101
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Garner LC, Klenerman P, Provine NM. Insights Into Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Biology From Studies of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1478. [PMID: 30013556 PMCID: PMC6036249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They express semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) and recognize unconventional non-peptide ligands bound to the MHC Class I-like molecules MR1 and CD1d, respectively. MAIT cells and iNKT cells exhibit an effector-memory phenotype and are enriched within the liver and at mucosal sites. In humans, MAIT cell frequencies dwarf those of iNKT cells, while in laboratory mouse strains the opposite is true. Upon activation via TCR- or cytokine-dependent pathways, MAIT cells and iNKT cells rapidly produce cytokines and show direct cytotoxic activity. Consequently, they are essential for effective immunity, and alterations in their frequency and function are associated with numerous infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Due to their abundance in mice and the earlier development of reagents, iNKT cells have been more extensively studied than MAIT cells. This has led to the routine use of iNKT cells as a reference population for the study of MAIT cells, and such an approach has proven very fruitful. However, MAIT cells and iNKT cells show important phenotypic, functional, and developmental differences that are often overlooked. With the recent availability of new tools, most importantly MR1 tetramers, it is now possible to directly study MAIT cells to understand their biology. Therefore, it is timely to compare the phenotype, development, and function of MAIT cells and iNKT cells. In this review, we highlight key areas where MAIT cells show similarity or difference to iNKT cells. In addition, we discuss important avenues for future research within the MAIT cell field, especially where comparison to iNKT cells has proven less informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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102
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Subsets-More Than Just Developmental Intermediates. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1393. [PMID: 29973936 PMCID: PMC6019445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a CD1d-restricted T cell population that can respond to lipid antigenic stimulation within minutes by secreting a wide variety of cytokines. This broad functional scope has placed iNKT cells at the frontlines of many kinds of immune responses. Although the diverse functional capacities of iNKT cells have long been acknowledged, only recently have distinct iNKT cell subsets, each with a marked functional predisposition, been appreciated. Furthermore, the subsets can frequently occupy distinct niches in different tissues and sometimes establish long-term tissue residency where they can impact homeostasis and respond quickly when they sense perturbations. In this review, we discuss the developmental origins of the iNKT cell subsets, their localization patterns, and detail what is known about how different subsets specifically influence their surroundings in conditions of steady and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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103
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Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in large amounts within cancer microenvironments that will ultimately promote neoplastic progression, notably by suppressing the host’s T-cell immunosurveillance. This effect is mostly due to the well-known inhibitory effect of TGF-β on T cell proliferation, activation, and effector functions. Moreover, TGF-β subverts T cell immunity by favoring regulatory T-cell differentiation, further reinforcing immunosuppression within tumor microenvironments. These findings stimulated the development of many strategies to block TGF-β or its signaling pathways, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapies, to restore anti-cancer immunity. Paradoxically, recent studies provided evidence that TGF-β can also promote differentiation of certain inflammatory populations of T cells, such as Th17, Th9, and resident-memory T cells (Trm), which have been associated with improved tumor control in several models. Here, we review current advances in our understanding of the many roles of TGF-β in T cell biology in the context of tumor immunity and discuss the possibility to manipulate TGF-β signaling to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Dahmani
- Centre de Recherche de L'hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada.
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Centre de Recherche de L'hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. de L'Assomption, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada.
- Hematology-Oncology service, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada.
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104
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TGF-β in T Cell Biology: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060194. [PMID: 29891791 PMCID: PMC6025055 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in large amounts within cancer microenvironments that will ultimately promote neoplastic progression, notably by suppressing the host’s T-cell immunosurveillance. This effect is mostly due to the well-known inhibitory effect of TGF-β on T cell proliferation, activation, and effector functions. Moreover, TGF-β subverts T cell immunity by favoring regulatory T-cell differentiation, further reinforcing immunosuppression within tumor microenvironments. These findings stimulated the development of many strategies to block TGF-β or its signaling pathways, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapies, to restore anti-cancer immunity. Paradoxically, recent studies provided evidence that TGF-β can also promote differentiation of certain inflammatory populations of T cells, such as Th17, Th9, and resident-memory T cells (Trm), which have been associated with improved tumor control in several models. Here, we review current advances in our understanding of the many roles of TGF-β in T cell biology in the context of tumor immunity and discuss the possibility to manipulate TGF-β signaling to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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105
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Milam AAV, Bartleson JM, Donermeyer DL, Horvath S, Durai V, Raju S, Yu H, Redmann V, Zinselmeyer B, White JM, Murphy KM, Allen PM. Tuning T Cell Signaling Sensitivity Alters the Behavior of CD4 + T Cells during an Immune Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3429-3437. [PMID: 29618523 PMCID: PMC5940509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intricate processes in the thymus and periphery help curb the development and activation of autoreactive T cells. The subtle signals that govern these processes are an area of great interest, but tuning TCR sensitivity for the purpose of affecting T cell behavior remains technically challenging. Previously, our laboratory described the derivation of two TCR-transgenic CD4 T cell mouse lines, LLO56 and LLO118, which recognize the same cognate Listeria epitope with the same affinity. Despite the similarity of the two TCRs, LLO56 cells respond poorly in a primary infection whereas LLO118 cells respond robustly. Phenotypic examination of both lines revealed a substantial difference in their surface of expression of CD5, which serves as a dependable readout of the self-reactivity of a cell. We hypothesized that the increased interaction with self by the CD5-high LLO56 was mediated through TCR signaling, and was involved in the characteristic weak primary response of LLO56 to infection. To explore this issue, we generated an inducible knock-in mouse expressing the self-sensitizing voltage-gated sodium channel Scn5a. Overexpression of Scn5a in peripheral T cells via the CD4-Cre promoter resulted in increased TCR-proximal signaling. Further, Scn5a-expressing LLO118 cells, after transfer into BL6 recipient mice, displayed an impaired response during infection relative to wild-type LLO118 cells. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that tuning of TCR sensitivity to self can be used to alter in vivo immune responses. Overall, these studies highlight the critical relationship between TCR-self-pMHC interaction and an immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Viehmann Milam
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Juliet M Bartleson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen Horvath
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Vivek Durai
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Veronika Redmann
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd Zinselmeyer
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - J Michael White
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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106
