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Sasmal PK, Talwar R, Swetha J, Balasubrahmanyam D, Venkatesham B, Rawoof KA, Neelima Devi B, Jadhav VP, Khan SK, Mohan P, Srinivasa Reddy D, Nyavanandi VK, Nanduri S, Kyasa SK, Kannan M, Srinivas P, Nadipalli P, Chaudhury H, Sebastian VJ. Structure-activity relationship studies of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4913-8. [PMID: 21741835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as CB1 antagonists are described. As a part of eastern amide SAR, various chemically diverse motifs were introduced on rimonabant template. The central pyrazole core was also replaced with its conformationally constrained motif and imidazole moieties. In general, a range of modifications were well tolerated. Several molecules with low- and sub-nanomolar potencies were identified as potent CB1 receptor antagonists. The in vivo proof of principle for weight loss is demonstrated with a lead compound in DIO mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Sasmal
- Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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102
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Quarta C, Mazza R, Obici S, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. Energy balance regulation by endocannabinoids at central and peripheral levels. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:518-26. [PMID: 21816675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a universal and, perhaps, causative feature of obesity. Central nervous system (CNS) circuits that regulate food intake were initially believed to be the targets for dysregulation. However, it is increasingly evident that endocannabinoids affect food intake, energy expenditure and substrate metabolism by acting on peripheral sites. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1r) antagonists can effectively treat obesity and associated metabolic alterations but, unfortunately, cause and exacerbate mood disorders. Drugs restricted to act on peripheral CB1rs might be safer and more effective, retaining the anti-obesity effects but lacking the adverse neurodepressive reactions. This review summarizes the emerging roles of the ECS in energy balance and discusses future pharmacological approaches for developing peripherally restricted CB1r antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Clinical Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
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103
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Kunos G, Tam J. The case for peripheral CB₁ receptor blockade in the treatment of visceral obesity and its cardiometabolic complications. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1423-31. [PMID: 21434882 PMCID: PMC3165952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we consider the role of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid-1 (CB(1)) cannabinoid receptors in metabolic regulation and as mediators of the thrifty phenotype that underlies the metabolic syndrome. We survey the actions of endocannabinoids on food intake and body weight, as well as on the metabolic complications of visceral obesity, including fatty liver, insulin resistance and dyslipidemias. Special emphasis is placed on weighing the relative importance of CB(1) receptors located in peripheral tissues versus the central nervous system in mediating the metabolic effects of endocannabinoids. Finally, we review recent observations that indicate that peripherally restricted CB(1) receptor antagonists retain efficacy in reducing weight and improving metabolic abnormalities in mouse models of obesity without causing behavioural effects predictive of neuropsychiatric side effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA.
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Ward SJ, Raffa RB. Rimonabant redux and strategies to improve the future outlook of CB1 receptor neutral-antagonist/inverse-agonist therapies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1325-34. [PMID: 21475141 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jane Ward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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105
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de Luis DA, González Sagrado M, Aller R, Izaola O, Conde R. Relation of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor (CB1) gene with metabolic syndrome by ATP III classification. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:506-11. [PMID: 21472841 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor gene was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations. Some metabolic disorders are related to this polymorphism. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and this polymorphism. DESIGN A population of 917 obese patients was analysed in a cross-sectional survey. Bioimpedance, blood pressure, an assessment of nutritional intake and biochemical analysis were recorded. RESULTS Five hundred and twelve patients (55.8%) had the genotype G1359G (wild-type group), whereas 344 (37.5%) had genotype G1359A and 61 (6.7%) patients had A1359A. (G1359A and A1359A were included in the mutant-type group; 44.2% total). In wild type patients, metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher (54.9% versus 45.1%; p < 0.05) than no metabolic syndrome prevalence. In patients with mutant genotypes, metabolic syndrome prevalence was lower (43.7% versus 56.3%; p < 0.05). Glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment levels were higher in patients with the wild genotype than in those with the mutant type. Adiponectin levels were lower in patients with the wild genotype than in those with the mutant type. CONCLUSION The novel finding of this study is the association of the G1359A and A1359A cannabinoid type-1 genotypes with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome than the G1359G genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A de Luis
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Simancas, Valladolid, Spain.
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The cannabinoid receptor agonist THC attenuates weight loss in a rodent model of activity-based anorexia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1349-58. [PMID: 21412227 PMCID: PMC3096804 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by anhedonia whereby patients experience little pleasure or reward in many aspects of their lives. Reward pathways and the endocannabionid system have been implicated in the mediation of food intake. The potential to exploit these systems to reverse weight loss is investigated in a rodent model of activity-based anorexia (ABA). The effect of subchronic (6 days) Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment (0.1, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg/day) was assessed on chow and high-fat diet (HFD) intake, body weight, running wheel activity (RWA) as well as thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT). Limited time availability of food and continuous access to running wheels led to anorexia and significantly reduced body weight. THC treatment (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg/day) transiently stimulated chow intake with a moderate effect on RWA. THC (2.0 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced body weight loss and shifted markers of thermogenesis in BAT and lipid metabolism in WAT in directions consistent with reduced energy expenditure and lipolysis. THC (2.0 mg/kg/day) combined with HFD, produced a transient increase in food intake, reduction in RWA, attenuation of body weight loss, and changes in markers of thermogensis in BAT and lipolysis in the WAT. These changes were significantly greater than those seen in vehicle (HFD), vehicle (chow), and THC (chow)-treated animals. These data show for the first time the effectiveness of the endocannabinoid system in attenuating the weight loss associated with the development of ABA via a mechanism involving reduced energy expenditure.
