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Chatterjee J, Dionora J, Elmido-Mabilangan A, Wanchana S, Thakur V, Bandyopadhyay A, Brar DS, Quick WP. The Evolutionary Basis of Naturally Diverse Rice Leaves Anatomy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164532. [PMID: 27792743 PMCID: PMC5085062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice contains genetically and ecologically diverse wild and cultivated species that show a wide variation in plant and leaf architecture. A systematic characterization of leaf anatomy is essential in understanding the dynamics behind such diversity. Therefore, leaf anatomies of 24 Oryza species spanning 11 genetically diverse rice genomes were studied in both lateral and longitudinal directions and possible evolutionary trends were examined. A significant inter-species variation in mesophyll cells, bundle sheath cells, and vein structure was observed, suggesting precise genetic control over these major rice leaf anatomical traits. Cellular dimensions, measured along three growth axes, were further combined proportionately to construct three-dimensional (3D) leaf anatomy models to compare the relative size and orientation of the major cell types present in a fully expanded leaf. A reconstruction of the ancestral leaf state revealed that the following are the major characteristics of recently evolved rice species: fewer veins, larger and laterally elongated mesophyll cells, with an increase in total mesophyll area and in bundle sheath cell number. A huge diversity in leaf anatomy within wild and domesticated rice species has been portrayed in this study, on an evolutionary context, predicting a two-pronged evolutionary pathway leading to the 'sativa leaf type' that we see today in domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Chatterjee
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jacqueline Dionora
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Abigail Elmido-Mabilangan
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Samart Wanchana
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Vivek Thakur
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Darshan S. Brar
- Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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102
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Digel B, Tavakol E, Verderio G, Tondelli A, Xu X, Cattivelli L, Rossini L, von Korff M. Photoperiod-H1 (Ppd-H1) Controls Leaf Size. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:405-15. [PMID: 27457126 PMCID: PMC5074620 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf size is a major determinant of plant photosynthetic activity and biomass; however, it is poorly understood how leaf size is genetically controlled in cereal crop plants like barley (Hordeum vulgare). We conducted a genome-wide association scan for flowering time, leaf width, and leaf length in a diverse panel of European winter cultivars grown in the field and genotyped with a single-nucleotide polymorphism array. The genome-wide association scan identified PHOTOPERIOD-H1 (Ppd-H1) as a candidate gene underlying the major quantitative trait loci for flowering time and leaf size in the barley population. Microscopic phenotyping of three independent introgression lines confirmed the effect of Ppd-H1 on leaf size. Differences in the duration of leaf growth and consequent variation in leaf cell number were responsible for the leaf size differences between the Ppd-H1 variants. The Ppd-H1-dependent induction of the BARLEY MADS BOX genes BM3 and BM8 in the leaf correlated with reductions in leaf size and leaf number. Our results indicate that leaf size is controlled by the Ppd-H1- and photoperiod-dependent progression of plant development. The coordination of leaf growth with flowering may be part of a reproductive strategy to optimize resource allocation to the developing inflorescences and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Digel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Elahe Tavakol
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Gabriele Verderio
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Alessandro Tondelli
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Xin Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Laura Rossini
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
| | - Maria von Korff
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules," 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (B.D., M.v.K.);Università degli Studi di Milano-DiSAA, 20133 Milan, Italy (E.T., G.V., L.R.);Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 7144165186 Shiraz, Iran (E.T.);Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy (A.T., L.C.);Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wu Ling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biologica Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China (X.X.); andParco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy (L.R.)
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103
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Torres FG, Le Bourhis E, Gonzales KN. Exploring the mechanical properties of hard botanical structures of two tropical plants. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.15.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Two hard botanical structures have been characterised in terms of mechanics and structure: the pseudofruit of Coix lacryma-jobi, a native plant of Southeast Asia, and the kernel of the drupe fruit of Thevetia peruviana, a native plant of tropical America. Two indentation techniques at different scales (micro and nano) were employed. The reference point indentation technique was used both in the cross-section and on the external side of the samples, while the nanoindentation technique was used to monitor the external layers. The manner in which natural structures such as those present in Coix lacryma-jobi and Thevetia peruviana are organised are not fully understood. A more complete understanding of the mechanical properties of the hard structures would provide more information for qualifying characteristics as well as an inspiration for designing novel materials. This study aimed to provide information regarding the organisational composition of these natural structures and thus shed light on how natural structures achieve several physical properties, such as hardness. Although the samples have a similar organic and inorganic composition, the results showed differences in their external mechanical resistance. The obtained differences in the external mechanical resistance are to be interpreted in light of the complex hierarchical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G. Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Eric Le Bourhis
- Institut P’, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Karen N. Gonzales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
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104
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Huang J, Li Z, Zhao D. Deregulation of the OsmiR160 Target Gene OsARF18 Causes Growth and Developmental Defects with an Alteration of Auxin Signaling in Rice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29938. [PMID: 27444058 PMCID: PMC4956771 DOI: 10.1038/srep29938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression as key negative regulators at the post-transcriptional level. MiR160 plays a pivotal role in Arabidopsis growth and development through repressing expression of its target AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) genes; however, the function of miR160 in monocots remains elusive. In this study, we found that the mature rice miR160 (OsmiR160) was mainly derived from OsMIR160a and OsMIR160b genes. Among four potential OsmiR160 target OsARF genes, the OsARF18 transcript was cleaved at the OsmiR160 target site. Rice transgenic plants (named mOsARF18) expressing an OsmiR160-resistant version of OsARF18 exhibited pleiotropic defects in growth and development, including dwarf stature, rolled leaves, and small seeds. mOsARF18 leaves were abnormal in bulliform cell differentiation and epidermal cell division. Starch accumulation in mOsARF18 seeds was also reduced. Moreover, auxin induced expression of OsMIR160a, OsMIR160b, and OsARF18, whereas expression of OsMIR160a and OsMIR160b as well as genes involved in auxin signaling was altered in mOsARF18 plants. Our results show that negative regulation of OsARF18 expression by OsmiR160 is critical for rice growth and development via affecting auxin signaling, which will advance future studies on the molecular mechanism by which miR160 fine-tunes auxin signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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105
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Zhang Q, Zheng T, Hoang L, Wang C, Nafisah, Joseph C, Zhang W, Xu J, Li Z. Joint Mapping and Allele Mining of the Rolled Leaf Trait in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158246. [PMID: 27441398 PMCID: PMC4956317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rolled leaf trait, long considered to be a key component of plant architecture, represents an important target trait for improving plant architecture at the population level. We therefore performed linkage mapping using a set of 262 highly variable RILs from two rice cultivars (Minghui 63 and 02428) with minor differences in leaf rolling index (LRI) in conjunction with GWAS mapping of a random subset of the 1127 germplasms from the 3K Rice Genomes Project (3K Rice). A total of seven main-effect loci were found to underlie the transgressive segregation of progenies from parents with minor differences in LRI. Five of these loci were previously identified and two (qRl7b and qRl9b) are newly reported with additional evidence from GWAS mapping for qRl7b. A total of 18 QTLs were identified by GWAS, including four newly identified QTLs. Six QTLs were confirmed by linkage mapping with the above RIL population, and 83.3% were found to be consistent with previously reported loci based on comparative mapping. We also performed allele mining with representative SNPs and identified the elite germplasms for the improvement of rolled leaf trait. Most favorable alleles at the detected loci were contributed by various 3K Rice germplasms. By a re-scanning of the candidate region with more saturated SNP markers, we dissected the region harboring gRl4-2 into three subregions, in which the average effect on LRI was 3.5% with a range from 2.4 to 4.1% in the third subregion, suggesting the presence of a new locus or loci within this region. The representative SNPs for favorable alleles in the reliable QTLs which were consistently identified in both bi-parental mapping and GWAS, such as qRl4, qRl5, qRl6, qRl7a, and qRl7b will be useful for future molecular breeding programs for ideal plant type in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianqing Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Hoang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunchao Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nafisah
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Charles Joseph
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Breeding & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Breeding & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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106
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Lee YK, Woo MO, Lee D, Lee G, Kim B, Koh HJ. Identification of a novel candidate gene for rolled leaf in rice. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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107
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OsLBD3-7 Overexpression Induced Adaxially Rolled Leaves in Rice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156413. [PMID: 27258066 PMCID: PMC4892467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate leaf rolling enhances erect-leaf habits and photosynthetic efficiency, which consequently improves grain yield. Here, we reported the novel lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) gene OsLBD3-7, which is involved in the regulation of leaf rolling. OsLBD3-7 works as a transcription activator and its protein is located on the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Overexpression of OsLBD3-7 leads to narrow and adaxially rolled leaves. Microscopy of flag leaf cross-sections indicated that overexpression of OsLBD3-7 led to a decrease in both bulliform cell size and number. Transcriptional analysis showed that key genes that had been reported to be negative regulators of bulliform cell development were up-regulated in transgenic plants. These results indicated that OsLBD3-7 might acts as an upstream regulatory gene of bulliform cell development to regulate leaf rolling, which will give more insights on the leaf rolling regulation mechanism.
