101
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Pott H, Bricks G, Senise JF, Castelo A. Chronic alcohol abuse and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. IDCases 2019; 17:e00534. [PMID: 31384553 PMCID: PMC6667488 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an uncommon occurrence in the course of chronic infection. We reported a rare case of a 41-year-old male patient infected with HCV genotype 3a who presented spontaneous viral elimination after increasing his daily consumption of alcoholic beverage. In this short review, we overview how modulation of the hepatic inflammatory response could have a role in the viral elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Pott
- Departament of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Departament of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Bricks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Figueiredo Senise
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adauto Castelo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Gano A, Vore AS, Sammakia MN, Deak T. Assessment of Extracellular Cytokines in the Hippocampus of the Awake Behaving Rat Using Large-Molecule Microdialysis Combined with Multiplex Arrays After Acute and Chronic Ethanol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:640-654. [PMID: 30667526 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated persistent changes in central nervous system (CNS) cytokine gene expression following ethanol (EtOH) exposure. However, the low endogenous expression and short half-lives of cytokines in the CNS have made cytokine protein detection challenging. The goal of these studies was to establish parameters for use of large-molecule microdialysis and sensitive multiplexing technology for the simultaneous detection of brain cytokines, corticosterone (CORT), and EtOH concentrations in the awake behaving rat. METHODS Adult (P75+) male Sprague Dawley rats that were either naïve to EtOH (Experiment 1) or had a history of adolescent chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE; Experiment 2) were given an acute EtOH challenge during microdialysis. Experiment 1 examined brain EtOH concentrations, CORT and a panel of neuroimmune analytes, including cytokines associated with innate and adaptive immunity. The natural time course of changes in these cytokines was compared to the effects of an acute 1.5 or 3.0 g/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) EtOH challenge. In Experiment 2, rats with a history of adolescent CIE or controls exposed to vehicle were challenged with 3.0 g/kg i.p. EtOH during microdialysis in adulthood, and a panel of cytokines was examined in parallel with brain EtOH concentrations and CORT. RESULTS The microdialysis procedure itself induced a cytokine-specific response that replicated across studies, specifically a sequential elevation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10. Surprisingly, acute EtOH did not significantly alter this course of cytokine fluctuations in the hippocampus. However, a history of adolescent CIE showed drastic effects on multiple neuroimmune analytes when rechallenged with EtOH as adults. Rats with a history of adolescent EtOH displayed a severely blunted neuroimmune response in adulthood, evinced by suppressed IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings provide a methodological framework for assessment of cytokine release patterns, their modulation by EtOH, and the long-lasting changes to neuroimmune reactivity evoked by a history of adolescent CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Andrew S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Maryam N Sammakia
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
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Andersen SL. Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100140. [PMID: 30569003 PMCID: PMC6288983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the inter-relationship between drug abuse and social stress has primarily focused on the role of stress exposure during adulthood and more recently, adolescence. Adolescence is a time of heightened reward sensitivity, but it is also a time when earlier life experiences are expressed. Exposure to stress early in postnatal life is associated with an accelerated age of onset for drug use. Lifelong addiction is significantly greater if drug use is initiated during early adolescence. Understanding how developmental changes following stress exposure interact with sensitive periods to unfold over the course of maturation is integral to reducing their later impact on substance use. Arousal levels, gender/sex, inflammation, and the timing of stress exposure play a role in the vulnerability of these circuits. The current review focuses on how early postnatal stress impacts brain development during a sensitive period to increase externalizing and internalizing behaviors in adolescence that include social interactions (aggression; sexual activity), working memory impairment, and depression. How stress effects the developmental trajectories of brain circuits that are associated with addiction are discussed for both clinical and preclinical studies.
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104
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Martín-González C, Martín-Ponce E, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Rodríguez-Gaspar M, de-la-Vega-Prieto MJ, Martínez-Riera A, González-Reimers E. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 and Vascular Risk in Alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:472-476. [PMID: 31188414 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine. Its relationship with atherosclerosis is debatable, protective or deleterious effects have been described. Alcoholics are at increased vascular risk. Although TGF-β1 is increased in alcoholics, its role on vascular risk factors has not been analyzed. This is the objective of this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS 79 heavy alcoholics and 34 controls were included. Calcium deposition in the aortic arch was assessed in the plain thorax X-ray film. Ankle-brachial index was recorded in 48 patients. All the patients underwent complete laboratory evaluation, including serum levels of TGF-β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ).We analyzed the relationships between TGF-β1 and vascular risk factors by both univariate (parametric or non parametric tests), or multivariate analysis to discern on which variables TGF-β1 levels depend. RESULTS Serum TGF-β1 levels were higher among patients (t = 2.73; P = 0.008), but no differences exist among cirrhotics (17246 ± 11,021 pg/mL) and non-cirrhotics (21,340 ± 12,442 pg/mL). TGF-β1 showed significant correlations with total cholesterol (r = 0.28; P = 0.017) and HDL- cholesterol (r = 0.25; P = 0.042), and inverse correlations with body mass index (BMI; ρ = -0.37; P = 0.004), IL-4 (ρ = -0.31; P = 0.009), INF-γ (ρ = -0.28; P = 0.001), and IL-6 (ρ = -0.38; P = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, only BMI, IL-6 and HDL-cholesterol showed independent relationships with TGF-β1. No relationships were observed with ankle-brachial index or calcium in the aortic arch, hypertension, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy or atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 levels are increased in alcoholics, but are unrelated to vessel wall calcification or arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martín-González
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - E Martín-Ponce
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M J Sánchez-Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Gaspar
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M J de-la-Vega-Prieto
- Servicio de Laboratorio, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Riera
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - E González-Reimers
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Girard M, Malauzat D, Nubukpo P. Serum inflammatory molecules and markers of neuronal damage in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:76-90. [PMID: 28669319 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1349338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and for factors associated with neuronal changes, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial activation S100-beta protein (S100-β), and explore their association with abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. METHODS Serum sampling and clinical assessments from 115 alcohol-dependent subjects admitted to a psychiatric hospital for alcohol were repeated during the first 48 h of withdrawal (M0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months (M1, M2, M4 and M6) thereafter. Serum factors were determined with Luminex technology or by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, and leptin decreased after withdrawal and remained low until M6, regardless of alcohol consumption. IFN-γ levels remained constant and IL-10 levels changed only slightly. NSE levels were not modified, whereas serum S100-β concentration increased significantly on M1 and then plateaued, regardless of abstinence status at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent subjects present an inflammatory condition that is not dependent on alcohol consumption. An understanding of the changes in concentration of the various proteins considered here would provide insight into the physiology of withdrawal or dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Girard
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Dominique Malauzat
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Philippe Nubukpo
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France.,b Faculté de Médecine , UMR/INSERM 1094/NET , Limoges , France
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106
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Di Rocco G, Baldari S, Pani G, Toietta G. Stem cells under the influence of alcohol: effects of ethanol consumption on stem/progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:231-244. [PMID: 30306211 PMCID: PMC6339663 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells drive embryonic and fetal development. In several adult tissues, they retain the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of specialized cells, thus contributing to tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life span. Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk for several diseases and conditions. Growing and developing tissues are particularly vulnerable to alcohol's influence, suggesting that stem- and progenitor-cell function could be affected. Accordingly, recent studies have revealed the possible relevance of alcohol exposure in impairing stem-cell properties, consequently affecting organ development and injury response in different tissues. Here, we review the main studies describing the effects of alcohol on different types of progenitor/stem cells including neuronal, hepatic, intestinal and adventitial progenitor cells, bone-marrow-derived stromal cell, dental pulp, embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells, and tumor-initiating cells. A better understanding of the nature of the cellular damage induced by chronic and episodic heavy (binge) drinking is critical for the improvement of current therapeutic strategies designed to treat patients suffering from alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Baldari
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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Zhang K, Luo J. Role of MCP-1 and CCR2 in alcohol neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:360-366. [PMID: 30472461 PMCID: PMC6360095 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse causes profound damage to both the developing brain and the adult brain. Prenatal exposure to alcohol results in a wide range of deficits known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Alcohol abuse in adults is associated with brain shrinkage, memory and attention deficits, communication disorders and physical disabilities. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is one of the key chemokines that regulate the recruitment and activation of monocytes and microglia. Both MCP-1 and its receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) expressed in the brain are involved in various neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the role of MCP-1/CCR2 in alcohol-induced brain damage is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that alcohol exposure increased the activity of MCP-1/CCR2 in both mature and developing central nervous systems (CNS). MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in the brain was involved in alcohol drinking behavior. MCP-1/CCR2 inhibition alleviated alcohol neurotoxicity by reducing microglia activation/neuroinflammation in the developing brain and spinal cord. In this review, we discussed the role of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage. We also discussed the signaling cascades that are involved in the activation of MCP-1/CCR2 in response to alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, USA.
