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Jin H, Wang B, Hou J, Ma T, Qiao D, Miao Y, Ding J, Han X. The mechanism of Oatp1a5-mediated microcystin-leucine arginine entering into GnRH neurons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109614. [PMID: 31526925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) enters into gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and induces decline of serum GnRH levels resulting in male reproductive toxicity via hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis. The organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a5 (Oatp1a5) is a critical transporter for the uptake of MC-LR by GnRH neurons. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the transport process are still elusive. In this study, we found that the transmembrane domains 2, 8, and 9 played important roles in transporting function of Oatp1a5. In addition, our data demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation was involved in the transport of MC-LR by Oatp1a5. Moreover, we showed that N-linked glycosylation sites Asn483 and Asn492 were vital for the transport function of Oatp1a5. In summary, the study furthered our understanding of mechanisms that the uptake of MC-LR by GnRH neurons and laid a theoretical foundation for preventing MC-LR from injuring male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Dan Qiao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yingwen Miao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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102
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Umehara A, Komorita T, Takahashi T, Tsutsumi H. Estimation of production and sedimentation of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin) based on nutrient budgets in the reservoir of Isahaya Bay, Japan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109477. [PMID: 31369939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing eutrophication of freshwater and brackish habitats globally has led to a corresponding increase in the occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanobacteria can produce highly toxic substances such as microcystins (MCs) that affect the health of livestock, wildlife, and humans. The present study broaden the understanding of cyanobacteria ecology and MC dynamics in the field, focusing on the estimation of the production and sedimentation rates of MCs in a natural habitat. The nutrient concentrations of the reservoir water and sediment pore water were monitored at 3-h intervals for 24 h during the summer cyanobacterial bloom. The DIN uptake rate of Microcystis in the Isahaya reservoir was estimated and the large-scale blooms in the reservoir were largely controlled by the interactions between rainfall and nutrient levels in the warm season. By using calculations based on the nitrogen budgets and tracking changes of the MC concentrations in the water column, the total MC production and sedimentation rates were estimated to be 52.2 kg MCs d-1 and 21.5 kg MCs d-1, respectively. Although MCs could be degraded in the environment, the MC sedimentation still comprised 41% of the in-water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Umehara
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Komorita
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Takahashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
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103
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Yan M, Shen G, Zhou Y, Meng X, Han X. The role of ERK-RSK signaling in the proliferation of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells exposed to microcystin-leucine arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:492-498. [PMID: 31677783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a potent specific hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria in diverse water systems, and it has been documented to induce liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis. However, its toxic effects on intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells have not been invested in detail. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of MC-LR exposure on the intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in the liver. MC-LR was orally administered to mice at 1 μg/L, 7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, or 30 μg/L for 180 consecutive days for histopathological and immunoblot analysis. We observed that MC-LR can enter intrahepatic bile duct tissue and induce hyperplasia of mice. Human primary intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HiBECs) were cultured with various concentrations of MC-LR for 24 h, meanwhile the cell viability and proteins level were detected. Western blotting analysis revealed that MC-LR increased RSK phosphorylation via ERK signaling. RSK participated in cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Taken together, after chronic exposure, MC-LR-treated mice exhibited abnormal bile duct hyperplasia and thickened bile duct morphology through activating the ERK-RSK signaling. These data support the potential toxic effects of MC-LR on bile duct tissue of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Yan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Gu Shen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
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104
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Mchau GJ, Makule E, Machunda R, Gong YY, Kimanya M. Harmful algal bloom and associated health risks among users of Lake Victoria freshwater: Ukerewe Island, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:826-836. [PMID: 31638032 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a global concern regarding the occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their effects on human health. Lake Victoria (LV) has been reported to face eutrophication challenges, resulting in an increase of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. This study is aimed at understanding the association of HABs and health risks at Ukerewe Island. A cross-sectional study conducted on 432 study subjects and water samples for cyanobacteria species identification were collected at LV shores. The results reveal that concentrations of cyanobacteria cells are beyond (WHO) acceptable limits; species of Microcystis aeruginosa range from 90,361.63 to 3,032.031.65 cells/mL and Anabaena spp. range from 13,310.00 to 4,814,702 cells/mL. Water usage indicates that 31% use lake water, 53% well water and 16% treated supplied pipe water. Vomiting and throat irritation was highly reported by lake water users as compared to wells and pipe water (P < 0.001). Gastrointestinal illness (GI) was significantly elevated among lake water users as compared to pipe and well water users (P < 0.001). Visible blooms in lake water were associated with GI, skin irritation and vomiting as compared to water without visible blooms (P < 0.001). The concentration of cyanobacteria blooms poses greater risks when water is used without treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geofrey J Mchau
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail: ; Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, P.O. Box 573, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Edna Makule
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail:
| | - Revocatus Machunda
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail:
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin Kimanya
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania E-mail:
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105
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Chen HQ, Zhao J, Li Y, Huang YJ, Chen DJ, He LX, Wang LQ, Zheng CF, Wang J, Cao J, Shu WQ, Liu JY, Liu WB. Epigenetic inactivation of LHX6 mediated microcystin-LR induced hepatocarcinogenesis via the Wnt/β-catenin and P53 signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:216-226. [PMID: 31151060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) have been shown to be carcinogenic by animal and cellular experiments and found to be associated with the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through epidemiological studies. However, the molecular mechanism of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) induced HCC is still unclear. This study is determined to clarify the role and mechanism of LHX6 in MC-LR-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Using the previously established MC-LR-induced malignant transformation model in L02 cells, we screened out LHX6, homeobox gene that was significantly changed. We found that LHX6 was significantly down-regulated in MC-LR treated L02 cells and the liver tissue of rats treated for 35 weeks with 10 μg/kg body weight of MC-LR. Expression of LHX6 in human tumor tissue was significantly down-regulated in high MC-LR-exposure group. LHX6 was hypermethylated in MC-LR treated L02 cells and up-regulated after treatment with 10 μM of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Furthermore, overexpression of LHX6 inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration of malignantly transformed L02 cells in vitro and in vivo, while knockdown of LHX6 resulted in an opposite phenotype. In addition, we found that up-regulation of P53 and Bax resulted in apoptosis, and that down-regulation of CTNNB1 and MMP7 led to migration of MC-LR treated L02 cells. Blockade of P53 and CTNNB1 by its inhibitor significantly diminished the effect of LHX6. These genes were working together during the process of MC-LR-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Our study demonstrated for the first time that LHX6 gene expression is regulated by DNA methylation and can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration through Wnt/β-catenin and P53 signaling pathways during the MC-LR-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. This result may suggest that LHX6 gene can be used as a potential target gene and a biomarker for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ji Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; The Calmette International Hospital, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Dong-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, PR China
| | - Li-Xiong He
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ling-Qiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Chuan-Fen Zheng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Wei-Qun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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106
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Chronic Low Dose Oral Exposure to Microcystin-LR Exacerbates Hepatic Injury in a Murine Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090486. [PMID: 31450746 PMCID: PMC6783870 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins that have become a global health concern in recent years. Their actions in at-risk populations with pre-existing liver disease is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) established in healthy mice would cause exacerbation of hepatic injury in a murine model (Leprdb/J) of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Ten-week-old male Leprdb/J mice were gavaged with 50 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg MC-LR or vehicle every 48 h for 4 weeks (n = 15–17 mice/group). Early mortality was observed in both the 50 μg/kg (1/17, 6%), and 100 μg/kg (3/17, 18%) MC-LR exposed mice. MC-LR exposure resulted in significant increases in circulating alkaline phosphatase levels, and histopathological markers of hepatic injury as well as significant upregulation of genes associated with hepatotoxicity, necrosis, nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity and oxidative stress response. In addition, we observed exposure dependent changes in protein phosphorylation sites in pathways involved in inflammation, immune function, and response to oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that exposure to MC-LR at levels that are below the NOAEL established in healthy animals results in significant exacerbation of hepatic injury that is accompanied by genetic and phosphoproteomic dysregulation in key signaling pathways in the livers of NAFLD mice.