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108
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Obsa BT, Eglinton J, Coventry S, March T, Langridge P, Fleury D. Genetic analysis of developmental and adaptive traits in three doubled haploid populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1139-51. [PMID: 26908251 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Study of three interconnected populations identified 13 maturity QTL of which eight collocate with phenology genes, and 18 QTL for traits associated with adaptation to drought-prone environments. QTL for maturity and other adaptive traits affecting barley adaptation were mapped in a drought-prone environment. Three interconnected doubled haploid (DH) populations were developed from inter-crossing three Australian elite genotypes (Commander, Fleet and WI4304). High-density genetic maps were constructed using genotyping by sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for major phenology genes controlling photoperiod response and vernalization requirement. Field trials were conducted on the three DH populations in six environments at three sites in southern Australia and over two cropping seasons. Phenotypic evaluations were done for maturity, early vigour, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf waxiness and leaf rolling. Thirteen maturity QTL were identified, all with significant QTL × environment interaction with one exception. Eighteen QTL were detected for other adaptive traits across the three populations, including three QTL for leaf rolling, six for leaf waxiness, three for early vigour, four for NDVI, and two QTL for SPAD. The three interlinked populations with high-density linkage maps described in this study are a significant resource for examining the genetic basis for barley adaptation in low-to-medium rainfall Mediterranean type environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulti Tesso Obsa
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Jason Eglinton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stewart Coventry
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy March
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Delphine Fleury
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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109
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Liu X, Li M, Liu K, Tang D, Sun M, Li Y, Shen Y, Du G, Cheng Z. Semi-Rolled Leaf2 modulates rice leaf rolling by regulating abaxial side cell differentiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2139-50. [PMID: 26873975 PMCID: PMC4809286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Moderate leaf rolling maintains the erectness of leaves and minimizes the shadowing between leaves which is helpful to establish ideal plant architecture. Here, we describe asrl2(semi-rolled leaf2) rice mutant, which has incurved leaves due to the presence of defective sclerenchymatous cells on the abaxial side of the leaf and displays narrow leaves and reduced plant height. Map-based cloning revealed that SRL2 encodes a novel plant-specific protein of unknown biochemical function.SRL2 was mainly expressed in the vascular bundles of leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and roots, especially in their sclerenchymatous cells. The transcriptional activities of several leaf development-related YABBY genes were significantly altered in the srl2 mutant. Double mutant analysis suggested that SRL2 and SHALLOT-LIKE1(SLL1)/ROLLED LEAF9(RL9) function in distinct pathways that regulate abaxial-side leaf development. Hence, SRL2 plays an important role in regulating leaf development, particularly during sclerenchymatous cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Coastal Areas, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Ding Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingfa Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Coastal Areas, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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110
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Zhang B, Ye W, Ren D, Tian P, Peng Y, Gao Y, Ruan B, Wang L, Zhang G, Guo L, Qian Q, Gao Z. Genetic analysis of flag leaf size and candidate genes determination of a major QTL for flag leaf width in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:39. [PMID: 26054240 PMCID: PMC4883130 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flag leaf is the most essential organ for photosynthesis in rice and its size plays an important role in rice breeding for ideal plant-type. Flag leaf size affect photosynthesis to a certain extent, thereby influencing rice production. Several genes controlling leaf size and shape have been identified with mutants. Although a number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf size and shape have been detected on 12 chromosomes with different populations of rice, few of them were cloned. RESULTS The pair-wise correlation analysis was conducted on length, width and length-width ratio of the flag leaf, and yield per plant in the core recombinant inbred lines of Liang-You-Pei-Jiu (LYP9) developed in Hainan and Hangzhou. There were significant correlations among the three flag leaf size and shape traits. Interestingly, a positive correlation was found between flag leaf width and yield per plant. Based on the high-resolution linkage map we constructed before, 43 QTLs were detected for three flag leaf size and shape traits and yield per plant, among which 31 QTLs were unreported so far. Seven QTLs were identified common in two environments. And qFLW7.2, a new major QTL for flag leaf width, was fine mapped within 27.1 kb region on chromosome 7. Both qFLW7.2 and qPY7 were located in the interval of 45.30 ~ 53.34 cM on chromosome 7, which coincided with the relationship between yield per plant (PY) and flag leaf width (FLW). CONCLUSION qFLW7.2, which explained 14% of the phenotypic variation, increased flag leaf width with 93-11 allele. Two candidate genes were selected based on sequence variation and expression difference between two parents, which facilitated further QTL cloning and molecular breeding in super rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Weijun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Youlin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tiyuchang Road 359, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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Husbands AY, Benkovics AH, Nogueira FTS, Lodha M, Timmermans MCP. The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES Complex Employs Multiple Modes of Regulation to Affect Adaxial-Abaxial Patterning and Leaf Complexity. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3321-35. [PMID: 26589551 PMCID: PMC4707451 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flattened leaf architecture is not a default state but depends on positional information to precisely coordinate patterns of cell division in the growing primordium. This information is provided, in part, by the boundary between the adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) domains of the leaf, which are specified via an intricate gene regulatory network whose precise circuitry remains poorly defined. Here, we examined the contribution of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES (AS) pathway to adaxial-abaxial patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana and demonstrate that AS1-AS2 affects this process via multiple, distinct regulatory mechanisms. AS1-AS2 uses Polycomb-dependent and -independent mechanisms to directly repress the abaxial determinants MIR166A, YABBY5, and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3), as well as a nonrepressive mechanism in the regulation of the adaxial determinant TAS3A. These regulatory interactions, together with data from prior studies, lead to a model in which the sequential polarization of determinants, including AS1-AS2, explains the establishment and maintenance of adaxial-abaxial leaf polarity. Moreover, our analyses show that the shared repression of ARF3 by the AS and trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) pathways intersects with additional AS1-AS2 targets to affect multiple nodes in leaf development, impacting polarity as well as leaf complexity. These data illustrate the surprisingly multifaceted contribution of AS1-AS2 to leaf development showing that, in conjunction with the ta-siRNA pathway, AS1-AS2 keeps the Arabidopsis leaf both flat and simple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Y Husbands
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Anna H Benkovics
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | | | - Mukesh Lodha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Chen Q, Xie Q, Gao J, Wang W, Sun B, Liu B, Zhu H, Peng H, Zhao H, Liu C, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang G, Zhang Z. Characterization of Rolled and Erect Leaf 1 in regulating leave morphology in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6047-58. [PMID: 26142419 PMCID: PMC4566990 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphology, particularly in crop, is one of the most important agronomic traits because it influences the yield through the manipulation of photosynthetic capacity and transpiration. To understand the regulatory mechanism of leaf morphogenesis, an Oryza sativa dominant mutant, rolled and erect leaf 1 (rel1) has been characterized. This mutant has a predominant rolled leaf, increased leaf angle, and reduced plant height phenotype that results in a reduction in grain yield. Electron microscope observations indicated that the leaf incurvations of rel1 dominant mutants result from the alteration of the size and number of bulliform cells. Molecular cloning revealed that the rel1 dominant mutant phenotype is caused by the activation of the REL1 gene, which encodes a novel unknown protein, despite its high degree of conservation among monocot plants. Moreover, the downregulation of the REL1 gene in the rel1 dominant mutant restored the phenotype of this dominant mutant. Alternatively, overexpression of REL1 in wild-type plants induced a phenotype similar to that of the dominant rel1 mutant, indicating that REL1 plays a positive role in leaf rolling and bending. Consistent with the observed rel1 phenotype, the REL1 gene was predominantly expressed in the meristem of various tissues during plant growth and development. Nevertheless, the responsiveness of both rel1 dominant mutants and REL1-overexpressing plants to exogenous brassinosteroid (BR) was reduced. Moreover, transcript levels of BR response genes in the rel1 dominant mutants and REL1-overexpressing lines were significantly altered. Additionally, seven REL1-interacting proteins were also identified from a yeast two-hybrid screen. Taken together, these findings suggest that REL1 regulates leaf morphology, particularly in leaf rolling and bending, through the coordination of BR signalling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ju Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haifeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haibing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Jingliu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Guiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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113