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Elich M, Sauer K. Regulation of Hematopoietic Cell Development and Function Through Phosphoinositides. Front Immunol 2018; 9:931. [PMID: 29780388 PMCID: PMC5945867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most paramount receptor-induced signal transduction mechanisms in hematopoietic cells is production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate (PIP3) by class I phosphoinositide 3 kinases (PI3K). Defective PIP3 signaling impairs almost every aspect of hematopoiesis, including T cell development and function. Limiting PIP3 signaling is particularly important, because excessive PIP3 function in lymphocytes can transform them and cause blood cancers. Here, we review the key functions of PIP3 and related phosphoinositides in hematopoietic cells, with a special focus on those mechanisms dampening PIP3 production, turnover, or function. Recent studies have shown that beyond “canonical” turnover by the PIP3 phosphatases and tumor suppressors phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and SH2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1/2), PIP3 function in hematopoietic cells can also be dampened through antagonism with the soluble PIP3 analogs inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP4) and inositol-heptakisphosphate (IP7). Other evidence suggests that IP4 can promote PIP3 function in thymocytes. Moreover, IP4 or the kinases producing it limit store-operated Ca2+ entry through Orai channels in B cells, T cells, and neutrophils to control cell survival and function. We discuss current models for how soluble inositol phosphates can have such diverse functions and can govern as distinct processes as hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis, neutrophil macrophage and NK cell function, and development and function of B cells and T cells. Finally, we will review the pathological consequences of dysregulated IP4 activity in immune cells and highlight contributions of impaired inositol phosphate functions in disorders such as Kawasaki disease, common variable immunodeficiency, or blood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Elich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Oncology R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, San Diego, CA, United States
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107
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Wirasinha RC, Singh M, Archer SK, Chan A, Harrison PF, Goodnow CC, Daley SR. αβ T-cell receptors with a central CDR3 cysteine are enriched in CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes and their thymic precursors. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:553-561. [PMID: 29726044 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The thymus plays a crucial role in immune tolerance by exposing developing T cells (thymocytes) to a myriad of self-antigens. Strong T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces tolerance in self-reactive thymocytes by stimulating apoptosis or selection into specialized T-cell lineages, including intestinal TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). TCR-intrinsic amino acid motifs that can be used to predict whether a TCR will be strongly self-reactive remain elusive. Here, a novel TCR sequence alignment approach revealed that T-cell lineages in C57BL/6 mice had divergent usage of cysteine within two positions of the amino acid at the apex of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the TCRα or TCRβ chain. Compared to pre-selection thymocytes, central CDR3 cysteine usage was increased in IEL and Type A IEL precursors (IELp) and markedly decreased in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (T-reg) and naïve T cells. These findings reveal a TCR-intrinsic motif that distinguishes Type A IELp and IEL from T-reg and naïve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika C Wirasinha
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Stuart K Archer
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Chan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Paul F Harrison
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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108
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RelB intrinsically regulates the development and function of medullary thymic epithelial cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1039-1048. [PMID: 29730722 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) act as one of the major stromal components in the thymus for selection and maturation of both conventional T cells and non-conventional T cells. Extensive efforts have been spent to understand how mTEC development and function are regulated. Although RelB has been well accepted to be a critical transcriptional factor for mTEC development, the underlying mechanisms still remain largely unclear. In this study, by generating thymic epithelial cell specific RelB deficient mice, we found that epithelial intrinsic RelB is required for mTEC homeostatic proliferation. Mechanistically, RelB regulates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle. Functionally, lack of intrinsic RelB in thymic epithelial cells results in dramatically reduced population of mTECs and impaired development of thymic invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte precursors (IELPs). This study thus reveals an epithelial intrinsic role of RelB on mTEC development and function.
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109
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Kasler HG, Lee IS, Lim HW, Verdin E. Histone Deacetylase 7 mediates tissue-specific autoimmunity via control of innate effector function in invariant Natural Killer T Cells. eLife 2018; 7:e32109. [PMID: 29664401 PMCID: PMC5943034 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that Histone Deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) controls the thymic effector programming of Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, and that interference with this function contributes to tissue-specific autoimmunity. Gain of HDAC7 function in thymocytes blocks both negative selection and NKT development, and diverts Vα14/Jα18 TCR transgenic thymocytes into a Tconv-like lineage. Conversely, HDAC7 deletion promotes thymocyte apoptosis and causes expansion of innate-effector cells. Investigating the mechanisms involved, we found that HDAC7 binds PLZF and modulates PLZF-dependent transcription. Moreover, HDAC7 and many of its transcriptional targets are human risk loci for IBD and PSC, autoimmune diseases that strikingly resemble the disease we observe in HDAC7 gain-of-function in mice. Importantly, reconstitution of iNKT cells in these mice mitigated their disease, suggesting that the combined defects in negative selection and iNKT cells due to altered HDAC7 function can cause tissue-restricted autoimmunity, a finding that may explain the association between HDAC7 and hepatobiliary autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert G Kasler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and ImmunologySan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
| | - Intelly S Lee
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and ImmunologySan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Hyung W Lim
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and ImmunologySan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and ImmunologySan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoUnited States
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110
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David CJ, Massagué J. Contextual determinants of TGFβ action in development, immunity and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:419-435. [PMID: 29643418 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Few cell signals match the impact of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family in metazoan biology. TGFβ cytokines regulate cell fate decisions during development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and are major players in tumorigenesis, fibrotic disorders, immune malfunctions and various congenital diseases. The effects of the TGFβ family are mediated by a combinatorial set of ligands and receptors and by a common set of receptor-activated mothers against decapentaplegic homologue (SMAD) transcription factors, yet the effects can differ dramatically depending on the cell type and the conditions. Recent progress has illuminated a model of TGFβ action in which SMADs bind genome-wide in partnership with lineage-determining transcription factors and additionally integrate inputs from other pathways and the chromatin to trigger specific cellular responses. These new insights clarify the operating logic of the TGFβ pathway in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J David
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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111
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered a CD4 T-cell disease, primarily because of the findings that the strongest genetic risk for MS is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus, and that T cells play a central role in directing the immune response. The importance that the T helper (Th)1 cytokine, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and the Th17 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17, play in MS pathogenesis is indicated by recent clinical trial data by the enhanced presence of Th1/Th17 cells in central nervous system (CNS) tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood, and by research on animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although the majority of research on MS pathogenesis has centered on the role of effector CD4 T cells, accumulating data suggests that CD8 T cells may play a significant role in the human disease. In fact, in contrast to most animal models, the primary T cell found in the CNS in patients with MS, is the CD8 T cell. As patient-derived effector T cells are also resistant to mechanisms of dominant tolerance such as that induced by interaction with regulatory T cells (Tregs), their reduced response to regulation may also contribute to the unchecked effector T-cell activity in patients with MS. These concepts will be discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Kaskow