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107
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Effects of Microcystin-LR on the Microstructure and Inflammation-Related Factors of Jejunum in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090482. [PMID: 31438657 PMCID: PMC6783826 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing cyanobacterial blooms have recently been considered a severe environmental problem. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is one of the secondary products of cyanobacteria metabolism and most harmful cyanotoxins found in water bodies. Studies show MC-LR negatively affects various human organs when exposed to it. The phenotype of the jejunal chronic toxicity induced by MC-LR has not been well described. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of MC-LR on the jejunal microstructure and expression level of inflammatory-related factors in jejunum. Mice were treated with different doses (1, 30, 60, 90 and 120 μg/L) of MC-LR for six months. The microstructure and mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related factors in jejunum were analyzed. Results showed that the microstructure of the jejunum was destroyed and expression levels of inflammation-related factors interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin (IL)-10 were altered at different MC-LR concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that mice were exposed to a high dose of MC-LR for six months. Our data demonstrated MC-LR had the potential to cause intestinal toxicity by destroying the microstructure of the jejunum and inducing an inflammatory response in mice, which provided new insight into understanding the prevention and diagnosis of the intestinal diseases caused by MC-LR.
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108
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Ruibal-Conti AL, Ruiz MA, Rodriguez MI, Lerda D, Romero MD. Assessment of specific antibodies as biological indicators of human chronic exposure to microcystins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:236-242. [PMID: 30903879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce potent natural toxins known as cyanotoxins. Blooms of cyanobacteria, produced mainly as result of the pollution of water bodies with excessive amounts of phosphorus, represent a severe environmental problem; not only do they affect the normal equilibrium of the aquatic ecosystem but may also affect animal and human health. The occurrence of algal blooms have been increasing globally (it has been recently reported in at least 100 countries) and it has been considered by WHO as an emerging public health issue. The toxic effects of cyanotoxins have been thoroughly demonstrated in laboratory experiments, however, the effects on humans and the extent of these effects have been more difficult to assess. Epidemiological research is difficult as there are no specific symptoms or routine biomarkers to diagnose intoxication with cyanotoxins, in particular those cases associated with chronic exposure. The objectives of this study were to assess the exposure of a population settled near a lake with recurrent cyanobacteria blooms and to investigate the presence of biological markers of chronic exposure to cyanotoxins, in particular the microcystins (MCs). We first investigated the exposure of the population to cyanobacteria by using a questionnaire on how the population used the water and by analyzing water samples for the presence of cyanobacteria and total microcystins (TMCs). Secondly, we investigated the presence of biological indicators by analyzing the biochemical and immunological parameters in sera of the exposed population. The questionnaires and the water analyses revealed that the population under study (n = 47) is exposed to several exposure routes. The biochemical analyses of the sera showed the alteration of at least one hepatic enzyme in 25% of the exposed people, but this cannot be associated solely to MCs exposure. On the contrary, the immunological analyses, which included microcystin-LR specific antibodies IgE and IgG, showed significant differences between the exposed and non-exposed groups. The presence of MCs specific antibodies confirms the exposure to MCs. We propose the study of specific antibodies as a non-complex biomarker to detect chronic exposure to the toxin and to assist epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ruibal-Conti
- Area de Limnología Aplicada y Calidad de Agua. Centro de La Región Semiárida. Instituto Nacional Del Agua. Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marcia A Ruiz
- Area de Limnología Aplicada y Calidad de Agua. Centro de La Región Semiárida. Instituto Nacional Del Agua. Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María I Rodriguez
- Area de Limnología Aplicada y Calidad de Agua. Centro de La Región Semiárida. Instituto Nacional Del Agua. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lerda
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta D Romero
- L I I D O. Laboratorio de Inmunopatología. Córdoba, Argentina
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109
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Pírez-Schirmer M, Brena BM, González-Sapienza G. Oriented Functionalization of Magnetic Beads with in Vivo Biotinylated Nanobodies for Rapid MALDI-TOF MS Ultrasensitive Quantitation of Microcystins in Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9925-9931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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110
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Arman T, Lynch KD, Montonye ML, Goedken M, Clarke JD. Sub-Chronic Microcystin-LR Liver Toxicity in Preexisting Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070398. [PMID: 31323923 PMCID: PMC6669744 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin reported to cause a phenotype similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is a common progressive liver disease that advances in severity due to exogenous stressors such as poor diet and toxicant exposure. Our objective was to determine how sub-chronic MCLR toxicity affects preexisting diet-induced NASH. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets for 10 weeks: control, methionine and choline deficient (MCD), or high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC). After six weeks of diet, animals received vehicle, 10 µg/kg, or 30 µg/kg MCLR via intraperitoneal injection every other day for the final 4 weeks. Incidence and severity scoring of histopathology endpoints suggested that MCLR toxicity drove NASH to a less fatty and more fibrotic state. In general, expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid esterification were altered in favor of decreased steatosis. The higher MCLR dose increased expression of genes involved in fibrosis and inflammation in the control and HFHC groups. These data suggest MCLR toxicity in the context of preexisting NASH may drive the liver to a more severe phenotype that resembles burnt-out NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Michelle L Montonye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
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111
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Simultaneous Detection of 14 Microcystin Congeners from Tissue Samples Using UPLC- ESI-MS/MS and Two Different Deuterated Synthetic Microcystins as Internal Standards. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070388. [PMID: 31269739 PMCID: PMC6669509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial microcystins (MCs), potent serine/threonine-phosphatase inhibitors, pose an increasing threat to humans. Current detection methods are optimised for water matrices with only a few MC congeners simultaneously detected. However, as MC congeners are known to differ in their toxicity, methods are needed that simultaneously quantify the congeners present, thus allowing for summary hazard and risk assessment. Moreover, detection of MCs should be expanded to complex matrices, e.g., blood and tissue samples, to verify in situ MC concentrations, thus providing for improved exposure assessment and hazard interpretation. To achieve this, we applied two synthetic deuterated MC standards and optimised the tissue extraction protocol for the simultaneous detection of 14 MC congeners in a single ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) run. This procedure was validated using plasma and liver homogenates of mice (male and female) spiked with deuterated MC standards. For proof of concept, tissue and plasma samples from mice i.p. injected with MC-LR and MC-LF were analysed. While MC-LF was detected in all tissue samples of both sexes, detection of MC-LR was restricted to liver samples of male mice, suggesting different toxicokinetics in males, e.g., transport, conjugation or protein binding. Thus, deconjugation/-proteinisation steps should be employed to improve detection of bound MC.
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112
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Meng X, Peng H, Ding Y, Zhang L, Yang J, Han X. A transcriptomic regulatory network among miRNAs, piRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs regulates microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR)-induced male reproductive toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:563-577. [PMID: 30833255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) which is produced by cyanobacteria is a potent toxin for the reproductive system. Our previous work has demonstrated that both acute and chronic reproductive toxicity engendered by MC-LR can result in the decline of sperm quality and damage of testicular structures in male mice. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of chronic low-dose exposure to MC-LR on the regulation of RNA networks including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), piwi-associated RNA (piRNA), covalently closed circular RNA (circRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in testicular tissues. By high-throughput sequencing analysis, 1091 mRNAs, 21 miRNAs, 644 piRNAs, 278 circRNAs and 324 lncRNAs were identified to be significantly altered in testicular tissues treated with MC-LR. We performed gene ontology (GO) analysis to ascertain the biological functions of differentially expressed genes. Among the altered 21 miRNAs and 644 piRNAs, the miRNA chr13_8977, which is a newly discovered species, and the piRNA mmu_piR_027558 were dramatically down-regulated after exposure to MC-LR. Consistently, both mRNA levels and protein expression levels of their predicted targets were increased significantly when chr13_8977 and mmu_piR_027558 were each down-regulated. Testicular structures, germ cell apoptosis and sperm quality were also affected by the altered expression of chr13_8977 and mmu_piR_027558 severally. We further investigated the differential expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs and their biological functions in testicular tissues following treatment with chronic low-dose exposure to MC-LR. We also constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network to predict the functions of the altered expressed RNAs using MiRanda. Our study suggested a crucial role for the potential network regulation of miRNAs, piRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs impacting the cytotoxicity of MC-LR in testicular tissues, which provides new perspectives in the development of diagnosis and treatment strategies for MC-LR-induced male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yuanzhen Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jingping Yang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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113
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Piperine Enhances the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Thymoquinone against Microcystin-LR-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Neurotoxicity in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1309175. [PMID: 31178949 PMCID: PMC6501123 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1309175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin- (MC-) LR is the most frequent cyanotoxin produced by Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacteria in the contaminated freshwater environment. MC represents a health hazard to humans and animals. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the potential ameliorative effect of thymoquinone (TQ) and/or piperine (PP) against MC toxicity in mice. Fifty-six mice were randomly divided into seven experimental groups. Group I is the normal control that received distilled water for 21 days; Group II (TQ) was treated with TQ (10 mg/kg, i.p) for 21 days; Group III (PP) was treated with PP (25 mg/kg, i.p) for 21 days; Group IV (MC) was treated with MC (10 μg/kg, i.p) for 14 days and served as the toxic control; and Groups V, VI, and VII received TQ and/or PP 7 days prior to MC and continued for 14 days with MC. The results revealed that MC elicited hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity which was evident due to the significant elevation of serum AST, ALT, γGT, ALP, LDH, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Furthermore, MC markedly increased MDA and NO contents along with reduction of GSH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in liver and brain tissues. The electron transport chain may be a possible target for MC. TQ and/or PP ameliorated the MC-mediated oxidative damage in the liver and brain which might be attributed to their antioxidant properties. However, the concurrent treatment of TQ and PP showed the best regimen as a result of the PP-enhanced bioavailability of TQ.