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Wu J, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Han X, Gu X, Lu T. The molecular cloning and clarification of a photorespiratory mutant, oscdm1, using enhancer trapping. Front Genet 2015; 6:226. [PMID: 26191072 PMCID: PMC4490251 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer trap systems have been demonstrated to increase the effectiveness of gene identification in rice. In this study, a chlorophyll-deficient mutant, named oscdm1, was screened and characterized in detail from a T-DNA enhancer-tagged population. The oscdm1 plants were different from other chlorophyll-deficient mutants; they produced chlorotic leaves at the third leaf stage, which gradually died with further growth of the plants. However, the oscdm1 plants were able to survive exposure to elevated CO2 levels, similar to photorespiratory mutants. An analysis of the T-DNA flanking sequence in the oscdm1 plants showed that the T-DNA was inserted into the promoter region of a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) gene. OsSHMT1 is a key enzyme that is ubiquitous in nature and structurally conserved across kingdoms. The enzyme is responsible for the interconversion of serine and glycine and is essential for cellular one-carbon metabolism. Full-length OsSHMT1 complemented the oscdm1 phenotype, and the downregulation of OsSHMT1 in wild-type plants by RNA interference (RNAi) produced plants that mimicked the oscdm1 phenotype. GUS assays and quantitative PCR revealed the preferential expression of OsSHMT1 in young leaves. TEM revealed serious damage to the thylakoid membrane in oscdm1 chloroplasts. The oscdm1 plants showed more extensive damage than wild type using an IMAGING-PAM fluorometer, especially under high light intensities. OsSHMT1-GFP localized exclusively to mitochondria. Further analysis revealed that the H2O2 content in the oscdm1 plants was twice that in wild type at the fourth leaf stage. This suggests that the thylakoid membrane damage observed in the oscdm1 plants was caused by excessive H2O2. Interestingly, OsSHMT1-overexpressing plants exhibited increased photosynthetic efficiency and improved plant productivity. These results lay the foundation for further study of the OsSHMT1 gene and will help illuminate the functional role of OsSHMT1 in photorespiration in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Tiegang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene Improvement, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
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114
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Zhang JJ, Wu SY, Jiang L, Wang JL, Zhang X, Guo XP, Wu CY, Wan JM. A detailed analysis of the leaf rolling mutant sll2 reveals complex nature in regulation of bulliform cell development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:437-48. [PMID: 25213398 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bulliform cells are large, thin-walled and highly vacuolated cells, and play an important role in controlling leaf rolling in response to drought and high temperature. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating bulliform cell development have not been well documented. Here, we report isolation and characterisation of a rice leaf-rolling mutant, named shallot-like 2 (sll2). The sll2 plants exhibit adaxially rolled leaves, starting from the sixth leaf stage, accompanied by increased photosynthesis and reduced plant height and tiller number. Histological analyses showed shrinkage of bulliform cells, resulting in inward-curved leaves. The mutant is recessive and revertible at a rate of 9%. The leaf rolling is caused by a T-DNA insertion. Cloning of the insertion using TAIL-PCR revealed that the T-DNA was inserted in the promoter region of LOC_Os07 g38664. Unexpectedly, the enhanced expression of LOC_Os07 g38664 by the 35S enhancer in the T-DNA is not responsible for the leaf rolling phenotype. Further, the enhancer also exerted a long-distance effect, including up-regulation of several bulliform cell-related genes. sll2 suppressed the outward leaf rolling of oul1 in the sll2oul1 double mutant. We conclude that leaf rolling in sll2 could be a result of the combined effect of multi-genes, implying a complex network in regulation of bulliform cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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115
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Li L, Xue X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Pan C, Zhu J, Pan X, Zuo S. Isolation and characterization of rl (t), a gene that controls leaf rolling in rice. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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116
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Zhang GH, Li SY, Wang L, Ye WJ, Zeng DL, Rao YC, Peng YL, Hu J, Yang YL, Xu J, Ren DY, Gao ZY, Zhu L, Dong GJ, Hu XM, Yan MX, Guo LB, Li CY, Qian Q. LSCHL4 from Japonica Cultivar, which is allelic to NAL1, increases yield of indica super rice 93-11. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1350-1364. [PMID: 24795339 PMCID: PMC4115278 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The basic premise of high yield in rice is to improve leaf photosynthetic efficiency and coordinate the source-sink relationship in rice plants. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to morphological traits and chlorophyll content of rice leaves were detected at the stages of heading to maturity, and a major QTL (qLSCHL4) related to flag leaf shape and chlorophyll content was detected at both stages in recombinant inbred lines constructed using the indica rice cultivar 93-11 and the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare. Map-based cloning and expression analysis showed that LSCHL4 is allelic to NAL1, a gene previously reported in narrow leaf mutant of rice. Overexpression lines transformed with vector carrying LSCHL4 from Nipponbare and a near-isogenic line of 93-11 (NIL-9311) had significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content, enlarged flag leaf size, and improved panicle type. The average yield of NIL-9311 was 18.70% higher than that of 93-11. These results indicate that LSCHL4 had a pleiotropic function. Exploring and pyramiding more high-yield alleles resembling LSCHL4 for super rice breeding provides an effective way to achieve new breakthroughs in raising rice yield and generate new ideas for solving the problem of global food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Chun Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - You-Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao-Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - De-Yong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei-Xian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long-Biao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuan-You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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117
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Zuo J, Li J. Molecular dissection of complex agronomic traits of rice: a team effort by Chinese scientists in recent years. Natl Sci Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwt004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rice is a staple food for more than half of the worldwide population and is also a model species for biological studies on monocotyledons. Through a team effort, Chinese scientists have made rapid and important progresses in rice biology in recent years. Here, we briefly review these advances, emphasizing on the regulatory mechanisms of the complex agronomic traits that affect rice yield and grain quality. Progresses in rice genome biology and genome evolution have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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118
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Yang C, Li D, Liu X, Ji C, Hao L, Zhao X, Li X, Chen C, Cheng Z, Zhu L. OsMYB103L, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, influences leaf rolling and mechanical strength in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:158. [PMID: 24906444 PMCID: PMC4062502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shape of grass leaves possesses great value in both agronomy and developmental biology research. Leaf rolling is one of the important traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding. MYB transcription factors are one of the largest gene families and have important roles in plant development, metabolism and stress responses. However, little is known about their functions in rice. RESULTS In this study, we report the functional characterization of a rice gene, OsMYB103L, which encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor. OsMYB103L was localized in the nucleus with transactivation activity. Overexpression of OsMYB103L in rice resulted in a rolled leaf phenotype. Further analyses showed that expression levels of several cellulose synthase genes (CESAs) were significantly increased, as was the cellulose content in OsMYB103L overexpressing lines. Knockdown of OsMYB103L by RNA interference led to a decreased level of cellulose content and reduced mechanical strength in leaves. Meanwhile, the expression levels of several CESA genes were decreased in these knockdown lines. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that OsMYB103L may target CESA genes for regulation of cellulose synthesis and could potentially be engineered for desirable leaf shape and mechanical strength in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- Department of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lili Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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119