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A mouse model of binge alcohol consumption and Burkholderia infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208061. [PMID: 30485380 PMCID: PMC6261616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking, an increasingly common form of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; yet, its effects on the immune system's ability to defend against infectious agents are poorly understood. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Although our previous studies demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure results in reduced alveolar macrophage function and increased Burkholderia virulence in vitro, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of binge alcohol on Burkholderia spp. infection in vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we used the close genetic relatives of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis E264 and B. vietnamiensis, as useful BSL-2 model systems. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were administered alcohol comparable to human binge drinking episodes (4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally 30 min before a non-lethal intranasal infection. In an initial B. thailandensis infection (3 x 105), bacteria accumulated in the lungs and disseminated to the spleen in alcohol administered mice only, compared with PBS treated mice at 24 h PI. The greatest bacterial load occurred with B. vietnamiensis (1 x 106) in lungs, spleen, and brain tissue by 72 h PI. Pulmonary cytokine expression (TNF-α, GM-CSF) decreased, while splenic cytokine (IL-10) increased in binge drunk mice. Increased lung and brain permeability was observed as early as 2 h post alcohol administration in vivo. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly decreased, while intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells increased with 0.2% v/v alcohol exposure in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a single binge alcohol dose suppressed innate immune functions and increased the ability of less virulent Burkholderia strains to disseminate through increased barrier permeability and intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells.
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Rodriguez-Zas SL, Wu C, Southey BR, O'Connor JC, Nixon SE, Garcia R, Zavala C, Lawson M, McCusker RH, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Disruption of microglia histone acetylation and protein pathways in mice exhibiting inflammation-associated depression-like symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 97:47-58. [PMID: 30005281 PMCID: PMC6138522 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral immune challenge can elicit microglia activation and depression-related symptoms. The balance of inflammatory signals in the tryptophan pathway can skew the activity of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO1) towards the metabolization of tryptophan into kynurenine (rather than serotonin), and towards neuroprotective or neurotoxic metabolites. The proteome changes that accompany inflammation-associated depression-related behaviors are incompletely understood. METHODS The changes in microglia protein abundance and post-translational modifications in wild type (WT) mice that exhibit depression-like symptoms after recovery from peripheral Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge were studied. This WT_BGG group was compared to mice that do not express depression-like symptoms after BCG challenge due to IDO1 deficiency by means of genetic knockout (BCG_KO group), and to WT Saline-treated (Sal) mice (WT_Sal group) using a mass spectrometry-based label-free approach. RESULTS The comparison of WT_BCG relative to WT_Sal and KO_BCG mice uncovered patterns of protein abundance and acetylation among the histone families that could influence microglia signaling and transcriptional rates. Members of the histone clusters 1, 2 and 3 families were less abundant in WT_BCG relative to WT_Sal whereas members in the H2A family exhibited the opposite pattern. Irrespective of family, the majority of the histones were less abundant in WT_BCG relative to KO_BCG microglia. Homeostatic mechanisms may temper the potentially toxic effects of high histone levels after BCG challenge to levels lower than Sal. Histone acetylation was highest in WT_BCG and the similar levels observed in WT_Sal and KO_BCG. This result suggest that histone acetylation levels are similar between IDO1 deficient mice after immune challenge and unchallenged WT mice. The over-abundance of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation proteins (14-3-3 series) in WT_BCG relative to KO_BCG is particularly interesting because these proteins activate another rate-limiting enzyme in the tryptophan pathway. The over-representation of alcoholism and systemic lupus erythematosus pathways among the proteins exhibiting differential abundance between the groups suggest that these disorders share microglia activation pathways with BCG challenge. The over-representation of phagosome pathway among proteins differentially abundant between WT_BCG and KO_BCG microglia suggest an association between IDO1 deficiency and phagocytosis. Likewise, the over-representation of the gap junction pathway among the differentially abundant proteins between KO_BCG and WT_Sal suggest a multifactorial effect of BCG and IDO1 deficiency on cell communication. CONCLUSIONS The present study of histone acetylation and differential protein abundance furthers the understanding of the long lasting effects of peripheral immune challenges. Our findings offer insights into target proteins and mechanisms that provide clues for therapies to ameliorate inflammation-associated depression-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason C O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio and Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Scott E Nixon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robmay Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cynthia Zavala
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcus Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Lv Z, Xing K, Li G, Liu D, Guo Y. Dietary Genistein Alleviates Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Inflammatory Response in Laying Hens With Fatty Liver Syndrome. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1493. [PMID: 30405443 PMCID: PMC6207982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of dietary genistein (GEN) on fatty liver syndrome (FLS) in laying hens. Hens in the control group (CG) were fed a high-energy and low-choline (HELC) diet to establish the FLS model. The livers of the FLS hens were friable and swollen from hemorrhage. Hepatic steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were present around the liver blood vessels. Hens in the low-genistein (LGE) and high-genistein (he) groups were fed GEN at 40 and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively, as supplements to the HELC diet. GEN at 40 mg/kg significantly increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, the serum estrogen (E2) level, and the laying rate, whereas 400 mg/kg of GEN decreased GnRH expression and the laying rate without significantly affecting E2, suggesting that high-dose GEN adversely affected the reproductive performance. Either high- or low-dose GEN treatment could alleviate metabolic disorders and inflammatory responses in FLS hens. GEN significantly decreased the serum ALT, creatinine, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Accordingly, the TG and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) levels, including long-chain saturated fatty acids (LSFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and the n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in the liver were reduced after the GEN treatments, whereas the levels of C22:0, n-3 family fatty acids, C20:3n6, and C20:4n6 were increased. These results indicated that dietary GEN downregulated the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis [sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1c), liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (ACC)] and the fatty acid transporter (FAT). Furthermore, GEN treatments upregulated the transcription of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARδ, ACOT8, ACAD8, and ACADs] in the liver and reduced PPARγ and AFABP expression in abdominal fat. Dietary GEN alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration in the livers of FLS hens and downregulated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expression. Moreover, GEN treatment increased SOD activity and decreased malondialdehyde activity in the liver. In conclusion, GEN supplementation in the feed inhibited fatty acid synthesis and enhanced β-oxidation in the liver through the PPAR-ACAD/ACOT and PPAR-LXRα-SREBP1c-ACC/FAS/FAT pathways. Dietary GEN alleviated metabolic disorder and inflammation in the FLS hens by improving the antioxidant capacity and fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Bodnar TS, Raineki C, Wertelecki W, Yevtushok L, Plotka L, Zymak-Zakutnya N, Honerkamp-Smith G, Wells A, Rolland M, Woodward TS, Coles CD, Kable JA, Chambers CD, Weinberg J. Altered maternal immune networks are associated with adverse child neurodevelopment: Impact of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:205-215. [PMID: 29738852 PMCID: PMC6344127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are potent modulators of brain development and as such, dysregulation of the maternal immune system can result in deviations in the fetal cytokine balance, altering the course of typical brain development, and putting the individual on a "pathway to pathology". In the current study, we used a multi-variate approach to evaluate networks of interacting cytokines and investigated whether alterations in the maternal immune milieu could be linked to alcohol-related and alcohol-independent child neurodevelopmental delay. This was achieved through the measurement of 40 cytokines/chemokines from maternal blood samples collected during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Importantly, during the second trimester we identified network enrichment in levels of cytokines including IFN-ɣ, IL-10, TNF-β, TNF-α, and CRP associated with offspring neurodevelopmental delay. However, as elevations in levels of these cytokines have previously been reported in a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, we suggest that this cytokine profile is likely not disorder specific, but rather may be an indicator of neurodevelopmental delay in general. By contrast, distinct clusters of activated/inhibited cytokines were identified based on maternal alcohol consumption and child neurodevelopmental outcome. Specifically, cytokines including IL-15, IL-10, MDC, and members of the VEGF sub-family were highest in alcohol-consuming mothers of children with neurodevelopmental delay and were identified in both network analyses and examination of individual cytokines, whereas a differential and unique cytokine profile was identified in the case of alcohol-independent child neurodevelopmental delay. We propose that the current findings could provide a critical step towards the development of early biomarkers and possibly interventions for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental delay. Importantly, the current approach could be informative for understanding mechanisms linking maternal immune system dysfunction and adverse child outcomes in a range of other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Bodnar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding author: Tamara S.
