
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Wajahat Z Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada;
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122
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ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Is Essential for Burn-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015. [PMID: 26576075 DOI: 10.1155/2015/720457(2015).] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary for initiating acute sterile inflammation. However, its role in the pathogenesis of burn-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the signaling pathways involved in burn-induced ALI. We observed that the rat lungs exhibited enhanced inflammasome activity after burn, as evidenced by increased levels of NLRP3 expression and Caspase-1 activity and augmented inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by BAY11-7082 attenuated burn-induced ALI, as demonstrated by the concomitant remission of histopathologic changes and the reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inflammatory cytokines in rat lung tissue, and protein concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In the in vitro experiments, we used AMs (alveolar macrophages) challenged with burn serum to mimic the postburn microenvironment and noted that the serum significantly upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The use of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) partially reversed NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cells exposed to burn serum. These results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role in burn-induced ALI and that burn-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity is a partly ROS-dependent process. Targeting this axis may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of burn-induced ALI.
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123
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ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Is Essential for Burn-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015. [PMID: 26576075 DOI: 10.1155/2015/720457(2015)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary for initiating acute sterile inflammation. However, its role in the pathogenesis of burn-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the signaling pathways involved in burn-induced ALI. We observed that the rat lungs exhibited enhanced inflammasome activity after burn, as evidenced by increased levels of NLRP3 expression and Caspase-1 activity and augmented inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by BAY11-7082 attenuated burn-induced ALI, as demonstrated by the concomitant remission of histopathologic changes and the reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inflammatory cytokines in rat lung tissue, and protein concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In the in vitro experiments, we used AMs (alveolar macrophages) challenged with burn serum to mimic the postburn microenvironment and noted that the serum significantly upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The use of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) partially reversed NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cells exposed to burn serum. These results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role in burn-induced ALI and that burn-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity is a partly ROS-dependent process. Targeting this axis may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of burn-induced ALI.
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124
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Santana PT, Martel J, Lai HC, Perfettini JL, Kanellopoulos JM, Young JD, Coutinho-Silva R, Ojcius DM. Is the inflammasome relevant for epithelial cell function? Microbes Infect 2015; 18:93-101. [PMID: 26546965 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that sense microbial components and damage of infected cells. Following activation by molecules released by pathogens or injured cells, inflammasomes activate caspase-1, allowing secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 from innate immune cells. Inflammasomes are also expressed in epithelial cells, where their function has attracted less attention. Nonetheless, depending on the tissue, epithelial inflammasomes can mediate inflammation, wound healing, and pain sensitivity. We review here recent findings on inflammasomes found in epithelial tissues, highlighting the importance of these protein complexes in the response of epithelial tissues to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Santana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA; Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Cell Death and Aging Laboratory, INSERM U1030, Villejuif, France.
| | - Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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125
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Modulation of P2X4/P2X7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via Ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16222. [PMID: 26552848 PMCID: PMC4639773 DOI: 10.1038/srep16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P2X7 receptors correlates with tumor growth and metastasis. Yet, release of ATP is associated with immunogenic cancer cell death as well as inflammatory responses caused by necrotic cell death at sites of trauma or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Using an FDA-approved anti-parasitic agent Ivermectin as a prototype agent to allosterically modulate P2X4 receptors, we can switch the balance between the dual pro-survival and cytotoxic functions of purinergic signaling in breast cancer cells. This is mediated through augmented opening of the P2X4/P2X7-gated Pannexin-1 channels that drives a mixed apoptotic and necrotic mode of cell death associated with activation of caspase-1 and is consistent with pyroptosis. We show that cancer cell death is dependent on ATP release and death signals downstream of P2X7 receptors that can be reversed by inhibition of NADPH oxidases-generated ROS, Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Ivermectin induces autophagy and release of ATP and HMGB1, key mediators of inflammation. Potentiated P2X4/P2X7 signaling can be further linked to the ATP rich tumor microenvironment providing a mechanistic explanation for the tumor selectivity of purinergic receptors modulation and its potential to be used as a platform for integrated cancer immunotherapy.
