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Dolgacheva LP, Turovskaya MV, Dynnik VV, Zinchenko VP, Goncharov NV, Davletov B, Turovsky EA. Angiotensin II activates different calcium signaling pathways in adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 593:38-49. [PMID: 26850364 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important mammalian neurohormone involved in reninangiotensin system. Ang II is produced both constitutively and locally by RAS systems, including white fat adipocytes. The influence of Ang II on adipocytes is complex, affecting different systems of signal transduction from early Са(2+) responses to cell proliferation and differentiation, triglyceride accumulation, expression of adipokine-encoding genes and adipokine secretion. It is known that white fat adipocytes express all RAS components and Ang II receptors (АТ1 and АТ2). The current work was carried out with the primary white adipocytes culture, and Са(2+) signaling pathways activated by Ang II were investigated using fluorescent microscopy. Са(2+)-oscillations and transient responses of differentiated adipocytes to Ang II were registered in cells with both small and multiple lipid inclusions. Using inhibitory analysis and selective antagonists, we now show that Ang II initiates periodic Са(2+)-oscillations and transient responses by activating АТ1 and АТ2 receptors and involving branched signaling cascades: 1) Ang II → Gq → PLC → IP3 → IP3Rs → Ca(2+) 2) Gβγ → PI3Kγ → PKB 3) PKB → eNOS → NO → PKG 4) CD38 → cADPR → RyRs → Ca(2+) In these cascades, AT1 receptors play the leading role. The results of the present work open a perspective of using Ang II for correction of signal resistance of adipocytes often observed during obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila P Dolgacheva
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria V Turovskaya
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Dynnik
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia; Laboratory of System Biochemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valery P Zinchenko
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Goncharov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
| | - Egor A Turovsky
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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102
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Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fernández JR. Bedtime ingestion of hypertension medications reduces the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2016; 59:255-65. [PMID: 26399404 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We investigated whether therapy with the entire daily dose of ≥ 1 hypertension medications at bedtime exerts greater reduction in the risk of new-onset diabetes than therapy with all medications upon awakening. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint trial of 2,012 hypertensive patients without diabetes, 976 men and 1,036 women, 52.7 ± 13.6 years of age. Patients were randomised, using a computer-generated allocation table, to ingest all their prescribed hypertension medications upon awakening or the entire daily dose of ≥ 1 of them at bedtime. Investigators blinded to the hypertension treatment scheme of the patients assessed the development of new-onset diabetes. RESULTS During a 5.9-year median follow-up, 171 participants developed type 2 diabetes. Patients of the bedtime, compared with the morning-treatment group, showed: (1) significantly lower asleep BP mean, greater sleep-time relative BP decline and attenuated prevalence of non-dipping at the final evaluation (32% vs 52%, p < 0.001); and (2) significantly lower HR of new-onset diabetes after adjustment for the significant influential characteristics of fasting glucose, waist circumference, asleep systolic BP mean, dipping classification and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (unadjusted HR 0.41 [95% CI 0.29, 0.58]; adjusted HR 0.43 [0.31, 0.61]; event-rate 4.8% vs 12.1% with bedtime and morning treatment, respectively; p < 0.001). Greater benefit was observed for bedtime compared with awakening treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (HR 0.39 [0.22, 0.69]; p < 0.001), ACE inhibitors (0.31 [0.12, 0.79], p = 0.015) and β-blockers (0.35 [0.14, 0.85], p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In hypertensive patients without diabetes, ingestion of ≥ 1 BP-lowering medications at bedtime, mainly those modulating or blocking the effects of angiotensin II, compared with ingestion of all such medications upon awakening, results in improved ambulatory BP (ABP) control (significant further decrease of asleep BP) and reduced risk of new-onset diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00295542. FUNDING This independent investigator-promoted research was supported by unrestricted grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2006-6254-FEDER; SAF2009-7028-FEDER); Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT03-PXIB-32201PR; INCITE07-PXI-322003ES; INCITE08-E1R-322063ES; INCITE09-E2R-322099ES; 09CSA018322PR); and Vicerrectorado de Investigación, University of Vigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón C Hermida
- Bioengineering and Chronobiology Laboratories, E.I. Telecomunicación, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain.
| | - Diana E Ayala
- Bioengineering and Chronobiology Laboratories, E.I. Telecomunicación, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain
| | - Artemio Mojón
- Bioengineering and Chronobiology Laboratories, E.I. Telecomunicación, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain
| | - José R Fernández
- Bioengineering and Chronobiology Laboratories, E.I. Telecomunicación, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain
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Bouchi R, Ohara N, Asakawa M, Nakano Y, Takeuchi T, Murakami M, Sasahara Y, Numasawa M, Minami I, Izumiyama H, Hashimoto K, Yoshimoto T, Ogawa Y. Is visceral adiposity a modifier for the impact of blood pressure on arterial stiffness and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:10. [PMID: 26790628 PMCID: PMC4721003 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate whether visceral adiposity could modify the impact of blood pressure on arterial stiffness and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods This cross-sectional study examines the interaction of visceral adiposity with increased blood pressure on arterial stiffness and albuminuria. 638 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 64 ± 12 years; 40 % female) were enrolled. Visceral fat area (VFA, cm2) was assessed by a dual-impedance analyzer, whereby patients were divided into those with VFA < 100 (N = 341) and those with VFA ≥ 100 (N = 297). Albuminuria was measured in a single 24-h urine collection (UAE, mg/day) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV, cm/s) was used for the assessment of arterial stiffening. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate the association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and VFA with UAE and baPWV. Results Patients with VFA ≥ 100 were significantly younger, had higher SBP, HbA1c, triglycerides, UAE, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein and lower high-density lipoprotein and shorter duration of diabetes than those with VFA < 100. SBP was significantly and almost equivalently associated with ba-PWV both in VFA < 100 (standardized β 0.224, p = 0.001) and VFA ≥ 100 (standardized β 0.196, p = 0.004) patients in the multivariate regression analysis adjusting for covariates including age, gender, HbA1c, diabetic complications and the use of insulin and anti-hypertensive agents. By contrast, the association of SBP with UAE was stronger in patients with VFA ≥ 100 (standardized β 0.263, p = 0.001) than that in patients with VFA < 100 (standardized β 0.140, p = 0.080) in the multivariate regression model. In the whole cohort, the significant interaction between SBP and VFA on UAE (standardized β 0.172, p = 0.040) but not on ba-PWV (standardized β −0.008, p = 0.916) was observed. Conclusions The effect of increased blood pressure on arterial stiffness is almost similar in type 2 diabetic patients with both low and high visceral adiposity, while its association with albuminuria is stronger in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Bouchi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Norihiko Ohara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Nakano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Takato Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Masanori Murakami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Sasahara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyuki Numasawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Isao Minami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hajime Izumiyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Center for Medical Welfare and Liaison Services, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Department of Preemptive Medicine and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sun J, Luo J, Ruan Y, Xiu L, Fang B, Zhang H, Wang M, Chen H. Free Fatty Acids Activate Renin-Angiotensin System in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes through Nuclear Factor-kappa B Pathway. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1587594. [PMID: 26881238 PMCID: PMC4736205 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1587594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the adipose tissue is closely associated with obesity-related diseases. However, the mechanism of RAS activation in adipose tissue is still unknown. In the current study, we found that palmitic acid (PA), one kind of free fatty acid, induced the activity of RAS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the presence of fetuin A (Fet A), PA upregulated the expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and stimulated the secretion of angiotensin II (ANG II) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the activation of RAS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was blocked when we blocked Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway using TAK242 or NF-κB signaling pathway using BAY117082. Together, our results have identified critical molecular mechanisms linking PA/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to the activity of the local renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Department of Geratology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangchang Xiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bimei Fang
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Nephrology Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Ming Wang: and
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Hong Chen:
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105
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Javkhedkar AA, Banday AA. Antioxidant resveratrol restores renal sodium transport regulation in SHR. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12618. [PMID: 26603454 PMCID: PMC4673646 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) renal angiotensin (Ang) II receptor (AT1R) upregulation leads to overstimulation of Na/K-ATPase by Ang II. There are reports that antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress and blood pressure (BP) in SHR, however the effect of these compounds on AT1R function remains to be determined. Therefore, we hypothesized that polyphenol antioxidant resveratrol would mitigate oxidative stress, normalize renal AT1R signaling, and reduce BP in SHR. SHR and wistar-kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with resveratrol for 8 weeks. Untreated SHR exhibited oxidative stress and enhanced renal proximal tubular Ang II-induced G-protein activation and Na/K-ATPase stimulation. Treatment of SHR with resveratrol mitigated oxidative stress, reduced BP, and normalized renal AT1R signaling. In SHR, nuclear expression of transcription factor NF-κB was increased while expression of Nrf2 was reduced. SHR also exhibited a significant decrease in renal antioxidant capacity and activities of phase II antioxidant enzymes. Resveratrol treatment of SHR abolished renal NF-κB activation, restored Nrf2-phase II antioxidant signaling and Ang II-mediated Na/K-ATPase regulation. These data show that in SHR, oxidative stress via activation of NF-κB upregulates AT1R–G-protein signaling resulting in overstimulation Na/K-ATPase which contributes to hypertension. Resveratrol, via Nrf2, activates phase II antioxidant enzymes, mitigates oxidative stress, normalizes AT1R–G-protein signaling and Na/K-ATPase regulation, and decreases BP in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva A Javkhedkar