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Long Q, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhou K, Zheng M, Sun J, Chen H, Chen S, Jiang L, Wang C, Wan J. Overexpression of OsZHD1, a zinc finger homeodomain class homeobox transcription factor, induces abaxially curled and drooping leaf in rice. PLANTA 2014; 239:803-16. [PMID: 24385091 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is receiving considerable attention as an important agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, little has been known on the molecular mechanism of rice leaf rolling, especially the abaxial rolling. We identified a novel abaxially curled and drooping leaf-dominant mutant from a T₁ transgenic rice line. The abaxially curled leaf phenotypes, co-segregating with the inserted transferred DNA, were caused by overexpression of a zinc finger homeodomain class homeobox transcription factor (OsZHD1). OsZHD1 exhibited a constitutive expression pattern in wild-type plants and accumulated in the developing leaves and panicles. Artificial overexpression of OsZHD1 or its closest homolog OsZHD2 induced the abaxial leaf curling. Histological analysis indicated that both the increased number and the abnormal arrangement of bulliform cells in leaf were responsible for the abaxially curled leaves. We herein reported OsZHD1 with key roles in rice morphogenesis, especially in the modulating of leaf rolling, which provided a novel insight into the molecular mechanism of leaf development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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120
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Rao Y, Li Y, Qian Q. Recent progress on molecular breeding of rice in China. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:551-64. [PMID: 24442397 PMCID: PMC3976512 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular breeding of rice for high yield, superior grain quality, and strong environmental adaptability is crucial for feeding the world's rapidly growing population. The increasingly cloned quantitative trait loci and genes, genome variations, and haplotype blocks related to agronomically important traits in rice have provided a solid foundation for direct selection and molecular breeding, and a number of genes have been successfully introgressed into mega varieties of rice. Here we summarize China's great achievements in molecular breeding of rice in the following five traits: high yield, biotic stress resistance, abiotic stress resistance, quality and physiology. Further, the prospect of rice breeding by molecular design is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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121
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Fukushima K, Hasebe M. Adaxial-abaxial polarity: the developmental basis of leaf shape diversity. Genesis 2013; 52:1-18. [PMID: 24281766 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of flowering plants are diverse in shape. Part of this morphological diversity can be attributed to differences in spatiotemporal regulation of polarity in the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) sides of developing leaves. In a leaf primordium, antagonistic interactions between polarity determinants specify the adaxial and abaxial domains in a mutually exclusive manner. The patterning of those domains is critical for leaf morphogenesis. In this review, we first summarize the gene networks regulating adaxial-abaxial polarity in conventional bifacial leaves and then discuss how patterning is modified in different leaf type categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukushima
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advance Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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122
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YI JICAI, LIU LANNA, CAO YOUPEI, LI JIAZUO, MEI MANTONG. Cloning, characterization and expression of $\emph{OsFMO}_{{\mathbf{(}\emph{t}\mathbf{)}}}$ in rice encoding a flavin monooxygenase. J Genet 2013; 92:471-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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123
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Wang P, Kelly S, Fouracre JP, Langdale JA. Genome-wide transcript analysis of early maize leaf development reveals gene cohorts associated with the differentiation of C4 Kranz anatomy. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:656-70. [PMID: 23647263 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis underpins the viability of most ecosystems, with C4 plants that exhibit 'Kranz' anatomy being the most efficient primary producers. Kranz anatomy is characterized by closely spaced veins that are encircled by two morphologically distinct photosynthetic cell types. Although Kranz anatomy evolved multiple times, the underlying genetic mechanisms remain largely elusive, with only the maize scarecrow gene so far implicated in Kranz patterning. To provide a broader insight into the regulation of Kranz differentiation, we performed a genome-wide comparative analysis of developmental trajectories in Kranz (foliar leaf blade) and non-Kranz (husk leaf sheath) leaves of the C4 plant maize. Using profile classification of gene expression in early leaf primordia, we identified cohorts of genes associated with procambium initiation and vascular patterning. In addition, we used supervised classification criteria inferred from anatomical and developmental analyses of five developmental stages to identify candidate regulators of cell-type specification. Our analysis supports the suggestion that Kranz anatomy is patterned, at least in part, by a SCARECROW/SHORTROOT regulatory network, and suggests likely components of that network. Furthermore, the data imply a role for additional pathways in the development of Kranz leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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124
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Hubbart S, Bird S, Lake JA, Murchie EH. Does growth under elevated CO₂ moderate photoacclimation in rice? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:297-306. [PMID: 23020599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation of plant photosynthesis to light irradiance (photoacclimation) involves adjustments in levels of pigments and proteins and larger scale changes in leaf morphology. To investigate the impact of rising atmospheric CO₂ on crop physiology, we hypothesize that elevated CO₂ interacts with photoacclimation in rice (Oryza sativa). Rice was grown under high light (HL: 700 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹), low light (LL: 200 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹), ambient CO₂ (400 µl l⁻¹) and elevated CO₂ (1000 µl l⁻¹). Leaf six was measured throughout. Obscuring meristem tissue during development did not alter leaf thickness indicating that mature leaves are responsible for sensing light during photoacclimation. Elevated CO₂ raised growth chamber photosynthesis and increased tiller formation at both light levels, while it increased leaf length under LL but not under HL. Elevated CO₂ always resulted in increased leaf growth rate and tiller production. Changes in leaf thickness, leaf area, Rubisco content, stem and leaf starch, sucrose and fructose content were all dominated by irradiance and unaffected by CO₂. However, stomata responded differently; they were significantly smaller in LL grown plants compared to HL but this effect was significantly suppressed under elevated CO₂. Stomatal density was lower under LL, but this required elevated CO₂ and the magnitude was adaxial or abaxial surface-dependent. We conclude that photoacclimation in rice involves a systemic signal. Furthermore, extra carbohydrate produced under elevated CO₂ is utilized in enhancing leaf and tiller growth and does not enhance or inhibit any feature of photoacclimation with the exception of stomatal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Hubbart
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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125
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Campos N, Castañón S, Urreta I, Santos M, Torné JM. Rice transglutaminase gene: Identification, protein expression, functionality, light dependence and specific cell location. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 205-206:97-110. [PMID: 23498867 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases), that catalyze post-translational modification of proteins, are scarcely known in plants. As part of a project to characterize transglutaminase genes in new plant species, the identification and characterization of a TGase in rice is presented. Using differential primers, a cDNA (tgo) of 1767bp from genomic rice DNA amplification was obtained. The primers were designed from the rice DNA sequence relatively homologous to the gene encoding active maize chloroplast TGase. Amino acid sequence of the deduced rice TGase protein (TGO) indicated that it contains the enzyme catalytic triad (Cys-His-Asp), three repeats, myristoylation domains and a leucine zipper motif. The TGO recombinant protein was characterized, showing specific activity regulation, and indicating that tgo encoded for an authentic TGase. Substrate preference and Ca(2+) dependent activity were also detected. In the rice plant TGO protein was immunolocalized in the grana chloroplasts, in protein vesicles near them, and in the bulliform cells. Immunoblot analyses, tgo mRNA expression, and TGase activity indicated that TGO expression in rice was light dependent and regulated by the illumination period. This work increases significantly our plant TGase understanding. Its functional role in rice, which is a good model system for C3 plants, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Campos
- Molecular Genetics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics: CRAG (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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126
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Correlation of drought resistance in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) with reactive oxygen species scavenging and osmotic adjustment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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127