Bodnar, Ph.D., Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of
British Columbia, 3307 – 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T
1Z3, Canada, , Phone: +1 (604) 822-4554, FAX:
+1 (604) 822-2316
| | - Charlis Raineki
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Lyubov Yevtushok
- OMNI-Net for Children International Charitable Fund, Rivne
Oblast Medical Diagnostic Center, Rivne, Ukraine
| | - Larisa Plotka
- OMNI-Net for Children International Charitable Fund, Rivne
Oblast Medical Diagnostic Center, Rivne, Ukraine
| | - Natalya Zymak-Zakutnya
- OMNI-Net for Children International Charitable Fund,
Khmelnytsky Perinatal Center, Khmelnytsky, Ukraine
| | | | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Matthieu Rolland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Todd S. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada,Translational Research Unit, BC Mental Health and
Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
| | - Claire D. Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences;
Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Julie A. Kable
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences;
Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Christina D. Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, USA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Detection of immune complexes and evaluation of alcoholic individuals' serological profile in the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:644-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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113
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Testino G, Leone S, Fagoonee S, Pellicano R. Alcoholic liver fibrosis: detection and treatment. Minerva Med 2018; 109:457-471. [PMID: 30221911 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is one of the main risks to public health. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) cause 80% of hepatotoxic deaths, and approximately 50% of cirrhosis is alcohol-related. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for ethanol is 2.6 g/day, deduced from morbidity and mortality rates due to liver fibrosis. The relative risk of cirrhosis increases significantly for doses above 60 g/day for men and 20 g/day for women over a period of around 10 years. Twenty to 40% of steatosis cases will evolve into steatohepatitis/steatofibrosis, and 8 to 20% will evolve directly into liver cirrhosis. About 20 to 40% of steatohepatitis cases will evolve into cirrhosis, and 4 to 5% into hepatocellular carcinoma. This cascade of events evolves in 5 to 40 years, with the temporal variability caused by the subjects' genetic patterns and associated risk/comorbidity factors. Steatohepatitis should be considered "the rate limiting step:" usually, it can be resolved through abstinence, although for some patients, once this situation develops, it is not substantially modified by abstention and there is a risk of fibrotic evolution. Early detection of fibrosis, obtained by hepatic elastography, is a crucial step in patients with AUDs. Such strategy allows patients to be included in a detoxification program in order to achieve abstention. Drugs such as silybin, metadoxine, and adenosylmethionine can be used. Other drugs, with promising antifibrotic effects, are currently under study. In this review, we discuss clinical and pathogenetic aspects of alcohol-related liver fibrosis and present and future strategies to prevent cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Testino
- Alcohological Regional Center, Ligurian Region, ASL3, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Silvia Leone
- Alcohological Regional Center, Ligurian Region, ASL3, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute for Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
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114
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Mörs K, Kany S, Hörauf JA, Wagner N, Neunaber C, Perl M, Marzi I, Relja B. Suppression of the interleukin-1ß-induced inflammatory response of human Chang liver cells by acute and subacute exposure to alcohol: an in vitro study. Croat Med J 2018; 59:46-55. [PMID: 29740988 PMCID: PMC5941294 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2018.59.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate protective immunosuppressive dose and time-dependent effects of ethanol in an in vitro model of acute inflammation in human Chang liver cells. Method The study was performed in 2016 and 2017 in the research laboratory of the Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, the University Hospital of the Goethe-University Frankfurt. Chang liver cells were stimulated with either interleukin (IL)-1β or IL-6 and subsequently treated with low-dose ethanol (85 mmol/L) or high-dose ethanol (170 mmol/L) for one hour (acute exposure) or 72 hours (subacute exposure). IL-6 and IL-1β release were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil adhesion to Chang liver monolayers, production of reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis or necrosis were analyzed. Results Contrary to high-dose ethanol, acute low-dose ethanol exposure significantly reduced IL-1β-induced IL-6 and IL-6-induced IL-1β release (P < 0.05). Subacute ethanol exposure did not change proinflammatory cytokine release. Acute low-dose ethanol exposure significantly decreased inflammation-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (P < 0.05) and significantly improved cell survival (P < 0.05). Neither acute nor subacute high-dose ethanol exposure significantly changed inflammation-induced changes in reactive oxygen species or survival. Acute and subacute ethanol exposure, independently of the dose, significantly decreased neutrophil adhesion to inflamed Chang liver cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion Acute treatment of inflamed Chang liver cells with ethanol showed its immunosuppressive potential. However, the observed effects were limited to low-dose setting, indicating the relevance of ethanol dose in the modulation of inflammatory cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Borna Relja
- Borna Relja, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany,
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Pérez-Hernández O, González-Reimers E, Quintero-Platt G, Abreu-González P, Vega-Prieto MJDL, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Martín-González C, Martínez-Riera A, Santolaria-Fernández F. Malondialdehyde as a Prognostic Factor in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 52:305-310. [PMID: 28007738 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe complication of alcoholism, associated with high short-term mortality. Although pathogenesis remains obscure, it is generally accepted that lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine secretion with further generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play outstanding roles. Prognosis is uncertain, and the usually employed prognostic scores do not include variables related to ROS generation. Therefore, this study was performed to assess short-term prognostic value of cytokines, nutritional status, different scores [Maddrey, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), albumin, bilirubin, INR, creatinine index (ABIC), Lille, Glasgow, MELD-Na, Child-Pugh] and malondialdehyde (MDA, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation) at admission and after 1 week, among patients affected by severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (Maddrey index >32). Methods Sixty-two patients affected by severe acute alcoholic hepatitis, for whom we calculated Maddrey, MELD, ABIC, Lille, Glasgow, MELD-Na, Child-Pugh, and determined serum MDA and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma levels at admission and after 1 week. Results Twenty-four patients died during the follow-up period. MDA showed a better prognostic accuracy than the aforementioned scores, both at admission and after 1 week. Conclusion Our study supports the importance of including MDA assessment in the prognostic evaluation of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Short summary Alcoholic hepatitis is associated with high short-term mortality. Although not included in prognostic scores, lipid peroxidation plays an outstanding role in its pathogenesis. We found that malondialdehyde levels showed a better prognostic accuracy than the usually employed scores. Therefore, it should be included in the prognostic evaluation of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onán Pérez-Hernández
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Emilio González-Reimers
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Geraldine Quintero-Platt
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands,Spain
| | - María José de la Vega-Prieto
- Servicio de Laboratorio, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez-Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Candelaria Martín-González
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Riera
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Francisco Santolaria-Fernández
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias,Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Pharmacological blockade of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by URB597 improves memory and changes the phenotype of hippocampal microglia despite ethanol exposure. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:244-257. [PMID: 30098312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in endogenous cannabinoid homeostasis are associated with both ethanol-related neuroinflammation and memory decline. Extensive research is still required to unveil the role of endocannabinoid signaling activation on hippocampal microglial cells after ethanol exposure. Either microglial morphology, phenotype and recruitment may become notably altered after chronic alcohol-related neurodegeneration. Here, we evaluated the pharmacological effects of fatty-acid amide-hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 (0.3 mg/kg), oleoylethanolamide (OEA, 10 mg/kg), arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA, 10 mg/kg), the CB1 receptor agonist ACEA (3 mg/kg) and the CB2 receptor agonist JWH133 (0.2 mg/kg) administered for 5 days in a rat model of subchronic (2 weeks) ethanol diet (11% v/v) exposure. URB597 turned to be the most effective treatment. URB597 increased microglial (IBA-1+) cell population, and changed morphometric features (cell area and perimeter, roughness, fractal dimension, lacunarity) associated with activated microglia in the hippocampus of ethanol-exposed rats. Regarding innate immune activity, URB597 specifically increased mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) and the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1α/CXCL12), and elevated the cell population expressing the chemokine receptors CX3CR1, CCR2 and CCR4 in the ethanol-exposed rat hippocampus. Contrary to ethanol effect, URB597 reduced mRNA levels of Iba-1, Tnfα, IL-6 and the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), as well as cell population expressing iNOS. URB597 effects on hippocampal immune system were accompanied by changes in short and long-term visual recognition memory. These results suggest that FAAH inhibition may modulates hippocampal microglial recruitment and activation that can be associated with improved hippocampal-dependent memory despite ethanol exposure.
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Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Farinelli LA, Ramchandani VA, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system and alcohol hangover symptoms in heavy drinking individuals: Is there a link? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 172:39-49. [PMID: 30030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized in the stomach, is a key player in the gut-brain axis. In addition to its role in regulating food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin has been shown to modulate alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol consumption frequently results in hangover, an underexplored phenomenon with considerable medical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. While the pathophysiology of hangover is not clear, contributions of mechanisms such as alcohol-induced metabolic/endocrine changes, inflammatory/immune response, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis have been reported. Interestingly, these mechanisms considerably overlap with ghrelin's physiological functions. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system may affect alcohol hangover symptoms. Data were obtained from two placebo-controlled laboratory studies. The first study tested the effects of intravenous (IV) ghrelin and consisted of two experiments: a progressive-ratio IV alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) and a fixed-dose IV alcohol clamp. The second study tested the effects of an oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist (PF-5190457) and included a fixed-dose oral alcohol administration experiment. Alcohol hangover data were collected the morning after each alcohol administration experiment using the Acute Hangover Scale (AHS). IV ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol hangover after IV-ASA (p = 0.04) and alcohol clamp (p = 0.04); PF-5190457 had no significant effect on AHS scores. Females reported significantly higher hangover symptoms than males following the IV-ASA experiment (p = 0.04), but no gender × drug condition (ghrelin vs. placebo) effect was found. AHS total scores were positively correlated with peak subjective responses, including 'stimulation' (p = 0.08), 'sedation' (p = 0.009), 'feel high' (p = 0.05), and 'feel intoxicated' (p = 0.03) during the IV-ASA. IV ghrelin blunted the positive association between alcohol sedation and hangover as shown by trend-level drug × sedation effect (p = 0.08). This is the first study showing that exogenous ghrelin administration, but not ghrelin receptor inverse agonism, affects hangover symptoms. Future research should investigate the potential mechanism(s) underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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118
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Zhang K, Wang H, Xu M, Frank JA, Luo J. Role of MCP-1 and CCR2 in ethanol-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the developing brain. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:197. [PMID: 29976212 PMCID: PMC6034273 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and microglial activation have been implicated in both alcohol use disorders (AUD) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and its receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) are critical mediators of neuroinflammation and microglial activation. FASD is the leading cause of mental retardation, and one of the most devastating outcomes of FASD is the loss of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remain unclear. We hypothesize that MCP-1/CCR2 signaling mediates ethanol-induced neuroinflammation and microglial activation, which exacerbates neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Methods C57BL/6 mice and mice deficient of MCP-1 (MCP-1−/−) and CCR2 (CCR2−/−) were exposed to ethanol on postnatal day 4 (PD4). Neuroinflammation, and microglial activation, and neurodegeneration in the brain were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. A neuronal and microglial co-culture system was used to evaluate the role of microglia and MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration. Specific inhibitors were employed to delineate the involved signaling pathways. Results Ethanol-induced microglial activation, neuroinflammation, and a drastic increase in the mRNA and protein levels of MCP-1. Treatment of Bindarit (MCP-1 synthesis inhibitor) and RS504393 (CCR2 antagonist) significantly reduced ethanol-induced microglia activation/neuroinflammation, and neuroapoptosis in the developing brain. MCP-1−/− and CCR2−/− mice were more resistant to ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis. Moreover, ethanol plus MCP-1 caused more neuronal death in a neuron/microglia co-culture system than neuronal culture alone, and Bindarit and RS504393 attenuated ethanol-induced neuronal death in the co-culture system. Ethanol activated TLR4 and GSK3β, two key mediators of microglial activation in the brain and cultured microglial cells (SIM-A9). Blocking MCP-1/CCR2 signaling attenuated ethanol-induced activation of TLR4 and GSK3β. Conclusion MCP-1/CCR2 signaling played an important role in ethanol-induced microglial activation/neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the developing brain. The effects may be mediated by the interaction among MCP-1/CCR2 signaling, TLR4, and GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Frank