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126
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ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Is Essential for Burn-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:720457. [PMID: 26576075 PMCID: PMC4630408 DOI: 10.1155/2015/720457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary for initiating acute sterile inflammation. However, its role in the pathogenesis of burn-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the signaling pathways involved in burn-induced ALI. We observed that the rat lungs exhibited enhanced inflammasome activity after burn, as evidenced by increased levels of NLRP3 expression and Caspase-1 activity and augmented inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by BAY11-7082 attenuated burn-induced ALI, as demonstrated by the concomitant remission of histopathologic changes and the reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inflammatory cytokines in rat lung tissue, and protein concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In the in vitro experiments, we used AMs (alveolar macrophages) challenged with burn serum to mimic the postburn microenvironment and noted that the serum significantly upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The use of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) partially reversed NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cells exposed to burn serum. These results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role in burn-induced ALI and that burn-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity is a partly ROS-dependent process. Targeting this axis may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of burn-induced ALI.
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Henriksbo BD, Schertzer JD. Is immunity a mechanism contributing to statin-induced diabetes? Adipocyte 2015; 4:232-8. [PMID: 26451278 PMCID: PMC4573193 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1024394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins lower cholesterol and are commonly prescribed for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease risk. Statins have pleotropic actions beyond cholesterol lowering, including decreased protein prenylation, which can alter immune function. The general anti-inflammatory effect of statins may be a key pleiotropic effect that improves cardiovascular disease risk. However, a series of findings have shown that statins increase the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, via decreased protein prenylation in immune cells. IL-1β can be regulated by the NLRP3 inflammasome containing caspase-1. Statins have been associated with an increased risk of new onset diabetes. Inflammation can promote ineffective insulin action (insulin resistance), which often precedes diabetes. This review highlights the links between statins, insulin resistance and immunity via the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that statin-induced changes in immunity should be investigated as a mechanism underlying increased risk of diabetes. It is possible that statin-related insulin resistance occurs through a separate pathway from various mechanisms that confer cardiovascular benefits. Therefore, understanding the potential mechanisms that segregate statin-induced cardiovascular effects from those that cause dysglycemia may lead to improvements in this drugs class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyn D Henriksbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Dupaul-Chicoine J, Arabzadeh A, Dagenais M, Douglas T, Champagne C, Morizot A, Rodrigue-Gervais I, Breton V, Colpitts S, Beauchemin N, Saleh M. The Nlrp3 Inflammasome Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Metastatic Growth in the Liver by Promoting Natural Killer Cell Tumoricidal Activity. Immunity 2015; 43:751-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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129
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Fedeli C, Segat D, Tavano R, De Franceschi G, de Laureto PP, Lubian E, Selvestrel F, Mancin F, Papini E. Variations of the corona HDL:albumin ratio determine distinct effects of amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles on monocytes and macrophages in serum. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2481-97. [PMID: 24661258 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We investigated monocyte and macrophage death and cytokine production induced by amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) to clarify the role of defined serum corona proteins. MATERIALS & METHODS The cytotoxic proinflammatory effects of SiO2-NPs on human monocytes and macrophages were characterized in no serum, in fetal calf serum and in the presence of purified corona proteins. RESULTS In no serum and in fetal calf serum above approximately 75 µg/ml, SiO2-NPs lysed monocytes and macrophages by plasma membrane damage (necrosis). In fetal calf serum below approximately 75 µg/ml, SiO2-NPs triggered an endolysosomal acidification and caspase-1-dependent monocyte death (pyroptosis). The corona high-density lipoproteins:albumin ratio accounted for the features of the SiO2-NPs in serum. DISCUSSION Corona high-density lipoproteins are a major determinant of the differential cytotoxic action of SiO2-NPs on monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedeli
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Innovative Biotechnologies, Università di Padova, via U Bassi 58/B, I-35131, Padova, Italy