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Xu B, Sathitsuksanoh N, Tang Y, Udvardi MK, Zhang JY, Shen Z, Balota M, Harich K, Zhang PYH, Zhao B. Overexpression of AtLOV1 in Switchgrass alters plant architecture, lignin content, and flowering time. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47399. [PMID: 23300513 PMCID: PMC3530547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a prime candidate crop for biofuel feedstock production in the United States. As it is a self-incompatible polyploid perennial species, breeding elite and stable switchgrass cultivars with traditional breeding methods is very challenging. Translational genomics may contribute significantly to the genetic improvement of switchgrass, especially for the incorporation of elite traits that are absent in natural switchgrass populations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we constitutively expressed an Arabidopsis NAC transcriptional factor gene, LONG VEGETATIVE PHASE ONE (AtLOV1), in switchgrass. Overexpression of AtLOV1 in switchgrass caused the plants to have a smaller leaf angle by changing the morphology and organization of epidermal cells in the leaf collar region. Also, overexpression of AtLOV1 altered the lignin content and the monolignol composition of cell walls, and caused delayed flowering time. Global gene-expression analysis of the transgenic plants revealed an array of responding genes with predicted functions in plant development, cell wall biosynthesis, and flowering. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report of a single ectopically expressed transcription factor altering the leaf angle, cell wall composition, and flowering time of switchgrass, therefore demonstrating the potential advantage of translational genomics for the genetic improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
- BESC – The BioEnergy Science Center of U.S. Department of Energy, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
- BESC – The BioEnergy Science Center of U.S. Department of Energy, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
- BESC – The BioEnergy Science Center of U.S. Department of Energy, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Zhengxing Shen
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maria Balota
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kim Harich
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Percival Y.-H. Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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128
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Wang F, Tang Y, Miao R, Xu F, Lin T, He G, Sang X. Identification and gene mapping of a narrow and upper-albino leaf mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.). CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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129
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Zhao C, Xu J, Chen Y, Mao C, Zhang S, Bai Y, Jiang D, Wu P. Molecular cloning and characterization of OsCHR4, a rice chromatin-remodeling factor required for early chloroplast development in adaxial mesophyll. PLANTA 2012; 236:1165-1176. [PMID: 22644768 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mi-2 protein, the central component of the NuRD nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex, plays a role in transcriptional repression in animals. Mi-2-like genes have been reported in Arabidopsis, though their function in monocots remains largely unknown. In the present study, a rice Mi-2-like gene, OsCHR4 (Oryza sativa Chromatin Remodeling 4, LOC_Os07g03450), was cloned from a rice mutant with adaxial albino leaves. The Oschr4 mutant exhibited defective chloroplasts in adaxial mesophyll, but not in abaxial mesophyll. Ultrastructural observations indicated that proplastid growth and/or thylakoid membrane formation in adaxial mesophyll cells was blocked in the Oschr4 mutant. Subcellular localization revealed that OsCHR4::GFP fusion protein was targeted to the nuclei. OsCHR4 was mainly expressed in the root meristem, flower, vascular bundle, and mesophyll cells by promoter::GUS analysis in transgenic rice. The transcripts of some nuclear- and plastid-encoded genes required for early chloroplast development and photosynthesis were decreased in the adaxial albino mesophyll of the Oschr4 mutant. These observations provide evidence that OsCHR4, the rice Mi-2-like protein, plays an important role in early chloroplast development in adaxial mesophyll cells. The results increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying tissue-specific chloroplast development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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130
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Xiang JJ, Zhang GH, Qian Q, Xue HW. Semi-rolled leaf1 encodes a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein and modulates rice leaf rolling by regulating the formation of bulliform cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1488-500. [PMID: 22715111 PMCID: PMC3425193 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is an important agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa) breeding and moderate leaf rolling maintains the erectness of leaves and minimizes shadowing between leaves, leading to improved photosynthetic efficiency and grain yields. Although a few rolled-leaf mutants have been identified and some genes controlling leaf rolling have been isolated, the molecular mechanisms of leaf rolling still need to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of SEMI-ROLLED LEAF1 (SRL1), a gene involved in the regulation of leaf rolling. Mutants srl1-1 (point mutation) and srl1-2 (transferred DNA insertion) exhibit adaxially rolled leaves due to the increased numbers of bulliform cells at the adaxial cell layers, which could be rescued by complementary expression of SRL1. SRL1 is expressed in various tissues and is expressed at low levels in bulliform cells. SRL1 protein is located at the plasma membrane and predicted to be a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Moreover, analysis of the gene expression profile of cells that will become epidermal cells in wild type but probably bulliform cells in srl1-1 by laser-captured microdissection revealed that the expression of genes encoding vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (subunits A, B, C, and D) and H(+)-pyrophosphatase, which are increased during the formation of bulliform cells, were up-regulated in srl1-1. These results provide the transcript profile of rice leaf cells that will become bulliform cells and demonstrate that SRL1 regulates leaf rolling through inhibiting the formation of bulliform cells by negatively regulating the expression of genes encoding vacuolar H(+)-ATPase subunits and H(+)-pyrophosphatase, which will help to understand the mechanism regulating leaf rolling.
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131
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Yamaguchi T, Nukazuka A, Tsukaya H. Leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and lamina outgrowth: evolution and development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1180-94. [PMID: 22619472 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A key innovation in leaf evolution is the acquisition of a flat lamina with adaxial-abaxial polarity, which optimizes the primary function of photosynthesis. The developmental mechanism behind leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and flat lamina formation has long been of interest to biologists. Surgical and genetic studies proposed a conceptual model wherein a signal derived from the shoot apical meristem is necessary for adaxial-abaxial polarity specification, and subsequent lamina outgrowth is promoted at the juxtaposition of adaxial and abaxial identities. Several distinct regulators involved in leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and lamina outgrowth have been identified. Analyses of these genes demonstrated that the mutual antagonistic interactions between adaxial and abaxial determinants establish polarity and define the boundary between two domains, along which lamina outgrowth regulators function. Evolutionary developmental studies on diverse leaf forms of angiosperms proposed that alteration to the adaxial-abaxial patterning system can be a major driving force in the generation of diverse leaf forms, as represented by 'unifacial leaves', in which leaf blades have only the abaxial identity. Interestingly, unifacial leaf blades become flattened, in spite of the lack of adaxial-abaxial juxtaposition. Modification of the adaxial-abaxial patterning system is also utilized to generate complex organ morphologies, such as stamens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the genetic mechanisms underlying leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and lamina outgrowth, with emphasis on the genetic basis of the evolution and diversification of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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132
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Ganesan G, Sankararamasubramanian HM, Harikrishnan M, Ganpudi A, Ashwin G, Parida A. A MYB transcription factor from the grey mangrove is induced by stress and confers NaCl tolerance in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4549-61. [PMID: 22904269 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factor genes play important roles in developmental and various other processes in plants. In this study, functional characterization of AmMYB1, a single-repeat MYB transcription factor isolated from the salt-tolerant mangrove tree Avicennia marina is reported. AmMYB1 cDNA was 1046 bp in length with an open reading frame of 783 bp, encoding 260 amino acids. The corresponding gene had two introns and three exons and was present as a single copy in A. marina. The deduced amino acid sequence showed similarities to MYB proteins reported in other plants, including the conserved MYB binding domain. RNA gel blot analysis showed that the AmMYB1 transcript expression was more pronounced in green photosynthetic tissue and was strongly induced by stresses such as salt (500 mM), light (500 µE m(-2) s(-1)), and the exogenous application of ABA (100 µM). An analysis of the upstream sequence of AmMYB1 gene revealed the presence of regulatory elements identical to those present in the promoters of stress inducible genes. The promoter was responsive to NaCl and could enhance reporter gene expression in planta. An in vitro DNA binding assay using the promoter region (TGGTTAG) of the AtRD22 gene and a transactivation assay in yeast cells suggest the possibility of AmMYB1 protein regulating the expression of other genes during salt stress. Transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing the AmMYB1 transcription factor showed better tolerance to NaCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ganesan