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114
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Clarke JD, Dzierlenga A, Arman T, Toth E, Li H, Lynch KD, Tian DD, Goedken M, Paine MF, Cherrington N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease alters microcystin-LR toxicokinetics and acute toxicity. Toxicon 2019; 162:1-8. [PMID: 30849452 PMCID: PMC6447445 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a cyanotoxin produced by blue-green algae that causes liver and kidney toxicities. MCLR toxicity is dependent on cellular uptake through the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporters. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progresses through multiple stages, alters expression of hepatic OATPs, and is associated with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NAFLD increases systemic exposure to MCLR and influences acute liver and kidney toxicities. Rats were fed a control diet or two dietary models of NAFLD; methionine and choline deficient (MCD) or high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC). Two studies were performed in these groups: 1) a single dose intravenous toxicokinetic study (20 μg/kg), and 2) a single dose intraperitoneal toxicity study (60 μg/kg). Compared to control rats, plasma MCLR area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in MCD rats doubled, whereas biliary clearance (Clbil) was unchanged; in contrast, plasma AUC in HFHC rats was unchanged, whereas Clbil approximately doubled. Less MCLR bound to PP2A was observed in the liver of MCD rats. This shift in exposure decreased the severity of liver pathology only in the MCD rats after a single toxic dose of MCLR (60 μg/kg). In contrast, the single toxic dose of MCLR increased hepatic inflammation, plasma cholesterol, proteinuria, and urinary KIM1 in HFHC rats more than MCLR exposed control rats. In conclusion, rodent models of NAFLD alter MCLR toxicokinetics and acute toxicity and may have implications for liver and kidney pathologies in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
| | - Anika Dzierlenga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Erica Toth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Nathan Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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115
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Lei F, Lei X, Li R, Tan H. Microcystin-LR in peripheral circulation worsens the prognosis partly through oxidative stress in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:235-243. [PMID: 30859346 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prognostic significance of serum microcystin in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been well investigated. The aim of the study was to reveal the relationship between serum microcystin-LR and prognosis in these patients. There were 650 early-stage hepatitis B-induced hepatocellular carcinoma patients, who were not affected by hepatitis C, cirrhosis, heavy drinking or excessive aflatoxin exposure. All of them underwent hepatectomy and were followed up for 5 years. Tumor relapse and overall death were recorded. Blood specimens were collected on admission and at the time of relapse. Serum levels of microcystin-LR and fluorescent oxidation products (FlOP_360, FlOP_320 and FlOP_400) were measured separately using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence spectrometry. Multifactorial COX regression analysis suggested that serum microcystin-LR ≥ 0.97 ng/ml was associated with the increased risk of the tumor relapse (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.35-1.77) and serum microcystin-LR ≥ 1.09 ng/ml was related to the higher risk of the overall death (HR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.35-1.84) in the follow-up period. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between serum level of microcystin-LR and serum levels of FlOP_360, FlOP_320 and FlOP_400 (P = 0.001, P = 0.023, P = 0.047). Serum levels of these fluorescent oxidation products were also higher in the patients with tumor relapse (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.001) or overall death (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.002) compared with the remaining patients. Serum microcystin-LR independently worsens the prognosis partly through promoting oxidative stress in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Rugui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China.
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116
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Zhang P, Liang RF, Zhao PX, Liu QY, Li Y, Wang KL, Li KF, Liu Y, Wang P. The Hydraulic Driving Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria Accumulation and the Effects of Flow Pattern on Ecological Restoration in Lake Dianchi Caohai. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E361. [PMID: 30696036 PMCID: PMC6388202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to rapid increases in socioeconomic development and the human population over the past few decades, the shallow lakes in China have suffered from eutrophication and poor water quality. The conditions in Lake Dianchi Caohai, which is in the northern part of Lake Dianchi, are considered the most serious. The ecological restoration of Lake Dianchi Caohai began in the late 1980s. Lake managers and the public have been puzzled by the lack of a significant response of the water quality to the flow pattern despite the tremendous investment in water quality improvements. Therefore, lake managers desperately need to understand the responses of pollutant behaviors to proposed management measures. In this paper, a depth-averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model based on hydrological data, measured lake bed elevation, and water quality data is developed to simulate the flow field and water quality of Lake Dianchi Caohai. This model was validated using water quality data from the Caohaizhongxin site in 2016, and a close agreement was found between the model results and observations. Wind-driven circulation in Lake Dianchi Caohai was observed in the model results, which revealed that the lake flow pattern was dominated by wind-driven circulation, while the inflow/outflow played only a subsidiary role during this period. The formation of the wind-driven current in Lake Dianchi Caohai could be roughly divided into three stages. The hydrodynamic processes connected with the distribution of chlorophyll a are evaluated and discussed to adequately understand the hydraulic mechanisms driving the accumulation of cyanobacteria. Moreover, we designed three scenarios after comparing all possible operation scenarios to analyze the contributions of each different operation scenario to the water quality improvements. The optimal ecological operation scenario which has the best impacts on the water quality, especially the reduction in Chla and NH₃-N concentration, is proposed based on our comprehensive analysis. The water quality improvement and management suggestions proposed in this paper are based on lake flow patterns and make up for previous studies that did not consider the effects of hydraulic characteristics on water quality improvement in Lake Dianchi Caohai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Rui-Feng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Peng-Xiao Zhao
- Power China Hua Dong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Qing-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Kai-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Ke-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China.
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117
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Liu Y, Ji J, Cui F, Sun J, Wu H, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Development of a two-step immunochromatographic assay for microcystin-LR based on fluorescent microspheres. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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118
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Ding J, Wang J, Jin H, Xia T, Cheng Y, Wu J, Han X. Microcystin-LR reduces the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by activating multiple signaling pathways resulting in decrease of testosterone in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:496-506. [PMID: 29945085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could enter the hypothalamus, reduce the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and induce male reproductive barriers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying in the hypothalamus have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we further showed that MC-LR inhibited the synthesis of GnRH in GnRH neurons via activating protein kinase a (PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (Creb), protein kinase c (PKC), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular regulated protein kinases (Erk) and P38 protein, and thus resulted in the change of activity of transcriptional enhancers or suppressors such as Oct-1, Otx-2, Pbx1a, Dlx-2, c-Jun and c-Fos. Following exposure, MC-LR-treated mice exhibited decreased GnRH level. Our data demonstrated that MC-LR can stimulate intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP to activate PKC, PKA and MAPK signaling pathways in GnRH neurons, and then inhibit Pbx1a, Oct-1, Dlx-2, Otx-2 and upregulate c-Jun and c-Fos to initiate the transcription of GnRH, which provides novel insights to explore the mechanism associated with MC-LR-induced male reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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119
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Concentrations of microcystins in the muscle and liver tissues of fish species from Koka reservoir, Ethiopia: A potential threat to public health. Toxicon 2018; 153:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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120
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Sun Q, Zhang T, Wang F, Liu C, Wu C, Xie RR, Zheng Y. Ultraviolet photosensitized transformation mechanism of microcystin-LR by natural organic matter in raw water. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:96-103. [PMID: 29913404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), produced by cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water, are common toxic metabolites and a potential threat to human health. However, the mechanism of MC photodegradation by photosensitizers in raw water remains unclear. In photodegradation and quenching experiments, this study investigates the photosensitized degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by fulvic acid (FA, a kind of dissolved organic matter with natural photosensitizing properties) under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The photodegradation mechanisms of FA are also explored. The photodegradation process of MC-LR by FA was consistent with second-order reaction kinetics. The degradation rate of MC-LR in FA decreased from 80% to 55% as the pH increased from 3 to 9, because the binding ability of FA to MC-LR reduces as the pH increases. Given that FA can both inhibit and promote MC-LR degradation depending on its concentration, the optimum initial FA concentration for degrading MC-LR was determined as 9.86 mgC·L-1. The excited triplet state of FA (3FA∗) accounted for 50.12% of the MC-LR loss; the remaining loss (49.88%) was contributed by reactive oxygen species and direct photolysis. This implies that the main pathway of MC-LR degradation is reaction with 3FA∗. The MC-LR degradation rate is 36% higher under UV irradiation than that under simulated sunlight irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Cycle and Pollution Control of Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Tianfang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Feifeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Cycle and Pollution Control of Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Changqing Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chunshan Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Cycle and Pollution Control of Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rong-Rong Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Cycle and Pollution Control of Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Cycle and Pollution Control of Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