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Friedrich O, Reid MB, Van den Berghe G, Vanhorebeek I, Hermans G, Rich MM, Larsson L. The Sick and the Weak: Neuropathies/Myopathies in the Critically Ill. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1025-109. [PMID: 26133937 PMCID: PMC4491544 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical illness polyneuropathies (CIP) and myopathies (CIM) are common complications of critical illness. Several weakness syndromes are summarized under the term intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW). We propose a classification of different ICUAW forms (CIM, CIP, sepsis-induced, steroid-denervation myopathy) and pathophysiological mechanisms from clinical and animal model data. Triggers include sepsis, mechanical ventilation, muscle unloading, steroid treatment, or denervation. Some ICUAW forms require stringent diagnostic features; CIM is marked by membrane hypoexcitability, severe atrophy, preferential myosin loss, ultrastructural alterations, and inadequate autophagy activation while myopathies in pure sepsis do not reproduce marked myosin loss. Reduced membrane excitability results from depolarization and ion channel dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to energy-dependent processes. Ubiquitin proteasome and calpain activation trigger muscle proteolysis and atrophy while protein synthesis is impaired. Myosin loss is more pronounced than actin loss in CIM. Protein quality control is altered by inadequate autophagy. Ca(2+) dysregulation is present through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. We highlight clinical hallmarks, trigger factors, and potential mechanisms from human studies and animal models that allow separation of risk factors that may trigger distinct mechanisms contributing to weakness. During critical illness, altered inflammatory (cytokines) and metabolic pathways deteriorate muscle function. ICUAW prevention/treatment is limited, e.g., tight glycemic control, delaying nutrition, and early mobilization. Future challenges include identification of primary/secondary events during the time course of critical illness, the interplay between membrane excitability, bioenergetic failure and differential proteolysis, and finding new therapeutic targets by help of tailored animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M B Reid
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Van den Berghe
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Vanhorebeek
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hermans
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Rich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Larsson
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as arthritis, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, frailty, and certain forms of cancers. It is widely regarded that chronic inflammation may be a common link in all these age-related diseases. This raises the question, can one alter the course of aging and potentially slow the development of all chronic diseases by manipulating the mechanisms that cause age-related inflammation? Emerging evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-18 show an age-dependent regulation implicating inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation in the aging process. The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune cell sensors, such as the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome controls the caspase-1 activation in myeloid-lineage cells in several organs during aging. The NLRP3 inflammasome is especially relevant to aging as it can get activated in response to structurally diverse damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as extracellular ATP, excess glucose, ceramides, amyloids, urate, and cholesterol crystals, all of which increase with age. Interestingly, reduction in NLRP3-mediated inflammation prevents age-related insulin resistance, bone loss, cognitive decline, and frailty. NLRP3 is a major driver of age-related inflammation and therefore dietary or pharmacological approaches to lower aberrant inflammasome activation holds promise in reducing multiple chronic diseases of age and may enhance healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Goldberg
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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132
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Fitzpatrick E. Editorial: Flexible Syk: turning on and off the inflammasome as needed. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:821-824. [PMID: 28319938 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ce1214-627r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abais JM, Xia M, Zhang Y, Boini KM, Li PL. Redox regulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes: ROS as trigger or effector? Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1111-29. [PMID: 25330206 PMCID: PMC4403231 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes localized within the cytoplasm of the cell that are responsible for the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, and the activation of a highly inflammatory form of cell death, pyroptosis. In response to infection or cellular stress, inflammasomes are assembled, activated, and involved in host defense and pathophysiology of diseases. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms leading to the activation of this intracellular inflammatory machinery may provide new insights into the concept of inflammation as the root of and route to human diseases. RECENT ADVANCES The activation of inflammasomes, specifically the most fully characterized inflammasome-the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, is now emerging as a critical molecular mechanism for many degenerative diseases. Several models have been developed to describe how NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated, including K(+) efflux, lysosome function, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, intracellular calcium, ubiquitination, microRNAs, and, in particular, reactive oxygen species (ROS). CRITICAL ISSUES ROS may serve as a "kindling" or triggering factor to activate NLRP3 inflammasomes as well as "bonfire" or "effector" molecules, resulting in pathological processes. Increasing evidence seeks to understand how this spatiotemporal action of ROS occurs during NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which will be a major focus of this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is imperative to know how this dual action of ROS works during NLRP3 inflammation activation on different stimuli and what relevance such spatiotemporal redox regulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes has in cell or organ functions and possible human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Abais