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anees A Banday
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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106
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Mellendijk L, Wiesmann M, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of Nutrition on Cerebral Circulation and Cognition in the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2015; 7:9416-39. [PMID: 26580647 PMCID: PMC4663605 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), defined as the clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, appears to be driving the global epidemics cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nutrition has a major impact on MetS and plays an important role in the prevention, development, and treatment of its features. Structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, associated with MetS, might form the link between MetS and the increased risk of developing CVD and T2DM. Not only does the peripheral vasculature seem to be affected, but the syndrome has a profound impact on the cerebral circulation and thence brain structure as well. Furthermore, strong associations are shown with stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. In this review the impact of nutrition on the individual components of MetS, the effects of MetS on peripheral and cerebral vasculature, and its consequences for brain structure and function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mellendijk
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Anatomy & Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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107
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Weiss JW, Tamisier R, Liu Y. Sympathoexcitation and arterial hypertension associated with obstructive sleep apnea and cyclic intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1449-54. [PMID: 26251511 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00315.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. These obstructive episodes are characterized by cyclic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), by sleep fragmentation, and by hemodynamic instability, and they result in sustained sympathoexcitation and elevated arterial pressure that persist during waking, after restoration of normoxia. Early studies established that 1) CIH, rather than sleep disruption, accounts for the increase in arterial pressure; 2) the increase in arterial pressure is a consequence of the sympathoactivation; and 3) arterial hypertension after CIH exposure requires an intact peripheral chemoreflex. More recently, however, evidence has accumulated that sympathoactivation and hypertension after CIH are also dependent on altered central sympathoregulation. Furthermore, although many molecular pathways are activated in both the carotid chemoreceptor and in the central nervous system by CIH exposure, two specific neuromodulators-endothelin-1 and angiotensin II-appear to play crucial roles in mediating the sympathetic and hemodynamic response to intermittent hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woodrow Weiss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Renaud Tamisier
- Sleep Laboratory and EFCR, Pôle Rééducation et Physiologie, University Hospital, HP2 Laboratory (Hypoxia: Pathophysiology) INSERM ERI 17, EA 3745 Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; and
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- First Afflicted Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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108
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Perrone-Filardi P, Paolillo S, Costanzo P, Savarese G, Trimarco B, Bonow RO. The role of metabolic syndrome in heart failure. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:2630-4. [PMID: 26242711 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a highly prevalent condition in patients affected by heart failure (HF); however, it is still unclear whether, in the setting of cardiac dysfunction, it represents an adverse risk factor for the occurrence of cardiac events. The epidemiologic implications of MS in HF have been studied intensely, as many of its components contribute to the incidence and severity of HF. In particular, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormalities represent the main components that negatively influence disease progression and evolution. Yet, other components of the MS, i.e. overweight/obesity and high blood pressure, are favourably associated with outcome in HF patients. The aim of this review was to report epidemiology and prognostic role of MS in HF and to investigate current clinical implications and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Perrone-Filardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolillo
- SDN Foundation, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Robert O Bonow
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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Dhamrait SS, Maubaret C, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Brull DJ, Gohlke P, Payne JR, World M, Thorsteinsson B, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins regulate angiotensin-converting enzyme expression: crosstalk between cellular and endocrine metabolic regulators suggested by RNA interference and genetic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:70-81. [PMID: 27347560 PMCID: PMC4915277 DOI: 10.1002/icl3.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) regulate mitochondrial function, and thus cellular metabolism. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) is the central component of endocrine and local tissue renin–angiotensin systems (RAS), which also regulate diverse aspects of whole‐body metabolism and mitochondrial function (partly through altering mitochondrial UCP expression). We show that ACE expression also appears to be regulated by mitochondrial UCPs. In genetic analysis of two unrelated populations (healthy young UK men and Scandinavian diabetic patients) serum ACE (sACE) activity was significantly higher amongst UCP3‐55C (rather than T) and UCP2 I (rather than D) allele carriers. RNA interference against UCP2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells reduced UCP2 mRNA sixfold (P < 0·01) whilst increasing ACE expression within a physiological range (<1·8‐fold at 48 h; P < 0·01). Our findings suggest novel hypotheses. Firstly, cellular feedback regulation may occur between UCPs and ACE. Secondly, cellular UCP regulation of sACE suggests a novel means of crosstalk between (and mutual regulation of) cellular and endocrine metabolism. This might partly explain the reduced risk of developing diabetes and metabolic syndrome with RAS antagonists and offer insight into the origins of cardiovascular disease in which UCPs and ACE both play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir S Dhamrait
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories University College London London UK; Department of Cardiology Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust West Sussex UK
| | | | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology Hillerød Hospital Hillerød Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - David J Brull
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories University College London London UK; Department of Cardiology The Whittington Hospital NHS Trust London UK
| | - Peter Gohlke
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - John R Payne
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories University College London London UK; Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service Golden Jubilee National Hospital Clydebank UK
| | - Michael World
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham UK
| | - Birger Thorsteinsson
- Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology Hillerød Hospital Hillerød Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories University College London London UK
| | - Hugh E Montgomery
- UCL and National Centre for Sport, Exercise & Health University College London London UK; UCL Institute for Human Health and Performance University College London London UK
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111
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Nag S, Khan MA, Samuel P, Ali Q, Hussain T. Chronic angiotensin AT2R activation prevents high-fat diet-induced adiposity and obesity in female mice independent of estrogen. Metabolism 2015; 64:814-25. [PMID: 25869303 PMCID: PMC4437825 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a known risk factor for various metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Recently we demonstrated that female angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) knockout mice on high-fat diet (HFD) had higher body weight and adiposity with a parallel reduction in estrogen (17,β-estradiol/E2). The present study investigated whether the anti-adiposity effects of the AT2R are estrogen-dependent in female mice. METHODS Female C57BL/6 ovary-intact (Ovi) mice were treated with an AT2R agonist (C21, 0.3 mg/kg, daily i.p.). Ovariectomized (Ovx) mice, supplemented with E2 (5 μg/day, pellets implanted subcutaneously), were treated with an AT2R agonist (C21, 0.3 mg/kg, daily i.p.) or vehicle. After 4-days of pre-treatment with C21, Ovi and Ovx mice were placed on either normal diet (ND) or HFD while the C21 treatment continued for the next 10 days. For a long-term study, Ovi mice were placed on HFD and treated with C21 for 12 weeks. RESULTS Ovi mice fed the HFD had increased parametrial white adipose tissue (pWAT) weight, plasma free fatty acid and triglycerides compared to Ovi mice on ND. Ovariectomy alone caused similar changes in these parameters which were further increased by HFD-feeding. C21 treatment attenuated these HFD-induced changes in Ovi as well as Ovx mice. HFD also, increased the liver/body-weight ratio and decreased the liver expression of the β-oxidation enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1-A). C21 treatment attenuated these changes as well. The long-term C21 treatment of Ovi mice lowered the HFD-induced body weight gain, increase in pWAT weight, parametrial adipocyte size and hyperinsulinemia induced by HFD. Finally, HFD drastically reduced urinary estrogen and the beneficial metabolic changes in response to C21-treatment occurred without significantly increasing urinary estrogen. CONCLUSION We suggest that the pharmacological activation of AT2R by the agonist C21 reduces adiposity and body weight gain independent of estrogen in female mice. Improvement in fatty acid metabolism is a potential mechanism by which the AT2R exerts anti-adiposity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourashish Nag
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Mohammad Azhar Khan
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Preethi Samuel
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Quaisar Ali
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204.