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121
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Meneely JP, Hajšlová J, Krska R, Elliott CT. Assessing the combined toxicity of the natural toxins, aflatoxin B 1, fumonisin B 1 and microcystin-LR by high content analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:527-540. [PMID: 30253246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As human co-exposure to natural toxins through food and water is inevitable, risk assessments to safeguard health are necessary. Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1, frequent co-contaminants of maize and microcystin-LR, produced in freshwater by cyanobacteria are all naturally occurring potent toxins that threaten human health. Populations in the poorest regions of the world may suffer repeated simultaneous exposure to these contaminants. Using High Content Analysis, multiple cytotoxicity endpoints were measured for the individual toxins and mixtures in various cell lines. Results highlighted that significant cytotoxic effects were observed for aflatoxin B1 in all cell lines while no cytotoxic effects were observed for fumonisin B1 or microcystin-LR. Aflatoxin B1/microcystin-LR was cytotoxic in the order HepG2 > Caco-2 > MDBK. Fumonisin B1/microcystin-LR affected MDBK cells. The ternary mixture was cytotoxic to all cell lines. Most combinations were additive, however antagonism was observed for binary and ternary mixtures in HepG2 and MDBK cell lines at low and high concentrations. Synergy was observed in all cell lines, including at low concentrations. The combination of these natural toxins may pose a significant risk to populations in less developed countries. Furthermore, the study highlights the complexity around trying to regulate for human exposure to multiple contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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122
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Basu A, Dydowiczová A, Čtveráčková L, Jaša L, Trosko JE, Bláha L, Babica P. Assessment of Hepatotoxic Potential of Cyanobacterial Toxins Using 3D In Vitro Model of Adult Human Liver Stem Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10078-10088. [PMID: 30059226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) represent hazardous waterborne contaminants and potent human hepatotoxins. However, in vitro monolayer cultures of hepatic cell lines were found to recapitulate, poorly, major hepatocyte-specific functions and inadequately predict hepatotoxic effects of MC-LR and CYN. We utilized 3-dimensional (3D), scaffold-free spheroid cultures of human telomerase-immortalized adult liver stem cells HL1-hT1 to evaluate hepatotoxic potential of MC-LR and CYN. In monolayer cultures of HL1-hT1 cells, MC-LR did not induce cytotoxic effects (EC50 > 10 micromol/L), while CYN inhibited cell growth and viability (48h-96h EC50 ≈ 5.5-0.6 micromol/L). Growth and viability of small growing spheroids were inhibited by both cyanotoxins (≥0.1 micromol/L) and were associated with blebbing and disintegration at the spheroid surface. Hepatospheroid damage and viability reduction were observed also in large mature spheroids, with viability 96h-EC50 values being 0.04 micromol/L for MC-LR and 0.1 micromol/L for CYN, and No Observed Effect Concentrations <0.01 micromol/L. Spheroid cultures of adult human liver stem cells HL1-hT1 exhibit sensitivity comparable to cultures of primary hepatocytes and provide a simple, practical, and cost-effective tool, which can be effectively used in environmental and toxicological research, including assessment of hepatotoxic potential and effect-based monitoring of various samples contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Čtveráčková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Jaša
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development & Institute for Integrative Toxicology , Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane , East Lansing , 48824 Michigan , United States
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
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Major Y, Kifle D, Spoof L, Meriluoto J. Cyanobacteria and microcystins in Koka reservoir (Ethiopia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26861-26873. [PMID: 30003488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of cyanobacteria and their toxins, microcystins (MCs), and cylindrospermopsins (CYN) were investigated using samples collected at monthly intervals from the Amudde side of Koka Reservoir from May 2013 to April 2014. Cyanobacteria were the most abundant and persistent phytoplankton taxa with Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis species alternately dominating the phytoplankton community of the reservoir and accounting for up to 84.3 and 11.9% of total cyanobacterial abundance, respectively. Analyses of cyanotoxins in filtered samples by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS identified and quantified five variants of MCs (MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, MC-dmLR, and MC-LA) in all samples, with their total concentrations ranging from 1.86 to 28.3 μg L-1 and from 1.71 to 33 μg L-1, respectively. Despite the presence and occasional abundance of Cylindrospermopsis sp., cylindrospermopsin was not detected. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the environmental variables explained 82.7% of the total variance in cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin concentration. The presence of considerably high levels of MCs almost throughout the year represents a serious threat to public health and life of domestic and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshiemebet Major
- Applied Biology Program, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Kifle
- Aquatic Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture stream, Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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124
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Mohamed ZA, Bakr A, Soliman HA. Bioavailability of bound microcystins in mice orally fed with contaminated tilapia edible tissues: Implications to human health. Toxicon 2018; 151:34-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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125
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Jia J, Chen Q, Wang M, Zhang J, Yi Q, Hu L. The production and release of microcystin related to phytoplankton biodiversity and water salinity in two cyanobacteria blooming lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2312-2322. [PMID: 29923630 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To find the connections between microcystins and the phytoplankton community, coupled with environmental factors, we investigated 2 cyanobacteria blooming lakes, Lake Taihu (at the center of the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China) and Lake Yanghe (near Qinhuangdao City, northern China). Two years of data, including water quality and the amounts of phytoplankton, microcystins, and the congeners in both algal cells and water, were collected from the 2 lakes during 2013 and 2014. The results showed that both the microcystin quota and release percentage were positively correlated with biodiversity of phytoplankton and the Chlorophyta to phytoplankton ratio, but were negatively correlated with cyanobacteria abundance and the cyanobacteria to phytoplankton ratio; both the microcystin quota and release percentage were closely related to the intensity of competition between cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton; meanwhile, microcystins played a role in the competition between cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton. Salinity had a significantly negative relationship with both cellular and total microcystins, but a significantly positive relationship with the microcystin releasing percentage, indicating that an increase in salinity inhibited the production of microcystins but promoted their release into the aquatic environment. In addition, the average number of microcystins in Lake Yanghe was several times higher than the provisional guideline value adopted by the World Health Organization, indicating a possible health risk to local people. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2312-2322. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing, China
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Qitao Yi
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuming Hu
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, China
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126
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Wharton RE, Ojeda-Torres G, Cunningham B, Feyereisen MC, Hill KL, Abbott NL, Seymour C, Hill D, Lang J, Hamelin EI, Johnson RC. Quantification of Microcystin-LR in Human Urine by Immunocapture Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:898-903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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127
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Zhao S, Liu Y, Wang F, Xu D, Xie P. N-acetylcysteine protects against microcystin-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:463-473. [PMID: 29679867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a reproductive toxicant that induces germ cell apoptosis in the testes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated that MCLR induces germ cell apoptosis is through activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant could protect against germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress. Healthy male zebrafish were intraperitoneally injected with NAC (500 nM), beginning at 2 h before different doses of MCLR (0, 50, 100, 200 μg/kg). As expected, acute MCLR exposure resulted in oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Further analysis showed that NAC significantly alleviated MCLR-induced testicular germ cell apoptosis and inhibited the caspase-dependent apoptotic proteins. Meanwhile H&E staining showed that NAC could rescue testicular damage induced by MCLR. Moreover, MCLR induced activation of ER stress which consequently triggered apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Interestingly, NAC was effective in improving the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level and activity of antioxidant enzymes in NAC pretreated groups. NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-induced upregulation of GRP78 in testes. In addition, NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-triggered testicular eIF2s1 and MAPK8 activation, indicating that NAC counteracts MCLR-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in testes. Taken together, the results observed in this study suggested that ER stress plays a critical role in germ cell apoptosis exposed to MCLR and NAC could protect against apoptosis via inhibiting ER stress in zebrafish testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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128
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Exposure routes and health effects of microcystins on animals and humans: A mini-review. Toxicon 2018; 151:156-162. [PMID: 30003917 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) pollution has quickly risen in infamy and has become a major problem to public health worldwide. MCs are a group of monocyclic hepatotoxic peptides, which are produced by some bloom-forming cyanobacteria in water. More than 100 different MCs variants posing a great threat to animals and humans due to their potential carcinogenicity have been reported. To reduce MCs risks, the World Health Organization has set a provisional guideline of 1 μg/L MCs in human's drinking water. This paper provides an overview of exposure routes of MCs into the human system and health effects on different organs after MCs exposure including the liver, intestine, brain, kidney, lung, heart and reproductive system. In addition, some evidences on human poisoning and deaths associated with MCs exposure are presented. Finally, in order to protect human life against the health threats posed by MCs, this paper also suggests some directions for future research that can advance MCs control and minimize human exposure to MCs.