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
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134
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Metabolic dysfunction in lymphocytes promotes postoperative morbidity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:423-37. [PMID: 25891048 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative lymphopenia has been linked with an increased risk of postoperative infectious complications, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that bioenergetic dysfunction is an important mechanism underlying lymphopenia, impaired functionality and infectious complications. In two cohorts of patients (61-82 years old) undergoing orthopaedic joint replacement (n=417 and 328, respectively), we confirmed prospectively that preoperative lymphopenia (≤1.3 x 10(9)·l(-1); <20% white cell count; prevalence 15-18%) was associated with infectious complications (relative risk 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1-2.0); P=0.008) and prolonged hospital stay. Lymphocyte respirometry, mitochondrial bioenergetics and function were assessed (n=93 patients). Postoperative lymphocytes showed a median 43% fall (range: 26-65%; P=0.029; n=13 patients) in spare respiratory capacity, the extra capacity available to produce energy in response to stress. This was accompanied by reduced glycolytic capacity. A similar hypometabolic phenotype was observed in lymphocytes sampled preoperatively from chronically lymphopenic patients (n=21). This hypometabolic phenotype was associated with functional lymphocyte impairment including reduced T-cell proliferation, lower intracellular cytokine production and excess apoptosis induced by a range of common stressors. Glucocorticoids, which are ubiquitously elevated for a prolonged period postoperatively, generated increased levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, activated caspase-1 and mature interleukin (IL)-1β in human lymphocytes, suggesting inflammasome activation. mRNA transcription of the NLRP1 inflammasome was increased in lymphocytes postoperatively. Genetic ablation of the murine NLRP3 inflammasome failed to prevent glucocorticoid-induced lymphocyte apoptosis and caspase-1 activity, but increased NLRP1 protein expression. Our findings suggest that the hypometabolic phenotype observed in chronically lymphopenic patients and/or acquired postoperatively increases the risk of postoperative infection through glucocorticoid activation of caspase-1 via the NLRP1 inflammasome.
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135
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Haneklaus M, O'Neill LAJ. NLRP3 at the interface of metabolism and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 265:53-62. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Haneklaus
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Luke A. J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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136
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Li R, Huang J, Kast J. Identification of total reversible cysteine oxidation in an atherosclerosis model using a modified biotin switch assay. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2026-35. [PMID: 25767911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to the imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting reversible cysteine oxidation (CysOX) are involved in the early proatherogenic aspect of atherosclerosis. Given that the corresponding redox signaling pathways are still unclear, a modified biotin switch assay was developed to quantify the reversible CysOX in an atherosclerosis model established by using a monocytic cell line treated with platelet releasate. The accumulation of ROS was observed in the model system and validated in human primary monocytes. Through the application of the modified biotin switch assay, we obtained the first reversible CysOX proteome for this model. A total of 75 peptides, corresponding to 53 proteins, were quantified with oxidative modification. The bioinformatics analysis of these CysOX-containing proteins highlighted biological processes including glycolysis, cytoskeleton arrangement, and redox regulation. Moreover, the reversible oxidation of three glycolysis enzymes was observed using this method, and the regulation influence was verified by an enzyme activity assay. NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibition treatment, in conjunction with the modified biotin switch method, was used to evaluate the global CysOX status. In conclusion, this versatile modified biotin switch assay provides an approach for the quantification of all reversible CysOX and for the study of redox signaling in atherosclerosis as well as in diseases in other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- §Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Jiqing Huang
- §Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Juergen Kast
- §Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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137