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112
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Palominos MM, Dünner NH, Wabitsch M, Rojas CV. Angiotensin II directly impairs adipogenic differentiation of human preadipose cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:115-22. [PMID: 26112903 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II reduces adipogenic differentiation of preadipose cells present in the stroma-vascular fraction of human adipose tissue, which also includes several cell types. Because of the ability of non-adipose lineage cells in the stroma-vascular fraction to respond to angiotensin II, it is not possible to unequivocally ascribe the anti-adipogenic response to a direct effect of this hormone on preadipose cells. Therefore, we used the human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) preadipocyte cell strain to investigate the consequences of angiotensin II treatment on adipogenic differentiation under serum-free conditions, by assessing expression of typical adipocyte markers perilipin and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), at the transcript and protein level. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that perilipin and FABP4 transcripts were, respectively, reduced to 0.33 ± 0.07 (P < 0.05) and 0.41 ± 0.19-fold (P < 0.05) in SGBS cells induced to adipogenic differentiation in the presence of angiotensin II. Western Blot analysis corroborated reduction of the corresponding proteins to 0.23 ± 0.21 (P < 0.01) and 0.46 ± 0.30-fold (P < 0.01) the respective controls without angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also impaired morphological changes associated with early adipogenesis. Hence, we demonstrated that angiotensin II is able to directly reduce adipogenic differentiation of SGBS preadipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol M Palominos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Clasificador 7 Correo 7, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia H Dünner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Clasificador 7 Correo 7, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cecilia V Rojas
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Clasificador 7 Correo 7, Santiago, Chile. .,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad de Chile, Casilla, 138-11, Santiago, Chile.
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113
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Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circ Res 2015; 116:991-1006. [PMID: 25767285 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excess weight gain, especially when associated with increased visceral adiposity, is a major cause of hypertension, accounting for 65% to 75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension. Increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption impairs pressure natriuresis and plays an important role in initiating obesity hypertension. The mediators of abnormal kidney function and increased blood pressure during development of obesity hypertension include (1) physical compression of the kidneys by fat in and around the kidneys, (2) activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and (3) increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is likely due, in part, to renal compression, as well as sympathetic nervous system activation. However, obesity also causes mineralocorticoid receptor activation independent of aldosterone or angiotensin II. The mechanisms for sympathetic nervous system activation in obesity have not been fully elucidated but may require leptin and activation of the brain melanocortin system. With prolonged obesity and development of target organ injury, especially renal injury, obesity-associated hypertension becomes more difficult to control, often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and treatment of other risk factors, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and inflammation. Unless effective antiobesity drugs are developed, the effect of obesity on hypertension and related cardiovascular, renal and metabolic disorders is likely to become even more important in the future as the prevalence of obesity continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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Zhou MS, Liu C, Tian R, Nishiyama A, Raij L. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance in salt-sensitive hypertension: role of angiotensin II activation of NFκB. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 25928697 PMCID: PMC4422462 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and to insulin is mechanistically linked to up-regulation of angiotensin (Ang) II actions and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor (NF)κB. Here we investigated whether Ang II activation of NFκB contributed to insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle of this animal model. Methods DS rats were fed either a normal (NS, 0.5% NaCl) or high (HS, 4% NaCl) salt diet for 6 weeks. In addition, 3 separate groups of HS rats were given angiotensin receptor 1 blocker candesartan (ARB, 10 mg/kg/day in drinking water), antioxidant tempol (1 mmol/L in drinking water) or NFκB inhibitor PDTC (150 mg/kg in drinking water). Results DS rats manifested an increase in soleus muscle Ang II content, ROS production and phosopho-IκBα/IκBα ratio, ARB or tempol reduced ROS and phospho-IκBα/IκBα ratio. Hypertensive DS rats also manifested a reduction in glucose infusion rate, impaired insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and Glut-4 translocation in the soleus muscle, which were prevented with treatment of either ARB, tempol, or PDTC. Data from the rat diabetes signaling pathway PCR array showed that 8 genes among 84 target genes were altered in the muscle of hypertensive rats with the increase in gene expression of ACE1 and 5 proinflammatory genes, and decrease of 2 glucose metabolic genes. Incubation of the muscle with NFκB SN50 (a specific peptide inhibitor of NFκB) ex vivo reversed changes in hypertension-induced gene expression. Conclusion The current findings strongly suggest that the activation of NFκB inflammatory pathway by Ang II play a critical role in skeletal muscle insulin resistance in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China. .,Hypertension/Nephrology Section, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Runxia Tian
- Hypertension/Nephrology Section, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Leopoldo Raij
- Hypertension/Nephrology Section, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. .,Hypertension/Nephrology section, Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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115
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Aygen B, Kucuksu M, Aydin S, Ozercan IH. Effect of enalapril maleate on ghrelin levels in metabolic syndrome in rats. Peptides 2015; 67:39-44. [PMID: 25784288 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have explored how enalapril affects ghrelin levels in serum and renal tissues of rats with fructose-induced MetS, using 5-week-old Wistar albino male rats weighing 220 ± 20 g. They divided into 5 groups: (i) control (CT), no fructose supplement fed on standard rat pellet and tap water for 60 days, (ii) metabolic syndrome (MetS) fed with 10% fructose for 60 days, (iii) rats after metabolic syndrome developed treated with enalapril over 30 days (MetS+E30), (iv) rats in which only enalapril was administered for 60 days (E60), and (v) MetS-treated with enalapril for 60 days (MetS+E60). Enalapril maleate was given at 20mg/kg per day by gavage. Fasting serum insulin, uric acid, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher, and the amount of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and acylated and desacyl ghrelin levels was significantly lower in the MetS groups. Ghrelins were significantly lower in all 3 groups, which were administered enalapril than that of MetS and the control group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the density of ghrelin was parallel to the serum levels of the peptide. Ghrelin immunoreactivity in the kidneys was of moderate density in the distal and collecting tubules, mild density in the proximal tubule and glomeruli, whereas the density decreased in the MetS group and other enalapril-treated groups. In conclusion, ghrelin levels in MetS groups were significantly lower than control group, and thus Enalapril treatment improves components of MetS and has direct effects on serum ghrelin levels that are independent of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Aygen
- Department of Nephrology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kucuksu
- Department of Nephrology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
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Des-aspartate angiotensin I (DAA-I) reduces endothelial dysfunction in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat through inhibition of angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:151-8. [PMID: 25869508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Des-aspartate angiotensin I (DAA-I), an endogenous nonapeptide, counteracts several effects of angiotensin II on vascular tone. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute protective effect of DAA-I on endothelial function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as well as its effect on angiotensin II-induced contractions and oxidative stress. Aortic rings were incubated with DAA-I (0.1μM) for 30min prior to the assessment of angiotensin II-induced contractions (0.1nM-10μM) in WKY and SHR aortas. Total nitrate and nitrite levels were assessed using a colorimetric method and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. The effect of DAA-I was also assessed against endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. Angiotensin II-induced contractions were significantly reduced by DAA-I, losartan and tempol. Incubation with ODQ (soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) and removal of the endothelium prevented the reduction of angiotensin II-induced contractions by DAA-I. Total nitrate and nitrite levels were increased in DAA-I, losartan and tempol treated-SHR tissues while ROS level was reduced by DAA-I and the latter inhibitors. In addition, DAA-I significantly improved the impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation in SHR aortas whilst sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxation remained unaffected. The present findings indicate that improvement of endothelial function by DAA-I in the SHR aorta is mediated through endothelium-dependent release of nitric oxide and inhibition of angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress.