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 132 Health Sciences Research Building, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Toft H, Neupane SP, Bramness JG, Tilden T, Wampold BE, Lien L. The effect of trauma and alcohol on the relationship between level of cytokines and depression among patients entering psychiatric treatment. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:95. [PMID: 29631540 PMCID: PMC5891976 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is associated with immunological responses as reflected by altered levels of circulating cytokines. Alcohol use and trauma may modulate immune activity, and few studies have investigated these factors in depressed patients. We aimed to explore the association between circulating peripheral cytokine levels and degree of depressive symptoms, taking trauma and alcohol into account. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional assessment of patients at admission to a specialized psychiatric center in Norway. A total of 128 patients were included. Information was gathered using the self-administered questionnaires Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), in addition to clinical interviews recording childhood or adult life trauma. Serum levels of the cytokines Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RA), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) were assessed. A Luminex bead-based multiplex assay was used for cytokine measurements. Patient cytokine levels were compared to those of healthy volunteers by the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Levels of cytokines did not differ across patients with mild, moderate and severe depression. AUDIT score was not related to cytokine levels, but to level of depression. A history of trauma was related to higher levels of IL-1RA and TNF-α (p = 0.048 and p = 0.033, respectively), especially among the severely depressed. Serum levels of MCP-1 and TNF-α were significantly higher among psychiatric patients than in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that depression was not related to levels of circulating cytokines among patients in treatment, but that traumatized patients had higher levels of IL-1RA and TNF-α than patients without trauma experience. The lack of relationship between cytokine level and depression was evident both in those without and with trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Toft
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381, Brumunddal, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sudan Prasad Neupane
- 0000 0004 0627 386Xgrid.412929.5Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen G. Bramness
- 0000 0004 0627 386Xgrid.412929.5Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway ,0000000122595234grid.10919.30Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Tilden
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Research Institute, Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Bruce E. Wampold
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Research Institute, Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway ,0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Lars Lien
- 0000 0004 0627 386Xgrid.412929.5Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Post Box 104, Ottestad, N-2381 Brumunddal, Norway ,grid.477237.2Department of Public Health, Hedmark University College, Elverum, Norway
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Ezquer F, Morales P, Quintanilla ME, Santapau D, Lespay-Rebolledo C, Ezquer M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Intravenous administration of anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cell spheroids reduces chronic alcohol intake and abolishes binge-drinking. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4325. [PMID: 29567966 PMCID: PMC5864829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol intake leads to neuroinflammation and astrocyte dysfunction, proposed to perpetuate alcohol consumption and to promote conditioned relapse-like binge drinking. In the present study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in 3D-conditions to generate MSC-spheroids, which greatly increased MSCs anti-inflammatory ability and reduced cell volume by 90% versus conventionally 2D-cultured MSCs, enabling their intravenous administration and access to the brain. It is shown, in an animal model of chronic ethanol intake and relapse-drinking, that both the intravenous and intra-cerebroventricular administration of a single dose of MSC-spheroids inhibited chronic ethanol intake and relapse-like drinking by 80–90%, displaying significant effects over 3–5 weeks. The MSC-spheroid administration fully normalized alcohol-induced neuroinflammation, as shown by a reduced astrocyte activation, and markedly increased the levels of the astrocyte Na-glutamate (GLT-1) transporter. This research suggests that the intravenous administration of MSC-spheroids may constitute an effective new approach for the treatment of alcohol-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolyne Lespay-Rebolledo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Martinez P, Lien L, Zemore S, Bramness JG, Neupane SP. Circulating cytokine levels are associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety among people with alcohol and drug use disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:80-86. [PMID: 29500107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological distress is common among people with a substance abuse disorder in treatment. Identifying correlates of psychological distress may serve as points of intervention to improve substance abuse treatment outcomes. Immune function measured as cytokine levels have been associated with psychological distress, but this association remains unexplored among people with a substance abuse disorder in treatment. This study aimed to examine whether cytokine levels in patients treated for a substance use disorder were related to depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress, and to observe these associations separately among people with a past year alcohol use disorder and those with a past year drug use disorder. METHODS We collected cross-sectional data from 80 inpatients at five alcohol and substance abuse treatment centers in Norway. We determined alcohol and drug diagnoses, and assessed symptoms of depression, anxiety, and overall psychological distress. We tested blood samples for IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10. We used multivariate linear regressions to examine the associations between cytokine levels and psychological distress measures. RESULTS All cytokines were significantly and positively associated with depression score. INF-γ was significantly and negatively associated with anxiety, and IL-6 was significantly and positively associated psychological distress. Among people with only an alcohol use disorder, IL-6 was positively associated with depression and psychological distress scores, and IL-10 was negatively associated with anxiety score. Among people with only a drug use disorder, TNF-α was positively associated with depression score. CONCLUSION The relationship between immune function and psychological distress is robust in the context of substance abuse, and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Martinez
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Suite 450, Emervyville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Box 104, 2381 Brumunddal, Norway.
| | - Sarah Zemore
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Suite 450, Emervyville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Box 104, 2381 Brumunddal, Norway.
| | - Sudan Prasad Neupane
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Box 104, 2381 Brumunddal, Norway; Norwegian Center for Addiction Research, University Of Oslo, Box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Wang J, Heng YJ, Eliassen AH, Tamimi RM, Hazra A, Carey VJ, Ambrosone CB, de Andrade VP, Brufsky A, Couch FJ, King TA, Modugno F, Vachon CM, Hunter DJ, Beck AH, Hankinson SE. Alcohol consumption and breast tumor gene expression. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:108. [PMID: 28899409 PMCID: PMC5596493 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for breast cancer and the association generally appears stronger among estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Methods We analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray data from both invasive breast tumors (N = 602) and tumor-adjacent normal tissues (N = 508) from participants diagnosed with breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. Multivariable linear regression, controlling for other known breast cancer risk factors, was used to identify differentially expressed genes by pre-diagnostic alcohol intake. For pathway analysis, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Differentially expressed genes or enriched pathway-defined gene sets with false discovery rate (FDR) <0.1 identified in tumors were validated in RNA sequencing data of invasive breast tumors (N = 166) from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results No individual genes were significantly differentially expressed by alcohol consumption in the NHS/NHSII. However, GSEA identified 33 and 68 pathway-defined gene sets at FDR <0.1 among 471 ER+ and 127 ER- tumors, respectively, all of which were validated. Among ER+ tumors, consuming 10+ grams of alcohol per day (vs. 0) was associated with upregulation in RNA metabolism and transport, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair, and downregulation in lipid metabolism. Among ER- tumors, in addition to upregulation in RNA processing and cell cycle, alcohol intake was linked to overexpression of genes involved in cytokine signaling, including interferon and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathways, and translation and post-translational modifications. Lower lipid metabolism was observed in both ER+ tumors and ER+ tumor-adjacent normal samples. Most of the significantly enriched gene sets identified in ER- tumors showed a similar enrichment pattern among ER- tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Conclusions Our data suggest that moderate alcohol consumption (i.e. 10+ grams/day, equivalent to one or more drinks/day) is associated with several specific and reproducible biological processes and pathways, which adds potential new insight into alcohol-related breast carcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0901-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 715 N Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Present address: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Yujing J Heng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aditi Hazra
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vincent J Carey
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Victor P de Andrade
- Departamento de Patologia, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Adam Brufsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tari A King
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 715 N Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Karlsson C, Schank JR, Rehman F, Stojakovic A, Björk K, Barbier E, Solomon M, Tapocik J, Engblom D, Thorsell A, Heilig M. Proinflammatory signaling regulates voluntary alcohol intake and stress-induced consumption after exposure to social defeat stress in mice. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1279-1288. [PMID: 27273552 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory activity has been postulated to play a role in addictive processes and stress responses, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the role of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in regulation of voluntary alcohol consumption, alcohol reward and stress-induced drinking. Mice with a deletion of the IL-1 receptor I gene (IL-1RI KO) exhibited modestly decreased alcohol consumption. However, IL-1RI deletion affected neither the rewarding properties of alcohol, measured by conditioned place preference (CPP), nor stress-induced drinking induced by social defeat stress. TNF-α signaling can compensate for phenotypic consequences of IL1-RI deletion. We therefore hypothesized that double deletion of both IL-1RI and TNF-1 receptors (TNF-1R) may reveal the role of these pathways in regulation of alcohol intake. Double KOs consumed significantly less alcohol than control mice over a range of alcohol concentrations. The combined deletion of TNF-1R and IL-1RI did not influence alcohol reward, but did prevent increased alcohol consumption resulting from exposure to repeated bouts of social defeat stress. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-1RI and TNF-1R contribute to regulation of stress-induced, negatively reinforced drinking perhaps through overlapping signaling events downstream of these receptors, while leaving rewarding properties of alcohol largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Karlsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Jesse R. Schank
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - Faazal Rehman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies; National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Bethesda MD USA
| | - Andrea Stojakovic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Karl Björk
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Estelle Barbier
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Matthew Solomon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies; National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Bethesda MD USA
| | - Jenica Tapocik
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies; National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH); Bethesda MD USA
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
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124
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Methamphetamine-Induced Brain Injury and Alcohol Drinking. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:53-63. [PMID: 28856500 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A majority of methamphetamine (Meth) abusers also abuse alcohol but the neurochemical consequences of this co-abuse are unknown. Individually, alcohol and Meth cause inflammation and long-term alterations in dopamine and serotonin signaling within the brain. Experiments were conducted to identify if serial exposure to alcohol and Meth has neurochemical consequences that are greater than after either drug alone. Male Sprague Dawley rats voluntarily drank 10% ethanol (EtOH) every other day for 4 weeks and were then exposed to a binge injection regimen of Meth (10 mg/kg injected every 2 h, for a total of 4 injections). EtOH drinking and preference increased over the 4 weeks and caused inflammation evidenced by increases in serum and brain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and brain cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 24 h after the last day of drinking. Meth alone depleted dopamine and serotonin in the striatum, as well as serotonin in the prefrontal cortex when measured 1 week later. In contrast, EtOH drinking alone did not affect dopamine and serotonin content in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, but prior EtOH drinking followed by injections of Meth enhanced Meth-induced depletions of dopamine, serotonin, as well as dopamine and serotonin transporter immunoreactivities in a manner that was correlated with the degree of EtOH consumption. Cyclooxygenase inhibition by ketoprofen during EtOH drinking blocked the increases in LPS and COX-2 and the enhanced decreases in dopamine and serotonin produced by Meth. Therefore, prior EtOH drinking causes an increase in inflammatory mediators that mediate a synergistic interaction with Meth to cause an enhanced neurotoxicity.