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Malfitano AM, Sosa S, Laezza C, De Bortoli M, Tubaro A, Bifulco M. Rimonabant reduces keratinocyte viability by induction of apoptosis and exerts topical anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:84-93. [PMID: 20880029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is growing evidence that the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR141716) exerts potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. Here, we have assessed the effects of rimonabant in vitro in murine immortalized keratinocytes and in vivo by assaying the topical anti-inflammatory activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability and death in a keratinocyte cell line (C5N cells) were measured by Trypan blue exclusion assay and cytotoxicity by sulphorhodamine B test. Cell cycle progression was assessed by flow cytometry and the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers, cyclins, pathways of signal transduction and CB1 receptor levels were evaluated by Western blot. The topical anti-inflammatory properties of rimonabant were analysed by inhibition of croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice. KEY RESULTS Rimonabant reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis as shown by the enhanced number of cells in the subG0 phase of the cell cycle, the expression of Bax and reduced levels of Bcl-2 and X-inhibitor of apoptosis protein. In addition, reduced levels of phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase Akt and nuclear factor-kappa B were detected associated with regulation of total nuclear factor-kappa B and inhibitor of kappa B-α, phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B-α, cyclins D1, E and A. In croton oil-induced ear dermatitis, rimonabant significantly reduced oedema and leukocyte infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Rimonabant reduced cell viability, inducing cell death in keratinocytes and decreased croton oil-induced ear dermatitis. Our findings suggest a potential application of rimonabant as a topical anti-inflammatory drug. We did not assess the involvement of CB(1) receptors in these effects of rimonabant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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108
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Wang Q, Perrard XD, Perrard JL, Mansoori A, Smith CW, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. Effect of the cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist rimonabant on inflammation in mice with diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:505-13. [PMID: 20885384 PMCID: PMC3272877 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether cannabinoid receptor (CB1) blockade with rimonabant has an anti-inflammatory effect in obese mice, and whether this effect depends on weight loss and/or diet consumption. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were treated orally with rimonabant (HFD-R) or vehicle (HFD-V) for 4 weeks. Paired-feeding was conducted in two additional groups of obese mice to achieve either the same body weight (HFD-BW) or the same HFD intake (HFD DI) as HFD-R. All these groups of mice were maintained on HFD throughout, with mice on normal diet (ND) throughout as lean controls. Rimonabant treatment of obese mice induced marked diet-intake reduction and weight loss during the first week, which was followed by maintenance of low body weight but not diet-intake reduction. Lower HFD intake was required to reach the same degree of weight loss in HFD-BW. HFD-DI had similar weight loss initially, but then started to gain weight, reaching a higher body weight than HFD-R. Despite the same degree of weight loss, HFD-R had less fat mass and lower adipogenic gene expression than HFD-BW. Compared to HFD-V or HFD-DI, HFD-R had reduced inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) and/or liver indicated primarily by lower monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels. However, MCP-1 levels were not significantly different between HFD-R and HFD-BW. In vitro incubation of rimonabant with AT explants did not change MCP-1 levels. Thus, rimonabant induced weight loss in obese mice by diet-intake-dependent and -independent fashions. Rimonabant decreased inflammation in obese mice, possibly through a primary effect on weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyuan Dai Perrard
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jerry L. Perrard
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amir Mansoori
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - C. Wayne Smith
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Lazzari P, Sanna A, Mastinu A, Cabasino S, Manca I, Pani L. Weight loss induced by rimonabant is associated with an altered leptin expression and hypothalamic leptin signaling in diet-induced obese mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 217:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Luis DA, González Sagrado M, Aller R, Izaola O, Conde R. Influence of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on anthropometric parameters and insulin resistance in women with obesity. Metabolism 2011; 60:272-6. [PMID: 20197196 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A silent polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the cannabinoid receptor gene was reported as a common polymorphism in white populations. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of this polymorphism (G1359A) of cannabinoid receptor gene on obesity, insulin resistance, and adipocytokines in women with obesity. A population of 290 women was analyzed. Indirect calorimetry, tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance, blood pressure measurement, serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3-day written food records, and biochemical analysis were performed. One hundred fifty-nine patients (54.8%) had the genotype G1359G (wild-type group), and 131 (45.2%) patients had G1359A (116 patients, 40.0%) or A1359A (15 patients, 5.2%) (mutant-type group). Triglycerides (122.3 ± 65.9 vs 107.2 ± 44.8 mg/dL, P < .05), insulin (15.8 ± 9.4 vs 13.6 ± 6.9 mUI/L, P < .05), and homeostasis model assessment values (3.85 ± 2.2 vs 3.33 ± 1.9, P < .05) were higher in the wild-type group than the mutant-type group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (56.8 ± 24.1 vs 58.3 ± 13.9 mg/dL, P < .05) were higher in the mutant-type group than the wild-type group. The novel finding of this study is the association of the mutant-type group G1359A and A1359A with a better cardiovascular profile (triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment levels) than the wild-type group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Antonio de Luis
- Institute of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Simancas 47130, Valladolid, Spain.
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Sasmal PK, Reddy DS, Talwar R, Venkatesham B, Balasubrahmanyam D, Kannan M, Srinivas P, Kyasa SK, Devi BN, Jadhav VP, Khan SK, Mohan P, Chaudhury H, Bhuniya D, Iqbal J, Chakrabarti R. Novel pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonists: journey from non-polar to polar amides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:562-8. [PMID: 21075633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as CB1 antagonists are described. As a part of eastern amide SAR, various chemically diverse motifs were introduced. In general, a range of modifications were well tolerated. Several molecules with high polar surface area were also identified as potent CB1 receptor antagonists. The in vivo proof of principle for weight loss is exemplified with a lead compound from this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Sasmal
- Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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Valenzuela CA, Castillo VA, Aguirre CA, Ronco AM, Llanos MN. The CB₁ receptor antagonist SR141716A reverses adult male mice overweight and metabolic alterations induced by early stress. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:29-35. [PMID: 20559305 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal stress may cause metabolic and hormonal disruptions during adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of early postnatal nociceptive stimulation (NS) on body weight and other metabolic parameters during adulthood and to determine whether CB₁ endocannabinoid receptors (CB₁Rs) may be involved in these effects. Male mice were subjected to NS during lactation with a daily subcutaneous injection of saline solution. Subsequently, both control and NS-mice were treated from day 40 to 130, with an oral dose (1 µg/g body weight) of SR141716A, a specific CB₁R antagonist/inverse agonist. Mice body weight and food intake was periodically evaluated. Adult animals were then killed to evaluate epididymal fat pads and metabolic parameters. NS did not influence food intake in adult animals, but caused significant increases in body weight, epididymal fat pads, and circulating levels of leptin, corticosterone, and triglycerides (TGs). Chronic treatment with SR141716A normalized these parameters, with the exception of corticosterone levels. This treatment also reduced plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol in both adult control and NS-mice. In addition, fatty acid (FA) amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity (the enzyme able to hydrolyze endocannabinoids) from liver and epididymal fat of adult NS-mice was decreased by 40-50% in comparison to activities found in same tissues of control mice. Results suggest that overactive liver and epididymal fat CB₁R due to early NS may be involved in late metabolic alterations, which are sensitive to chronic treatment with SR141716A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Regulación Metabólica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Di Marzo V, Piscitelli F, Mechoulam R. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in metabolic disorders with focus on diabetes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:75-104. [PMID: 21484568 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17214-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptors for Δ(9)-THC, and particularly, the CB(1) receptor, as well as its endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are deeply involved in all aspects of the control of energy balance in mammals. While initially it was believed that this endocannabinoid signaling system would only facilitate energy intake, we now know that perhaps even more important functions of endocannabinoids and CB(1) receptors in this context are to enhance energy storage into the adipose tissue and reduce energy expenditure by influencing both lipid and glucose metabolism. Although normally well controlled by hormones and neuropeptides, both central and peripheral aspects of endocannabinoid regulation of energy balance can become dysregulated and contribute to obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, thus raising the possibility that CB(1) antagonists might be used for the treatment of these metabolic disorders. On the other hand, evidence is emerging that some nonpsychotropic plant cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol, can be employed to retard β-cell damage in type 1 diabetes. These novel aspects of endocannabinoid research are reviewed in this chapter, with emphasis on the biological effects of plant cannabinoids and endocannabinoid receptor antagonists in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34 Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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Bonhomme S, Guijarro A, Keslacy S, Goncalves CG, Suzuki S, Chen C, Meguid MM. Gastric bypass up-regulates insulin signaling pathway. Nutrition 2011; 27:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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116