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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112
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Dash B, Shapiro MJ, Chung JY, Romero Arocha S, Shapiro VS. Treg-specific deletion of NKAP results in severe, systemic autoimmunity due to peripheral loss of Tregs. J Autoimmun 2018; 89:139-148. [PMID: 29366602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are critical for the generation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Conditional deletion of the transcriptional repressor NKAP in Tregs using Foxp3-YFP-cre NKAP conditional knockout mice causes aggressive autoimmunity characterized by thymic atrophy, lymphadenopathy, peripheral T cell activation, generation of autoantibodies, immune infiltration into several organs, and crusty skin at 3 weeks of age, similar to that of "scurfy" Foxp3-mutant mice. While Treg development in the thymus proceeds normally in the absence of NKAP, there is a severe loss of thymically-derived Tregs in the periphery. NKAP-deficient Tregs have a recent thymic emigrant phenotype, and are attacked by complement in a cell-intrinsic manner in the periphery. Previously, we demonstrated that NKAP is required for conventional T cell maturation as it prevents complement-mediated attack in the periphery. We now show that Tregs undergo a similar maturation process as conventional T cells, requiring NKAP to acquire complement resistance after thymic egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Dash
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ji Young Chung
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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113
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Doorduijn EM, Sluijter M, Querido BJ, Seidel UJE, Oliveira CC, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. T Cells Engaging the Conserved MHC Class Ib Molecule Qa-1 b with TAP-Independent Peptides Are Semi-Invariant Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 29422902 PMCID: PMC5788890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HLA-E homolog in the mouse (Qa-1b) is a conserved MHC class Ib molecule presenting monomorphic peptides to germline-encoded natural killer receptor CD94/NKG2A. Previously, we demonstrated the replacement of this canonical peptide by a diverse peptidome upon deficiency of the TAP peptide transporter. Analysis of this Qa-1b-restricted T cell repertoire against these non-mutated neoantigens revealed characteristics of conventional hypervariable CD8+ T cells, but also of invariant T cell receptor (TCR)αβ T cells. A shared TCR Vα chain was used by this subset in combination with a variety of Vβ chains. The TCRs target peptide ligands that are conserved between mouse and man, like the identified peptide derived from the transcriptional cofactor Med15. The thymus selection was studied in a TCR-transgenic mouse and emerging naïve CD8+ T cells displayed a slightly activated phenotype, as witnessed by higher CD122 and Ly6C expression. Moreover, the Qa-1b protein was dispensable for thymus selection. Importantly, no self-reactivity was observed as reported for other MHC class Ib-restricted subsets. Naïve Qa-1b restricted T cells expanded, contracted, and formed memory cells in vivo upon peptide vaccination in a similar manner as conventional CD8+ T cells. Based on these data, the Qa-1b restricted T cell subset might be positioned closest to conventional CD8+ T cells of all MHC class Ib populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien M Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bianca J Querido
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ursula J E Seidel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudia C Oliveira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
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114
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Oh J, Perry JSA, Pua H, Irgens-Möller N, Ishido S, Hsieh CS, Shin JS. MARCH1 protects the lipid raft and tetraspanin web from MHCII proteotoxicity in dendritic cells. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1395-1410. [PMID: 29371232 PMCID: PMC5881489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) produce major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) in large amounts to function as professional antigen presenting cells. Paradoxically, DCs also ubiquitinate and degrade MHCII in a constitutive manner. Mice deficient in the MHCII-ubiquitinating enzyme membrane-anchored RING-CH1, or the ubiquitin-acceptor lysine of MHCII, exhibit a substantial reduction in the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells, but the underlying mechanism was unclear. Here we report that ubiquitin-dependent MHCII turnover is critical to maintain homeostasis of lipid rafts and the tetraspanin web in DCs. Lack of MHCII ubiquitination results in the accumulation of excessive quantities of MHCII in the plasma membrane, and the resulting disruption to lipid rafts and the tetraspanin web leads to significant impairment in the ability of DCs to engage and activate thymocytes for Treg cell differentiation. Thus, ubiquitin-dependent MHCII turnover represents a novel quality-control mechanism by which DCs maintain homeostasis of membrane domains that support DC's Treg cell-selecting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin S A Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heather Pua
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicole Irgens-Möller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Abstract
Thymocyte selection involves the positive and negative selection of the repertoire of T cell receptors (TCRs) such that the organism does not suffer autoimmunity, yet has the benefit of the ability to recognize any invading pathogen. The signal transduced through the TCR is translated into a number of different signaling cascades that result in transcription factor activity in the nucleus and changes to the cytoskeleton and motility. Negative selection involves inducing apoptosis in thymocytes that express strongly self-reactive TCRs, whereas positive selection must induce survival and differentiation programs in cells that are more weakly self-reactive. The TCR recognition event is analog by nature, but the outcome of signaling is not. A large number of molecules regulate the strength of the TCR-derived signal at various points in the cascades. This review discusses the various factors that can regulate the strength of the TCR signal during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11759;
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11759;
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116
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Guichard V, Bonilla N, Durand A, Audemard-Verger A, Guilbert T, Martin B, Lucas B, Auffray C. Calcium-mediated shaping of naive CD4 T-cell phenotype and function. eLife 2017; 6:27215. [PMID: 29239722 PMCID: PMC5747519 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex ligands is essential for the survival of naive CD4 T cells. We have previously shown that the resulting tonic TCR signaling also influences their fate upon activation by increasing their ability to differentiate into induced/peripheral regulatory T cells. To decipher the molecular mechanisms governing this process, we here focus on the TCR signaling cascade and demonstrate that a rise in intracellular calcium levels is sufficient to modulate the phenotype of mouse naive CD4 T cells and to increase their sensitivity to regulatory T-cell polarization signals, both processes relying on calcineurin activation. Accordingly, in vivo calcineurin inhibition leads the most self-reactive naive CD4 T cells to adopt the phenotype of their less self-reactive cell-counterparts. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that calcium-mediated activation of the calcineurin pathway acts as a rheostat to shape both the phenotype and effector potential of naive CD4 T cells in the steady-state. To help protect the body from disease, small immune cells called T lymphocytes move rapidly, searching for signs of infection. These signs are antigens – processed pieces of proteins from invading microbes – that are displayed on the surface of so-called antigen-presenting cells.Before it encounters its specific antigen, a T cell is called naive. After encountering its antigen, the naive T cell activates and then develops into a variety of immune cells, each with a specific activity. These immune cells include so-called peripherally induced regulatory T cells (or “pTreg cells” for short), which, as the name suggests, help to regulate the immune response. In addition to foreign antigens from microbes, antigen-presenting cells display fragments of the body’s own proteins too. All naive T cells recognize some “Self-antigens”, but not as strongly as they recognize foreign antigens. As a naive T cell travels around the body, it repeatedly interacts with antigen-presenting cells that display Self-antigens, which triggers a low level of signaling in the T cell. While this background signaling was known to help the T cell survive, in 2013, researchers reported that: it also makes the T cell more responsive to foreign antigens; and it shapes how these cells will respond when activated. For example, the naive T cells that respond the most to Self-antigens were