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Biotechnology, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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133
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Fang L, Zhao F, Cong Y, Sang X, Du Q, Wang D, Li Y, Ling Y, Yang Z, He G. Rolling-leaf14 is a 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase family protein that modulates rice leaf rolling by affecting secondary cell wall formation in leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:524-32. [PMID: 22329407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As an important agronomic trait, leaf rolling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) has attracted much attention from plant biologists and breeders. Moderate leaf rolling increases the amount of photosynthesis in cultivars and hence raises grain yield. Here, we describe the map-based cloning of the gene RL14, which was found to encode a 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase of unknown function. rl14 mutant plants had incurved leaves because of the shrinkage of bulliform cells on the adaxial side. In addition, rl14 mutant plants displayed smaller stomatal complexes and decreased transpiration rates, as compared with the wild type. Defective development could be rescued functionally by the expression of wild-type RL14. RL14 was transcribed in sclerenchymatous cells in leaves that remained wrapped inside the sheath. In mature leaves, RL14 accumulated mainly in the mesophyll cells that surround the vasculature. Expression of genes related to secondary cell wall formation was affected in rl14-1 mutants, and cellulose and lignin content were altered in rl14-1 leaves. These results reveal that the RL14 gene affects water transport in leaves by affecting the composition of the secondary cell wall. This change in water transport results in water deficiency, which is the major reason for the abnormal shape of the bulliform cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likui Fang
- Rice Research Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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134
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Chen M, Luo J, Shao G, Wei X, Tang S, Sheng Z, Song J, Hu P. Fine mapping of a major QTL for flag leaf width in rice, qFLW4, which might be caused by alternative splicing of NAL1. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:863-72. [PMID: 22179305 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf width is an important agricultural trait in rice. QTL mapping in a recombinant inbred line population derived from the cross between the javanica cultivar D50 (narrow-leaved) and the indica cultivar HB277 (wide-leaved) identified five QTLs controlling flag leaf width. Fine mapping of the major QTL qFLW4 narrowed its location to a 74.8 kb interval between the SSR loci RM17483 and RM17486, a region which also contains the gene NAL1 (Narrow leaf 1). There was no difference in the level of NAL1 expression between cvs. D50 and HB277, but an analysis of the NAL1 transcripts showed that while most (if not all) of those produced in cv. D50 were full-length, two-thirds of those in HB277 were non-functional due to either loss or gain of sequence. The inference was that NAL1 is probably synonymous with qFLW4, and that the functional difference between the two alleles was due to alternative splicing. The analysis of expression of other known genes involved in the determination of leaf width provided no evidence of their having any clear functional association with qFLW4/NAL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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135
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Zoulias N, Koenig D, Hamidi A, McCormick S, Kim M. A role for PHANTASTICA in medio-lateral regulation of adaxial domain development in tomato and tobacco leaves. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:407-18. [PMID: 22184618 PMCID: PMC3268540 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diverse leaf forms in nature can be categorized into two groups: simple and compound. A simple leaf has a single blade unit, whilst a compound leaf is dissected into leaflets. For both simple and compound leaves, a MYB domain transcription factor PHANTASTICA (PHAN) plays an important role in establishing the adaxial domain in the leaf. Absence of PHAN in arabidopsis and antirrhinum leaves supresses blade development, and in tomato suppresses leaflet development. However, in the rachis and petiole regions of tomato leaves where PHAN and the adaxial domain coexist, it has been unclear why leaf blade and leaflets are not formed. We hypothesized that PHAN regulates the medio-lateral extent of the adaxial domain, thereby determining compound leaf architecture. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we generated and analysed transgenic tomato plants expressing tomato PHAN (SlPHAN) under the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in both sense and antisense orientations, and tobacco plants that over-express tomato SlPHAN. KEY RESULTS Modulations in SlPHAN resulted in a variety of leaf morphologies such as simple, ternate and compound in either a peltate or non-peltate arrangement. Measurements of the extent of the adaxial domain along the wild-type tomato leaf axis showed that the adaxial domain is narrowed in the rachis and petiole in comparison with regions where laminar tissue arises. In antiSlPHAN transgenic leaves, no blade or leaflet was formed where the adaxial domain was medio-laterally narrowed, and KNOX gene expression was correlatively upregulated. CaMV35S::SlPHAN expression led to widening of the adaxial domain and ectopic blade outgrowth in the rachis of tomato and in the petiole of tobacco. Taken together, these results suggest that SlPHAN plays a role in medio-lateral extension of the adaxial domain and contributes to final leaf morphology in tomato. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel insight into leaf architecture in tomato and highlights how changes in the expression domain of a master regulator gene such as SlPHAN can be translated into diverse final leaf morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Zoulias
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Daniel Koenig
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ashley Hamidi
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sheila McCormick
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA/ARS-University of California, Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Minsung Kim
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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136
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Kadioglu A, Terzi R, Saruhan N, Saglam A. Current advances in the investigation of leaf rolling caused by biotic and abiotic stress factors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:42-8. [PMID: 22118614 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is known as a typical response to water deficit in numerous species such as rice, maize, wheat and sorghum. However, it results not only from the water deficit but also from other abiotic stress factors such as salt, temperature, heavy metals and UV radiation. In addition to the abiotic factors, herbivores, viruses, bacteria and fungi are biotic factors of leaf rolling. Leaf rolling is an effective protective mechanism from the effects of high light levels in agricultural fields and protects leaves of unirrigated plants from photodamage. The rolling reduces effective leaf area and transpiration, and thus is a potentially useful drought avoidance mechanism in dry areas. The current review focuses on the recent progress in understanding leaf rolling in relation to abiotic and biotic stress factors, the role of signal molecules, and the mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kadioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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137
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Townsley BT, Sinha NR. A new development: evolving concepts in leaf ontogeny. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:535-62. [PMID: 22404465 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying aspects of leaf development in multiple model species has uncovered surprisingly plastic regulatory architecture. The meticulously mapped network interactions in one model species cannot now be assumed to map directly onto a different species. Despite these overall differences, however, many modules do appear to be almost universal. Extrapolating findings across different model systems will demand great care but promises to reveal a rich tapestry of themes in GRN architecture and regulation. The purpose of this review is to approach the field of leaf development from the perspectives of the evolution of developmental systems that orchestrate leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad T Townsley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA
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138
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Pleskot R, Pejchar P, Bezvoda R, Lichtscheidl IK, Wolters-Arts M, Marc J, Žárský V, Potocký M. Turnover of Phosphatidic Acid through Distinct Signaling Pathways Affects Multiple Aspects of Pollen Tube Growth in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:54. [PMID: 22639652 PMCID: PMC3355619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important intermediate in membrane lipid metabolism that acts as a key component of signaling networks, regulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of the endomembrane system and the cytoskeleton. Using tobacco pollen tubes as a model, we addressed the signaling effects of PA by probing the functions of three most relevant enzymes that regulate the production and degradation of PA, namely, phospholipases D (PLD), diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), and lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). Phylogenetic analysis indicated a highly dynamic evolution of all three lipid-modifying enzymes in land plants, with many clade-specific duplications or losses and massive diversification of the C2-PLD family. In silico transcriptomic survey revealed increased levels of expression of all three PA-regulatory genes in pollen development (particularly the DGKs). Using specific inhibitors we were able to distinguish the contributions of PLDs, DGKs, and LPPs into PA-regulated processes. Thus, suppressing PA production by inhibiting either PLD or DGK activity compromised membrane trafficking except early endocytosis, disrupted tip-localized deposition of cell wall material, especially pectins, and inhibited pollen tube growth. Conversely, suppressing PA degradation by inhibiting LPP activity using any of three different inhibitors significantly stimulated pollen tube growth, and similar effect was achieved by suppressing the expression of tobacco pollen LPP4 using antisense knock-down. Interestingly, inhibiting specifically DGK changed vacuolar dynamics and the morphology of pollen tubes, whereas inhibiting specifically PLD disrupted the actin cytoskeleton. Overall, our results demonstrate the critical importance of all three types of enzymes involved in PA production and degradation, with strikingly different roles of PA produced by the PLD and DGK pathways, in pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Bezvoda