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125
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Increased expression of M1 and M2 phenotypic markers in isolated microglia after four-day binge alcohol exposure in male rats. Alcohol 2017; 62:29-40. [PMID: 28755749 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia activation and neuroinflammation are common features of neurodegenerative conditions, including alcohol use disorders (AUDs). When activated, microglia span a continuum of diverse phenotypes ranging from classically activated, pro-inflammatory (M1) microglia/macrophages to alternatively activated, growth-promoting (M2) microglia/macrophages. Identifying microglia phenotypes is critical for understanding the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AUDs. Therefore, male rats were gavaged with 25% (w/v) ethanol or isocaloric control diet every 8 h for 4 days and sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, and 7 days after alcohol exposure (e.g., T0, T2, etc.). Microglia were isolated from hippocampus and entorhinal cortices by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Cells were labeled with microglia surface antigens and analyzed by flow cytometry. Consistent with prior studies, isolated cells yielded a highly enriched population of brain macrophages/microglia (>95% pure), evidenced by staining for the macrophage/microglia antigen CD11b. Polarization states of CD11b+CD45low microglia were evaluated by expression of M1 surface markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, CD32, CD86, and M2 surface marker, CD206 (mannose receptor). Ethanol-treated animals begin to show increased expression of M1 and M2 markers at T0 (p = n.s.), with significant changes at the T2 time point. At T2, expression of M1 markers, MHC-II, CD86, and CD32 were increased (p < 0.05) in hippocampus and entorhinal cortices, while M2 marker, CD206, was increased significantly only in entorhinal cortices (p < 0.05). All effects resolved to control levels by T4. In summary, four-day binge alcohol exposure produces a transient increase in both M1 (MHC-II, CD32, and CD86) and M2 (CD206) populations of microglia isolated from the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Thus, these findings that both pro-inflammatory and potentially beneficial, recovery-promoting microglia phenotypes can be observed after a damaging exposure of alcohol are critically important to our understanding of the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AUDs.
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126
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Imtiaz S, Shield KD, Roerecke M, Samokhvalov AV, Lönnroth K, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:1700216. [PMID: 28705945 PMCID: PMC5540679 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00216-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses of alcohol use, alcohol dosage and alcohol-related problems as risk factors for tuberculosis incidence were undertaken. The global alcohol-attributable tuberculosis burden of disease was also re-estimated.Systematic searches were conducted, reference lists were reviewed and expert consultations were held to identify studies. Cohort and case-control studies were included if there were no temporal violations of exposure and outcome. Risk relations (RRs) were pooled by using categorical and dose-response meta-analyses. The alcohol-attributable tuberculosis burden of disease was estimated by using alcohol-attributable fractions.36 of 1108 studies were included. RRs for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems were 1.35 (95% CI 1.09-1.68; I2: 83%) and 3.33 (95% CI 2.14-5.19; 87%), respectively. Concerning alcohol dosage, tuberculosis risk rose as ethanol intake increased, with evidence of a threshold effect. Alcohol consumption caused 22.02 incident cases (95% CI 19.70-40.77) and 2.35 deaths (95% CI 2.05-4.79) per 100 000 people from tuberculosis in 2014. Alcohol-attributable tuberculosis incidence increased between 2000 and 2014 in most high tuberculosis burden countries, whereas mortality decreased.Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis in all meta-analyses. It was consequently a major contributor to the tuberculosis burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Imtiaz
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Roerecke
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andriy V Samokhvalov
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Knut Lönnroth
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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127
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Ma ZL, Gao Y, Ma HT, Zheng LH, Dai B, Miao JF, Zhang YS. Effects of taurine and housing density on renal function in laying hens. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:952-964. [PMID: 27921400 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the putative protective effects of supplemental 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid (taurine) and reduced housing density on renal function in laying hens. We randomly assigned fifteen thousand green-shell laying hens into three groups: a free range group, a low-density caged group, and a high-density caged group. Each group was further divided equally into a control group (C) and a taurine treatment group (T). After 15 d, we analyzed histological changes in kidney cells, inflammatory mediator levels, oxidation and anti-oxidation levels. Experimental data revealed taurine supplementation, and rearing free range or in low-density housing can lessen morphological renal damage, inflammatory mediator levels, and oxidation levels and increase anti-oxidation levels. Our data demonstrate that taurine supplementation and a reduction in housing density can ameliorate renal impairment, increase productivity, enhance health, and promote welfare in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Dongyang City in Zhejiang Province, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Tian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liu-Hai Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin-Feng Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Shu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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128
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Carballo I, Rabuñal N, Alvela L, Pérez LF, Vidal C, Alonso M, Sopeña B, Gude F, Gonzalez-Quintela A. Factors Influencing Serum Concentrations of Immunoglobulin D in the Adult Population: An Observational Study in Spain. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:272-279. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Carballo
- Department of Internal Medicine; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; University of Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - N. Rabuñal
- Department of Internal Medicine; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; University of Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - L. Alvela
- Department of Internal Medicine; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; University of Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - L.-F. Pérez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - C. Vidal
- Department of Allergy; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - M. Alonso
- Department of Internal Medicine; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; University of Santiago de Compostela; Spain
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - B. Sopeña
- Department of Internal Medicine; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; University of Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - F. Gude
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - A. Gonzalez-Quintela
- Department of Internal Medicine; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; University of Santiago de Compostela; Spain
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Baxter-Potter LN, Henricks AM, Berger AL, Bieniasz KV, Lugo JM, McLaughlin RJ. Alcohol vapor exposure differentially impacts mesocorticolimbic cytokine expression in a sex-, region-, and duration-specific manner. Neuroscience 2017; 346:238-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vetreno RP, Patel Y, Patel U, Walter TJ, Crews FT. Adolescent intermittent ethanol reduces serotonin expression in the adult raphe nucleus and upregulates innate immune expression that is prevented by exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:333-345. [PMID: 27647531 PMCID: PMC5215774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons of the raphe nucleus regulate sleep, mood, endocrine function, and other processes that mature during adolescence. Alcohol abuse and binge drinking are common during human adolescence. We tested the novel hypothesis that adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure would alter the serotonergic system that would persist into adulthood. Using a Wistar rat model of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0g/kg, i.g., 2-day on/2-day off from postnatal day [P]25 to P55), we found a loss of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive (+IR) neurons that persisted from late adolescence (P56) into adulthood (P220). Hypothalamic and amygdalar DRN serotonergic projections were reduced following AIE. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2, the rate-limiting 5-HT synthesizing enzyme, and vesicular monoamine transporter 2, which packages 5-HT into synaptic vesicles, were also reduced in the young adult midbrain following AIE treatment. Adolescent intermittent ethanol treatment increased expression of phosphorylated (activated) NF-κB p65 as well as markers of microglial activation (i.e., Iba-1 and CD11b) in the adult DRN. Administration of lipopolysaccharide to mimic AIE-induced innate immune activation reduced 5-HT+IR and increased phosphorylated NF-κB p65+IR similar to AIE treatment. Voluntary exercise during adolescence through young adulthood blunted microglial marker and phosphorylated NF-κB p65+IR, and prevented the AIE-induced loss of 5-HT+IR neurons in the DRN. Together, these novel data reveal that AIE reduces 5-HT+IR neurons in the adult DRN, possibly through an innate immune mechanism, which might impact adult cognition, arousal, or reward sensitivity. Further, exercise prevents the deleterious effects of AIE on the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- Corresponding author: Ryan P. Vetreno, Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, CB #7178, 1021 Thurston-Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, Tel: 1-919-966-0501, Fax: 1-919-966-5679,
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131
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Yen CH, Ho PS, Yeh YW, Liang CS, Kuo SC, Huang CC, Chen CY, Shih MC, Ma KH, Sung YF, Lu RB, Huang SY. Differential cytokine levels between early withdrawal and remission states in patients with alcohol dependence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:183-191. [PMID: 27951519 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) leads to altered innate and adaptive immune responses, and frequently co-occurs with inflammation. Therefore, inflammatory cytokines potentially play a crucial role in the development of alcohol-related illnesses. This study evaluated changes in plasma cytokine concentrations, liver function, cravings, depression severity, and cognitive function in male patients with AD, during the course of an alcohol-detoxification program. A total of 78 male patients with AD were recruited for a conservative detoxification program; and cytokine levels, depressive score, and cognitive impairment applying the Trail Making Test (TMT) were evaluated during early withdrawal (baseline) and after 4 weeks of abstinence from alcohol. Healthy volunteers (86 males) were also recruited as controls. Inflammatory cytokine expression in all participants was assessed by multiplex magnetic bead assay. AD patients during early withdrawal demonstrated higher cytokine levels than the healthy controls (P≤0.001 for all cytokines). However, the levels of cytokine expression were significantly lower after 4 weeks of abstinence from alcohol (P≤0.001, except for IL-1β and IL-5). Higher liver function marker levels, depressive severity, and TMT times were observed in patients at the beginning of the detoxification program than in healthy controls. Fortunately, these functions significantly ameliorated after 4 weeks of abstinence. (P≤0.001). Levels of circulating cytokines, liver function, and cognitive function may markers of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine,Chiayi Yang-Ming Hospital,Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Shen Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Wei Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Chang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Chih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Branch, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Chen Shih