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Favre GA, Esnault VLM, Van Obberghen E. Modulation of glucose metabolism by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E435-49. [PMID: 25564475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00391.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an enzymatic cascade functioning in a paracrine and autocrine fashion. In animals and humans, RAAS intrinsic to tissues modulates food intake, metabolic rate, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. A large array of observations shows that dysregulation of RAAS in the metabolic syndrome favors type 2 diabetes. Remarkably, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, suppressing the synthesis of angiotensin II (ANG II), and angiotensin receptor blockers, targeting the ANG II type 1 receptor, prevent diabetes in patients with hypertensive or ischemic cardiopathy. These drugs interrupt the negative feedback loop of ANG II on the RAAS cascade, which results in increased production of angiotensins. In addition, they change the tissue expression of RAAS components. Therefore, the concept of a dual axis of RAAS regarding glucose homeostasis has emerged. The RAAS deleterious axis increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and raises oxidative stress, exacerbating the insulin resistance and decreasing insulin secretion. The beneficial axis promotes adipogenesis, blocks the production of inflammatory cytokines, and lowers oxidative stress, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and secretion. Currently, drugs targeting RAAS are not given for the purpose of preventing diabetes in humans. However, we anticipate that in the near future the discovery of novel means to modulate the RAAS beneficial axis will result in a decisive therapeutic breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume A Favre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France; and
| | - Vincent L M Esnault
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France; and
| | - Emmanuel Van Obberghen
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital, Nice, France
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Chakrabarti S, Wu J. Milk-derived tripeptides IPP (Ile-Pro-Pro) and VPP (Val-Pro-Pro) promote adipocyte differentiation and inhibit inflammation in 3T3-F442A cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117492. [PMID: 25714093 PMCID: PMC4340623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk derived tripeptides IPP (Ile-Pro-Pro) and VPP (Val-Pro-Pro) have shown promise as anti-hypertensive agents due to their inhibitory effects on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Due to the key inter-related roles of hypertension, chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, there is growing interest in investigating established anti-hypertensive agents for their effects on insulin sensitivity and inflammation. In this study, we examined the effects of IPP and VPP on 3T3-F442A murine pre-adipocytes, a widely used model for studying metabolic diseases. We found that both IPP and VPP induced beneficial adipogenic differentiation as manifested by intracellular lipid accumulation, upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and secretion of the protective lipid hormone adiponectin by these cells. The observed effects were similar to those induced by insulin, suggesting potential benefits in the presence of insulin resistance. IPP and VPP also inhibited cytokine induced pro-inflammatory changes such as reduction in adipokine levels and activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that IPP and VPP exert insulin-mimetic adipogenic effects and prevent inflammatory changes in adipocytes, which may offer protection against metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Chakrabarti
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science (AFNS) and the Cardiovascular Research Centre (CVRC), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science (AFNS) and the Cardiovascular Research Centre (CVRC), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Hayashi M, Takeshita K, Uchida Y, Yamamoto K, Kikuchi R, Nakayama T, Nomura E, Cheng XW, Matsushita T, Nakamura S, Murohara T. Angiotensin II receptor blocker ameliorates stress-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116163. [PMID: 25551221 PMCID: PMC4281136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong causal link exists between psychological stress and insulin resistance as well with hypertension. Meanwhile, stress-related responses play critical roles in glucose metabolism in hypertensive patients. As clinical trials suggest that angiotensin-receptor blocker delays the onset of diabetes in hypertensive patients, we investigated the effects of irbesartan on stress-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 2-week intermittent restraint stress and orally treated with vehicle, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day irbesartan. The plasma concentrations of lipid and proinflammatory cytokines [Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6] were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Monocyte/macrophage accumulation in inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) was observed with CD11b-positive cell counts and mRNA expressions of CD68 and F4/80 using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR methods respectively. The mRNA levels of angiotensinogen, proinflammatory cytokines shown above, and adiponectin in WAT were also assessed with RT-PCR method. Glucose metabolism was assessed by glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and insulin tolerance tests, and mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in WAT. Restraint stress increased monocyte accumulation, plasma free fatty acids, expression of angiotensinogen and proinflammatory cytokines including MCP-1, and reduced adiponectin. Irbesartan reduced stress-induced monocyte accumulation in WAT in a dose dependent manner. Irbesartan treatment also suppressed induction of adipose angiotensinogen and proinflammatory cytokines in WAT and blood, and reversed changes in adiponectin expression. Notably, irbesartan suppressed stress-induced reduction in adipose tissue weight and free fatty acid release, and improved insulin tolerance with restoration of IRS-1 and GLUT4 mRNA expressions in WAT. The results indicate that irbesartan improves stress-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Our results suggests that irbesartan treatment exerts additive benefits for glucose metabolism in hypertensive patients with mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Hayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasuhiro Uchida
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakayama
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Emiko Nomura
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsushita
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Favre GA, Lebrun P, Lopez P, Butori C, Hofman P, Esnault VL, Van Obberghen E. Constitutive activation of the renin-angiotensin system reduces visceral fat and improves glucose tolerance in mice. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:396-409. [PMID: 25371094 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314537695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and particularly angiotensin II, is involved in the control of energy balance, glucose homeostasis and kidney functions. The integrated impact of the RAS on glucose homeostasis is still a matter of debate. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a model of constitutive RAS activation in double transgenic mice (dTGM) carrying both human angiotensinogen and human renin genes. We evaluated energy balance, measured renal functions, performed glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and used ramipril to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme. RESULTS dTGM had a lower physical activity and an increased food intake without change in body weight. Renal impairment was characterized by low-grade albuminuria. High urinary output secondary to polydipsia was associated with proximal tubule dysfunction. Compared to controls, dTGM had a lower hyperglycemia induced by an intraperitoneal glucose administration. This decrease was not due to changes in insulin sensitivity and/or secretion. dTGM had an increased creatinine production and a lower epididymal fat mass. Acute inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme with ramipril did not suppress this improved glucose tolerance profile. CONCLUSION Chronic RAS activation is not sufficient to cause insulin resistance in mice. Moreover, adaptation to constitutive RAS activation in mice results in a better glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume A Favre
- INSERM, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" team, France Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Patricia Lebrun
- INSERM, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" team, France University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Lopez
- INSERM, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" team, France University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Catherine Butori
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France Clinical and Experimental Pathology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Vincent Lm Esnault
- INSERM, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" team, France Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Van Obberghen
- INSERM, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" team, France University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital, Nice, France
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Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide results in local RAS activation in the adipose tissue of rat offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111376. [PMID: 25360670 PMCID: PMC4216013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult metabolic syndrome may originate in part during fetal or early life. This study was designed to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on adipose development and local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation in rat offspring. METHODS Pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 in each), including an NS group (pregnant rats were only treated with 0.5 ml normal saline from the 8th to the 14th day of gestation); an LPS group (pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.79 mg/kg LPS on the 8th, 10th and 12th days of pregnancy); and an LPS+pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group (identical to the LPS group except that 100 mg/kg PDTC was administered from the 8th to the 14th day of gestation). RESULTS Prenatal exposure to LPS resulted in increased blood pressure, adipose coefficient and body weight in rat offspring. Specifically, during the infancy of the offspring rats, the LPS stimulus promoted the differentiation of adipose cells, diminishing their diameters and proportions while simultaneously increasing cell number. In contrast, once the rats were grown, adipose cell differentiation was inhibited, and the diameters and proportions of the cells were increased. Moreover, each component of the RAS was changed and was shown to be activated. PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB, could reverse the influence of the stimulus during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to LPS in rats results in increased blood pressure, adipose coefficient, body weight and activation of adipose RAS in offspring.