seen to be much more likely to become pTreg cells when activated than other T cells. Guichard et al. – who include several of the researchers involved in the 2013 work – set out to understand why the most Self-reactive T cells show this bias toward becoming pTreg cells. The experiments used a range of approaches with T cells both in the laboratory and in mice. By looking at which genes were active in the most Self-reactive T cells, Guichard et al. narrowed in on a signaling pathway that involves calcium ions and an enzyme called Calcineurin. Blocking this pathway caused the most Self-reactive T cells to lose their bias, and instead develop in the same way as the least Self-reactive T cells. Guichard et al. propose that the continuous interactions with Self-antigens trigger waves of calcium ions in a naive T cell that shapes its behavior and future development. In a related study, Dong, Othy et al. also conclude that contact with antigen-presenting cells causes calcium signals that shape how the T cells behave. In addition to providing more detail about the inner workings of immune cells, these findings may also have implications in a clinical setting. Calcineurin inhibitors are often used to suppress the immune system in transplant patients to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ. However, it has proved difficult to safely interrupt these therapies even after many years. These new findings may provide a possible explanation for this, by suggesting that the inhibitors may also interfere with the generation of pTreg cells. Without these cells’ regulatory influence, the immune system is unlikely to ever become tolerant of the transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guichard
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot Université, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Bonilla
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Durand
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Guilbert
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Martin
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Auffray
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
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117
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Kumar A, Gordy LE, Bezbradica JS, Stanic AK, Hill TM, Boothby MR, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. NF-κB Protects NKT Cells from Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1-induced Death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15594. [PMID: 29142275 PMCID: PMC5688132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with immunoregulatory properties. NKT cell survival during development requires signal processing by activated RelA/NF-κB. Nonetheless, the upstream signal(s) integrated by NF-κB in developing NKT cells remains incompletely defined. We show that the introgression of Bcl-xL-coding Bcl2l1 transgene into NF-κB signalling-deficient IκBΔN transgenic mouse rescues NKT cell development and differentiation in this mouse model. We reasoned that NF-κB activation was protecting developing NKT cells from death signals emanating either from high affinity agonist recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) or from a death receptor, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) or Fas. Surprisingly, the single and combined deficiency in PKC-θ or CARMA-1-the two signal transducers at the NKT TCR proximal signalling node-only partially recapitulated the NKT cell deficiency observed in IκBΔN tg mouse. Accordingly, introgression of the Bcl2l1 transgene into PKC-θ null mouse failed to rescue NKT cell development. Instead, TNFR1-deficiency, but not the Fas-deficiency, rescued NKT cell development in IκBΔN tg mice. Consistent with this finding, treatment of thymocytes with an antagonist of the inhibitor of κB kinase -which blocks downstream NF-κB activation- sensitized NKT cells to TNF-α-induced cell death in vitro. Hence, we conclude that signal integration by NF-κB protects developing NKT cells from death signals emanating from TNFR1, but not from the NKT TCR or Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura E Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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118
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Visperas A, Vignali DAA. Are Regulatory T Cells Defective in Type 1 Diabetes and Can We Fix Them? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:3762-3770. [PMID: 27815439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical regulators of peripheral immune tolerance. Treg insufficiency can lead to autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Increasing evidence in mouse models of T1D, as well as other autoimmune disorders, suggests that there are defects in Treg-mediated suppression. Indeed, whereas Treg frequency in the peripheral blood of T1D patients is unaltered, their suppressive abilities are diminished compared with Tregs in healthy controls. Although expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 is a prerequisite for Treg development and function, there are many additional factors that can alter their stability, survival, and function. Much has been learned in other model systems, such as tumors, about the mechanism and pathways that control Treg stability and function. This review poses the question of whether we can use these findings to develop new therapeutic approaches that might boost Treg stability, survival, and/or function in T1D and possibly other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Visperas
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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119
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Bettini ML, Chou PC, Guy CS, Lee T, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA. Cutting Edge: CD3 ITAM Diversity Is Required for Optimal TCR Signaling and Thymocyte Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1555-1560. [PMID: 28733484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For the αβ or γδTCR chains to integrate extracellular stimuli into the appropriate intracellular cellular response, they must use the 10 ITAMs found within the CD3 subunits (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ) of the TCR signaling complex. However, it remains unclear whether each specific ITAM sequence of the individual subunit (γεδζ) is required for thymocyte development or whether any particular CD3 ITAM motif is sufficient. In this article, we show that mice utilizing a single ITAM sequence (γ, ε, δ, ζa, ζb, or ζc) at each of the 10 ITAM locations exhibit a substantial reduction in thymic cellularity and limited CD4-CD8- (double-negative) to CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) maturation because of low TCR expression and signaling. Together, the data suggest that ITAM sequence diversity is required for optimal TCR signal transduction and subsequent T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Po-Chein Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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120
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Role of TGF-β in Self-Peptide Regulation of Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:11-19. [PMID: 28733878 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has been implicated in regulation of the immune system, including autoimmunity. We have found that TGF-β is readily produced by T cells following immunization with self-peptide epitopes that downregulate autoimmune responses in type 1 diabetes (T1D) prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. These include multiple peptide epitopes derived from the islet β-cell antigens GAD65 (GAD65 p202-221, GAD65 p217-236), GAD67 (GAD67 p210-229, GAD67 p225-244), IGRP (IGRP p123-145, IGRP p195-214) and insulin B-chain (Ins. B:9-23) that protected NOD mice from T1D. Immunization of NOD mice with the self-MHC class II I-Ag7 β-chain-derived peptide, I-Aβg7 p54-76 also induced large amounts of TGF-β and also protected these mice from diabetes development. These results indicate that peptides derived from disease related self-antigens and MHC class II molecules primarily induce TGF-β producing regulatory Th3 and Tr1-like cells. TGF-β produced by these cells could enhance the differentiation of induced regulatory iTreg and iTreg17 cells to prevent induction and progression of autoimmune diseases. We therefore suggest that peripheral immune tolerance could be induced and maintained by immunization with self-peptides that induce TGF-β producing T cells.
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121
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HLA-DP in unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation revisited: challenges and opportunities. Blood 2017; 130:1089-1096. [PMID: 28667011 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-742346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When considering HLA-matched hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), sibling and unrelated donors (UDs) are biologically different because UD-HCT is typically performed across HLA-DP disparities absent in sibling HCT. Mismatched HLA-DP is targeted by direct alloreactive T cell responses with important implications for graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia. This concise review details special features of HLA-DP as model antigens for clinically permissive mismatches mediating limited T-cell alloreactivity with minimal toxicity, and describes future avenues for their exploitation in cellular immunotherapy of malignant blood disorders.