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Biology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Institute of Behavior Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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132
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Klyne DM, Barbe MF, Hodges PW. Systemic inflammatory profiles and their relationships with demographic, behavioural and clinical features in acute low back pain. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:84-92. [PMID: 27720935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is linked with development and persistence of many pathological pain states. Although chronic phase inflammatory responses are well reported, the acute phase has received limited attention. Here we investigated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), and explored their relationships with symptom severity and other factors in acute low back pain (LBP). Ninety-nine individuals within two weeks of onset of acute LBP and 55 pain-free controls completed questionnaires related to their pain (visual analogue scale, VAS) and disability, behaviour, sleep quality and psychological status. CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured from serum samples. Biomarkers were compared between LBP and control participants, and in a separate analysis, for those with "high-pain" (VAS ⩾4) and "low-pain" (VAS <4). The relationships between biomarkers and all other variables, including other cytokines/CRP were assessed. CRP was higher in LBP than controls and in those with high- than low-pain (p<0.01). IL-6 was higher in those with high- than low-pain (p<0.05), but not controls. Various pain and non-pain factors were associated with each biomarker differently. These findings suggest systemic CRP and IL-6 are important contributors to inflammation in the early post-onset phase of LBP and that various factors can shape these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klyne
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Paul W Hodges
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
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133
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The link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1048. [PMID: 28244981 PMCID: PMC5545644 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some new processes have been proposed to explain how alcohol may influence behavior, psychological symptoms and alcohol seeking in alcohol-dependent subjects. In addition to its important effect on brain and neurotransmitters equilibrium, alcohol abuse also affects peripheral organs including the gut. By yet incompletely understood mechanisms, chronic alcohol abuse increases intestinal permeability and alters the composition of the gut microbiota, allowing bacterial components from the gut lumen to reach the systemic circulation. These gut-derived bacterial products are recognized by immune cells circulating in the blood or residing in target organs, which consequently synthesize and release pro-inflammatory cytokines. Circulating cytokines are considered important mediators of the gut-brain communication, as they can reach the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation that is associated with change in mood, cognition and drinking behavior. These observations support the possibility that targeting the gut microbiota, by the use of probiotics or prebiotics, could restore the gut barrier function, reduce systemic inflammation and may have beneficial effect in treating alcohol dependence and in reducing alcohol relapse.
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134
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de Jesus Inês E, Sampaio Silva ML, de Souza JN, Galvão AA, Aquino Teixeira MC, Soares NM. Alterations in serum paraoxonase-1 activity and lipid profile in chronic alcoholic patients infected with Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Trop 2017; 166:1-6. [PMID: 27771420 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, cortisol levels, and the lipid profile in the sera of alcoholic and non-alcoholic Strongyloides stercoralis-infected and uninfected individuals in a sample of 276 individuals attended at the National Health System in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The activity of PON1 was measured by the Beltowski method, serum lipids, and cortisol levels using commercial kits. PON1 activity was low in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals infected with S. stercoralis. A positive correlation was observed between PON1 activity and cortisol concentration in alcoholic individuals who were not infected with S. stercoralis; whereas a negative correlation occurred in S. stercoralis-infected nonalcoholic individuals. The levels of triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in S. stercoralis-infected alcoholic individuals were significantly lower than in uninfected alcoholic individuals. The high level of HDL-C and the low level of LDL-C, VLDL, triglycerides and PON1 activity in alcoholic patients infected with S. stercoralis evidenced an anti-atherogenic pattern.
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135
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Juhás M, Sun H, Brown MRG, MacKay MB, Mann KF, Sommer WH, Wilman AH, Dursun SM, Greenshaw AJ. Deep grey matter iron accumulation in alcohol use disorder. Neuroimage 2017; 148:115-122. [PMID: 28065850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate brain iron accumulation in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients compared to controls using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). METHODS QSM was performed retrospectively by using phase images from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 20 male AUD patients and 15 matched healthy controls were examined. Susceptibility values were manually traced in deep grey matter regions including caudate nucleus, combined putamen and globus pallidus, combined substantia nigra and red nucleus, dentate nucleus, and a reference white matter region in the internal capsule. Average susceptibility values from each region were compared between the patients and controls. The relationship between age and susceptibility was also explored. RESULTS The AUD group exhibited increased susceptibility in caudate nucleus (+8.5%, p=0.034), combined putamen and globus pallidus (+10.8%, p=0.006), and dentate nucleus (+14.9%, p=0.022). Susceptibility increased with age in two of the four measured regions - combined putamen and globus pallidus (p=0.013) and combined substantia nigra and red nucleus (p=0.041). AUD did not significantly modulate the rate of susceptibility increase with age in our data. CONCLUSION Retrospective QSM computed from standard fMRI datasets provides new opportunities for brain iron studies in psychiatry. Substantially elevated brain iron was found in AUD subjects in the basal ganglia and dentate nucleus. This was the first human AUD brain iron study and the first retrospective clinical fMRI QSM study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Juhás
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Hongfu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew R G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marnie B MacKay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karl F Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour & Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour & Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alan H Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Greenshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Monnig MA. Immune activation and neuroinflammation in alcohol use and HIV infection: evidence for shared mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:7-23. [PMID: 27532935 PMCID: PMC5250549 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research points to innate immune mechanisms in the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of heavy alcohol use. Alcohol use is common among people living with HIV infection (PLWH), a chronic condition that carries its own set of long-term effects on brain and behavior. Notably, neurobiological and cognitive profiles associated with heavy alcohol use and HIV infection share several prominent features. This observation raises questions about interacting biological mechanisms as well as compounded impairment when HIV infection and heavy drinking co-occur. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD This narrative overview discusses peer-reviewed research on specific immune mechanisms of alcohol that exhibit apparent potential to compound the neurobiological and psychiatric sequelae of HIV infection. These include microbial translocation, systemic immune activation, blood-brain barrier compromise, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical evidence supports overlapping mechanistic actions of HIV and alcohol use on peripheral and neural immune systems. In preclinical studies, innate immune signaling mediates many of the detrimental neurocognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol use. Neuropsychopharmacological research suggests potential for a feed-forward cycle in which heavy drinking induces innate immune signaling, which in turn stimulates subsequent alcohol use behavior. CONCLUSION Alcohol-induced immune activation and neuroinflammation are a serious health concern for PLWH. Future research to investigate specific immune effects of alcohol in the context of HIV infection has potential to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
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137
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Psychoneuroimmunology of Early-Life Stress: The Hidden Wounds of Childhood Trauma? Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:99-114. [PMID: 27629365 PMCID: PMC5143500 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain and the immune system are not fully formed at birth, but rather continue to mature in response to the postnatal environment. The two-way interaction between the brain and the immune system makes it possible for childhood psychosocial stressors to affect immune system development, which in turn can affect brain development and its long-term functioning. Drawing from experimental animal models and observational human studies, we propose that the psychoneuroimmunology of early-life stress can offer an innovative framework to understand and treat psychopathology linked to childhood trauma. Early-life stress predicts later inflammation, and there are striking analogies between the neurobiological correlates of early-life stress and of inflammation. Furthermore, there are overlapping trans-diagnostic patterns of association of childhood trauma and inflammation with clinical outcomes. These findings suggest new strategies to remediate the effect of childhood trauma before the onset of clinical symptoms, such as anti-inflammatory interventions and potentiation of adaptive immunity. Similar strategies might be used to ameliorate the unfavorable treatment response described in psychiatric patients with a history of childhood trauma.