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Mulè G, Calcaterra I, Nardi E, Cerasola G, Cottone S. Metabolic syndrome in hypertensive patients: An unholy alliance. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:890-907. [PMID: 25276291 PMCID: PMC4176799 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i9.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, it has been recognized that hypertension tends to cluster with various anthropometric and metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia. This constellation of various conditions has been transformed from a pathophysiological concept to a clinical entity, which has been defined metabolic syndrome (MetS). The consequences of the MetS have been difficult to assess without commonly accepted criteria to diagnose it. For this reason, on 2009 the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association and other scientific organizations proposed a unified MetS definition. The incidence of the MetS has been increasing worldwide in parallel with an increase in overweight and obesity. The epidemic proportion reached by the MetS represents a major public health challenge, because several lines of evidence showed that the MetS, even without type 2 diabetes, confers an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in different populations including also hypertensive patients. It is likely that the enhanced cardiovascular risk associated with MetS in patients with high blood pressure may be largely mediated through an increased prevalence of preclinical cardiovascular and renal changes, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, early carotid atherosclerosis, impaired aortic elasticity, hypertensive retinopathy and microalbuminuria. Indeed, many reports support this notion, showing that hypertensive patients with MetS exhibit, more often than those without it, these early signs of end organ damage, most of which are recognized as significant independent predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Santos SHS, Andrade JMO. Angiotensin 1-7: a peptide for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome. Peptides 2014; 59:34-41. [PMID: 25017239 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) is one of the most important active peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with recognized cardiovascular relevance; however several studies have shown the potential therapeutic role of Ang-(1-7) on treating and preventing metabolic disorders as well. This peptide achieves a special importance considering that in the last few decades obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) have become a growing worldwide health problem. Angiotensin (Ang) II is the most studied component of RAS and is increased during obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia (MS); some experimental evidence has shown that Ang II modulates appetite and metabolism as well as mechanisms that induce adipose tissue growth and metabolism in peripheral organs. Recent articles demonstrated that Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis modulates lipid and glucose metabolism and counterregulates the effects of Ang II. Based on these data, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway activation have been advocated as a new tool for treating metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the new evidence from animal and human experiments indicating the use of Ang-(1-7) in prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Pharmacology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - João Marcus Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Malinauskas M, Stankevičius E, Casselbrant A. Angiotensin IV induced contractions in human jejunal wall musculature in vitro. Peptides 2014; 59:63-9. [PMID: 25038512 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) has been reported to mediate contractile actions in rats and human jejunal wall musculature. However, except for one report showing the angiotensin IV (AngIV) contractile effects on the internal anal sphincter of rats, no data is available describing the action of AngIV on smooth muscle in human small intestine. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of the enzymes responsible to AngIV formation, as well as the receptor, and to elucidate the contractile function of AngIV in the muscular layer of human jejunum in vitro. Jejunal smooth muscle was taken from 23 patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and was used to record isometric tension in vitro in response to AngIV alone and in the presence of losartan or PD123319. ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the expression and localization of key components for AngIV formation: the enzymes aminopeptidases-A, B, M, and the AngIV receptor insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). AngIV elicited concentration-dependent contraction in both longitudinal and circular smooth-muscle preparation. Presence of losartan abolished AngIV-induced contraction, but not PD123319. The main peptide AngII, as well as the enzymes aminopeptidases-A, B and M was detected in all muscle samples. Immunohistochemistry localized the enzymes and IRAP in the myenteric plexus between longitudinal and circular muscle layers. The present study indicates that all enzymes necessary for AngIV formation exist in human jejunal smooth muscle and that the contractile action elicited by AngIV is primarily mediated through the AngII type 1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malinauskas
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - E Stankevičius
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A Casselbrant
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ji L, Zhi X, Lu J, Guo X, Yang W, Jia W, Zou D, Zhou Z, Ji Q, Zhu D, Shi L, Weng J. Hyperglycemia and blood pressure treatment goal: a cross sectional survey of 18350 patients with type 2 diabetes in 77 tertiary hospitals in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103507. [PMID: 25121493 PMCID: PMC4133202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of hyperglycemia with blood pressure control goal in the patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) cared by tertiary hospitals in China. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A cross sectional survey of 29442 patients was conducted in 77 tertiary hospitals in 4 major cities in China in 2011 and 18350 of them without known hypertension were used in the analysis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis stratified on cities and hospitals was performed to obtain odds ratio of factors of interest for achievement of the blood pressure treatment goal, i.e., 140/80 mmHg as recommended by American Diabetes Association (ADA). Sensitivity analysis was performed after re-inclusion of 11902 patients with diagnosed hypertension. Findings from were further replicated in patients with T2D recruited using the same protocol from tertiary hospitals located in other central cities in China. RESULTS The mean age was 58.2 (SD: 11.3) years and 53.3% were male, with a median of 4 years of disease duration. A total of 12129 patients (58.2%) did not achieve the ADA recommended goal for BP control. After adjusting for covariables, hyperglycemia was associated with failure to achieve the BP goal (OR of HbA1c at 6.5%-6.9% vs. <6.0%: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.39; OR of 7.0%-7.0% vs. <6.0%: 1.37, 1.21 to 1.54 and OR of ≥ 8.0% vs. <6.0%: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.38). The sensitivity analysis and the replication analysis showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.5% increased the risk of failure to achieve the BP goal in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juming Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sino-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajin Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuhe Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to 4th Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiansu, China
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Amaro CAB, González-Cortazar M, Herrera-Ruiz M, Román-Ramos R, Aguilar-Santamaría L, Tortoriello J, Jiménez-Ferrer E. Hypoglycemic and hypotensive activity of a root extract of Smilax aristolochiifolia, standardized on N-trans-feruloyl-tyramine. Molecules 2014; 19:11366-84. [PMID: 25090124 PMCID: PMC6271314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a condition consisting of various metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for developing kidney failure, cardiovascular, vascular and cerebrovascular diseases, among others. The prevalence of this syndrome shows a marked increase. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological effect of Smilax aristolochiifolia root on some components of MS and obtain some of the active principle using chromatographic techniques. The compound isolated was N-trans-feruloyl tyramine NTF (1), and its structure was determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. The whole extract and the standardized fractions were able to control the weight gain around 30%; the fraction rich in NTF was able to decrease the hypertriglyceridemia by 60%. The insulin resistance decreased by approximately 40%; the same happened with blood pressure, since the values of systolic and diastolic pressure fell on average 31% and 37% respectively, to levels comparable to normal value. The treatment also had an immunomodulatory effect on the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity, since it significantly decreased the relative production of pro-inflammatory cytokines regarding anti-inflammatory cytokines, both kidney and adipose tissue. Therefore it can be concluded that the extract and fractions of Smilax aristolochiifolia root with NTF are useful to counteract some symptoms of MS in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Arely Botello Amaro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rubén Román-Ramos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina C.P. 09340, Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Lucia Aguilar-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Wu C, Li J, Bo L, Gao Q, Zhu Z, Li D, Li S, Sun M, Mao C, Xu Z. High-sucrose diets in pregnancy alter angiotensin II-mediated pressor response and microvessel tone via the PKC/Cav1.2 pathway in rat offspring. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:818-23. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian influenza A H5N1 infections. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3594. [PMID: 24800825 PMCID: PMC7091848 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks has increased in recent years. Thus, it is paramount to develop novel strategies to alleviate death rates. Here we show that avian influenza A H5N1-infected patients exhibit markedly increased serum levels of angiotensin II. High serum levels of angiotensin II appear to be linked to the severity and lethality of infection, at least in some patients. In experimental mouse models, infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus results in downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the lung and increased serum angiotensin II levels. Genetic inactivation of ACE2 causes severe lung injury in H5N1-challenged mice, confirming a role of ACE2 in H5N1-induced lung pathologies. Administration of recombinant human ACE2 ameliorates avian influenza H5N1 virus-induced lung injury in mice. Our data link H5N1 virus-induced acute lung failure to ACE2 and provide a potential treatment strategy to address future flu pandemics.