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129
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Chen Y, Wang J, Chen X, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine mediates apoptosis and engulfment of Leydig cell by testicular macrophages resulting in reduced serum testosterone levels. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:116-126. [PMID: 29621671 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) causes decline of serum testosterone levels resulting in impaired spermatogenesis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of MC-LR exposure on the number of Leydig cells (LCs) in testis. Following chronic low dose exposure to MC-LR, the number of LCs was markedly decreased while macrophages were significantly increased. Then, we established a co-culture system to study the interaction between macrophages and LCs in the presence of MC-LR. No significant apoptosis of LCs cultured alone was observed after MC-LR (< 5 000 nM) treatment; however, apoptosis was robustly increased when LCs were co-cultured with macrophages in the presence of MC-LR. Further studies identified that MC-LR could stimulate macrophage to produce TNF-α, and secreted TNF-α induced LC apoptosis by binding to the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) on the LCs and thus activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-p38MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also examined increased expression of Axl receptor and growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) in macrophages after MC-LR treatment. GAS6 mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic LCs by binding to the Axl receptor on macrophages and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on apoptotic LCs. Together, these results suggested that reduced serum testosterone levels may be associated with decrease of LCs as a result of LC apoptosis and phagocytosis by immune cells in MC-LR-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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130
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Zhang Q, Qin W, Yang L, An J, Zhang X, Hong H, Xu L, Wang Y. Microcystis bloom containing microcystin-LR induces type 2 diabetes mellitus. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:87-94. [PMID: 29777831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data from Lake Taihu showed significantly higher incidences of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than in other areas of China. This may be related to the occurrence of a Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu in the summer and autumn every year. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the contaminated water from the Microcystis bloom and the derivative pollutant microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can explain the higher incidences of T2DM. Healthy male mice were fed with water from different regions of Lake Taihu, and were either acutely or chronically exposed to MC-LR through oral administration or intraperitoneal injection. Serum lipid profiles were determined, and the effects on T2DM-related gene expression and insulin receptor signaling pathway were investigated. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (IPGTT) and insulin resistance (IRT) tests were implemented, and the functions of pancreatic islet and β-cell were also evaluated. The results showed that both water sampled from the region with a Microcysis bloom and those containing MC-LR altered the serum glucide and lipid profiles in mice after exposure. The exposure to a Microcysis bloom water affected the expression T2DM-related genes: up-regulated the mRNA levels of FASn, ACACA, G6pc, LPL, and Insig2, and down-regulated the mRNA level of PEPCK and Gsk-3β. Both acute and chronic exposure of MC-LR, even at very low concentrations (1 μg/L), impaired the insulin receptor signalling pathway and induced hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in mice. In this study, the most important intracellular target of MC-LR was found to be hetapocellular mitochondria. Thus, exposure to Microcystis bloom water containing microcystin-LR can induce the incidence of T2DM, by impairing the function of mitochondria by microcystin-LR. The study suggests a review of the risk assessment concerning 1 μg/L MC-LR as the reference dose in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - Wendi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jing An
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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131
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Pham TL, Utsumi M. An overview of the accumulation of microcystins in aquatic ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 213:520-529. [PMID: 29472035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by toxic cyanobacteria pose a major, worldwide environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins (MCs) are considered to be the most hazardous groups. Indeed, some of the largest aquatic ecosystems on the earth are being contaminated with MCs. Questions have arisen regarding their transfer and bioaccumulation in natural environment. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding toxic cyanobacteria and MCs, with a specific focus on their distribution in different components of aquatic ecosystems. Their accumulation in water columns, aquatic animals, plants, and sediments is summarized. MCs have been contaminating all areas of the aquatic ecosystems. Of these, the water column was the most contaminated with MCs and served as an intermediate transmission substation. Via this route, MCs could enter to other stations such as sediment, animals, aquatic and terrestrial plants. Therefore, the use of water contaminated with MCs may induce food chain contaminations with considerable health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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132
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Moosova Z, Hrouzek P, Kapuscik A, Blaha L, Adamovsky O. Immunomodulatory effects of selected cyanobacterial peptides in vitro. Toxicon 2018; 149:20-25. [PMID: 29715468 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce many biologically active metabolites synthesized via nonribosomal synthetic pathways such as cyclic microcystins (MCs) and linear aeruginosins (Aers). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different MC variants and the newly isolated aerugenosin Aer-865 on macrophages, which represent one of the key effector cells within the innate immune responses. Specifically, our study included RAW 264.7 macrophage activation associated with production of cytotoxic and cytostatic nitric oxide (NO) as well as pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). From the compounds investigated, commonly occurring MC variants (-RR, -YR) and Aer-865 had no significant effects within the non-cytotoxic concentrations tested, i.e. 0.001-1 μM for MCs and 0.1-50 μM for Aer-865. In contrast to known immunoactive MC-LR, the negligible immunomodulatory potential of tested MC congeners could be related to their differences in structure. The knowledge of MC structure-specific activities contributes to the understanding of complex toxicity of different MC variants and most importantly their mixtures. This study is one of the first study that evaluate the effect of larger set of cyanobacterial peptides on macrophages and compare their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Moosova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Phototrophic Microorganisms-ALGATECH, Opatovicky mlyn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Kapuscik
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Phototrophic Microorganisms-ALGATECH, Opatovicky mlyn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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133
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Lin W, Hou J, Guo H, Li L, Wang L, Zhang D, Li D, Tang R. The synergistic effects of waterborne microcystin-LR and nitrite on hepatic pathological damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant responses of male zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:197-206. [PMID: 29289830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous materials from decaying cyanobacterial blooms, such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and nitrite pose serious challenges to aquatic organisms. To assess combined toxic effects of MC-LR and nitrite on hepatic pathology, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant responses of fish, adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to solutions with different combined concentrations of MC-LR (0, 3, 30 μg/L) and nitrite (0, 2, 20 mg/L) for 30 d. The results showed that hepatic pathological lesions progressed in severity and extent with increasing concentration of single factor MC-LR or nitrite and became more severe in co-exposure groups. Concurrently, significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by MC-LR, nitrite and both of them, which was indirectly verified by remarkable decreases in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) as well as the transcription and activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and GPx). Hepatic mitochondria were damaged as the common action site of MC-LR and nitrite, suggesting that oxidative stress played a significant role in the mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity of MC-LR and nitrite. The depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) indicated the importance of GSH/glutathione-S-transferases (GST) system in these two chemicals detoxification. These results clearly illustrated that MC-LR and nitrite have synergistic effects on the histostructure, antioxidant capacity and detoxification capability in the liver of zebrafish. Therefore, the combined pollution of MC-LR and nitrite in eutrophic lakes can reduce the defense mechanism of the fish and accelerate the consumption of GSH, which compromise the survival of the fish during prolonged cyanobacterial blooms episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Honghui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Lingkai Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rong Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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134
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Greer B, Meneely JP, Elliott CT. Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on exposure through drinking water: An animal model assessing the human health risk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4913. [PMID: 29559706 PMCID: PMC5861052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in freshwater systems and intensified aquaculture have increased the risk to human health through exposure to cyanotoxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). To understand the uptake and processing of MC-LR in humans, the pig was chosen as an animal model. This was assessed by repeated exposure for 13 weeks of eight animals dosed daily with MC-LR at 0.04 µg/kg bw, repeated with six animals over five weeks at a dose 50 times higher at 2 µg/kg bw. An analytical method was developed for MC-LR in porcine serum and also to analyse levels of free MC-LR in harvested porcine tissues, with Lemieux Oxidation employed to determine bound MC-LR in these tissues. MC-LR was not detected in the serum of treated animals from either experiment but free MC-LR was observed in the large intestine and kidney from two animals from the higher dosed group at levels of 1.4 and 1.9 µg/kg dry weight (dw) respectively. The results indicated 50% of higher dosed animals accumulated bound MC-LR in liver tissue, averaging 26.4 µg, approximately 1.1% of the dose administered. These results point to the potential uptake and accumulation of MC-LR in human liver tissue exposed chronically to sub-acute doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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135
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Tumor-promoting cyanotoxin microcystin-LR does not induce procarcinogenic events in adult human liver stem cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29534881 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HL1-hT1 cell line represents adult human liver stem cells (LSCs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. In this study, HL1-hT1 cells were found to express mesenchymal markers (vimentin, CD73, CD90/THY-1 and CD105) and an early hepatic endoderm marker FOXA2, while not expressing hepatic progenitor (HNF4A, LGR5, α-fetoprotein) or differentiated hepatocyte markers (albumin, transthyretin, connexin 32). In response to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a time- and concentration-dependent formation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was observed. Cellular accumulation of MC-LR occurred most likely via mechanisms independent on organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) or multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, as indicated (a) by a gene expression analysis of 11 human OATP genes and 4 major MDR genes (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP); (b) by non-significant effects of OATP or MDR1 inhibitors on MC-LR uptake. Accumulation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was associated neither with alterations of cell viability and growth, dysregulations of ERK1/2 and p38 kinases, reactive oxygen species formation, induction of double-stranded DNA breaks nor modulations of stress-inducible genes (ATF3, HSP5). It suggests that LSCs might have a selective, MDR1-independent, survival advantage and higher tolerance towards MC-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic or cancer-related events than differentiated adult hepatocytes, fetal hepatocyte or malignant liver cell lines. HL1-hT1 cells provide a valuable in vitro tool for studying effects of toxicants and pharmaceuticals on LSCs, whose important role in the development of chronic toxicities and liver diseases is being increasingly recognized.