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138
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Werler MM, Parker SE, Hedman K, Gissler M, Ritvanen A, Surcel HM. Maternal Antibodies to Herpes Virus Antigens and Risk of Gastroschisis in Offspring. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:902-912. [PMID: 27856447 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroschisis risk is highest in offspring of young women and is increasing in prevalence, suggesting that exposures that are increasingly common among younger females may be causal. Some infections by viruses in the herpes family are more common in the earlier childbearing years and have been increasing in prevalence over time. Data from the Finnish Maternity Cohort were linked to Finnish malformation and birth registers (1987-2012) for this study, a nested case-control study of mothers of offspring with gastroschisis and age-matched controls. Maternal antibody responses in early pregnancy (mean gestational age = 11.1 weeks) to Epstein Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), and cytomegalovirus were measured. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for high immunoglobulin reactivity. Odds ratios for high immunoglobulin M (IgM) reactivity to EBV-viral capsid antigen and HSV-1 or HSV-2 (as indicators of recent infection) were 2.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97, 4.79) and 1.94 (95% CI: 0.74, 5.12), respectively. For higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity to EBV-viral capsid antigen and HSV-2 IgG, odds ratios were 2.16 (95% CI: 0.82, 5.70) and 2.48 (95% CI: 1.50, 4.10), respectively. Reactivities to HSV-1 IgG, cytomegalovirus IgM, or cytomegalovirus IgG did not appear to increase gastroschisis risk. Primary EBV infection was not associated with gastroschisis, but observed associations with both IgM and IgG reactivities to EBV and HSV suggest that reactivations may be risk factors for it.
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139
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Jang Y, Lee MH, Park JH, Han SY, Kim DK. TLR3 deficiency increases voluntary alcohol consumption. Neuroreport 2016; 27:356-60. [PMID: 26885867 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunity-related receptors. Many studies have indicated the involvement of TLRs in neurophysiology and neuropathology. One study showed that TLR3 regulates hippocampal memory and is highly expressed in the mesolimbic dopamine system, suggesting that TLR3 signaling may regulate alcohol consumption. The present study assessed the potential role of TLR3 in alcohol intake pattern. We used adult BalbC wild-type mice and TLR3 knockout mice and tested two-bottle alcohol preference over 15 days and one-bottle 2 or 4 h drinking in the dark over 4 consecutive days. The 10% alcohol consumption rate of TLR3 knockout mice increased on the 24 h free-choice test. Our findings support a potential regulatory role of TLR3 in alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Jang
- Departments of aPhysiology bAnatomy cMyunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon dLaboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Bodnar TS, Hill LA, Weinberg J. Evidence for an immune signature of prenatal alcohol exposure in female rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:130-141. [PMID: 27263429 PMCID: PMC5067180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for immune/neuroimmune disturbances as a possible root cause of a range of disorders, including neurodevelopmental disorders, is growing. Although prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impacts immune function, few studies to date have examined immune function in relation to long-term negative health outcomes following PAE, and most have focused on males. To fill this gap, we utilized a rat model to examine the effects of PAE on immune/neuroimmune function during early-life [postnatal day 1 (P1), P8, and P22] in PAE and control females. Due to the extensive interplay between the immune and endocrine systems, we also measured levels of corticosterone and corticosterone binding globulin (CBG). While corticosterone levels were not different among groups, CBG levels were lower in PAE offspring from P1 to P8, suggesting a lower corticosterone reservoir that may underlie susceptibility to inflammation. Spleen weights were increased in PAE rats on P22, a marker of altered immune function. Moreover, we detected a unique cytokine profile in PAE compared to control offspring on P8 - higher levels in the PFC and hippocampus, and lower levels in the hypothalamus and spleen. The finding of a specific immune signature in PAE offspring during a sensitive developmental period has important implications for understanding the basis of long-term immune alterations and health outcomes in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Our findings also highlight the future possibility that immune-based intervention strategies could be considered as an adjunctive novel therapeutic approach for individuals with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Bodnar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3,Corresponding author: Tamara Bodnar, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3302 – 2350, Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3, Phone: 604-822-4554,
| | - Lesley A. Hill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
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141
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Çalapkorur MU, Alkan BA, Tasdemir Z, Akcali Y, Saatçi E. Association of peripheral arterial disease with periodontal disease: analysis of inflammatory cytokines and an acute phase protein in gingival crevicular fluid and serum. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:532-539. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Unlu Çalapkorur
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology; Erciyes University; Kayseri Turkey
| | - B. A. Alkan
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology; Erciyes University; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Z. Tasdemir
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology; Erciyes University; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Y. Akcali
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Erciyes University; Kayseri Turkey
| | - E. Saatçi
- Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; Erciyes University; Kayseri Turkey
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142
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Saito M, Chakraborty G, Hui M, Masiello K, Saito M. Ethanol-Induced Neurodegeneration and Glial Activation in the Developing Brain. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6030031. [PMID: 27537918 PMCID: PMC5039460 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol induces neurodegeneration in the developing brain, which may partially explain the long-lasting adverse effects of prenatal ethanol exposure in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). While animal models of FASD show that ethanol-induced neurodegeneration is associated with glial activation, the relationship between glial activation and neurodegeneration has not been clarified. This review focuses on the roles of activated microglia and astrocytes in neurodegeneration triggered by ethanol in rodents during the early postnatal period (equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy). Previous literature indicates that acute binge-like ethanol exposure in postnatal day 7 (P7) mice induces apoptotic neurodegeneration, transient activation of microglia resulting in phagocytosis of degenerating neurons, and a prolonged increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. In our present study, systemic administration of a moderate dose of lipopolysaccharides, which causes glial activation, attenuates ethanol-induced neurodegeneration. These studies suggest that activation of microglia and astrocytes by acute ethanol in the neonatal brain may provide neuroprotection. However, repeated or chronic ethanol can induce significant proinflammatory glial reaction and neurotoxicity. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether acute or sustained glial activation caused by ethanol exposure in the developing brain can affect long-lasting cellular and behavioral abnormalities observed in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemisty, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Goutam Chakraborty
- Division of Neurochemisty, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Maria Hui
- Division of Neurochemisty, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Kurt Masiello
- Division of Neurochemisty, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Mitsuo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Lo CL, Lossie AC, Liang T, Liu Y, Xuei X, Lumeng L, Zhou FC, Muir WM. High Resolution Genomic Scans Reveal Genetic Architecture Controlling Alcohol Preference in Bidirectionally Selected Rat Model. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006178. [PMID: 27490364 PMCID: PMC4973992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations on the influence of nature vs. nurture on Alcoholism (Alcohol Use Disorder) in human have yet to provide a clear view on potential genomic etiologies. To address this issue, we sequenced a replicated animal model system bidirectionally-selected for alcohol preference (AP). This model is uniquely suited to map genetic effects with high reproducibility, and resolution. The origin of the rat lines (an 8-way cross) resulted in small haplotype blocks (HB) with a corresponding high level of resolution. We sequenced DNAs from 40 samples (10 per line of each replicate) to determine allele frequencies and HB. We achieved ~46X coverage per line and replicate. Excessive differentiation in the genomic architecture between lines, across replicates, termed signatures of selection (SS), were classified according to gene and region. We identified SS in 930 genes associated with AP. The majority (50%) of the SS were confined to single gene regions, the greatest numbers of which were in promoters (284) and intronic regions (169) with the least in exon's (4), suggesting that differences in AP were primarily due to alterations in regulatory regions. We confirmed previously identified genes and found many new genes associated with AP. Of those newly identified genes, several demonstrated neuronal function involved in synaptic memory and reward behavior, e.g. ion channels (Kcnf1, Kcnn3, Scn5a), excitatory receptors (Grin2a, Gria3, Grip1), neurotransmitters (Pomc), and synapses (Snap29). This study not only reveals the polygenic architecture of AP, but also emphasizes the importance of regulatory elements, consistent with other complex traits. Alcohol Used Disorder (AUD) or Alcoholism extracts a great societal cost in terms of human suffering. Understanding the genetic basis is critical to comprehend, treat and prevent this disease, but difficult in humans, as choice is influenced by nature and nurture. To discover its genetic basis, we used an animal model system that controlled for genetic and non-genetic factors through randomization, study replication, long-term divergent selection, and a controlled environment. We conducted whole genome sequencing in breeds that were either compulsive excessive drinkers or completely abstinent. We discovered consistent alterations in several genes and neurological pathways previously unassociated with alcoholism. These results strengthened our understanding of the genetic basis of alcoholism and revealed potential genetic- and neurological-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Ling Lo
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Lossie
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Lumeng
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Feng C. Zhou
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FCZ); (WMM)
| | - William M. Muir
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FCZ); (WMM)
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Rejitha S, Prathibha P, Madambath I. The Ayurvedic drug Ksheerabala (101) ameliorates alcohol-induced neurotoxicity by down-regulating the expression of transcription factor (NFkB) in rat brain. Ayu 2016; 36:323-8. [PMID: 27313421 PMCID: PMC4895761 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.182749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Most of the pharmaceutical effects of alcohol are due to its accumulation in the brain. Ksheerabala (101) an Ayurvedic formulation mainly used against central nervous system disorders. Aim: To determine the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Ksheerabala (101) on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were grouped into four; control, alcohol (4 g/kg), Ksheerabala (15 μL/1 ml milk/100 g) and Ksheerabala (15 μL/1 ml milk/100 g) + alcohol (4 g/kg). After the experimental period (90 days), the animals were sacrificed and the effect of Ksheerabala (101) was studied on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and induction of transcription factor in brain. Results were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: The activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione which were decreased in alcohol-treated rats, increased significantly in co-administered groups. The lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyls which were increased significantly in alcohol-treated rats decreased significantly in co-administered groups. The expression of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase decreased significantly in alcohol-treated rats and increased significantly in co-administered groups. The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) which was up-regulated in alcohol-treated rats was down-regulated in co-administered rats. The histopathology reinforced these results. Conclusion: Ksheerabala (101) attenuates alcohol-induced oxidative stress and down-regulates the expression of NFκB in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rejitha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - P Prathibha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Indira Madambath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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145
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Abstract
RATIONALE Alcoholism is a primary, chronic relapsing disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. It is characterized by an individual's continued drinking despite negative consequences related to alcohol use, which is exemplified by alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. Chronic alcohol consumption increases the expression of innate immune signaling molecules (ISMs) in the brain that alter cognitive processes and promote alcohol drinking. OBJECTIVES Unraveling the mechanisms of alcohol-induced neuroimmune gene induction is complicated by positive loops of multiple cytokines and other signaling molecules that converge on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and activator protein-1 leading to induction of additional neuroimmune signaling molecules that amplify and expand the expression of ISMs. RESULTS Studies from our laboratory employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess mRNA, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis to assess protein expression, and others suggest that ethanol increases brain neuroimmune gene and protein expression through two distinct mechanisms involving (1) systemic induction of innate immune molecules that are transported from blood to the brain and (2) the direct release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from neurons in the brain. Released HMGB1 signals through multiple receptors, particularly Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, that potentiate cytokine receptor responses leading to a hyperexcitable state that disrupts neuronal networks and increases excitotoxic neuronal death. Innate immune gene activation in brain is persistent, consistent with the chronic relapsing disease that is alcoholism. Expression of HMGB1, TLRs, and other ISMs is increased several-fold in the human orbital frontal cortex, and expression of these molecules is highly correlated with each other as well as lifetime alcohol consumption and age of drinking onset. CONCLUSIONS The persistent and cumulative nature of alcohol on HMGB1 and TLR gene induction support their involvement in alcohol-induced long-term changes in brain function and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, CB# 7178, 1021 Thurston-Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA.