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Guimaraes PS, Oliveira MF, Braga JF, Nadu AP, Schreihofer A, Santos RA, Campagnole-Santos MJ. Increasing Angiotensin-(1–7) Levels in the Brain Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome–Related Risks in Fructose-Fed Rats. Hypertension 2014; 63:1078-85. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in fructose-fed (FF) rats. After 6 weeks of fructose intake (10% in drinking water), Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang-(1–7) (200 ng/h; FF+A7 group) or 0.9% sterile saline (FF group) for 4 weeks with continued access to fructose. Compared with control rats, FF rats had increased mean arterial pressure and cardiac sympathetic tone with impaired baroreflex sensitivity. FF rats also presented increased circulating triglycerides, leptin, insulin, and glucose with impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, relative weights of liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue were increased in FF rats. Glycogen content was reduced in liver, but increased in muscle. In contrast, fructose-fed rats subjected to chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang-(1–7) presented reduced cardiac sympathetic tone with normalized mean arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose and insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Relative weight of liver, and hepatic and muscle glycogen contents were also normalized in FF+A7 rats. In addition, FF+A7 rats had reduced mRNA expression for neuronal nitric oxide synthase and NR1 subunit of
N
-methyl-
d
-aspartate receptor in hypothalamus and dorsomedial medulla. Ang-(1–7) infusion did not alter fructose-induced hyperleptinemia and increased relative weight of retroperitoneal adipose tissue. There were no differences in body weights, neither in liver mRNA expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase or glucose-6-phosphatase among the groups. These data indicate that chronic increase in Ang-(1–7) levels in the brain may have a beneficial role in fructose-fed rats by ameliorating cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S. Guimaraes
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
| | - Mariana F. Oliveira
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
| | - Janaína F. Braga
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
| | - Ana Paula Nadu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
| | - Ann Schreihofer
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
| | - Robson A.S. Santos
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology-Nanobiofar, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (P.S.G., M.F.O., J.F.B., A.P.N., R.A.S.S., M.J.C.-S.); and Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX (A.S.)
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Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Liu FF, Zhang K, Zhang C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24776703 PMCID: PMC7097196 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and its product angiotensin 1–7 are thought to have effects that counteract the adverse actions of other, better-known renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components Numerous experimental studies have suggested that ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 have notable protective effects in the heart and blood vessels ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the functional importance and signalling mechanisms of angiotensin-1–7-induced actions remain unclear New pharmacological interventions targeting ACE2 are expected to be useful in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially those associated with overactivation of the conventional RAS More studies, especially randomized controlled clinical trials, are needed to clearly delineate the benefits of therapies targeting angiotensin 1–7 actions
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of the better-known members of the renin–angiotensin system and might, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professor Jiang and colleagues review the evidence for the potential roles of these proteins in various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has pivotal roles in the regulation of normal physiology and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other, better known and understood, members of the RAS. The physiological and pathological importance of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 in the cardiovascular system are not completely understood, but numerous experimental studies have indicated that these components have protective effects in the heart and blood vessels. Here, we provide an overview on the basic properties of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 and a summary of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies of various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes mellitus. ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the relevant functions and signalling mechanisms of actions induced by angiotensin 1–7 have not been conclusively determined. The ACE2–angiotensin 1–7 pathway, however, might provide a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Nishihara M, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa K. Combining irbesartan and trichlormethiazide enhances blood pressure reduction via inhibition of sympathetic activity without adverse effects on metabolism in hypertensive rats with metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:33-8. [PMID: 24678944 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.897719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sympathoexcitation and oxidative stress in the brain have pivotal roles in hypertension with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, we examined whether oral administration of irbesartan (IRB) and trichlormethiazide (TCM) decreases blood pressure (BP) via inhibiting sympathetic activity through anti-oxidant effects in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-cp). IRB/TCM treatment decreased BP more profoundly than IRB monotherapy. Urinary norepinephrine excretion and oxidative stress in the brain were decreased in both IRB and IRB/TCM groups without any adverse effect on the metabolic profile. These findings suggest that IRB/TCM profoundly decreases BP in SHR-cp by inhibiting sympathetic activity via anti-oxidant effects in the brain.
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Grübler MR, Kienreich K, Gaksch M, Verheyen N, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Schmid J, Grogorenz J, Ablasser K, Pieske B, Tomaschitz A, Pilz S. Aldosterone to active renin ratio is associated with nocturnal blood pressure in obese and treated hypertensive patients: the Styrian Hypertension Study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:289-94. [PMID: 24666971 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High aldosterone levels are considered to play a key role in arterial hypertension. Data on the relationship between the aldosterone to active renin ratio (AARR), a quantity of aldosterone excess, and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring (ABPM) during the night are, however, sparse. Hypertensive patients were recruited from local outpatient clinics who underwent 24-hour urine collection and in parallel ABPM. Plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. A total of 211 patients (age, 60.2±10.2 years; 51.9% female) with a mean systolic/diastolic ABPM value of 128.7±12.8/77.1±9.2 mm Hg were evaluated. In backwards linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin A1c , N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, urinary sodium/potassium ratio, and ongoing antihypertensive medication, AARR was significantly associated with nocturnal systolic (ß-coefficient: 0.177; P=.017) and diastolic BP (ß-coefficient: 0.162; P=.027). In patients with arterial hypertension, a significant association between AARR and nighttime BP even after adjustment for a broad panel of confounders was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Grübler
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is predicted to increase dramatically over the coming years and the clinical implications and healthcare costs from this disease are overwhelming. In many cases, this pathological condition is linked to a cluster of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, systemic hypertension and dyslipidaemia, defined as the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance has been proposed as the key mediator of all of these features and contributes to the associated high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the molecular mechanisms behind insulin resistance are not completely understood, a negative cross-talk between AngII (angiotensin II) and the insulin signalling pathway has been the focus of great interest in the last decade. Indeed, substantial evidence has shown that anti-hypertensive drugs that block the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) may also act to prevent diabetes. Despite its long history, new components within the RAS continue to be discovered. Among them, Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] has gained special attention as a counter-regulatory hormone opposing many of the AngII-related deleterious effects. Specifically, we and others have demonstrated that Ang-(1-7) improves the action of insulin and opposes the negative effect that AngII exerts at this level. In the present review, we provide evidence showing that insulin and Ang-(1-7) share a common intracellular signalling pathway. We also address the molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) on AngII-mediated insulin resistance. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches leading to modulation of the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis as a very attractive strategy in the therapy of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes-associated diseases.