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122
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Martinez RJ, Morris AB, Neeld DK, Evavold BD. Targeted loss of SHP1 in murine thymocytes dampens TCR signaling late in selection. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:2103-10. [PMID: 27354309 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SHP1 is a tyrosine phosphatase critical to proximal regulation of TCR signaling. Here, analysis of CD4-Cre SHP1(fl/fl) conditional knockout thymocytes using CD53, TCRβ, CD69, CD4, and CD8α expression demonstrates the importance of SHP1 in the survival of post selection (CD53(+) ), single-positive thymocytes. Using Ca(2+) flux to assess the intensity of TCR signaling demonstrated that SHP1 dampens the signal strength of these same mature, postselection thymocytes. Consistent with its dampening effect, TCR signal strength was also probed functionally using peptides that can mediate selection of the OT-I TCR, to reveal increased negative selection mediated by lower-affinity ligand in the absence of SHP1. Our data show that SHP1 is required for the survival of mature thymocytes and the generation of the functional T-cell repertoire, as its absence leads to a reduction in the numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) naïve T cells in the peripheral lymphoid compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna B Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis K Neeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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123
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Golec DP, Hoeppli RE, Henao Caviedes LM, McCann J, Levings MK, Baldwin TA. Thymic progenitors of TCRαβ + CD8αα intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes require RasGRP1 for development. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2421-2435. [PMID: 28652304 PMCID: PMC5551581 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Golec et al. show that RasGRP1, a critical Ras activator in thymocytes, is required for TCRαβ+CD8αα IEL development by regulating the survival of a heterogeneous population of thymic progenitors that receive a strong TCR signal. Therefore, RasGRP1 is necessary for thymic selection events stemming from strong or weak TCR signals. Strong T cell receptor (TCR) signaling largely induces cell death during thymocyte development, whereas weak TCR signals induce positive selection. However, some T cell lineages require strong TCR signals for differentiation through a process termed agonist selection. The signaling relationships that underlie these three fates are unknown. RasGRP1 is a Ras activator required to transmit weak TCR signals leading to positive selection. Here, we report that, despite being dispensable for thymocyte clonal deletion, RasGRP1 is critical for agonist selection of TCRαβ+CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) progenitors (IELps), even though both outcomes require strong TCR signaling. Bim deficiency rescued IELp development in RasGRP1−/− mice, suggesting that RasGRP1 functions to promote survival during IELp generation. Additionally, expression of CD122 and the adhesion molecules α4β7 and CD103 define distinct IELp subsets with differing abilities to generate TCRαβ+CD8αα IEL in vivo. These findings demonstrate that RasGRP1-dependent signaling underpins thymic selection processes induced by both weak and strong TCR signals and is differentially required for fate decisions derived from a strong TCR stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Golec
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Romy E Hoeppli
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura M Henao Caviedes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jillian McCann
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Troy A Baldwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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124
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Themis releases the brakes on TCR signaling during thymocyte selection by disabling SHP-1. Cell Mol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28626233 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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125
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Bosch AJ, Bolinger B, Keck S, Stepanek O, Ozga AJ, Galati-Fournier V, Stein JV, Palmer E. A minimum number of autoimmune T cells to induce autoimmunity? Cell Immunol 2017; 316:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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126
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Sanjabi S, Oh SA, Li MO. Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022236. [PMID: 28108486 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to elucidate how TGF-β alters immunity under various conditions. Under steady-state conditions, TGF-β regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naïve T-cell pool. TGF-β inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2-cell differentiation while promoting peripheral (p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh-cell generation, and T-cell tissue residence in response to immune challenges. Similarly, TGF-β controls the proliferation, survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells, as well as the development and functions of innate cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Collectively, TGF-β plays a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self- and innocuous antigens, such as food, commensal bacteria, and fetal alloantigens, and in controlling immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Soyoung A Oh
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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127
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Takahashi R, Nakatsukasa H, Shiozawa S, Yoshimura A. SOCS1 Is a Key Molecule That Prevents Regulatory T Cell Plasticity under Inflammatory Conditions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:149-158. [PMID: 28550203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that regulatory T cells (Tregs) from T cell-specific Socs1-deficient mice (Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice) easily convert into Th1- or Th17-like cells (ex-Tregs), which lose Foxp3 expression and suppressive functions in vivo. Because Tregs in Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice are constantly exposed to a large amount of inflammatory cytokines produced by non-Tregs in vivo, in this study we analyzed Treg-specific Socs1-deficient mice (Socs1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre mice). These mice developed dermatitis, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy that were much milder than those in Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice. A fate mapping study revealed that Socs1 deficiency accelerated the conversion of Tregs to Foxp3-IFN-γ+ ex-Tregs in the tumor microenvironment and suppressed tumor growth. When transferred into Rag2-/- mice, Tregs from Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice easily lost Foxp3 expression, whereas those from Socs1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre mice maintained Foxp3 expression. Although Tregs from Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice produced IFN-γ after a 3-d culture in response to anti-CD3/CD28 Ab stimulation in vitro, Tregs from Socs1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre mice did not. This finding suggested that the inflammatory conditions in Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice modified the born nature of Socs1-deficient Tregs. To investigate this mechanism, Tregs from Socs1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre mice were cultured with APCs from Socs1fl/flLck-Cre+ mice. These APCs facilitated STAT4 phosphorylation, IFN-γ production, and loss of Foxp3 expression in Tregs from Socs1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre mice in an IL-12-dependent manner. The results indicate that Socs1-deficient Tregs tend to convert into ex-Tregs under the inflammatory conditions in which APCs are highly activated, and that SOCS1 could be a useful target for enhancement of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai, Daitou, Osaka 574-0074, Japan; .,Rheumatic Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838, Japan; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shiozawa
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838, Japan; and
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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128
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Daley SR, Teh C, Hu DY, Strasser A, Gray DH. Cell death and thymic tolerance. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:9-20. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Charis Teh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Daniel H.D. Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
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129
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Abstract
Intrathymic T cell development is a complex process that depends upon continuous guidance from thymus stromal cell microenvironments. The thymic epithelium within the thymic stroma comprises highly specialized cells with a high degree of anatomic, phenotypic, and functional heterogeneity. These properties are collectively required to bias thymocyte development toward production of self-tolerant and functionally competent T cells. The importance of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is evidenced by clear links between their dysfunction and multiple diseases where autoimmunity and immunodeficiency are major components. Consequently, TECs are an attractive target for cell therapies to restore effective immune system function. The pathways and molecular regulators that control TEC development are becoming clearer, as are their influences on particular stages of T cell development. Here, we review both historical and the most recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling TEC development, function, dysfunction, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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130
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Kalekar LA, Mueller DL. Relationship between CD4 Regulatory T Cells and Anergy In Vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:2527-2533. [PMID: 28320913 PMCID: PMC5363282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective suppression of effector CD4+ T cell functions is necessary to prevent immune cell-mediated damage to healthy tissues. This appears especially true during pregnancy or in individuals predisposed to autoimmunity. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and induction of anergy, an acquired state of T cell functional unresponsiveness in Foxp3- cells, have both been implicated as mechanisms to suppress dangerous immune responses to tissue-restricted self-Ags. Anergic CD4+ T cells and Treg cells share a number of phenotypic and mechanistic traits-including the expression of CD73 and folate receptor 4, and the epigenetic modification of Treg cell signature genes-and an interesting relationship between these two subsets has recently emerged. In this review, we will compare and contrast these two subsets, as well as explore the role of anergy in the generation of peripheral Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh A Kalekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel L Mueller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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131
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Jiang N. Immune engineering: from systems immunology to engineering immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 1:54-62. [PMID: 29038795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The smallpox vaccine represents the earliest attempt in engineering immunity. The recent success of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) in cancer once again demonstrates the clinical potential of immune engineering. Inspired by this success, diverse approaches have been used to boost various aspects of immunity: engineering dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, antibodies, cytokines, small peptides, and others. With recent development of various high-throughput technologies (of which engineers, especially biomedical engineers/bioengineers contributed significantly), such as immune repertoire sequencing, and analytical methods, a systems level of understanding immunity (or the lack of it) beyond model animals has provided critical insights into the human immune system. This review focuses on recent progressed made in systems biology and the engineering of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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132