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Agudo J, Martin M, Roca C, Molas M, Bura AS, Zimmer A, Bosch F, Maldonado R. Deficiency of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in mice improves insulin sensitivity but increases food intake and obesity with age. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2629-40. [PMID: 20835701 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The endocannabinoid system has a key role in energy storage and metabolic disorders. The endocannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R), which was first detected in immune cells, is present in the main peripheral organs responsible for metabolic control. During obesity, CB2R is involved in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and fatty liver. We examined the long-term effects of CB2R deficiency in glucose metabolism. METHODS Mice deficient in CB2R (Cb2 ( -/- ) [also known as Cnr2]) were studied at different ages (2-12 months). Two-month-old Cb2 (-/-) and wild-type mice were treated with a selective CB2R antagonist or fed a high-fat diet. RESULTS The lack of CB2R in Cb2 (-/-) mice led to greater increases in food intake and body weight with age than in Cb2 (+/+) mice. However, 12-month-old obese Cb2 (-/-) mice did not develop insulin resistance and showed enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In agreement, adipose tissue hypertrophy was not associated with inflammation. Similarly, treatment of wild-type mice with CB2R antagonist resulted in improved insulin sensitivity. Moreover, when 2-month-old Cb2 (-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet, reduced body weight gain and normal insulin sensitivity were observed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate that the lack of CB2R-mediated responses protected mice from both age-related and diet-induced insulin resistance, suggesting that these receptors may be a potential therapeutic target in obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Agudo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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117
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Cluny NL, Chambers AP, Vemuri VK, Wood JT, Eller LK, Freni C, Reimer RA, Makriyannis A, Sharkey KA. The neutral cannabinoid CB₁ receptor antagonist AM4113 regulates body weight through changes in energy intake in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:537-43. [PMID: 21056053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the neutral cannabinoid CB₁ receptor antagonist, AM4113, regulates body weight in the rat via changes in food intake. We confirmed that the AM4113-induced reduction in food intake is mediated by CB₁ receptors using CB₁ receptor knockout mice. In rats, intraperitoneally administered AM4113 (2, 10 mg kg⁻¹) had a transient inhibitory effect on food intake, while body weight gain was suppressed for the duration of the study. AM4113-induced hypophagia was no longer observed once the inhibitory effect of AM4113 on body weight stabilized, at which time rats gained weight at a similar rate to vehicle-treated animals, yet at a lower magnitude. Pair-feeding produced similar effects to treatment with AM4113. Food intake and body weight gain were also inhibited in rats by oral administration of AM4113 (50 mg kg⁻¹). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure lean and fat mass. The AM4113 treated group had 29.3±11.4% lower fat mass than vehicle-treated rats; this trend did not reach statistical significance. There were no differences in circulating levels of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), glucose, triglycerides, or cholesterol observed between treatment groups. Similarly, 2-AG hypothalamic levels were not modified by AM4113 treatment. These data suggest that blockade of an endocannabinoid tone acting at CB₁ receptors induces an initial, transient reduction in food intake which results in long-term reduction of body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Cluny
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Al-Massadi O, Gabellieri E, Trujillo ML, Señaris R, Pagotto U, Pasquali R, Casanueva FF, Seoane LM. Peripheral endocannabinoid system-mediated actions of rimonabant on growth hormone secretion are ghrelin-dependent. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:1127-36. [PMID: 20807320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The somatotroph axis is a crucial pathway regulating metabolism. Despite the fact that the endocannabinoid system has been also revealed as a potent modulator of energy homeostasis, little information is available concerning a putative interaction between these two systems. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vivo effects of the blockade of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) over growth hormone (GH) secretion using the CB1 antagonist rimonabant. The results obtained show that the blockade of the CB1 peripheral receptor by i.p. injection of rimonabant significantly inhibited pulsatile GH secretion. Similarly, it was found that this injection significantly decreased ghrelin-induced GH secretion without any effect on growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-induced GH discharge. In situ hybridisation showed that the peripheral blockade of CB1 did not affect hypothalamic somatostatin mRNA levels; however, GHRH mRNA expression was significantly decreased. The blockade of the vagus nerve signal by surgical vagotomy eliminated the inhibitory action of rimonabant on GHRH mRNA and consequently on GH. On the other hand, the central CB1 blockade by i.c.v. rimonabant treatment was unable to reproduce the effect of peripheral blockade on GHRH mRNA, nor the GH response to ghrelin. In conclusion, the data reported in the present study establish, from a physiological point of view, the existence of a novel mechanism of GH regulation implicating the action of the cannabinoid receptor on the somatotroph axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mølhøj S, Hansen HS, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Johansen T, Malmlöf K. Effect of the cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist rimonabant on lipolysis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 646:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vaughn LK, Denning G, Stuhr KL, de Wit H, Hill MN, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signalling: has it got rhythm? Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:530-43. [PMID: 20590563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoid signalling is widespread throughout the body, and considerable evidence supports its modulatory role in many fundamental physiological processes. The daily and seasonal cycles of the relationship of the earth and sun profoundly affect the terrestrial environment. Terrestrial species have adapted to these cycles in many ways, most well studied are circadian rhythms and hibernation. The purpose of this review was to examine literature support for three hypotheses: (i) endocannabinoid signalling exhibits brain region-specific circadian rhythms; (ii) endocannabinoid signalling modulates the rhythm of circadian processes in mammals; and (iii) changes in endocannabinoid signalling contribute to the state of hibernation. The results of two novel studies are presented. First, we report the results of a study of healthy humans demonstrating that plasma concentrations of the endocannabinoid, N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), exhibit a circadian rhythm. Concentrations of anandamide are threefold higher at wakening than immediately before sleep, a relationship that is dysregulated by sleep deprivation. Second, we investigated differences in endocannabinoids and congeners in plasma from Marmota monax obtained in the summer and during the torpor state of hibernation. We report that 2-arachidonoylglycerol is below detection in M. monax plasma and that concentrations of anandamide are not different. However, plasma concentrations of the anorexigenic lipid oleoylethanolamide were significantly lower in hibernation, while the concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide and 2-oleoylglycerol were significantly greater in hibernation. We conclude that available data support a bidirectional relationship between endocannabinoid signalling and circadian processes, and investigation of the contribution of endocannabinoid signalling to the dramatic physiological changes that occur during hibernation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Vaughn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Nunn AV, Guy GW, Bell JD. Endocannabinoids, FOXO and the metabolic syndrome: Redox, function and tipping point – The view from two systems. Immunobiology 2010; 215:617-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Tam J, Vemuri VK, Liu J, Bátkai S, Mukhopadhyay B, Godlewski G, Osei-Hyiaman D, Ohnuma S, Ambudkar SV, Pickel J, Makriyannis A, Kunos G. Peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade improves cardiometabolic risk in mouse models of obesity. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2953-66. [PMID: 20664173 PMCID: PMC2912197 DOI: 10.1172/jci42551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its metabolic consequences are a major public health concern worldwide. Obesity is associated with overactivity of the endocannabinoid system, which is involved in the regulation of appetite, lipogenesis, and insulin resistance. Cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists reduce body weight and improve cardiometabolic abnormalities in experimental and human obesity, but their therapeutic potential is limited by neuropsychiatric side effects. Here we have demonstrated that a CB1R neutral antagonist largely restricted to the periphery does not affect behavioral responses mediated by CB1R in the brains of mice with genetic or diet-induced obesity, but it does cause weight-independent improvements in glucose homeostasis, fatty liver, and plasma lipid profile. These effects were due to blockade of CB1R in peripheral tissues, including the liver, as verified through the use of CB1R-deficient mice with or without transgenic expression of CB1R in the liver. These results suggest that targeting peripheral CB1R has therapeutic potential for alleviating cardiometabolic risk in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tam