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Zreikat HH, Harpe SE, Slattum PW, Mays DP, Essah PA, Cheang KI. Effect of Renin-Angiotensin system inhibition on cardiovascular events in older hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2014; 63:392-9. [PMID: 24393433 PMCID: PMC3957480 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Insulin resistance has been hypothesized as the underlying feature of MetS. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used antihypertensives that may improve insulin sensitivity. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of ACEI/ARB on incident CVD events in older hypertensive patients with MetS. MATERIALS/METHODS We used the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort study of individuals>65years of age to evaluate ACEI/ARB use and time to CVD events (including coronary and cerebrovascular events). The study included 777 subjects who had hypertension and ATP III-defined MetS, but free of CVD and diabetes at baseline. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the effect of ACEI/ARB as compared to other antihypertensives on the time to the first CVD events. RESULTS ACEI/ARB use was associated with a decreased risk of CVD events (adjusted HR=0.658, 95 % C.I. [0.436-0.993]) compared to other antihypertensives. When CVD endpoints were evaluated separately, use of ACEI/ARB was associated with lower rates of angioplasty and coronary events (HR of 0.129 and 0.530 respectively, with 95 % CI [0.017-0.952] and [0.321-0.875]). CONCLUSIONS ACEI/ARB use was associated with a lower risk of CVD events in older hypertensive patients with MetS, primarily due to a reduction in coronary events. The potential protective effect of ACEI/ARB on CVD events in older individuals with MetS will need further confirmation from prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala H Zreikat
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Spencer E Harpe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricia W Slattum
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D'arcy P Mays
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paulina A Essah
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kai I Cheang
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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135
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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136
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Duprez D, Toleuova A. Prehypertension and the cardiometabolic syndrome: pathological and clinical consequences. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 11:1725-33. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.857272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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137
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Skov J, Persson F, Frøkiær J, Christiansen JS. Tissue Renin-Angiotensin systems: a unifying hypothesis of metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:23. [PMID: 24592256 PMCID: PMC3938116 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The actions of angiotensin peptides are diverse and locally acting tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) are present in almost all tissues of the body. An activated RAS strongly correlates to metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes) and its complications and blockers of RAS have been demonstrated to prevent diabetes in humans. Hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, and cortisol are well-known risk factors of metabolic disease and all stimulate tissue RAS whereas glucagon-like peptide-1, vitamin D, and aerobic exercise are inhibitors of tissue RAS and to some extent can prevent metabolic disease. Furthermore, an activated tissue RAS deteriorates the same risk factors creating a system with several positive feedback pathways. The primary effector hormone of the RAS, angiotensin II, stimulates reactive oxygen species, induces tissue damage, and can be associated to most diabetic complications. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that an activated tissue RAS is the principle cause of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and additionally is mediating the majority of the metabolic complications. The involvement of positive feedback pathways may create a self-reinforcing state and explain why metabolic disease initiate and progress. The hypothesis plausibly unifies the major predictors of metabolic disease and places tissue RAS regulation in the center of metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Skov
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jeppe Skov, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark e-mail:
| | | | - Jørgen Frøkiær
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Molecular Imaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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138
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Silva AR, Aguilar EC, Alvarez-Leite JI, da Silva RF, Arantes RME, Bader M, Alenina N, Pelli G, Lenglet S, Galan K, Montecucco F, Mach F, Santos SHS, Santos RAS. Mas receptor deficiency is associated with worsening of lipid profile and severe hepatic steatosis in ApoE-knockout mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1323-30. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00249.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The classical renin-angiotensin system pathway has been recently updated with the identification of additional molecules [such as angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ANG-(1–7), and Mas receptor] that might improve some pathophysiological processes in chronic inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we focused on the potential protective role of Mas receptor activation on mouse lipid profile, liver steatosis, and atherogenesis. Mas/apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-double-knockout (DKO) mice (based on C57BL/6 strain of 20 wk of age) were fed under normal diet and compared with aged-matched Mas and ApoE-single-knockout (KO), as well as wild-type mice. Mas/ApoE double deficiency was associated with increased serum levels of atherogenic fractions of cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose compared with wild-type or single KO. Serum levels of HDL or leptin in DKO were lower than in other groups. Hepatic lipid content as well as alanine aminotransferase serum levels were increased in DKO compared with wild-type or single-KO animals. Accordingly, the hepatic protein content of mediators related to atherosclerotic inflammation, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and liver X receptor, was altered in an adverse way in DKO compared with ApoE-KO. On the other hand, DKO mice did not display increased atherogenesis and intraplaque inflammation compared with ApoE-KO group. In conclusion, Mas deletion in ApoE-KO mice was associated with development of severe liver steatosis and dyslipidemia without affecting concomitant atherosclerosis. Mas receptor activation might represent promising strategies for future treatments targeting both hepatic and metabolic alterations in chronic conditions clustering these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analina R. Silva
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edenil C. Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela F. da Silva
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosa M. E. Arantes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Graziano Pelli
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lenglet
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Galan
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- First Medical Clinic, Laboratory of Phagocyte Physiopathology and Inflammation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and
| | - François Mach
- Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sérgio H. S. Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson A. S. Santos
- INCT-NanoBiofar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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139
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McCarthy CG, Goulopoulou S, Wenceslau CF, Spitler K, Matsumoto T, Webb RC. Toll-like receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns: novel links between inflammation and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H184-96. [PMID: 24163075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00328.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation is a common manifestation of hypertension; however, the exact mechanisms that initiate this pathophysiological response, thereby contributing to further increases in blood pressure, are not well understood. Aberrant vascular inflammation and reactivity via activation of the innate immune system may be the first step in the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of the functions of the innate immune system is to recognize and respond to danger. Danger signals can arise from not only pathogenic stimuli but also endogenous molecules released following cell injury and/or death [damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)]. In the short-term, activation of the innate immune system is beneficial in the vasculature by providing cytoprotective mechanisms and facilitating tissue repair following injury or infection. However, sustained or excessive immune system activation, such as in autoimmune diseases, may be deleterious and can lead to maladaptive, irreversible changes to vascular structure and function. An initial source of DAMPs that enter the circulation to activate the innate immune system could arise from modest elevations in peripheral vascular resistance. These stimuli could subsequently lead to ischemic- or pressure-induced events aggravating further cell injury and/or death, providing more DAMPs for innate immune system activation. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on the role of the innate immune system in hypertension pathogenesis. The role of Toll-like receptor activation on somatic cells of the vasculature in response to the release of DAMPs and the consequences of this activation on inflammation, vasoreactivity, and vascular remodeling will be specifically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; and
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140
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The renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue and its metabolic consequences during obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:2003-15. [PMID: 24120291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide disease that is accompanied by several metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The accelerated adipose tissue growth and fat cell hypertrophy during the onset of obesity precedes adipocyte dysfunction. One of the features of adipocyte dysfunction is dysregulated adipokine secretion, which leads to an imbalance of pro-inflammatory, pro-atherogenic versus anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing adipokines. The production of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components by adipocytes is exacerbated during obesity, contributing to the systemic RAS and its consequences. Increased adipose tissue RAS has been described in various models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) including fructose and high-fat feeding. Up-regulation of the adipose RAS by DIO promotes inflammation, lipogenesis and reactive oxygen species generation and impairs insulin signaling, all of which worsen the adipose environment. Consequently, the increase of circulating RAS, for which adipose tissue is partially responsible, represents a link between hypertension, insulin resistance in diabetes and inflammation during obesity. However, other nutrients and food components such as soy protein attenuate adipose RAS, decrease adiposity, and improve adipocyte functionality. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which adipose RAS modulates systemic RAS and how it is enhanced in obesity, which will explain the simultaneous development of metabolic syndrome alterations. Finally, dietary interventions that prevent obesity and adipocyte dysfunction will maintain normal RAS concentrations and effects, thus preventing metabolic diseases that are associated with RAS enhancement.