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Verstichel G, Vermijlen D, Martens L, Goetgeluk G, Brouwer M, Thiault N, Van Caeneghem Y, De Munter S, Weening K, Bonte S, Leclercq G, Taghon T, Kerre T, Saeys Y, Van Dorpe J, Cheroutre H, Vandekerckhove B. The checkpoint for agonist selection precedes conventional selection in human thymus. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/8/eaah4232. [PMID: 28783686 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The thymus plays a central role in self-tolerance, partly by eliminating precursors with a T cell receptor (TCR) that binds strongly to self-antigens. However, the generation of self-agonist-selected lineages also relies on strong TCR signaling. How thymocytes discriminate between these opposite outcomes remains elusive. Here, we identified a human agonist-selected PD-1+ CD8αα+ subset of mature CD8αβ+ T cells that displays an effector phenotype associated with agonist selection. TCR stimulation of immature post-β-selection thymocyte blasts specifically gives rise to this innate subset and fixes early T cell receptor alpha variable (TRAV) and T cell receptor alpha joining (TRAJ) rearrangements in the TCR repertoire. These findings suggest that the checkpoint for agonist selection precedes conventional selection in the human thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet Verstichel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Biopharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, accès 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Data Mining and Modeling for Systems Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margreet Brouwer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Thiault
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasmine Van Caeneghem
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bonte
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Systems Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical and Forensic Pathology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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133
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Douaisi M, Resop RS, Nagasawa M, Craft J, Jamieson BD, Blom B, Uittenbogaart CH. CD31, a Valuable Marker to Identify Early and Late Stages of T Cell Differentiation in the Human Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2310-2319. [PMID: 28159903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although CD31 expression on human thymocytes has been reported, a detailed analysis of CD31 expression at various stages of T cell development in the human thymus is missing. In this study, we provide a global picture of the evolution of CD31 expression from the CD34+ hematopoietic precursor to the CD45RA+ mature CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells. Using nine-color flow cytometry, we show that CD31 is highly expressed on CD34+ progenitors and stays high until the early double-positive stage (CD3-CD4+CD8α+β-). After β-selection, CD31 expression levels become low to undetectable. CD31 expression then increases and peaks on CD3highCD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes. However, following positive selection, CD31 expression differs dramatically between CD4+ and CD8+ lineages: homogeneously high on CD8 SP but lower or negative on CD4 SP cells, including a subset of CD45RA+CD31- mature CD4+ thymocytes. CD31 expression on TCRγδ thymocytes is very similar to that of CD4 SP cells. Remarkably, there is a substantial subset of semimature (CD45RA-) CD4 SP thymocytes that lack CD31 expression. Moreover, FOXP3+ and ICOS+ cells are overrepresented in this CD31- subpopulation. Despite this CD31-CD45RA- subpopulation, most egress-capable mature CD45RA+ CD4 SP thymocytes express CD31. The variations in CD31 expression appear to coincide with three major selection processes occurring during thymopoiesis: β-selection, positive selection, and negative selection. Considering the ability of CD31 to modulate the TCR's activation threshold via the recruitment of tyrosine phosphatases, our results suggest a significant role for CD31 during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Douaisi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rachel S Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Maho Nagasawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua Craft
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Beth D Jamieson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,University of California Los Angeles Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90024.,University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel H Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,University of California Los Angeles Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90024.,University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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134
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Artalejo JR, Gómez-Corral A, López-García M, Molina-París C. Stochastic descriptors to study the fate and potential of naive T cell clonotypes in the periphery. J Math Biol 2017; 74:673-708. [PMID: 27350044 PMCID: PMC5258823 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-016-1020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The population of naive T cells in the periphery is best described by determining both its T cell receptor diversity, or number of clonotypes, and the sizes of its clonal subsets. In this paper, we make use of a previously introduced mathematical model of naive T cell homeostasis, to study the fate and potential of naive T cell clonotypes in the periphery. This is achieved by the introduction of several new stochastic descriptors for a given naive T cell clonotype, such as its maximum clonal size, the time to reach this maximum, the number of proliferation events required to reach this maximum, the rate of contraction of the clonotype during its way to extinction, as well as the time to a given number of proliferation events. Our results show that two fates can be identified for the dynamics of the clonotype: extinction in the short-term if the clonotype experiences too hostile a peripheral environment, or establishment in the periphery in the long-term. In this second case the probability mass function for the maximum clonal size is bimodal, with one mode near one and the other mode far away from it. Our model also indicates that the fate of a recent thymic emigrant (RTE) during its journey in the periphery has a clear stochastic component, where the probability of extinction cannot be neglected, even in a friendly but competitive environment. On the other hand, a greater deterministic behaviour can be expected in the potential size of the clonotype seeded by the RTE in the long-term, once it escapes extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Artalejo
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Mathematics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Corral
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Mathematics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM, Calle Nicolás Cabrera 13-15, Campus de Cantoblanco UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M López-García
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - C Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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135
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136
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Li L, Xu GK, Song F. Impact of lipid rafts on the T-cell-receptor and peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex interactions under different measurement conditions. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:012403. [PMID: 28208397 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.012403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between T-cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-major-histocompatibility complex (pMHC), which enable T-cell development and initiate adaptive immune responses, have been intensively studied. However, a central issue of how lipid rafts affect the TCR-pMHC interactions remains unclear. Here, by using a statistical-mechanical membrane model, we show that the binding affinity of TCR and pMHC anchored on two apposing cell membranes is significantly enhanced because of the lipid raft-induced signaling protein aggregation. This finding may provide an alternative insight into the mechanism of T-cell activation triggered by very low densities of pMHC. In the case of cell-substrate adhesion, our results indicate that the loss of lateral mobility of the proteins on the solid substrate leads to the inhibitory effect of lipid rafts on TCR-pMHC interactions. Our findings help to understand why different experimental methods for measuring the impact of lipid rafts on the receptor-ligand interactions have led to contradictory conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guang-Kui Xu
- International Center for Applied Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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137
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Golding A, Darko S, Wylie WH, Douek DC, Shevach EM. Deep sequencing of the TCR-β repertoire of human forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) + and FoxP3 - T cells suggests that they are completely distinct and non-overlapping. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:12-21. [PMID: 27880974 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of peripheral tolerance requires a balance between autoreactive conventional T cells (Tconv ) and thymically derived forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (tTregs ). Considerable controversy exists regarding the similarities/differences in T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires expressed by Tconv and tTregs . We generated highly purified populations of human adult and cord blood Tconv and tTregs based on the differential expression of CD25 and CD127. The purity of the sorted populations was validated by intracellular staining for FoxP3 and Helios. We also purified an overlap group of CD4 T cells from adult donors to ensure that considerable numbers of shared clonotypes could be detected when present. We used deep sequencing of entire TCR-β CDR3 sequences to analyse the TCR repertoire of Tconv and tTregs . Our studies suggest that both neonatal and adult human Tconv and tTreg cells are, in fact, entirely distinct CD4 T cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Golding
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W H Wylie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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138
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Abstract
The ability of T cells to respond to a wide array of foreign antigens while avoiding reactivity to self is largely determined by cellular selection of developing T cells in the thymus. While a great deal is known about the cell types and molecules involved in T-cell selection in the thymus, our understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of this process remain relatively poorly understood. Thymocytes are highly motile within the thymus and travel between specialized microenvironments at different phases of their development while interacting with distinct sets of self-peptides and peptide presenting cells. A knowledge of when, where, and how thymocytes encounter self-peptide MHC ligands at different stages of thymic development is key to understanding T-cell selection. In the past several years, our laboratory has investigated this topic using two-photon time-lapse microscopy to directly visualize thymocyte migration and signaling events, together with a living thymic slice preparation to provide a synchronized experimental model of T-cell selection in situ. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the temporal and spatial aspects of T-cell selection, highlighting our own work, and placing them in the context of work from other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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139
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TET proteins regulate the lineage specification and TCR-mediated expansion of iNKT cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:45-53. [PMID: 27869820 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TET proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine in DNA to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and other oxidation products. We found that simultaneous deletion of Tet2 and Tet3 in mouse CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes resulted in dysregulated development and proliferation of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). Tet2-Tet3 double-knockout (DKO) iNKT cells displayed pronounced skewing toward the NKT17 lineage, with increased DNA methylation and impaired expression of genes encoding the key lineage-specifying factors T-bet and ThPOK. Transfer of purified Tet2-Tet3 DKO iNKT cells into immunocompetent recipient mice resulted in an uncontrolled expansion that was dependent on the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to iNKT cells. Our data indicate that TET proteins regulate iNKT cell fate by ensuring their proper development and maturation and by suppressing aberrant proliferation mediated by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR).