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, CB# 7178, 1021 Thurston-Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
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146
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Hamoya T, Fujii G, Miyamoto S, Takahashi M, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K, Toshima J, Mutoh M. Effects of NSAIDs on the risk factors of colorectal cancer: a mini review. Genes Environ 2016; 38:6. [PMID: 27350826 PMCID: PMC4918106 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies has shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The function of NSAIDs and the molecular targets for chemopreventive effects on CRC have been extensively studied and their data were reported. However, the relation between NSAIDs and the risk factors of CRC have not been fully elucidated yet. Thus, relations between NSAIDs and the risk factors of CRC, such as overweight and obesity, alcohol, aging, hypertriglyceridemia and smoking, are summarized with our data and with recent reported data in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamoya
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan ; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, , Katsusika-ku Tokyo, 125-8585 Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, , Katsusika-ku Tokyo, 125-8585 Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan ; Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
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147
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Multiplex Immunoassay of Plasma Cytokine Levels in Men with Alcoholism and the Relationship to Psychiatric Assessments. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:472. [PMID: 27043532 PMCID: PMC4848928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol use alters adaptive immunity and cytokine activity influencing immunological and hormone responses, inflammation, and wound healing. Brain cytokine disturbances may impact neurological function, mood, cognition and traits related to alcoholism including impulsiveness. We examined the relationship between plasma cytokine levels and self-rated psychiatric symptoms in 40 adult males (mean age 51 ± 6 years; range 33–58 years) with current alcohol dependence and 30 control males (mean age 48 ± 6 years; range 40–58 years) with no history of alcoholism using multiplex sandwich immunoassays with the Luminex magnetic-bead based platform. Log-transformed cytokine levels were analyzed for their relationship with the Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90R), Barratt Impulsivity Scales (BIS) and Alcoholism Severity Scale (ASS). Inflammatory cytokines (interferon γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1); regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)) were significantly elevated in alcoholism compared to controls while bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cytokines and chemokines (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF); soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L); growth-related oncogene (GRO)) were significantly reduced. GRO and RANTES levels were positively correlated with BIS scales; and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels were positively correlated with SCL-90R scale scores (p < 0.05). Elevated inflammatory mediators in alcoholism may influence brain function leading to increased impulsiveness and/or phobia. The novel association between RANTES and GRO and impulsivity phenotype in alcoholism should be further investigated in alcoholism and psychiatric conditions with core impulsivity and anxiety phenotypes lending support for therapeutic intervention.
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148
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Li H, Chen J, Qi Y, Dai L, Zhang M, Frank JA, Handshoe JW, Cui J, Xu W, Chen G. Deficient PKR in RAX/PKR Association Ameliorates Ethanol-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:386-97. [PMID: 25592072 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced neuronal loss is closely related to the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The cerebellum is one of the brain areas that are most sensitive to ethanol. The mechanism underlying ethanol neurotoxicity remains unclear. Our previous in vitro studies have shown that the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) regulates neuronal apoptosis upon ethanol exposure and ethanol activates PKR through association with its intracellular activator RAX. However, the role of PKR and its interaction with RAX in vivo have not been investigated. In the current study, by utilizing N-PKR-/- mice, C57BL/6J mice with a deficient RAX-binding domain in PKR, we determined the critical role of RAX/PKR association in PKR-regulated ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum. Our data indicate that while N-PKR-/- mice have a similar BAC profile as wild-type mice, ethanol induces less brain/body mass reduction as well as cerebellar neuronal loss. In addition, ethanol promotes interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, and IL-1β is a master cytokine regulating inflammatory response. Importantly, ethanol-promoted IL-1β secretion is inhibited in the developing cerebellum of N-PKR-/- mice. Thus, RAX/PKR interaction and PKR activation regulate ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum, which may involve ethanol-induced neuroinflammation. Further, PKR could be a possible target for pharmacological intervention to prevent or treat fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, MN306, UKMC, 800 Rose street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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149
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Boschen KE, Ruggiero MJ, Klintsova AY. Neonatal binge alcohol exposure increases microglial activation in the developing rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2016; 324:355-66. [PMID: 26996510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the developing immune system can have long-term negative consequences on cognition and behavior. Teratogens, such as alcohol, activate microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, which could contribute to the lifelong deficits in learning and memory observed in humans with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and in rodent models of FASD. The current study investigates the microglial response of the brain 24 h following neonatal alcohol exposure (postnatal days (PDs) 4-9, 5.25 g/kg/day). On PD10, microglial cell counts and area of cell territory were assessed using unbiased stereology in the hippocampal subfields CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG), and hippocampal expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes was analyzed. A significant decrease in microglial cell counts in CA1 and DG was found in alcohol-exposed and sham-intubated (SI) animals compared to undisturbed suckle controls (SCs), suggesting overlapping effects of alcohol exposure and intubation alone on the neuroimmune response. Cell territory was decreased in alcohol-exposed animals in CA1, CA3, and DG compared to controls, suggesting the microglia have shifted to a more activated state following alcohol treatment. Furthermore, both alcohol-exposed and SI animals had increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, CD11b, and CCL4; in addition, CCL4 was significantly increased in alcohol-exposed animals compared to SI as well. Alcohol-exposed animals also showed increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β compared to both SI and SCs. In summary, the number and activation of microglia in the neonatal hippocampus are both affected in a rat model of FASD, along with increased gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study shows that alcohol exposure during development induces a neuroimmune response, potentially contributing to long-term alcohol-related changes to cognition, behavior and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Boschen
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - M J Ruggiero
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - A Y Klintsova
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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150
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Dai B, Zhang YS, Ma ZL, Zheng LH, Li SJ, Dou XH, Gong JS, Miao JF. Influence of dietary taurine and housing density on oviduct function in laying hens. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:456-64. [PMID: 26055907 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary taurine and housing density on oviduct function in laying hens. Green-shell laying hens were randomly assigned to a free range group and two caged groups, one with low-density and the other with high-density housing. Each group was further divided into control (C) and taurine treatment (T) groups. All hens were fed the same basic diet except that the T groups' diet was supplemented with 0.1% taurine. The experiment lasted 15 d. Survival rates, laying rates, daily feed consumption, and daily weight gain were recorded. Histological changes, inflammatory mediator levels, and oxidation and anti-oxidation levels were determined. The results show that dietary taurine supplementation and reduced housing density significantly attenuated pathophysiological changes in the oviduct. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) DNA binding activity increased significantly in the high-density housing group compared with the two other housing groups and was reduced by taurine supplementation. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression in the high-density and low-density C and T groups increased significantly. In the free range and low-density groups, dietary taurine significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α mRNA. Supplementation with taurine decreased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression significantly in the low-density groups. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) mRNA expression was significantly higher in caged hens. IL-10 mRNA expression was higher in the high-density C group than in the free range and low-density C groups. Supplementation with taurine decreased IL-10 mRNA expression significantly in the high-density group and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the free range hens. We conclude that taurine has important protective effects against oviduct damage. Reducing housing density also results in less oxidative stress, less inflammatory cell infiltration, and lower levels of inflammatory mediators in the oviduct. Therefore, both dietary taurine and reduced housing density can ameliorate oviduct injury, enhance oviduct health, and promote egg production in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Dongyang, Dongyang 322100, China; Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
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