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - V. Kiran Vemuri
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bani Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas Osei-Hyiaman
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suresh V. Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Pickel
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Wagner JD, Zhang L, Kavanagh K, Ward GM, Chin JE, Hadcock JR, Auerbach BJ, Harwood HJ. A selective cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist, PF-95453, reduces body weight and body fat to a greater extent than pair-fed controls in obese monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:103-13. [PMID: 20605903 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.168187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid-1 (CB(1)) receptor antagonists exhibit pharmacological properties favorable to treatment of obesity, caused by both centrally mediated effects on appetite and peripherally mediated effects on energy metabolism. However, the relative contribution of these effects to the weight loss produced by CB(1) receptor antagonists remains unclear. Here, we compare food intake-related and independent effects of the CB(1)-selective antagonist 1-(7-(2-chlorophenyl)-8-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-yl)-3-(methylamino) azetidine-3-carboxamide (PF-95453) in obese cynomolgus monkeys. Monkeys were divided into three study groups (n = 10 each) and treated once daily for 8 weeks with either vehicle or PF-95453 as follows: 1, fed ad libitum and dosed orally with vehicle; 2, fed ad libitum and dosed orally with PF-95453 (0.5 mg/kg weeks 1-3, 1.0 mg/kg weeks 4-8); and 3, fed an amount equal to the amount consumed by the drug-treated group and dosed orally with vehicle (pair-fed). PF-95453 treatment significantly reduced food consumption by 23%, body weight by 10%, body fat by 39%, and leptin by 34% while increasing adiponectin by 78% relative to vehicle-treated controls. Pair-fed animals did not exhibit reductions in body weight or leptin but did show significantly reduced body fat (11%) and increased adiponectin (15%) relative to vehicle-treated controls but markedly less than after PF-95453 treatment. Indeed, significant differences were noted between the drug-treated and pair-fed groups with respect to body weight reduction, body fat reduction, increased adiponectin, and leptin reduction. Similar to humans, monkeys treated with the CB(1) receptor antagonist exhibited decreased body weight and body fat, a substantial portion of which seemed to be independent of the effects on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice D Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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124
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Zhang L, Lee NJ, Nguyen AD, Enriquez RF, Riepler SJ, Stehrer B, Yulyaningsih E, Lin S, Shi YC, Baldock PA, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. Additive actions of the cannabinoid and neuropeptide Y systems on adiposity and lipid oxidation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:591-603. [PMID: 20590734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Energy homeostasis is regulated by a complex interaction of molecules and pathways, and new antiobesity treatments are likely to require multiple pharmacological targeting of anorexigenic or orexigenic pathways to achieve effective loss of excess body weight and adiposity. Cannabinoids, acting via the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are important modulators of feeding behaviour, energy metabolism and body composition. We investigated the interaction of CB1 and NPY in the regulation of energy homeostasis, hypothesizing that dual blockade of CB1 and NPY signalling will induce greater weight and/or fat loss than that induced by single blockade of either system alone. METHODS We studied the effects of the CB1 antagonist Rimonabant on food intake, body weight, body composition, energy metabolism and bone physiology in wild-type (WT) and NPY knockout (NPY(-/-)) mice. Rimonabant was administered orally at 10 mg/kg body weight twice per day for 3 weeks. Oral Rimonabant was delivered voluntarily to mice via a novel method enabling studies to be carried out in the absence of gavage-induced stress. RESULTS Mice with dual blockade of CB1 and NPY signalling (Rimonabant-treated NPY(-/-) mice) exhibited greater reductions in body weight and adiposity than mice with single blockade of either system alone (Rimonabant-treated WT or vehicle-treated NPY(-/-) mice). These changes occurred without loss of lean tissue mass or bone mass. Furthermore, Rimonabant-treated NPY(-/-) mice showed a lower respiratory exchange ratio than that seen in Rimonabant-treated WT or vehicle-treated NPY(-/-) mice, suggesting that this additive effect of dual blockade of CB1 and NPY involves promotion of lipid oxidation. On the other hand, energy expenditure and physical activity were comparable amongst all treatment groups. Interestingly, Rimonabant similarly and transiently reduced spontaneous and fasting-induced food intake in WT and NPY(-/-) mice in the first hour after administration only, suggesting independent regulation of feeding by CB1 and NPY signalling. In contrast, Rimonabant increased serum corticosterone levels in WT mice, but this effect was not seen in NPY(-/-) mice, indicating that NPY signalling may be required for effects of CB1 on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. CONCLUSIONS Dual blockade of CB1 and NPY signalling leads to additive reductions in body weight and adiposity without concomitant loss of lean body mass or bone mass. An additive increase in lipid oxidation in dual CB1 and NPY blockade may contribute to the effect on adiposity. These findings open new avenues for more effective treatment of obesity via dual pharmacological manipulations of the CB1 and NPY systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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125
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Zhao W, Fong O, Muise ES, Thompson JR, Weingarth D, Qian S, Fong TM. Genome-wide Expression Profiling Revealed Peripheral Effects of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Inverse Agonists in Improving Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Parameters. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:350-9. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.064980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Sonnenberg GE, Baye TM, Littrell J, Gunnell J, DeLaForest A, MacKinney E, Hillard CJ, Kissebah AH, Olivier M, Wilke RA. Obesity-related dyslipidemia associated with FAAH, independent of insulin response, in multigenerational families of Northern European descent. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 10:1929-39. [PMID: 19958092 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A more thorough understanding of the genetic architecture underlying obesity-related lipid disorders could someday facilitate cardiometabolic risk reduction through early clinical intervention based upon improved characterization of individual risk. In recent years, there has been tremendous interest in understanding the endocannabinoid system as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-related dyslipidemia. AIMS N-arachidonylethanolamine activates G-protein-coupled receptors within the endocannabinoid system. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a primary catabolic regulator of N-acylethanolamines, including arachidonylethanolamine. Genetic variants in FAAH have inconsistently been associated with obesity. It is conceivable that genetic variability in FAAH directly influences lipid homeostasis. The current study characterizes the relationship between FAAH and obesity-related dyslipidemia, in one of the most rigorously-phenotyped obesity study cohorts in the USA. MATERIALS & METHODS Members of 261 extended families (pedigrees ranging from 4 to 14 individuals) were genotyped using haplotype tagging SNPs obtained for the FAAH locus, including 5 kb upstream and 5 kb downstream. Each SNP was tested for basic obesity-related phenotypes (BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist:hip ratio, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and fasting lipid levels) in 1644 individuals within these 261 families. Each SNP was also tested for association with insulin responsiveness using data obtained from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in 399 individuals (32 extended families). RESULTS A well characterized coding SNP in FAAH (rs324420) was associated with increased BMI, increased triglycerides, and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Mean (standard deviation) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 40.5 (14.7) mg/dl for major allele homozygotes, 39.1 (10.4) mg/dl for heterozygotes, and 34.8 (8.1) mg/dl for minor allele homozygotes (p < 0.01, Family-Based Association Test). This SNP was not associated with insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to intravenous glucose, glucose effectiveness or glucose disposition index. CONCLUSION Genetic variability in FAAH is associated with dyslipidemia, independent of insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA