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140
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Li KP, Fähnrich A, Roy E, Cuda CM, Grimes HL, Perlman HR, Kalies K, Hildeman DA. Temporal Expression of Bim Limits the Development of Agonist-Selected Thymocytes and Skews Their TCRβ Repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:257-269. [PMID: 27852740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8αα TCRαβ+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes play a critical role in promoting intestinal homeostasis, although mechanisms controlling their development and peripheral homeostasis remain unclear. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal role of Bim in the thymic selection of CD8αα precursors and the fate of these cells in the periphery. We found that T cell-specific expression of Bim during early/cortical, but not late/medullary, thymic development controls the agonist selection of CD8αα precursors and limits their private TCRβ repertoire. During this process, agonist-selected double-positive cells lose CD4/8 coreceptor expression and masquerade as double-negative (DN) TCRαβhi thymocytes. Although these DN thymocytes fail to re-express coreceptors after OP9-DL1 culture, they eventually mature and accumulate in the spleen where TCR and IL-15/STAT5 signaling promotes their conversion to CD8αα cells and their expression of gut-homing receptors. Adoptive transfer of splenic DN cells gives rise to CD8αα cells in the gut, establishing their precursor relationship in vivo. Interestingly, Bim does not restrict the IL-15-driven maturation of CD8αα cells that is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Thus, we found a temporal and tissue-specific role for Bim in limiting thymic agonist selection of CD8αα precursors and their TCRβ repertoire, but not in the maintenance of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Po Li
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45257
| | - Anke Fähnrich
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Eron Roy
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45257
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45257
| | - Harris R Perlman
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathrin Kalies
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45257
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141
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Krueger A, Ziętara N, Łyszkiewicz M. T Cell Development by the Numbers. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:128-139. [PMID: 27842955 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells are continually generated in the thymus in a highly dynamic process comprising discrete steps of lineage commitment, T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement, and selection. These steps are linked to distinct rates of proliferation, survival, and cell death, but a quantitative picture of T cell development is only beginning to emerge. Here we summarize recent technical advances, including genetic fate mapping, barcoding, and molecular timers, that have allowed the implementation of computational models to quantify developmental dynamics in the thymus. Coupling new techniques with mathematical models has recently resulted in the emergence of new paradigms in early hematopoiesis and might similarly open new perspectives on T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Natalia Ziętara
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcin Łyszkiewicz
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80337 Munich, Germany
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142
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Danan-Gotthold M, Guyon C, Giraud M, Levanon EY, Abramson J. Extensive RNA editing and splicing increase immune self-representation diversity in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Genome Biol 2016; 17:219. [PMID: 27776542 PMCID: PMC5078920 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In order to become functionally competent but harmless mediators of the immune system, T cells undergo a strict educational program in the thymus, where they learn to discriminate between self and non-self. This educational program is, to a large extent, mediated by medullary thymic epithelial cells that have a unique capacity to express, and subsequently present, a large fraction of body antigens. While the scope of promiscuously expressed genes by medullary thymic epithelial cells is well-established, relatively little is known about the expression of variants that are generated by co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Results Our study reveals that in comparison to other cell types, medullary thymic epithelial cells display significantly higher levels of alternative splicing, as well as A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing, which thereby further expand the diversity of their self-antigen repertoire. Interestingly, Aire, the key mediator of promiscuous gene expression in these cells, plays a limited role in the regulation of these transcriptional processes. Conclusions Our results highlight RNA processing as another layer by which the immune system assures a comprehensive self-representation in the thymus which is required for the establishment of self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1079-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Danan-Gotthold
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Clotilde Guyon
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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143
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T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:220-33. [PMID: 27026074 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a discrete mode of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling that regulates TReg cell differentiation, maintenance and function and that affects gene expression, metabolism, cell adhesion and migration of these cells. Here, we discuss the emerging understanding of TCR-guided differentiation of TReg cells in the context of their function in health and disease.