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Motta V, Soares F, Sun T, Philpott DJ. NOD-like receptors: versatile cytosolic sentinels. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:149-78. [PMID: 25540141 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors are cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors that together with RIG-I-like receptor (retinoic acid-inducible gene 1), Toll-like receptor (TLR), and C-type lectin families make up the innate pathogen pattern recognition system. There are 22 members of NLRs in humans, 34 in mice, and even a larger number in some invertebrates like sea urchins, which contain more than 200 receptors. Although initially described to respond to intracellular pathogens, NLRs have been shown to play important roles in distinct biological processes ranging from regulation of antigen presentation, sensing metabolic changes in the cell, modulation of inflammation, embryo development, cell death, and differentiation of the adaptive immune response. The diversity among NLR receptors is derived from ligand specificity conferred by the leucine-rich repeats and an NH2-terminal effector domain that triggers the activation of different biological pathways. Here, we describe NLR genes associated with different biological processes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their function. Furthermore, we discuss mutations in NLR genes that have been associated with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Motta
- Departments of Immunology and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fraser Soares
- Departments of Immunology and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tian Sun
- Departments of Immunology and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Departments of Immunology and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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138
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Ishida K, Matsuo J, Yamamoto Y, Yamaguchi H. Chlamydia pneumoniae effector chlamydial outer protein N sequesters fructose bisphosphate aldolase A, providing a benefit to bacterial growth. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:330. [PMID: 25528659 PMCID: PMC4302594 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenic chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens and have adapted successfully to human cells, causing sexually transmitted diseases or pneumonia. Chlamydial outer protein N (CopN) is likely a critical effector protein secreted by the type III secretion system in chlamydiae, which manipulates host cells. However, the mechanisms of its action remain to be clarified. In this work, we aimed to identify previously unidentified CopN effector target in host cells. Results We first performed a pull-down assay with recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion CopN proteins (GST–CpCopN: Chlamydia pneumoniae TW183, GST–CtCopN: Chlamydia trachomatis D/UW-3/CX) as “bait” and soluble lysates obtained from human immortal epithelial HEp-2 cells as “prey”, followed by SDS-PAGE with mass spectroscopy (MS). We found that a host cell protein specifically bound to GST–CpCopN, but not GST–CtCopN. MS revealed the host protein to be fructose bisphosphate aldolase A (aldolase A), which plays a key role in glycolytic metabolism. We also confirmed the role of aldolase A in chlamydia-infected HEp-2 cells by using two distinct experiments for gene knockdown with an siRNA specific to aldolase A transcripts, and for assessment of glycolytic enzyme gene expression levels. As a result, both the numbers of chlamydial inclusion-forming units and RpoD transcripts were increased in the chlamydia-infected aldolase A knockdown cells, as compared with the wild-type HEp-2 cells. Meanwhile, chlamydial infection tended to enhance expression of aldolase A. Conclusions We discovered that one of the C. pneumoniae CopN targets is the glycolytic enzyme aldolase A. Sequestering aldolase A may be beneficial to bacterial growth in infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Ishida
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Junji Matsuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency/Japan International Cooperation Agency, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (JST/JICA, SATREPS), Osaka, Japan. .,Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
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139
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Caspase-1 cleavage of transcription factor GATA4 and regulation of cardiac cell fate. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1566. [PMID: 25501827 PMCID: PMC4649840 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-1 or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) converting enzyme is a pro-inflammatory member of the caspase family. An IL-1β-independent role for caspase-1 in cardiomyocyte cell death and heart failure has emerged but the mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Here, we report that transcription factor GATA4, a key regulator of cardiomyocyte survival and adaptive stress response is an in vivo and in vitro substrate for caspase-1. Caspase-1 mediated cleavage of GATA4 generates a truncated protein that retains the ability to bind DNA but lacks transcriptional activation domains and acts as a dominant negative regulator of GATA4. We show that caspase-1 is rapidly activated in cardiomyocyte nuclei treated with the cell death inducing drug Doxorubicin. We also find that inhibition of caspase-1 alone is as effective as complete caspase inhibition at rescuing GATA4 degradation and myocyte cell death. Caspase-1 inhibition of GATA4 transcriptional activity is rescued by HSP70, which binds directly to GATA4 and masks the caspase recognition motif. The data identify a caspase-1 nuclear substrate and suggest a direct role for caspase-1 in transcriptional regulation. This mechanism may underlie the inflammation-independent action of caspase-1 in other organs.