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Vilches-Flores A, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Villalobos-Molina R. CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression is regulated by glucose and feeding in rat pancreatic islets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 163:81-7. [PMID: 20451564 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system is involved in food intake and energy balance. Beside the hypothalamus, pancreatic islet also expresses CB1 cannabinoid receptor, however little is known about its physiological role and regulation. Since gene expression of many specific proteins of the islet depends on the concentration of glucose, we studied CB1 receptor expression in response to fasting and feeding. Whole pancreas or islets were isolated from food-deprived adult Wistar rats, with or without a previous 1.5 g/kg glucose oral-intake. CB1, insulin and glucagon expressions were analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence and PCR. In vitro, rat islets were cultured at different glucose concentrations, in the presence of anandamide, or with Rimonabant analog BAR-1. CB1, insulin, glucagon, glucokinase, and PDX-1 expression were determined by real-time RT-PCR, and insulin secretion and islet content by ELISA. CB1 expression in pancreatic islets is upregulated during food restriction, and decreases in response to glucose intake or feeding. In cultured islets, 16 mmol/l glucose, BAR-1, and anandamide at low glucose reduced CB1 mRNA. Insulin, glucagon, glucokinase and PDX-1 expression increased in islets treated with anandamide at low glucose, while BAR-1 modified PDX-1 and glucagon mRNA at high glucose. Basal insulin secretion and insulin content in islets increased with anandamide, but not the glucose-stimulated response. Our results suggest that the endocannabinoid system has an important role in gene expression on islets and its close relationship with glucose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Vilches-Flores
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Griffith ML, Younk LM, Davis SN. Visceral Adiposity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Lifestyle Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827609360959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases continues to rise. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are all associated with obesity. Visceral fat is now recognized to have metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions; increased visceral adiposity enhances the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Potential mechanisms of this increased risk may include increased free fatty acid release and alterations in adipokines. Lifestyle interventions resulting in weight loss and loss of visceral fat can have a significant impact on cardiometabolic risk. Bariatric surgery has also been shown to improve insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and other comorbidities of obesity. Several medical therapies for type 2 diabetes or obesity also show promise for an impact on visceral adiposity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Griffith
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa M. Younk
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen N. Davis
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,
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Quarta C, Bellocchio L, Mancini G, Mazza R, Cervino C, Braulke LJ, Fekete C, Latorre R, Nanni C, Bucci M, Clemens LE, Heldmaier G, Watanabe M, Leste-Lassere T, Maitre M, Tedesco L, Fanelli F, Reuss S, Klaus S, Srivastava RK, Monory K, Valerio A, Grandis A, De Giorgio R, Pasquali R, Nisoli E, Cota D, Lutz B, Marsicano G, Pagotto U. CB(1) signaling in forebrain and sympathetic neurons is a key determinant of endocannabinoid actions on energy balance. Cell Metab 2010; 11:273-85. [PMID: 20374960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a critical role in obesity development. The pharmacological blockade of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB(1)) has been shown to reduce body weight and to alleviate obesity-related metabolic disorders. An unsolved question is at which anatomical level CB(1) modulates energy balance and the mechanisms involved in its action. Here, we demonstrate that CB(1) receptors expressed in forebrain and sympathetic neurons play a key role in the pathophysiological development of diet-induced obesity. Conditional mutant mice lacking CB(1) expression in neurons known to control energy balance, but not in nonneuronal peripheral organs, displayed a lean phenotype and resistance to diet-induced obesity. This phenotype results from an increase in lipid oxidation and thermogenesis as a consequence of an enhanced sympathetic tone and a decrease in energy absorption. In conclusion, CB(1) signaling in the forebrain and sympathetic neurons is a key determinant of the ECS control of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
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Jourdan T, Djaouti L, Demizieux L, Gresti J, Vergès B, Degrace P. CB1 antagonism exerts specific molecular effects on visceral and subcutaneous fat and reverses liver steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes 2010; 59:926-34. [PMID: 20110567 PMCID: PMC2844840 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The beneficial effects of the inactivation of endocannabinoid system (ECS) by administration of antagonists of the cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1 on several pathological features associated with obesity is well demonstrated, but the relative contribution of central versus peripheral mechanisms is unclear. We examined the impact of CB1 antagonism on liver and adipose tissue lipid metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mice were fed either with a standard diet or a high-sucrose high-fat (HSHF) diet for 19 weeks and then treated with the CB1-specific antagonist SR141716 (10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) for 6 weeks. RESULTS Treatment with SR141716 reduced fat mass, insulin levels, and liver triglycerides primarily increased by HSHF feeding. Serum adiponectin levels were restored after being reduced in HSHF mice. Gene expression of scavenger receptor class B type I and hepatic lipase was induced by CB1 blockade and associated with an increase in HDL-cholesteryl ether uptake. Concomitantly, the expression of CB1, which was strongly increased in the liver and adipose tissue of HSHF mice, was totally normalized by the treatment. Interestingly, in visceral but not subcutaneous fat, genes involved in transport, synthesis, oxidation, and release of fatty acids were upregulated by HSHF feeding, while this effect was counteracted by CB1 antagonism. CONCLUSIONS A reduction in the CB1-mediated ECS activity in visceral fat is associated with a normalization of adipocyte metabolism, which may be a determining factor in the reversion of liver steatosis induced by treatment with SR141716.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Jourdan
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Louiza Djaouti
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Demizieux
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Joseph Gresti
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Degrace
- From the Unité Mixte de Recherche 866 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale–Université de Bourgogne, Team Physiopathology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
- Corresponding author: Pascal Degrace,
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Al-Salameh A, Despert F, Kottler ML, Linglart A, Carel JC, Lecomte P. Resistance to epinephrine and hypersensitivity (hyperresponsiveness) to CB1 antagonists in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ic. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:819-24. [PMID: 20075145 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) covers a heterogeneous group of disorders, which have in common resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, they differ in many aspects such as site of the defect in signal transduction, clinical picture (with or without Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO)), extension of hormone resistance, and the tissue activity of protein Gs. PHP type Ic, a rare subtype, is characterized by resistance to several hormones, the presence of AHO, and normal activity of protein Gs. We present the case of a patient with PHP type Ic. Although resistance to TSH was suggested at the age of 12 months, diagnosis was made when she presented with hypocalcemia and resistance to PTH. Resistance to GH was also detected, and partial resistance to gonadotropins became clear after puberty. We demonstrated a defective lipolytic response to epinephrine, suggesting a role of this resistance in the pathogenesis of her morbid obesity. In view of the difficulties in the management of overweight in this disorder, treatment with a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonist was started, and it proved to be highly effective, lowering the patient's body mass index from 40.5 to 33.5, which was quite impressive. We propose that an underactive melanocortin-4 receptor, which is found in certain patients with PHP, leads to upregulation of the CB1 receptor and consequently to a good response to treatment with CB1 antagonists. Another interesting finding was the GNAS mutation that was identified in this patient. A nonsense mutation resulted in a truncated Gsa that was able to stimulate adenylyl cyclase efficiently, but could not bind to receptors in a normal way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Al-Salameh
- Hospitalisation de Semaine, CHRU Bretonneau, 2 bis Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France