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Irene K. Lichtscheidl
- Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Marc
- School of Biological Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Martin Potocký, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic. e-mail:
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139
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Guo L, Wang X. Crosstalk between Phospholipase D and Sphingosine Kinase in Plant Stress Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:51. [PMID: 22639650 PMCID: PMC3355621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The activation of phospholipase D (PLD) produces phosphatidic acid (PA), whereas plant sphingosine kinase (SPHK) phosphorylates long-chain bases to generate long-chain base-1-phosphates such as phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (phyto-S1P). PA and phyto-S1P have been identified as lipid messengers. Recent studies have shown that PA interacts directly with SPHKs in Arabidopsis, and that the interaction promotes SPHK activity. However, SPHK and phyto-S1P act upstream of PLDα1 and PA in the stomatal response to abscisic acid (ABA). These findings indicate that SPHK/phyto-S1P and PLD/PA are co-dependent in the amplification of lipid messengers, and that crosstalk between the sphingolipid- and phospholipid-mediated signaling pathways may play important roles in plant stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Biology, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Xuemin Wang, Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA. e-mail:
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140
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Park HS, Ryu HY, Kim BH, Kim SY, Yoon IS, Nam KH. A subset of OsSERK genes, including OsBAK1, affects normal growth and leaf development of rice. Mol Cells 2011; 32:561-9. [PMID: 22058019 PMCID: PMC3887677 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase 1 (BAK1), a member of the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase (SERK) family, the dual functions of BAK1 in BR signaling and innate immunity in Arabidopsis have attracted considerable attention as clues for understanding developmental processes that must be balanced between growth and defense over the life of plants. Here, we extended our research to study cellular functions of OsSERKs in rice. As it was difficult to identify an authentic ortholog of AtBAK1 in rice, we generated transgenic rice in which the expression of multiple OsSERK genes, including OsBAK1, was reduced by OsBAK1 RNA interference. Resulting transgenic rice showed reduced levels of Os-BAK1 and decreased sensitivity to BL, leading to semidwarfism in overall growth. Moreover, they resulted in abnormal growth patterns, especially in leaf development. Most of the OsBAK1RNAi transgenic rice plants were defective in the development of bulliform cells in the leaf epidermal layer. They also showed increased expression level of pathogenesis-related gene and enhanced susceptibility to a rice blast-causing fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae. These results indicate that OsSERK genes, such as OsBAK1, play versatile roles in rice growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - In Sun Yoon
- Bio-Crops Development Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-857, Korea
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141
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Zou LP, Sun XH, Zhang ZG, Liu P, Wu JX, Tian CJ, Qiu JL, Lu TG. Leaf rolling controlled by the homeodomain leucine zipper class IV gene Roc5 in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1589-602. [PMID: 21596949 PMCID: PMC3135938 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.176016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is considered an important agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa) breeding. To understand the molecular mechanism controlling leaf rolling, we screened a rice T-DNA insertion population and isolated the outcurved leaf1 (oul1) mutant showing abaxial leaf rolling. The phenotypes were caused by knockout of Rice outermost cell-specific gene5 (Roc5), an ortholog of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homeodomain leucine zipper class IV gene GLABRA2. Interestingly, overexpression of Roc5 led to adaxially rolled leaves, whereas cosuppression of Roc5 resulted in abaxial leaf rolling. Bulliform cell number and size increased in oul1 and Roc5 cosuppression plants but were reduced in Roc5-overexpressing lines. The data indicate that Roc5 negatively regulates bulliform cell fate and development. Gene expression profiling, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and RNA interference (RNAi) analyses revealed that Protodermal Factor Like (PFL) was probably down-regulated in oul1. The mRNA level of PFL was increased in Roc5-overexpressing lines, and PFL-RNAi transgenic plants exhibit reversely rolling leaves by reason of increases of bulliform cell number and size, indicating that Roc5 may have a conserved function. These are, to our knowledge, the first functional data for a gene encoding a homeodomain leucine zipper class IV transcriptional factor in rice that modulates leaf rolling.
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142
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Yang R, Tang Q, Wang H, Zhang X, Pan G, Wang H, Tu J. Analyses of two rice (Oryza sativa) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and effects of transgenic expression of OsiICK6 on plant growth and development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1087-101. [PMID: 21558459 PMCID: PMC3091807 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants have a family of proteins referred to as ICKs (inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK) or KRPs (Kip-related proteins) that function to regulate the activities of CDK. Knowledge of these plant CDK inhibitors has been gained mostly from studies of selected members in dicotyledonous plants, particularly Arabidopsis. Much remains to be learned regarding the differences among various members of the ICK/KRP family, and regarding the function and regulation of these proteins in monocotyledonous plants. METHODS We analysed ICK-related sequences in the rice (Orysa sativa L. subsp. indica) genome and determined that there are six members with the conserved C-terminal signature region for ICK/KRP proteins. They are referred to as OsiICKs and further analyses were performed. The interactions with CDKs and cyclins were determined by a yeast two-hybrid assay, and cellular localization by fusion with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). The expression of OsiICK6 in different tissues and in response to several treatments was analysed by reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. Furthermore, OsiICK6 was over-expressed in transgenic rice plants and significant phenotypes were observed. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Based on putative protein sequences, the six OsiICKs are grouped into two classes, with OsiICK1 and OsiICK6 in each of the two classes, respectively. Results showed that OsiICK1 and OsiICK6 interacted with OsCYCD, but differed in their interactions with CDKA. Both EGFP:OsiICK1 and EGFP:OsiICK6 were localized in the nucleus. Whereas EGFP:OsiICK6 showed a punctuate subnuclear distribution, OsiICK1 had a homogeneous pattern. Over-expression of OsiICK6 resulted in multiple phenotypic effects on plant growth, morphology, pollen viability and seed setting. In OsiICK6-over-expressing plants, leaves rolled toward the abaxial side, suggesting that cell proliferation is critical in maintaining an even growth along the dorsal-ventral plane of leaf blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Yang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qicai Tang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Gang Pan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
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143
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Moon J, Hake S. How a leaf gets its shape. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:24-30. [PMID: 20870452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are formed from a group of initial cells within the meristem. One of the earliest markers of leaf initiation is the down-regulation of KNOX genes in initial cells. Polar auxin activity, MYB and LOB domain transcription factors function to keep KNOX out of the initiating leaf. If KNOX genes are expressed in initial cells, leaves fail to form. As the leaf grows away from the meristem, its shape is determined by growth in three axes, proximal-distal, abaxial-adaxial and medial-lateral. HD-ZIPIII, KANADI and the small RNA pathway play a significant role in the latter two axes. KNOX proteins play a role in the proximal-distal axis. Although genetic networks are conserved between monocots and dicots, the outcome in leaf shape often differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Moon
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, University of California, Berkeley, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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144