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136
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Chen L, Liu X, Pan Z, Liu S, Han H, Zhao C, Tang X. The role of IL-8/CXCR2 signaling in microcystin-LR triggered endothelial cell activation and increased vascular permeability. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:43-48. [PMID: 29197248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are a family of cyclic heptapeptide toxins naturally produced by freshwater cyanobacteria. Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is believed to be the most toxic and common one with various pathological effects on human and mammals. However, the effects of MCLR on endothelial cells and vascular homeostasis have been largely unknown. We explored the mRNA and protein expression changes of several pro-inflammatory mediators in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and C57BC/6 mice exposed to MCLR. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), especially interleukin-8 (IL-8) were remarkably upregulated both in endothelial cells and in serum. Increased endothelial permeability in vitro and chronic microvascular permeability in animals were also observed. Silencing the IL-8 gene with siRNA or blocking its cognate receptor, CXC-chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2), by a specific inhibitor efficiently prevented the MCLR induced leakage. These observations indicate a novel insight of inflammation triggered property of MCLR via IL-8/CXCR2 signaling, suggesting CXCR2 as a target molecule in protective strategy against the wide range pollution of microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chen
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Zhifang Pan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Shunmei Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Huirong Han
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Chunling Zhao
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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137
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Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang D, Luo L, Liao Q, Yuan L, Wu N. Seasonal and spatial variations of microcystins in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6300-6307. [PMID: 29247414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and an important drinking water source. Since the year 2000, toxic cyanobacteria have been observed frequently in Poyang Lake. In the present study, spatial and seasonal variations of microcystins (MCs; MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR) in water column were examined monthly from January to December (except the months of March, May, and November) in 2013, by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). MC-RR was the most dominant variant, followed by MC-LR, while MC-YR was detected in low concentration. Total MC concentrations (intracellular + extracellular MCs) ranged from 1.26 to 9916.05 ng/L, with an average of 469.99 ng/L, and only 3.14% (6 out of 192 samples) of the water samples contained MC concentrations that exceeded the drinking water guideline level of 1 μg/L for MC-LR proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). MC concentrations in water column showed obvious seasonal variations in Poyang Lake. Intracellular and extracellular MCs were both at a low level from January to April but increased quickly from June to August and decreased dramatically thereafter. Intracellular MCs exhibited similar spatial distribution pattern with extracellular MCs. Both intracellular and extracellular MC concentrations in eastern bays and around Songmen Mountain of Poyang Lake were higher than other regions. Intracellular MC concentrations were positively correlated with Chl a (r = 046, P < 0.01), pH (r = 0.25, P < 0.01), cyanobacterial biomass (r = 0.40, P < 0.01), and temperature (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with TN (r = - 0.28, P < 0.01), suggesting that TN, cyanobacteria biomass, pH, and temperature might be regulating factors for MC production in Poyang Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jutao Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330200, China
| | - Dawen Zhang
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linguang Luo
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiegen Liao
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Naicheng Wu
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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138
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Chen Y, Wang J, Pan C, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine-arginine causes blood-testis barrier disruption and degradation of occludin mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-8. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1117-1132. [PMID: 29071384 PMCID: PMC11105681 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) can cause male reproductive disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of MC-LR on the integrity of blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the related molecular mechanisms. Both transepithelial electrical resistance measurement in vitro and electron microscope observation ex vivo revealed that MC-LR caused disruption of the tight junction between Sertoli cells, which was paralleled by the degradation of occludin. We observed increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) upon exposure to MC-LR, and confirmed that abrogation of MMP-8 activity by specific inhibitors as well as transfection with MMP-8 shRNA could abolish the degradation of occludin. Our data demonstrated that MC-LR up-regulated nuclear levels of c-Fos and c-Jun through activating ERK and JNK, and increased NF-κB levels by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Enhanced binding of c-Fos and NF-κB to the promoter of MMP-8 promoted the transcription of MMP-8 gene. Furthermore, miR-184-3p was significantly downregulated in SC following exposure to MC-LR through targeting MMP-8 expression. Together, these results confirmed that MC-LR-induced MMP-8 expression was regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which was involved in MC-LR-induced degradation of occludin and BTB destruction. This work may provide new perspectives in developing new diagnosis and treatment strategies for MC-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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139
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Ma J, Li Y, Duan H, Sivakumar R, Li X. Chronic exposure of nanomolar MC-LR caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:305-317. [PMID: 29117589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low dose but long-term exposure of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could induce human hepatitis and promote liver cancer according to epidemiological investigation results, but the exact mechanism has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, a chronic toxicity test of MC-LR exposure on HepG2 cells at 0.1-30 nM for 83 d was conducted under laboratory conditions. The western blot assay result revealed that MC-LR entered HepG2 cells, even at the concentration of 0.1 nM, after 83 d of exposure, but no cytotoxicity was observed in the HepG2 cells, as determined by the CCK-8 and LDH tests. However, the results of the DCF fluorescence assay showed that the intracellular ROS level in the 30 nM MC-LR-treated cells was significantly higher than that of the control cells, and 5 and 10 nM of MC-LR exposure totally increased the activity of SOD in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that MC-LR exposure at low concentration also induced excessive ROS in HepG2 cells. Additionally, long-term exposure of MC-LR at low concentration remarkably promoted the expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cells, suggesting that long-term MC-LR exposure at low concentration can induce inflammatory reaction to HepG2 cells, which might account for MC-induced human hepatitis. Thus, we hypothesized that the pathogenesis of human hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma caused by MCs might be closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hongying Duan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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140
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Abu-Serie MM, Nasser N, Abd El-Wahab A, Shehawy R, Pienaar H, Baddour N, Amer R. In vivo assessment of the hepatotoxicity of a new Nostoc isolate from the Nile River: Nostoc sp. strain NRI. Toxicon 2018; 143:81-89. [PMID: 29366868 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nostoc sp. is one of the most widely distributed cyanobacterial genera that produce potentially protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitor; microcystins (MCs). MCs have posed a worldwide concern due to predominant hepatotoxicity to human health. We have previously isolated a Nostoc strain (NR1) from the Nile River (the main water supply in Egypt) and this strain exerted production of rare and highly toxic MC; demethylated microcystin-LR. There is no data concerning risk factors of liver diseases for human and animal exposure to NR1-contaminated drinking water yet. It is thus important to evaluate acute (LD50 dose), subacute (0.01% and 10% of LD50 dose) and subchronic (0.01% and 10% of LD50 dose) hepatotoxicity's NR1 extract using experimental mice. Mice groups, who orally received 0.01% LD50, represented a permissible concentration of the World Health Organization (WHO) for MC in drinking water. Several parameters were detected, including hepatotoxicity (i.e. PP activity, liver function, oxidative stress markers and DNA fragmentation), pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and liver histopathology. Our results demonstrated LD50 of NR1 extract was at 15,350 mg/kg body weight and caused hepatotoxicity that attributed to PP inhibition and a significant increase of hepatic damage biomarkers with lipid accumulation. Moreover, NR1 extract induced hepatic oxidative damage that may have led to DNA fragmentation and production of TNF-α. As demonstrated from the histopathological study, NR1 extract caused a severe collapse of cytoskeleton with subsequent focal degeneration of hepatocytes, necroinflammation and steatosis. The grade of hepatotoxicity in subacute (10% of LD50) group was higher than that in the subchronic (10% of LD50 and 0.01% of LD50, WHOch, respectively) groups. No significant hepatotoxicity was detectable for subacute (0.01% of LD50, WHOac) group. NR1 is therefore considered as one of the harmful and life-threatening cyanobacteria for Egyptian people being exposed to dose above WHO guideline. Thus, biological indicators and thresholds for water treatment are extremely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El Arab, Egypt.
| | - Nermine Nasser
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El Arab, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Abd El-Wahab
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El Arab, Egypt.
| | - Rehab Shehawy
- Institute IMDEA-Agua, C/Punto Net4, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Harrison Pienaar
- CSIR, Natural Resources and Environment, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Ranya Amer
- Environment and Natural Materials Research Institute (ENMRI), SRTA-City, New Borg El Arab, Egypt.