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Perwitz N, Wenzel J, Wagner I, Büning J, Drenckhan M, Zarse K, Ristow M, Lilienthal W, Lehnert H, Klein J. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor blockade induces transdifferentiation towards a brown fat phenotype in white adipocytes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:158-66. [PMID: 19895638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The endocannabinoid (EC) system is a major component in the control of energy homeostasis. It mediates a positive energy balance via central and peripheral pathways. Blockade of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor induces weight reduction and improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R)-deficient mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. The mechanisms responsible for these effects remain only partially elucidated. We hypothesized peripheral effects via direct modulation of adipocyte function to be an integral part of EC action on energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. METHODS SV40 immortalized murine white and brown adipocytes were used for all experiments. We investigated the effect of CB1R blockade by stimulating the cells acutely and chronically with rimonabant, a selective antagonist for the CB1R, or by knocking down the receptor with small interfering RNA (siRNA). Changes in thermogenic mRNA and protein expression as well as mitochondrial biogenesis and function were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, immunoblotting, fluorescent staining techniques, electron microscopy and by measuring oxygen consumption. RESULTS Acute and chronic blockade of the CB1R with the selective antagonist rimonabant or by siRNA in murine white adipocytes strongly induced the thermogenic uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1). UCP-1 expression was increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner both at the RNA and protein level. Furthermore, this effect was paralleled by enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) expression. In accordance with these findings, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation was also increased after rimonabant treatment. Mitochondria-specific fluorescent staining demonstrated an augmentation in the number of mitochondria. This was confirmed by electron microscopy images. Moreover, rimonabant treatment enhanced the cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased cellular oxygen consumption. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that inhibition of peripheral CB1R action in adipocytes directly promotes transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into a mitochondria-rich, thermogenic brown fat phenotype. Enhanced thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity may represent a peripheral mechanism contributing to weight loss and improved glucose homeostasis in rimonabant-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Perwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
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Peripherally acting CB1-receptor antagonist: the relative importance of central and peripheral CB1 receptors in adiposity control. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 34:547-56. [PMID: 20029379 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether drugs targeting peripheral cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor ameliorate adiposity comparable to central CB1-receptor antagonist or not. MEASUREMENTS Receptor binding assay and functional assay in vitro. Pharmacokinetic parameters in mice, brain uptake clearance of compounds in rats and antagonism on the CB1-agonist-induced hypothermia in mice. Diet consumption, body weight changes, hepatic gene expression of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and plasma/tissue concentrations of compounds in HF diet-induced obese (HF-DIO) mice after acute and chronic treatment. RESULTS Compound-1, an SR141716A derivative, is a peripheral CB1-receptor-selective antagonist that is 10 times less potent than SR141716A in in vitro evaluations. Although the plasma concentrations of Compound-1 are five times higher than those of SR141716A, its potency is still 10 times lower than that of SR141716A in reducing the consumption of normal or HF diet by mice. Through evaluations of brain uptake and the effect on CB1-agonist-induced hypothermia, it was verified that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of Compound-1 is much lower than that of SR141716A. In HF-DIO mice, chronic treatment by Compound-1 showed dose-dependent antiobesity activities, while its brain distribution was very low as compared with that of SR141716A. Compound-1's effective doses for antiobesity activity were just over 30 mg kg(-1). However, Compound-1 completely suppressed the elevated hepatic SREBP-1 expression even at 10 mg kg(-1). CONCLUSION These results suggest that (1) central CB1 receptors mediate anorectic response of CB1-receptor antagonists and (2) peripheral modulations, including SREBP-1 expression, are not major mechanisms in the antiobesity effects of CB1-receptor antagonists.
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has emerged as a significant player in the control of energy balance and metabolism, through its direct central and peripheral effects, as well as via its interaction with other appetite-regulating pathways. There is mounting evidence that the endocannabinoid system is overactive in obesity and were it possible to safely dampen-down the elevated endocannabinoid tone, lipid and carbohydrate profiles could be improved and weight loss induced. The series of randomised clinical trials showed reproducible beneficial effects on weight, HbA1c and lipid parameters, in addition to other cardiovascular risk factors. However, to date, clinical developments have been halted because of psychiatric side effects. Although recent evidence has highlighted the importance of an appetite-independent, peripheral mode of action, it is still unclear whether selectively blocking the peripheral system could potentially solve the problem of the central side effects, which thus far has led to the demise of the cannabinoid antagonists as useful pharmaceuticals. In this concise review, we summarise the data on the metabolic effects of the cannabinoid pathway and its antagonists.
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Flamment M, Gueguen N, Wetterwald C, Simard G, Malthièry Y, Ducluzeau PH. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 antagonist rimonabant on hepatic mitochondrial function in rats fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E1162-70. [PMID: 19724020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00169.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rimonabant treatment on hepatic mitochondrial function in rats fed a high-fat diet. Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet (35% lard) for 13 wk were treated with rimonabant (10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) during the last 3 wk and matched with pair-fed controls. Oxygen consumption with various substrates, mitochondrial enzyme activities on isolated liver mitochondria, and mitochondrial DNA quantity were determined. Body weight and fat mass were decreased in rats treated with rimonabant compared with pair-fed controls. Moreover, the serum adiponectin level was increased with rimonabant. Hepatic triglyceride content was increased, while serum triglycerides were decreased. An increase of mitochondrial respiration was observed in rats treated with rimonabant. The increase of mitochondrial respiration with palmitoyl-CoA compared with respiration with palmitoyl-l-carnitine stating that the entry of fatty acids into mitochondria via carnitine palmitoyltransferase I was increased in rats treated with rimonabant. Moreover, rimonabant treatment led to a reduction in the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase, whereas the quantity of mitochondrial DNA and the activity of citrate synthase remained unchanged. To summarize, rimonabant treatment leads to an improvement of hepatic mitochondrial function by increasing substrate oxidation and fatty acid entry into mitochondria for the β-oxidation pathway and by increasing proton leak. However, this increase of mitochondrial oxidation is regulated by a decrease of ATP synthase activity in order to have only ATP required for the cell function.
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Metabolic responses to long-term pharmacological inhibition of CB1-receptor activity in mice in relation to dietary fat composition. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 34:374-84. [PMID: 19844210 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The antiobesity effects of suppressed endocannabinoid signaling may rely, at least in part, on changes in lipid fluxes. As fatty acids exert specific effects depending on their level of saturation, we hypothesized that the dietary fatty acid composition would influence the outcome of treatment with a CB(1)-receptor antagonist (rimonabant). METHODS Mice were treated with rimonabant (10 mg kg(-1) body weight per day) or vehicle while equicalorically fed either a low-fat diet (LF), a high-fat (HF) diet or an HF diet in which 10% of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were replaced by poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oil (FO). Food intake and body weight were registered daily. Indirect calorimetry was performed and feces were collected. After 3 weeks, mice were killed for blood and tissue collection. RESULTS Relative to the LF diet, the HF diet caused anticipated metabolic derangements, which were partly reversed by the HF/FO diet. The HF/FO diet, however, was most obesity-promoting despite inhibiting lipogenesis as indicated by low gene expression levels of lipogenic enzymes. On all three diets, rimonabant treatment improved metabolic derangements and led to significantly lower body weight gain than their respective controls. This latter effect appeared largest in the HF/FO group, but occurred without major changes in nutrient absorption and energy expenditure. CONCLUSION The effects of chronic rimonabant treatment on body weight gain occurred irrespective of diet-induced changes in lipogenic activity, food intake and daily energy expenditure, and were, in fact, most pronounced in HF/FO mice. The effects of dietary PUFA replacement in an HF diet on expansion of adipose tissue might allow the favorable effects of dietary PUFA on dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. In light of other disadvantageous effects of weight gain, this might be a risky trade-off.