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140
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Qu C, Bonar SL, Hickman-Brecks CL, Abu-Amer S, McGeough MD, Peña CA, Broderick L, Yang C, Grimston SK, Kading J, Abu-Amer Y, Novack DV, Hoffman HM, Civitelli R, Mbalaviele G. NLRP3 mediates osteolysis through inflammation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. FASEB J 2014; 29:1269-79. [PMID: 25477279 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-264804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Activating-mutations in NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) cause neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease. However, the ontogeny of skeletal anomalies in this disorder is poorly understood. Mice globally expressing the D301N mutation in Nlrp3 (D303N in human) model the human phenotype, including systemic inflammation and skeletal deformities. To gain insights into the skeletal manifestations, we generated mice in which the expression of D301N Nlrp3 (Nlrp3( D301N)) is restricted to myeloid cells. These mice exhibit systemic inflammation and severe osteopenia (∼ 60% lower bone mass) similar to mice globally expressing the knock-in mutation, consistent with the paradigm of innate immune-driven cryopyrinopathies. Because systemic inflammation may indirectly affect bone homeostasis, we engineered mice in which Nlrp3( D301N) is expressed specifically in osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone. These mice also develop ∼ 50% lower bone mass due to increased osteolysis, but there is no systemic inflammation and no change in osteoclast number. Mechanistically, aside from its role in IL-1β maturation, Nlrp3( D301N) expression enhances osteoclast bone resorbing ability through reorganization of actin cytoskeleton while promoting the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome activation is not restricted to the production of proinflammatory mediators but also leads to cytokine-autonomous responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qu
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sheri L Bonar
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cynthia L Hickman-Brecks
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samer Abu-Amer
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew D McGeough
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carla A Peña
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lori Broderick
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chang Yang
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susan K Grimston
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Kading
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yousef Abu-Amer
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Deborah V Novack
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Roberto Civitelli
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- *Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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141
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Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening illness that occurs due to an abnormal host immune network which extends through the initial widespread and overwhelming inflammation, and culminates at the late stage of immunosupression. Recently, interest has been shifted toward therapies aimed at reversing the accompanying periods of immune suppression. Studies in experimental animals and critically ill patients have demonstrated that increased apoptosis of lymphoid organs and some parenchymal tissues contributes to this immune suppression, anergy and organ dysfunction. Immediate to the discoveries of the intracellular proteases, caspases for the induction of apoptosis and inflammation, and their striking roles in sepsis have been focused elaborately in a number of original and review articles. Here we revisited the different aspects of caspases in terms of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis and inflammation and focused their links in sepsis by reviewing several recent findings. In addition, we have documented striking perspectives which not only rewrite the pathophysiology, but also modernize our understanding for developing novel therapeutics against sepsis.
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142
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Campbell TL, Mitchell AS, McMillan EM, Bloemberg D, Pavlov D, Messa I, Mielke JG, Quadrilatero J. High-fat feeding does not induce an autophagic or apoptotic phenotype in female rat skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:657-68. [PMID: 25361772 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214557223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are critical in normal skeletal muscle homeostasis; however, dysregulation can lead to muscle atrophy and dysfunction. Lipotoxicity and/or lipid accumulation may promote apoptosis, as well as directly or indirectly influence autophagic signaling. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 16-week high-fat diet on morphological, apoptotic, and autophagic indices in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle of female rats. High-fat feeding resulted in increased fat pad mass, altered glucose tolerance, and lower muscle pAKT levels, as well as lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species generation in soleus muscle; however, muscle weights, fiber type-specific cross-sectional area, and fiber type distribution were not affected. Moreover, DNA fragmentation and LC3 lipidation as well as several apoptotic (ARC, Bax, Bid, tBid, Hsp70, pBcl-2) and autophagic (ATG7, ATG4B, Beclin 1, BNIP3, p70 s6k, cathepsin activity) indices were not altered in soleus or plantaris following high-fat diet. Interestingly, soleus muscle displayed small increases in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activity, as well as higher ATG12-5 and p62 protein, while both soleus and plantaris muscle showed dramatically reduced Bcl-2 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) levels. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that 16 weeks of high-fat feeding does not affect tissue morphology or induce a global autophagic or apoptotic phenotype in skeletal muscle of female rats. However, high-fat feeding selectively influenced a number of apoptotic and autophagic indices which could have implications during periods of enhanced muscle stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Campbell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Elliott M McMillan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Dmytro Pavlov
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Messa
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - John G Mielke
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
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143