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144
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Sood A, Dong M, Melichar HJ. Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27585240 DOI: 10.3791/54355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic selection proceeds in a unique and highly organized thymic microenvironment resulting in the generation of a functional, self-tolerant T cell repertoire. In vitro models to study T lineage commitment and development have provided valuable insights into this process. However, these systems lack the complete three-dimensional thymic milieu necessary for T cell development and, therefore, are incomplete approximations of in vivo thymic selection. Some of the challenges related to modeling T cell development can be overcome by using in situ models that provide an intact thymic microenvironment that fully supports thymic selection of developing T cells. Thymic slice organotypic cultures complement existing in situ techniques. Thymic slices preserve the integrity of the thymic cortical and medullary regions and provide a platform to study development of overlaid thymocytes of a defined developmental stage or of endogenous T cells within a mature thymic microenvironment. Given the ability to generate ~20 slices per mouse, thymic slices present a unique advantage in terms of scalability for high throughput experiments. Further, the relative ease in generating thymic slices and potential to overlay different thymic subsets or other cell populations from diverse genetic backgrounds enhances the versatility of this method. Here we describe a protocol for the preparation of thymic slices, isolation and overlay of thymocytes, and dissociation of thymic slices for flow cytometric analysis. This system can also be adapted to study non-conventional T cell development as well as visualize thymocyte migration, thymocyte-stromal cell interactions, and TCR signals associated with thymic selection by two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sood
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal
| | - Mengqi Dong
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal;
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145
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Gounko NV, Martens E, Opdenakker G, Rybakin V. Thymocyte development in the absence of matrix metalloproteinase-9/gelatinase B. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29852. [PMID: 27432536 PMCID: PMC4949482 DOI: 10.1038/srep29852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play critical roles in a variety of immune reactions by facilitating cell migration, and affect cell communication by processing both cytokines and cell surface receptors. Based on published data indicating that MMP-9 is upregulated upon T cell activation and also in the thymus upon the induction of negative selection, we investigated the contribution of MMP-9 into mouse T cell development and differentiation in the thymus. Our data suggest that MMP-9 deficiency does not result in major abnormalities in the development of any conventionally selected or agonist selected subsets and does not interfere with thymocyte apoptosis and clearance, and that MMP-9 expression is not induced in immature T cells at any stage of their thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Gounko
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Electron Microscopy Platform, Center for the Biology of Disease VIB and Center for Human Genetics KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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146
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Kabat AM, Pott J, Maloy KJ. The Mucosal Immune System and Its Regulation by Autophagy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:240. [PMID: 27446072 PMCID: PMC4916208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents a unique challenge to the mucosal immune system, which has to constantly monitor the vast surface for the presence of pathogens, while at the same time maintaining tolerance to beneficial or innocuous antigens. In the intestinal mucosa, specialized innate and adaptive immune components participate in directing appropriate immune responses toward these diverse challenges. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that the process of autophagy influences several aspects of mucosal immune responses. Initially described as a “self-eating” survival pathway that enables nutrient recycling during starvation, autophagy has now been connected to multiple cellular responses, including several aspects of immunity. Initial links between autophagy and host immunity came from the observations that autophagy can target intracellular bacteria for degradation. However, subsequent studies indicated that autophagy plays a much broader role in immune responses, as it can impact antigen processing, thymic selection, lymphocyte homeostasis, and the regulation of immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mucosal immune cells and discuss how autophagy influences many aspects of their physiology and function. We focus on cell type-specific roles of autophagy in the gut, with a particular emphasis on the effects of autophagy on the intestinal T cell compartment. We also provide a perspective on how manipulation of autophagy may potentially be used to treat mucosal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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147
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In Vitro Analysis of Thymocyte Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1323:169-78. [PMID: 26294408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2809-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
From the moment a developing thymocyte expresses a TCR, it is subjected to numerous interactions with self-peptide/MHC complexes that determine its ultimate fate. These include death by neglect, negative selection (apoptosis and lineage deviation), positive selection, and lineage commitment. The identification of signals that govern these unique cell fates requires the ability to assess the activity, level of expression, subcellular location, and the molecular associations of numerous proteins within the developing T cell. Thus, this chapter describes methods designed to analyze thymocyte signaling under various types of peptide-based stimulation in vitro.
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148
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Zhao Y, Nguyen P, Ma J, Wu T, Jones LL, Pei D, Cheng C, Geiger TL. Preferential Use of Public TCR during Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4905-14. [PMID: 27183575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How the TCR repertoire, in concert with risk-associated MHC, imposes susceptibility for autoimmune diseases is incompletely resolved. Due largely to recombinatorial biases, a small fraction of TCRα or β-chains are shared by most individuals, or public. If public TCR chains modulate a TCRαβ heterodimer's likelihood of productively engaging autoantigen, because they are pervasive and often high frequency, they could also broadly influence disease risk and progression. Prior data, using low-resolution techniques, have identified the heavy use of select public TCR in some autoimmune models. In this study, we assess public repertoire representation in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at high resolution. Saturation sequencing was used to identify >18 × 10(6) TCRβ sequences from the CNSs, periphery, and thymi of mice at different stages of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and healthy controls. Analyses indicated the prominent representation of a highly diverse public TCRβ repertoire in the disease response. Preferential formation of public TCR implicated in autoimmunity was identified in preselection thymocytes, and, consistently, public, disease-associated TCRβ were observed to be commonly oligoclonal. Increased TCR sharing and a focusing of the public TCR response was seen with disease progression. Critically, comparisons of peripheral and CNS repertoires and repertoires from preimmune and diseased mice demonstrated that public TCR were preferentially deployed relative to nonshared, or private, sequences. Our findings implicate public TCR in skewing repertoire response during autoimmunity and suggest that subsets of public TCR sequences may serve as disease-specific biomarkers or influence disease susceptibility or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Zhao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Tianhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
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149
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Blume J, Zur Lage S, Witzlau K, Georgiev H, Weiss S, Łyszkiewicz M, Ziȩtara N, Krueger A. Overexpression of Vα14Jα18 TCR promotes development of iNKT cells in the absence of miR-181a/b-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:741-6. [PMID: 27089939 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Expression of microRNA miR-181a/b-1 is critical for intrathymic development of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. However, the underlying mechanism has remained a matter of debate. On the one hand, growing evidence suggested that miR-181a/b-1 is instrumental in setting T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling threshold and thus permits agonist selection of iNKT cells through high-affinity TCR ligands. On the other hand, alterations in metabolic fitness mediated by miR-181a/b-1-dependent dysregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) have been proposed to cause the iNKT-cell defect in miR-181-a/b-1-deficient mice. To re-assess the hypothesis that modulation of TCR signal strength is the key mechanism by which miR-181a/b-1 controls the development of iNKT cells, we generated miR-181a/b-1-deficient mice expressing elevated levels of a Vα14Jα18 TCRα chain. In these mice, development of iNKT cells was fully restored. Furthermore, both subset distribution of iNKT cells as well as TCR Vβ repertoire were independent of the presence of miR-181a/b-1 once a Vα14Jα18 TCRα chain was overexpressed. Finally, levels of Pten protein were similar in Vα14Jα18 transgenic mice irrespective of their miR-181a/b-1 status. Collectively, our data support a model in which miR-181 promotes development of iNKT cells primarily by generating a permissive state for agonist selection with alterations in metabolic fitness possibly constituting a secondary effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blume
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Zur Lage
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Ziȩtara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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150
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Perry JSA, Hsieh CS. Development of T-cell tolerance utilizes both cell-autonomous and cooperative presentation of self-antigen. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:141-55. [PMID: 27088912 PMCID: PMC4837647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of T-cell self-tolerance in the thymus is important for establishing immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we review the components of T-cell tolerance, which includes T-cell receptor (TCR) self-reactivity, costimulation, cytokines, and antigen presentation by a variety of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) subsets. We discuss the current evidence on the process of regulatory T (Treg) cell and negative selection and the importance of TCR signaling. We then examine recent evidence showing unique roles for bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) on the conventional and Treg TCR repertoire, as well as emerging data on the role of B cells in tolerance. Finally, we review the accumulating data that suggest that cooperative antigen presentation is a prominent component of T -ell tolerance. With the development of tools to interrogate the function of individual APC subsets in the medulla, we have gained greater understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events that determine T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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