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137
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Abstract
Being a great threaten for human health, obesity has become a pandemic chronic disease. There have been several therapeutic treatments for this social health issue, including diet and exercise therapy, medication and surgery, among which the diet is still the most common way. However, none of these therapeutic measures available is ideal, making it necessary to find an effective medical treatment. The endocannabinoid system, which is well known for its contributions in certain mental processes such as relaxation, amelioration of pain and anxiety, and sedation initiation, has been recently reported to play an essential role in regulating appetite and metabolism to maintain energy balance, leading to the belief that endocannabinoid system is closely related to obesity. This new discovery deepens our understanding of obesity, and provides us with a new direction for clinical obesity treatment. Rimonabant is an antagonist for CB1, and has entered the market in some countries. However, although effective as an anti-obesity drug, rimonabant also causes obviously adverse side-effects, thus is being doubted and denied for medical usage.
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138
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Sink KS, Segovia KN, Nunes EJ, Collins LE, Vemuri VK, Thakur G, Makriyannis A, Salamone JD. Intracerebroventricular administration of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists AM251 and AM4113 fails to alter food-reinforced behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:223-32. [PMID: 19588124 PMCID: PMC4425366 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drugs that interfere with cannabinoid CB1 transmission suppress food-motivated behaviors and may be useful as appetite suppressants, but there is uncertainty about the locus of action for the feeding-suppression effects of these drugs. OBJECTIVE The present work was conducted to determine if two drugs that interfere with cannabinoid receptor transmission, AM251 and AM4113, have effects on food-reinforced behavior after administration into the lateral ventricle (intracerebroventricular (ICV)). RESULTS Although systemic administration of both drugs can suppress food-reinforced behavior, neither AM251 (40, 80, and 160 microg) nor AM4113 (60, 120, and 240 microg) administered at various times prior to testing produced any suppression of food-reinforced operant responding on a fixed-ratio 5 schedule. Because the modulation of locomotion by drugs that act on CB1 receptors is hypothesized to be a forebrain effect, these drugs also were assessed for their ability to reverse the locomotor suppression produced by the CB1 agonist AM411. ICV administration of either AM251 or AM4113 reversed the locomotor suppression induced by the CB1 agonist AM411 in the same dose range that failed to produce any effects on feeding. CONCLUSIONS This indicates that both AM4113 and AM251, when administered ICV, can interact with forebrain CB1 receptors and are efficacious on forebrain-mediated functions unrelated to feeding. These results suggest that CB1 neutral antagonists or inverse agonists may not be affecting food-reinforced behavior via interactions with forebrain CB1 receptors located in nucleus accumbens or hypothalamus and that lower brainstem or peripheral receptors may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Sink
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA,Yerkes National Primate Center and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - K. N. Segovia
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - E. J. Nunes
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - L. E. Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - V. K. Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - G. Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A. Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J. D. Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N Ginsberg
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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140
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Getty-Kaushik L, Richard AMT, Deeney JT, Krawczyk S, Shirihai O, Corkey BE. The CB1 antagonist rimonabant decreases insulin hypersecretion in rat pancreatic islets. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1856-60. [PMID: 19644453 PMCID: PMC3808997 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are characterized by elevated nocturnal circulating free fatty acids, elevated basal insulin secretion, and blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The CB1 receptor antagonist, Rimonabant, has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in vivo but its direct effect on islets has been unclear. Islets from lean littermates and obese Zucker (ZF) and Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were incubated for 24 h in vitro and exposed to 11 mmol/l glucose and 0.3 mmol/l palmitate (GL) with or without Rimonabant. Insulin secretion was determined at basal (3 mmol/l) or stimulatory (15 mmol/l) glucose concentrations. As expected, basal secretion was significantly elevated in islets from obese or GL-treated lean rats whereas the fold increase in GSIS was diminished. Rimonabant decreased basal hypersecretion in islets from obese rats and GL-treated lean rats without decreasing the fold increase in GSIS. However, it decreased GSIS in islets from lean rats without affecting basal secretion. These findings indicate that Rimonabant has direct effects on islets to reduce insulin secretion when secretion is elevated above normal levels by diet or in obesity. In contrast, it appears to decrease stimulated secretion in islets from lean animals but not in obese or GL-exposed islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Getty-Kaushik
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann-Marie T. Richard
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jude T. Deeney
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Krawczyk
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara E. Corkey
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dow RL, Hadcock JR, Scott DO, Schneider SR, Paight ES, Iredale PA, Carpino PA, Griffith DA, Hammond M, Dasilva-Jardine P. Bioisosteric replacement of the hydrazide pharmacophore of the cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. Part I: potent, orally-active 1,4-disubstituted imidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5351-4. [PMID: 19683918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of CB(1) receptor antagonists incorporating an imidazole-based isosteric replacement for the hydrazide moiety of rimonabant (SR141716) is disclosed. Members of this imidazole series possess potent/selective binding to the rCB(1) receptor and exhibit potent hCB(1) functional activity. Isopropyl analog 9a demonstrated activity in the tetrad assay and was orally-active in a food intake model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Bourdon C, Hojna S, Jordan M, Bérubé J, Kren V, Pravenec M, Liu P, Arab S, Pausová Z. Genetic locus on rat chromosome 20 regulates diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy: a microarray gene expression study. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:63-72. [PMID: 19383622 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90209.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Molecular signals produced by adipose tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of these two disorders. We showed previously that a specific segment of rat chromosome 20 (RNO20) contains a gene(s) regulating the degree of obesity, glucose intolerance, and hypertension in response to a chronic high-fat diet (HFD). Here we examined microarray gene expression profiles and cellular morphology of adipose tissues and whole body energy expenditure in this model. Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and a congenic strain (SHR.1N) that differs from SHR by the above-mentioned segment of RNO20 were fed for 12 wk with HFD or a normal diet. At the end of this period, whole body energy expenditure was measured with indirect calorimetry. In response to HFD, body weight, fat pad weights, adipocyte size, and serum leptin levels increased significantly more in SHR.1N than SHR. Microarray gene expression profiles [Affymetrix, 15,923 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs)] showed that multiple genes of molecular pathways involved in lipogenesis were downregulated to a similar level in both strains, whereas genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy dissipation were upregulated less in SHR.1N than SHR. This was associated with lower whole body energy expenditure in SHR.1N than SHR at the end of the 12-wk HFD. Our results suggest that a gene(s) within the RNO20 segment regulate(s) HFD-induced increases in adiposity, and that this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by the impact of that gene(s) on fat burning and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bourdon
- Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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143
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Nunn AV, Bell JD, Guy GW. Lifestyle-induced metabolic inflexibility and accelerated ageing syndrome: insulin resistance, friend or foe? Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:16. [PMID: 19371409 PMCID: PMC2678135 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome may have its origins in thriftiness, insulin resistance and one of the most ancient of all signalling systems, redox. Thriftiness results from an evolutionarily-driven propensity to minimise energy expenditure. This has to be balanced with the need to resist the oxidative stress from cellular signalling and pathogen resistance, giving rise to something we call 'redox-thriftiness'. This is based on the notion that mitochondria may be able to both amplify membrane-derived redox growth signals as well as negatively regulate them, resulting in an increased ATP/ROS ratio. We suggest that 'redox-thriftiness' leads to insulin resistance, which has the effect of both protecting the individual cell from excessive growth/inflammatory stress, while ensuring energy is channelled to the brain, the immune system, and for storage. We also suggest that fine tuning of redox-thriftiness is achieved by hormetic (mild stress) signals that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and resistance to oxidative stress, which improves metabolic flexibility. However, in a non-hormetic environment with excessive calories, the protective nature of this system may lead to escalating insulin resistance and rising oxidative stress due to metabolic inflexibility and mitochondrial overload. Thus, the mitochondrially-associated resistance to oxidative stress (and metabolic flexibility) may determine insulin resistance. Genetically and environmentally determined mitochondrial function may define a 'tipping point' where protective insulin resistance tips over to inflammatory insulin resistance. Many hormetic factors may induce mild mitochondrial stress and biogenesis, including exercise, fasting, temperature extremes, unsaturated fats, polyphenols, alcohol, and even metformin and statins. Without hormesis, a proposed redox-thriftiness tipping point might lead to a feed forward insulin resistance cycle in the presence of excess calories. We therefore suggest that as oxidative stress determines functional longevity, a rather more descriptive term for the metabolic syndrome is the 'lifestyle-induced metabolic inflexibility and accelerated ageing syndrome'. Ultimately, thriftiness is good for us as long as we have hormetic stimuli; unfortunately, mankind is attempting to remove all hormetic (stressful) stimuli from his environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Vw Nunn
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 OHS, UK.