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Hummel J, Segu S, Li Y, Irgang S, Jueppner J, Giavalisco P. Ultra performance liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of plant lipids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:54. [PMID: 22629264 PMCID: PMC3355513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Holistic analysis of lipids is becoming increasingly popular in the life sciences. Recently, several interesting, mass spectrometry-based studies have been conducted, especially in plant biology. However, while great advancements have been made we are still far from detecting all the lipids species in an organism. In this study we developed an ultra performance liquid chromatography-based method using a high resolution, accurate mass, mass spectrometer for the comprehensive profiling of more than 260 polar and non-polar Arabidopsis thaliana leaf lipids. The method is fully compatible to the commonly used lipid extraction protocols and provides a viable alternative to the commonly used direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics approaches. The whole process is described in detail and compared to alternative lipidomic approaches. Next to the developed method we also introduce an in-house developed database search software (GoBioSpace), which allows one to perform targeted or un-targeted lipidomic and metabolomic analysis on mass spectrometric data of every kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hummel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Shruthi Segu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Susann Irgang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Jessica Jueppner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Patrick Giavalisco, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. e-mail:
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145
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Li L, Shi ZY, Li L, Shen GZ, Wang XQ, An LS, Zhang JL. Overexpression of ACL1 (abaxially curled leaf 1) increased Bulliform cells and induced Abaxial curling of leaf blades in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:807-17. [PMID: 20494951 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic mechanism underlying rice leaf-shape development is crucial for optimizing rice configuration and achieving high yields; however, little is known about leaf abaxial curling. We isolated a rice transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutant, BY240, which exhibited an abaxial leaf curling phenotype that co-segregated with the inserted T-DNA. The T-DNA was inserted in the promoter of a novel gene, ACL1 (Abaxially Curled Leaf 1), and led to overexpression of this gene in BY240. Overexpression of ACL1 in wild-type rice also resulted in abaxial leaf curling. ACL1 encodes a protein of 116 amino acids with no known conserved functional domains. Overexpression of ACL2, the only homolog of ACL1 in rice, also induced abaxial leaf curling. RT-PCR analysis revealed high expressions of ACLs in leaf sheaths and leaf blades, suggesting a role for these genes in leaf development. In situ hybridization revealed non-tissue-specific expression of the ACLs in the shoot apical meristem, leaf primordium, and young leaf. Histological analysis showed increased number and exaggeration of bulliform cells and expansion of epidermal cells in the leaves of BY240, which caused developmental discoordination of the abaxial and adaxial sides, resulting in abaxially curled leaves. These results revealed an important mechanism in rice leaf development and provided the genetic basis for agricultural improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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146
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Yamaguchi T, Yano S, Tsukaya H. Genetic framework for flattened leaf blade formation in unifacial leaves of Juncus prismatocarpus. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:2141-55. [PMID: 20647346 PMCID: PMC2929117 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.076927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm leaves generally develop as bifacial structures with distinct adaxial and abaxial identities. However, several monocot species, such as iris and leek, develop unifacial leaves, in which leaf blades have only abaxial identity. In bifacial leaves, adaxial-abaxial polarity is required for leaf blade flattening, whereas many unifacial leaves become flattened despite their leaf blades being abaxialized. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the development and evolution of flattened leaf blades in unifacial leaves. We demonstrate that the unifacial leaf blade is abaxialized at the gene expression level and that an ortholog of the DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene may promote flattening of the unifacial leaf blade. In two closely related Juncus species, Juncus prismatocarpus, which has flattened unifacial leaves, and Juncus wallichianus, which has cylindrical unifacial leaves, DL expression levels and patterns correlate with the degree of laminar outgrowth. Genetic and expression studies using interspecific hybrids of the two species reveal that the DL locus from J. prismatocarpus flattens the unifacial leaf blade and expresses higher amounts of DL transcript than does that from J. wallichianus. We also show that leaf blade flattening is a trigger for central-marginal leaf polarity differentiation. We suggest that flattened unifacial leaf blades may have evolved via the recruitment of DL function, which plays a similar cellular but distinct phenotypic role in monocot bifacial leaves.
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147
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Wu C, Fu Y, Hu G, Si H, Cheng S, Liu W. Isolation and characterization of a rice mutant with narrow and rolled leaves. PLANTA 2010; 232:313-24. [PMID: 20443024 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate leaf shape has proved to be useful in improving photosynthesis and increasing grain yield. To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis, we identified a rice mutant nrl1, which was characterized by a phenotype of narrow and rolled leaves. Microscopic observation showed that the mutation significantly decreased the number of vascular bundles of leaf and stem. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation was controlled by a single nuclear-encoded recessive gene. To isolate the nrl1 gene, 756 F(2) and F(3) mutant individuals from a cross of the nrl1 mutant with Longtepu were used and a high-resolution physical map of the chromosomal region around the nrl1 gene was made. Finally, the gene was mapped in 16.5 kb region between marker RL21 and marker RL36 within the BAC clone OSJNBa0027H05. Cloning and sequencing of the target region from the mutant showed that there was a 58 bp deletion within the second exon of the cellulose synthase-like D4 gene (TIGR locus Os12g36890). The nrl1 mutation was rescued by transformation with the wild-type cellulose synthase-like D4 gene. Accordingly, the cellulose synthase-like D4 gene was identified as the NRL1 gene. NRL1 was transcribed in various tissues and was mainly expressed in panicles and internodes. NAL7 and SLL1 were found to be upregulated, whereas OsAGO7 were downregulated in the nrl1 mutant. These findings suggested that there might be a functional association between these genes in regulating leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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148
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Genetic analysis and gene fine mapping of a rolling leaf mutant (rl 11(t) ) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-3137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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149
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Hu J, Zhu L, Zeng D, Gao Z, Guo L, Fang Y, Zhang G, Dong G, Yan M, Liu J, Qian Q. Identification and characterization of NARROW AND ROLLED LEAF 1, a novel gene regulating leaf morphology and plant architecture in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:283-92. [PMID: 20155303 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphology is an important agronomic trait in rice breeding. We isolated three allelic mutants of NARROW AND ROLLED LEAF 1 (nrl1) which showed phenotypes of reduced leaf width and semi-rolled leaves and different degrees of dwarfism. Microscopic analysis indicated that the nrl1-1 mutant had fewer longitudinal veins and smaller adaxial bulliform cells compared with the wild-type. The NRL1 gene was mapped to the chromosome 12 and encodes the cellulose synthase-like protein D4 (OsCslD4). Sequence analyses revealed single base substitutions in the three allelic mutants. Genetic complementation and over-expression of the OsCslD4 gene confirmed the identity of NRL1. The gene was expressed in all tested organs of rice at the heading stage and expression level was higher in vigorously growing organs, such as roots, sheaths and panicles than in elsewhere. In the mutant leaves, however, the expression level was lower than that in the wild-type. We conclude that OsCslD4 encoded by NRL1 plays a critical role in leaf morphogenesis and vegetative development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, China
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150
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Toriba T, Suzaki T, Yamaguchi T, Ohmori Y, Tsukaya H, Hirano HY. Distinct regulation of adaxial-abaxial polarity in anther patterning in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1452-62. [PMID: 20511295 PMCID: PMC2899876 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity is essential for lateral organ development. The mechanisms underlying the polarity establishment in the stamen remain unclear, whereas those in the leaf are well understood. Here, we investigated a rod-like lemma (rol) mutant of rice (Oryza sativa), in which the development of the stamen and lemma is severely compromised. We found that the rod-like structure of the lemma and disturbed anther patterning resulted from defects in the regulation of adaxial-abaxial polarity. Gene isolation indicated that the rol phenotype was caused by a weak mutation in SHOOTLESS2 (SHL2), which encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and functions in trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) production. Thus, ta-siRNA likely plays an important role in regulating the adaxial-abaxial polarity of floral organs in rice. Furthermore, we found that the spatial expression patterns of marker genes for adaxial-abaxial polarity are rearranged during anther development in the wild type. After this rearrangement, a newly formed polarity is likely to be established in a new developmental unit, the theca primordium. This idea is supported by observations of abnormal stamen development in the shl2-rol mutant. By contrast, the stamen filament is likely formed by abaxialization. Thus, a unique regulatory mechanism may be involved in regulating adaxial-abaxial polarity in stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyo Toriba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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