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Cao Z, Robinson RAS. The role of proteomics in understanding biological mechanisms of sepsis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:35-52. [PMID: 24339042 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory state caused by infection. Complications of this infection with multiple organ failure lead to more lethal conditions, such as severe sepsis and septic shock. Sepsis is one of the leading causes of US deaths. Novel biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity may be helpful for early diagnosis of sepsis and for improvement of patient outcomes through the development of new therapies. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics offers powerful tools to identify such biomarkers and furthermore to give insight to fundamental mechanisms of this clinical condition. In this review, we summarize findings from proteomics studies of sepsis and how their applications have provided more understanding into the pathogenesis of septic infection. Literatures related to "proteomics", "sepsis", "systemic inflammatory response syndrome", "severe sepsis", "septic infection", and "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome" were searched using PubMed. Findings about neonatal and adult sepsis are discussed separately. Within the adult sepsis studies, results are grouped based on the models (e.g., human or animal). Across investigations in clinical populations and in rodent and mammalian animal models, biological pathways, such as inflammatory and acute phase response, coagulation, complement, mitochondrial energy metabolism, chaperones, and oxidative stress, are altered at the protein level. These proteomics studies have discovered many novel biomarker candidates of septic infection. Validation the clinical use of these biomarker candidates may significantly impact the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis. In addition, the molecular mechanisms revealed by these studies may also guide the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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144
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Li HB, Jin C, Chen Y, Flavell RA. Inflammasome activation and metabolic disease progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:699-706. [PMID: 25156419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate pattern recognition receptors NLRs are cytosolic sensors that detect endogenous metabolic stress and form a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, that recruits and activates caspase enzymes mediating the activation of the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The innate immune system and metabolic system are evolutionarily conserved, intimately integrated, and functionally dependent. In recent decades, obesity-associated metabolic diseases have been become a worldwide epidemic. Here we review recent evidence that demonstrates the important roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in response to metabolic stress in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Bing Li
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chengcheng Jin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Surgical Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA.
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145
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Yun N, Lee YM, Kim C, Shibayama H, Tanimura A, Hamanaka Y, Kanakura Y, Park IS, Jo A, Shin JH, Ju C, Kim WK, Oh YJ. Anamorsin, a novel caspase-3 substrate in neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22183-95. [PMID: 24973211 PMCID: PMC4139231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.552679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated caspases play a central role in the execution of apoptosis by cleaving endogenous substrates. Here, we developed a high throughput screening method to identify novel substrates for caspase-3 in a neuronal cell line. Critical steps in our strategy consist of two-dimensional electrophoresis-based protein separation and in vitro caspase-3 incubation of immobilized proteins to sort out direct substrates. Among 46 putative substrates identified in MN9D neuronal cells, we further evaluated whether caspase-3-mediated cleavage of anamorsin, a recently recognized cell death-defying factor in hematopoiesis, is a general feature of apoptosis. In vitro and cell-based cleavage assays indicated that anamorsin was specifically cleaved by caspase-3 but not by other caspases, generating 25- and 10-kDa fragments. Thus, in apoptosis of neuronal and non-neuronal cells induced by various stimuli including staurosporine, etoposide, or 6-hydroxydopamine, the cleavage of anamorsin was found to be blocked in the presence of caspase inhibitor. Among four tetrapeptide consensus DXXD motifs existing in anamorsin, we mapped a specific cleavage site for caspase-3 at DSVD(209)↓L. Intriguingly, the 25-kDa cleaved fragment of anamorsin was also detected in post-mortem brains of Alzheimer and Parkinson disease patients. Although the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of anamorsin rendered neuronal cells more vulnerable to staurosporine treatment, reintroduction of full-length anamorsin into an anamorsin knock-out stromal cell line made cells resistant to staurosporine-induced caspase activation, indicating the antiapoptotic function of anamorsin. Taken together, our approach seems to be effective to identify novel substrates for caspases and has the potential to provide meaningful insights into newly identified substrates involved in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Yun
- From the Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Mook Lee
- From the Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Chiho Kim
- From the Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hirohiko Shibayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Tanimura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuri Hamanaka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kanakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Il-Seon Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Areum Jo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and
| | - Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Young J Oh
- From the Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, Korea,
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146
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Cell death-associated molecular-pattern molecules: inflammatory signaling and control. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:821043. [PMID: 25140116 PMCID: PMC4130149 DOI: 10.1155/2014/821043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are different cellular death programs characterized in organs and tissues as consequence of microbes infection, cell stress, injury, and chemotherapeutics exposure. Dying and death cells release a variety of self-proteins and bioactive chemicals originated from cytosol, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. These endogenous factors are named cell death-associated molecular-pattern (CDAMP), damage-associated molecular-pattern (DAMP) molecules, and alarmins. Some of them cooperate or act as important initial or delayed inflammatory mediators upon binding to diverse membrane and cytosolic receptors coupled to signaling pathways for the activation of the inflammasome platforms and NF-κB multiprotein complexes. Current studies show that the nonprotein thiols and thiol-regulating enzymes as well as highly diffusible prooxidant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species released together in extracellular inflammatory milieu play essential role in controlling pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of CDAMP/DAMP and alarmins. Here, we provide an overview of these emerging concepts and mechanisms of triggering and maintenance of tissue inflammation under massive death of cells.