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141
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Li W, He J, Chen J, Xie P. Excretion pattern and dynamics of glutathione detoxification of microcystins in Sprague Dawley rat. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:357-364. [PMID: 29049959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The excretion route and dynamics of the glutathione (GSH) conjugate of microcystin-RR (MCRR), MCRR-GSH, were quantitatively studied in Sprague Dawley rat exposed with MCRR-GSH via liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). In the MCRR-GSH-treated rat, the average MCRR-Cysteine (MCRR-Cys)/MCRR-GSH ratio reached as high as 105.3, which indicated that the intermediate conjugate MCRR-GSH was rapidly converted to the product compound MCRR-Cys. Besides, MCRR was consistently detected in MCRR-GSH-treated rat, which suggested that MCRR can be dissociated from the MCRR-GSH conjugate and the reversibility of the MC-GSH conjugate. Results of total MC contents analysis in excrement showed that the total MC contents in urine were significantly higher than those in feces. The ratio of the total MC content in urine to feces was as high as 129.3, which demonstrates that the urine is the main route of excretion after MCRR-GSH-treatment. In urine, the MCRR-Cys concentration was 27.8-fold, 19.4-fold higher than MCRR-GSH and MCRR, respectively. Our results, for the first time, quantitatively found that MCRR-GSH was rapidly converted to MCRR-Cys after exposed to rat, and was excreted mainly through urine in the form of the MCRR-Cys conjugate. This study suggests that the GSH detoxification pathway of MCs could help to explain the greater sensitivity of mammals to MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China; Changchun University of Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, China.
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142
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Wu Q, Yan W, Cheng H, Liu C, Hung TC, Guo X, Li G. Parental transfer of microcystin-LR induced transgenerational effects of developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:471-478. [PMID: 28837927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) has been reported to cause developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish, but there are few studies on the mechanisms of MCLR-induced transgenerational effects of developmental neurotoxicity. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 1, 5, and 25 μg/L MCLR for 60 days. The F1 zebrafish embryos from the above-mentioned parents were collected and incubated in clean water for 120 h for hatching. After examining the parental zebrafish and F1 embryos, MCLR was detected in the gonad of adults and F1 embryos, indicating MCLR could potentially be transferred from parents to offspring. The larvae also showed a serious hypoactivity. The contents of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) were further detected, but only the first three neurotransmitters showed significant reduction in the 5 and 25 μg/L MCLR parental exposure groups. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was remarkably decreased in MCLR parental exposure groups, while the expression levels of manf, bdnf, ache, htr1ab, htr1b, htr2a, htr1aa, htr5a, DAT, TH1 and TH2 genes coincided with the decreased content of neurotransmitters (dopamine, DOPAC and serotonin) and the activity of AChE. Neuronal development related genes, α1-tubulin, syn2a, mbp, gfap, elavl3, shha and gap43 were also measured, but gap43 was the gene only up-regulated. Our results demonstrated MCLR could be transferred to offspring, and subsequently induce developmental neurotoxicity in F1 zebrafish larvae by disturbing the neurotransmitter systems and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Houcheng Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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143
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Zheng C, Zeng H, Lin H, Wang J, Feng X, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Luo J, Luo Y, Huang Y, Wang L, Liu W, Tan Y, Xu A, Yao Y, Shu W. Serum microcystin levels positively linked with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study in southwest China. Hepatology 2017; 66:1519-1528. [PMID: 28599070 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microcystins have been reported to be carcinogenic by animal and cell experimentation, but there are no data on the linkage between serum microcystins and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in humans. We conducted a clinical case-control study to investigate the association between serum microcystins and HCC risk after controlling several known risk factors, such as hepatitis B virus, alcohol, and aflatoxin. From December 2013 to May 2016, 214 patients newly diagnosed with HCC along with 214 controls (frequency-matched by age and sex) were recruited from three hospitals in Chongqing, southwest China. Basic information on lifestyle and history of disease was obtained by questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and aflatoxin-albumin adduct by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for hepatitis B surface antigen status by chemiluminescence assay. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the independent effects of MC-LR and its joint effects with other factors on HCC risk. The adjusted odds ratio for HCC risk by serum MC-LR was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-5.5) in all patients. Notably, a clear relationship between increased MC-LR level (Q2, Q3, and Q4) and HCC risk was observed with elevated adjusted odds ratios (1.3, 2.6, and 4.0, respectively). Positive interactions with the additive model were investigated between MC-LR and hepatitis B virus infection (synergism index = 3.0; 95% CI, 2.0-4.5) and between MC-LR and alcohol (synergism index = 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7-9.5), while a negative interaction was found between MC-LR and aflatoxin (synergism index = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7). Additionally, serum MC-LR was significantly associated with tumor differentiation (r = -0.228, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We provide evidence that serum MC-LR was an independent risk factor for HCC in humans, with an obvious positive interaction with hepatitis B virus and alcohol but a negative interaction with aflatoxin. (Hepatology 2017;66:1519-1528).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfen Zheng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Tropical Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-An Chen
- Department of Health Education, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaohua Luo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center for Nanomedicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingqiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Anwei Xu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
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144
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Hu M, Qu X, Pan L, Fu C, Jia P, Liu Q, Wang Y. Effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the silver carp Hypophthalmichtys molitrix revealed by hepatic RNA-seq and miRNA-seq. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10456. [PMID: 28874710 PMCID: PMC5585339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze the effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Silver carps were exposed to two cyanobacteria species (toxic and non-toxic) for RNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis. RNA-seq revealed that the liver tissue contained 105,379 unigenes. Of these genes, 143 were significantly differentiated, 82 were markedly up-regulated, and 61 were remarkably down-regulated. GO term enrichment analysis indicated that 35 of the 154 enriched GO terms were significantly enriched. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that 17 of the 118 enriched KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. A considerable number of disease/immune-associated GO terms and significantly enriched KEGG pathways were also observed. The sequence length determined by miRNA-seq was mainly distributed in 20-23 bp and composed of 882,620 unique small RNAs, and 53% of these RNAs were annotated to miRNAs. As confirmed, 272 known miRNAs were differentially expressed, 453 novel miRNAs were predicted, 112 miRNAs were well matched with 7,623 target genes, and 203 novel miRNAs were matched with 15,453 target genes. qPCR also indicated that Steap4, Cyp7a1, CABZ01088134.1, and PPP1R3G were significantly differentially expressed and might play major roles in the toxic, detoxifying, and antitoxic mechanisms of microcystin in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiancheng Qu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Pan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chunxue Fu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peixuan Jia
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qigen Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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145
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Khashaba AMA. Subchronic toxicity of Nile tilapia with different exposure routes to Microcystis aeruginosa: Histopathology, liver functions, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Vet World 2017; 10:955-963. [PMID: 28919690 PMCID: PMC5591486 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.955-963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic cyanobacterial blooms (Microcystis aeruginosa contains microcystins [MCs]) have been reported to induce clinicopathological alterations as well as different oxidative stress in aquatic biota. AIM Three-week subchronic exposure experiment was carried out on Nile tilapia, to determine their effects on fish behavior, tissues, liver functions, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish were exposed to four main treatments; orally fed diet plus toxic cells of M. aeruginosa (containing 3500 µg/g MC-LR), immersion in 500 µg MC-LR/L, intraperitoneal injection of M. aeruginosa MC-LR with a dose of 0.1 ml of extracted toxin at a dose of 200 μg/kg bwt, and the fourth one served as a control group, then the fish were sacrificed at the end of 3rd week of exposure. RESULTS The results revealed no recorded mortality with obvious behavioral changes and an enlarged liver with the congested gall bladder. Histopathology demonstrated fragmentation, hyalinization, and necrosis of the subcutaneous musculature marked fatty degeneration, and vacuolation of hepatopancreatic cells with adhesion of the secondary gill lamellae associated with severe leukocytic infiltration. Furthermore, liver functions enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidase, and catalase enzymes) were significantly increased in all treatments starting from the 2nd week as compared to the control levels. CONCLUSION In this context, the study addresses the possible toxicological impacts of toxic M. aeruginosa contain MC-LR to Nile tilapia, and the results investigated that MC-LR is toxic to Nile tilapia in different routes of exposure as well as different doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University (Matrouh Branch), Fuka City, Box: 51744, Matrouh Province, Egypt
| | - A M Abou Khashaba
- Department of Food Inspection, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza Province, Egypt
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146