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144
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Dow RL, Carpino PA, Hadcock JR, Black SC, Iredale PA, DaSilva-Jardine P, Schneider SR, Paight ES, Griffith DA, Scott DO, O’Connor RE, Nduaka CI. Discovery of 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2,2-difluoropropyl)-6,7-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-f][1,4]oxazepin-8(5H)-one (PF-514273), a Novel, Bicyclic Lactam-Based Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Obesity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2652-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900255t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Dow
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Philip A. Carpino
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John R. Hadcock
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Shawn C. Black
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Philip A. Iredale
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Steven R. Schneider
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Ernest S. Paight
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - David A. Griffith
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Dennis O. Scott
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Rebecca E. O’Connor
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Chudy I. Nduaka
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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Brandt TA, Caron S, Damon DB, DiBrino J, Ghosh A, Griffith DA, Kedia S, Ragan JA, Rose PR, Vanderplas BC, Wei L. Development of two synthetic routes to CE-178,253, a CB1 antagonist for the treatment of obesity. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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146
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of novel diarylpyrazole imide analogues as CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3080-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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147
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Baye TM, Zhang Y, Smith E, Hillard CJ, Gunnell J, Myklebust J, James R, Kissebah AH, Olivier M, Wilke RA. Genetic variation in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) is associated with derangements in lipid homeostasis, independent of body mass index. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 9:1647-56. [PMID: 19018721 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.11.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In humans, genetic variation in endocannabinergic signaling has been associated with anthropometric measures of obesity. In randomized trials, pharmacological blockade at the level of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) receptor not only facilitates weight reduction, but also improves insulin sensitivity and clinical measures of lipid homeostasis. We therefore tested the hypothesis that genetic variation in CNR1 is associated with common obesity-related metabolic disorders. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of six haplotype tagging SNPs were selected for CNR1, using data available within the Human HapMap (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain population) these included: two promoter SNPs, three exonic SNPs, and a single SNP within the 3'-untranslated region. These tags were then genotyped in a rigorously phenotyped family-based collection of obese study subjects of Northern European origin. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A common CNR1 haplotype (H4; prevalence 0.132) is associated with abnormal lipid homeostasis. Additional statistical tests using single tagging SNPs revealed that these associations are partly independent of body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tes M Baye
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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148
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Carr TP, Jesch ED, Brown AW. Endocannabinoids, metabolic regulation, and the role of diet. Nutr Res 2009; 28:641-50. [PMID: 19083471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the endocannabinoid system as it relates to health and disease is a relatively new area of study. The discovery and cloning of cannabinoid receptors have prompted an increase in research aimed at identifying endogenous ligands ("endocannabinoids") and how these receptors and ligands regulate a variety of physiologic and pathologic events that include bone formation, the cardiovascular system, appetite control, and energy metabolism. With regard to nutrition, researchers have begun to ask whether the known effects of diet on metabolic processes are mediated through endocannabinoids and their receptors. Although only a few studies have been conducted that directly address the role of diet, results indicate that endocannabinoids can be regulated by eating frequency and by specific dietary components, particularly fatty acids. This review provides an overview of the endocannabinoid system and its control of metabolism, with emphasis on the impact of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA.
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149
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Wijers SLJ, Saris WHM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Recent advances in adaptive thermogenesis: potential implications for the treatment of obesity. Obes Rev 2009; 10:218-26. [PMID: 19021870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large inter-individual differences in cold-induced (non-shivering) and diet-induced adaptive thermogenesis exist in animals and humans. These differences in energy expenditure can have a large impact on long-term energy balance and thus body weight (when other factors remain stable). Therefore, the level of adaptive thermogenesis might relate to the susceptibility to obesity; efforts to increase adaptive thermogenesis might be used to treat obesity. In small mammals, the main process involved is mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. For a long time, it was assumed that mitochondrial uncoupling is not a major physiological contributor to adaptive thermogenesis in adult humans. However, several studies conducted in recent years suggest that mitochondrial uncoupling in BAT and skeletal muscle tissue in adult humans can be physiologically significant. Other mechanisms besides mitochondrial uncoupling that might be involved are futile calcium cycling, protein turnover and substrate cycling. In conjunction with recent advances on signal transduction studies, this knowledge makes manipulation of adaptive thermogenesis a more realistic option and thus a pharmacologically interesting target to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L J Wijers
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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150
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Griffith DA, Hadcock JR, Black SC, Iredale PA, Carpino PA, DaSilva-Jardine P, Day R, DiBrino J, Dow RL, Landis MS, O'Connor RE, Scott DO. Discovery of 1-[9-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]-4-ethylaminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide hydrochloride (CP-945,598), a novel, potent, and selective cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2009; 52:234-7. [PMID: 19102698 DOI: 10.1021/jm8012932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the structure-activity relationships, design, and synthesis of the novel cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist 3a (CP-945,598). Compound 3a showed subnanomolar potency at human CB1 receptors in binding (Ki = 0.7 nM) and functional assays (Ki = 0.12 nM). In vivo, compound 3a reversed cannabinoid agonist-mediated responses, reduced food intake, and increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Griffith
- Department of Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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