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147
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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148
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Viguier M, Advedissian T, Delacour D, Poirier F, Deshayes F. Galectins in epithelial functions. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e29103. [PMID: 25097826 PMCID: PMC4117684 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.29103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of animal lectins comprising 15 members in vertebrates. These proteins are involved in many biological processes including epithelial homeostasis and tumor progression by displaying intracellular and extracellular activities. Hence Galectins can be found either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus, associated with membranes or in the extracellular matrix. Current studies aim at understanding the roles of Galectins in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cellular polarity and motility. This review discusses recent progress in defining the specificities and mechanisms of action of Galectins as cell regulators in epithelial cells. Physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of Galectin specificities will be treated successively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Viguier
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
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149
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Hiltunen M, Kaarniranta K. Epigenetic regulation of ASC/TMS1 expression: potential role in apoptosis and inflammasome function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1855-64. [PMID: 24287895 PMCID: PMC11113932 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cloning studies have revealed that the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein possessing a caspase-recruiting domain (ASC) and the target of methylation-induced silencing-1 (TMS) are identical proteins. ASC/TMS1 is a bipartite adaptor protein containing the N-terminal pyrin domain and the C-terminal caspase-recruitment domain. There is abundant literature on ASC/TMS1, mostly under the name TMS1, in the epigenetic regulation of apoptosis and carcinogenesis, whereas the abbreviation ASC has been adopted from studies on the assembly of inflammasomes and stimulation of inflammation. There is substantial literature emphasizing that there are common aspects in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation, which may be related to the function of ASC/TMS1. The region of the transcription start site of ASC/TMS1 gene contains a 600-bp-long CpG island that is highly methylated and the transcription of ASC/TMS1 is repressed in several cancers. However, it is not known whether the ASC/TMS1-dependent epigenetic regulation controls the inflammasome functions and moreover whether this regulation has any role in the inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis or in the pathogenesis of age-related degenerative diseases. We will examine the mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of ASC/TMS1 as well as their significance in the coordination of apoptosis and inflammasome functions. We will also review the role of aberrant methylation of ASC/TMS1 promoter in the function of inflammasomes, a major host defense system, in cellular housekeeping and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland,
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150
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Li X, Deroide N, Mallat Z. The role of the inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:307-19. [PMID: 24638861 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome is a very important signaling platform sensing a variety of triggers of the innate immune system. Inflammasome promotes the production of important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Tight control of inflammasome activity is, therefore, essential and occurs at multiple levels. The activation of inflammasome pathways is linked to the pathogenesis of various prevalent disorders including cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, ischemic injury, cardiomyopathy, and Kawasaki disease. The study of the inflammasome in the cardiovascular system has led to the identification of important triggers and endogenous modulators, and to the exploration of new treatment strategies based on the inhibition of inflammasome activation or its end products, i.e., IL-1β and IL-18. In summary, the discovery of the inflammasome has greatly advanced our understanding of how the innate immune system interferes with cardiovascular disease development and progression, and targeting inflammasome provides new avenues for the treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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