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Chia MA, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Lorenzi AS, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Cylindrospermopsin induced changes in growth, toxin production and antioxidant response of Acutodesmus acuminatus and Microcystis aeruginosa under differing light and nitrogen conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:189-199. [PMID: 28411514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that some bioactive metabolites (e.g. cyanotoxins) produced by cyanobacteria have allelopathic potential, due to their inhibitory or stimulatory effects on competing species. Although a number of studies have shown that the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has variable effects on phytoplankton species, the impact of changing physicochemical conditions on its allelopathic potential is yet to be investigated. We investigated the physiological response of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) and Acutodesmus acuminatus (Chlorophyta) to CYN under varying nitrogen and light conditions. At 24h, higher microcystins content of M. aeruginosa was recorded under limited light in the presence of CYN, while at 120h the lower levels of the toxins were observed in the presence of CYN under optimum light. Total MCs concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lowered by CYN after 120h of exposure under limited and optimum nitrogen conditions. On the other hand, there were no significant (p>0.05) changes in total MCs concentrations after exposure to CYN under high nitrogen conditions. As expected, limited light and limited nitrogen conditions resulted in lower cell density of both species, while CYN only significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa. Regardless of the light or nitrogen condition, the presence of CYN increased internal H2O2 content of both species, which resulted in significant (p<0.05) changes in antioxidant enzyme (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase) activities. The oxidative stress caused by CYN was higher under limited light and limited nitrogen. These results showed that M. aeruginosa and A. acuminatus have variable response to CYN under changing light and nitrogen conditions, and demonstrate that need to consider changes in physicochemical conditions during ecotoxicological and ecophysiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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147
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McLellan NL, Manderville RA. Toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammals. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:391-405. [PMID: 30090507 PMCID: PMC6060792 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins, such as microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), are some of the most toxic and prevalent cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater and saltwater algal blooms worldwide. Acute and chronic exposures to microcystins are primarily known to cause hepatotoxicity; cellular damage and genotoxicity within mammalian livers. However, in vivo studies indicate that similar damage may occur in other mammalian organs and tissues, such as the kidney, heart, reproductive systems, and lungs - particularly following chronic low-dose exposures. Mechanisms of toxicity of mycrocystins are reviewed herein; including cellular uptake, interaction with protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, cytoskeletal effects, formation of oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. In general, the mode of action of toxicity by MCs in mammalian organs are similar to those that have been observed in liver tissues. A comprehensive understanding of the toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammalian tissues and organs will assist in the development of risk assessment approaches to public health protection strategies and the development of robust drinking water policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L McLellan
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-519-824-4120, x53963
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148
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Liu W, Wang L, Yang X, Zeng H, Zhang R, Pu C, Zheng C, Tan Y, Luo Y, Feng X, Tian Y, Xiao G, Wang J, Huang Y, Luo J, Feng L, Wang F, Yuan C, Yao Y, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Wu L, Nong Q, Lin H, Shu W. Environmental Microcystin Exposure Increases Liver Injury Risk Induced by Hepatitis B Virus Combined with Aflatoxin: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6367-6378. [PMID: 28467052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three liver hazards, two confirmed-hepatitis B virus (HBV) and aflatoxin (AFB), and one rarely studied in populations-microcystin (MC), simultaneously exist in tropical and humid areas; however, there are no epidemiological data on their risks in the same population. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey among 5493 adults in two rural towns and statistically analyzed the comparative and combinative effects of the three factors after detecting HBsAg and HBV DNA titers, determining estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of AFB1 and MC-LR and testing serum AST and ALT as liver injury markers for each participant. We observed a HBsAg(+) rate of 7.6%, a relatively high AFB1 exposure level (mean EDIAFB1 = 471.30 ng/d), and a relatively low MC-LR exposure level (mean EDIMC-LR = 228.25 ng/d). ORs for abnormal AST (2.42, 95%CI = 1.69-3.45) and ALT (2.87, 95%CI = 1.91-4.29) increased in HBV infections compared with HBV-unexposed participants but did not increase in participants with separate or combined exposure to AFB1 and MC-LR (EDIs ≥ mean). Meanwhile, after adjustment for confounding factors, means of AST and ALT and ORs of abnormal AST and ALT were successively elevated after exposure to HBV, HBV&AFB1 (or HBV&MC-LR), and HBV&AFB1&MC-LR, especially in the group with detectable HBV DNA (AST: OR = 11.38, 95%CI = 3.91-33.17; ALT: OR = 17.09, 95%CI = 5.36-54.53). Notably, ORs for abnormal AST and ALT in the HBV exposed group were not significantly different from those in HBV&AFB1 or in the HBV&MC-LR exposed group but were significantly higher in the HBV&AFB1&MC-LR exposed group (P = 0.029 and P = 0.037, respectively). Our study indicated that microcystin may have the potential to increase the risk of liver injury induced by combined exposure to HBV and aflatoxin. However, in consideration of the uncertainties in the detection of the toxins and evaluation of the EDIs, more epidemiological data are expected to determine the increasing toxic effects of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Renping Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Chaowen Pu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yingqiao Tian
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University , Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | | | | | | | - Lei Feng
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Township Central Hospital in Yihe Town, Fuling District, Chongqing 408104, China
| | - Changyou Yuan
- The Community Health Service Center in Lidu Town, Fuling District, Chongqing 408103, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingqing Nong
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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149
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Greer B, Maul R, Campbell K, Elliott CT. Detection of freshwater cyanotoxins and measurement of masked microcystins in tilapia from Southeast Asian aquaculture farms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4057-4069. [PMID: 28429062 PMCID: PMC5437195 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a rise in freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) globally, as well as increasing aquaculture practices. HABs can produce cyanotoxins, many of which are hepatotoxins. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for nine cyanotoxins across three classes including six microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a. The method was used to analyse free cyanotoxin(s) in muscle (n = 34), liver (n = 17) and egg (n = 9) tissue samples of 34 fish sourced from aquaculture farms in Southeast Asia. Conjugated microcystin was analysed by Lemieux oxidation to ascertain the total amount of microcystin present in muscle. Some tilapia accumulated free microcystin-LR in the muscle tissue at a mean of 15.45 μg/kg dry weight (dw), with total microcystin levels detected at a mean level of 110.1 μg/kg dw, indicating that the amount of conjugated or masked microcystin present in the fish muscle accounted for 85% of the total. Higher levels of cyanotoxin were detected in the livers, with approximately 60% of those tested being positive for microcystin-LR and microcystin-LF, along with cylindrospermopsin. Two fish from one of the aquaculture farms contained cylindrospermopsin in the eggs; the first time this has been reported. The estimated daily intake for free and total microcystins in fish muscle tissue was 2 and 14 times higher, respectively, than the tolerable daily intake value. This survey presents the requirement for further monitoring of cyanotoxins, including masked microcystins, in aquaculture farming in these regions and beyond, along with the implementation of guidelines to safeguard human health. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Ronald Maul
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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150
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Zhou Y, Xu X, Yu B, Yu G. Characterization of in vitro effects of microcystin-LR on intestinal epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1539-1547. [PMID: 27758031 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a single-cell layer that provides an important barrier against natural toxins. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a cyclic heptapeptide, is one of the best known toxins able to alter the functions of intestine. This study evaluated the toxic effects and the possible mechanisms of MC-LR on barrier function of the intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were exposed to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μM MC-LR. Cell viability significantly decreased, while the ratio of apoptotic cells increased after exposure to 12.5μM and higer concentration of MC-LR. As expected, the integrity of a polarized IEC-6 monolayer was affected by MC-LR exposure, as demonstrated by a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, becoming most pronounced at 50μM, 24 h. No effects were detected on the protein expression levels of the tight junction protein claudin at 50μM. However, the expression of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) declined. Furthermore, MC-LR can immigrate into IEC-6 cells. The activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) decreased from the concentration of 12.5 μM, showing a dose-dependent decline. These results provide new information that strengthens the concept that the intestinal epithelium is important targets for toxic effects of water contaminants like MC-LR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1539-1547, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Zhejiang Prov Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310051, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- School of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Guang Yu
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
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