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141
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Abstract
Many questions must be considered with regard to consuming food, including when to eat, what to eat and how much to eat. Although eating is often thought to be a homeostatic behaviour, little evidence exists to suggest that eating is an automatic response to an acute shortage of energy. Instead, food intake can be considered as an integrated response over a prolonged period of time that maintains the levels of energy stored in adipocytes. When we eat is generally determined by habit, convenience or opportunity rather than need, and meals are preceded by a neurally-controlled coordinated secretion of numerous hormones that prime the digestive system for the anticipated caloric load. How much we eat is determined by satiation hormones that are secreted in response to ingested nutrients, and these signals are in turn modified by adiposity hormones that indicate the fat content of the body. In addition, many nonhomeostatic factors, including stress, learning, palatability and social influences, interact with other controllers of food intake. If a choice of food is available, what we eat is based on pleasure and past experience. This article reviews the hormones that mediate and influence these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denovan P Begg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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142
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Tadic M, Ivanovic B, Cuspidi C. Metabolic syndrome and right ventricle: an updated review. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:608-16. [PMID: 24001437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cluster of metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities which characterize the metabolic syndrome (MS) is responsible for subclinical cardiac and extra-cardiac damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, carotid atherosclerosis and microalbuminuria. The development of different non-invasive imaging methods enabled a detail investigation of right ventricular structure and function, and revealed that right ventricular remodeling followed changes in the left ventricular structure and function in patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes or obesity. Previous investigations also reported that the coexistence of two components of the MS induced more significant cardiac remodeling than the presence of only one MS risk-factor. The relationship between different components of the MS (increased blood pressure, abdominal obesity, increased fasting glucose level and dyslipidemia) and right ventricular remodeling could be explained by several hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic mechanisms. However, the association between right ventricular remodeling and the MS has not been sufficiently investigated so far. The aim of this article was to review recent articles focusing on the association between metabolic syndrome components and the metabolic syndrome itself with impairments in right ventricular structure and function assessed by different imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Tadic
- University Clinical Hospital Centre "Dr Dragisa Misovic", Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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143
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Wegman-Ostrosky T, Soto-Reyes E, Vidal-Millán S, Sánchez-Corona J. The renin-angiotensin system meets the hallmarks of cancer. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:227-33. [PMID: 23934336 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313496858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer are described as the distinctive and complementary capacities that cells must acquire during the multistep development of becoming a cancer cell that allow them to survive, proliferate and disseminate. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was first discovered and extensively studied in the physiological regulation of systemic arterial pressure. RAS signalling increases cell proliferation in malignancy by directly affecting tumour and stromal cells and by indirectly modulating the growth of vascular cells during angiogenesis. We aim to describe and give a general view of how the RAS is involved in several hallmarks of cancer and how this could open a window to several interesting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, División de Investigación, México Universidad de Guadalajara, Instituto de Génetica Humana, México
| | | | | | - José Sánchez-Corona
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Instituto de Génetica Humana, México Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, México
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144
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Jennings JR, Heim AF, Kuan DCH, Gianaros PJ, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB. Use of total cerebral blood flow as an imaging biomarker of known cardiovascular risks. Stroke 2013; 44:2480-5. [PMID: 23881956 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study examined whether overall cerebral blood flow was associated with known vascular risk factors, including cardiometabolic risk factors that comprise the metabolic syndrome, carotid artery intima-media thickness, and the Framingham risk score. METHODS Three separate samples were available for analysis. Two comparable samples were combined to form a primary sample of middle-aged participants (n=576; 30-55 years of age) that completed both a risk factor assessment and a resting brain scan. Samples were recruited via mailings and advertisements within an urban area. Quantitative measures of cerebral blood flow were derived from arterial spin-labeled MRI in this sample and in a validation/generalization sample (n=76; 30-55 years). RESULTS Cerebral blood flow was inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk indices, that is, associated with lower waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glucose, and triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein. Moreover, cerebral blood flow was also related to Framingham risk and carotid intima-media thickness. In the validation sample, which used a slightly different brain imaging technique, significant relationships were replicated for cardiometabolic risk, but not for Framingham risk. CONCLUSIONS Reduced cerebral blood flow seems to be a correlate of vascular disease risk factors associated with cardiometabolic dysregulation. Cerebral blood flow may provide a valid imaging biomarker for cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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145
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Underwood PC, Adler GK. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system and insulin resistance in humans. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:59-70. [PMID: 23242734 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of insulin resistance in humans; however, individual differences in the treatment response of insulin resistance to RAAS blockade persist. Thus, understanding inter-individual differences in the relationship between the RAAS and insulin resistance may provide insights into improved personalized treatments and improved outcomes. The effects of the systemic RAAS on blood pressure regulation and glucose metabolism have been studied extensively; however, recent discoveries on the influence of local tissue RAAS in the skeletal muscle, heart, vasculature, adipocytes, and pancreas have led to an improved understanding of how activated tissue RAAS influences the development of insulin resistance and diabetes in humans. Angiotensin II (ANGII) is the predominant RAAS component contributing to insulin resistance; however, other players such as aldosterone, renin, and ACE2 are also involved. This review examines the role of local ANGII activity on insulin resistance development in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, and pancreas, followed by a discussion of the other RAAS components implicated in insulin resistance, including ACE2, Ang1-7, renin, and aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Underwood
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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146
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Huang J, Ledford KJ, Pitkin WB, Russo L, Najjar SM, Siragy HM. Targeted deletion of murine CEACAM 1 activates PI3K-Akt signaling and contributes to the expression of (Pro)renin receptor via CREB family and NF-κB transcription factors. Hypertension 2013; 62:317-23. [PMID: 23734002 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 regulates insulin sensitivity by promoting hepatic insulin clearance. Mice bearing a null mutation of Ceacam1 gene (Cc1(-/-)) develop impaired insulin clearance followed by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, in addition to visceral obesity and increased plasma fatty acids. Because insulin resistance is associated with increased blood pressure, we investigated whether they develop higher blood pressure with activated renal renin-angiotensin system and whether this is mediated, in part, by the upregulation of renal (pro)renin receptor (PRR) expression. Compared with age-matched wild-type littermates, Cc1(-/-) mice exhibited increased blood pressure with increased activation of renal renin-angiotensin systems and renal PRR expression. Cytoplasmic and nuclear immunostaining of phospho-PI3K p85α and phospho-Akt was enhanced in the kidney of Cc1(-/-) mice. In murine renal inner medullary collecting duct epithelial cells with lentiviral-mediated small hairpin RNA knockdown of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, PRR expression was upregulated and phosphorylation of PI3K (Tyr508), Akt (Ser473), NF-κB p65 (Ser276), cAMP response element-binding protein/activated transcription factor (ATF)-1 (Ser133), and ATF-2 (Thr71) was enhanced. Inhibiting PI3K with LY294002 or Akt with Akt inhibitor VIII attenuated PRR expression. In conclusion, global null deletion of Ceacam1 caused an increase in blood pressure with increased renin-angiotensin system activation together with upregulation of PRR via PI3K-Akt activation of cAMP response element-binding protein 1, ATF-1, ATF-2, and NF-κB p65 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqian Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 801409, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1409, USA
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147
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Kim CS, Choi JS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Ahn YK, Jeong MH, Kim YJ, Cho MC, Kim CJ, Kim SW. Association of metabolic syndrome and renal insufficiency with clinical outcome in acute myocardial infarction. Metabolism 2013; 62:669-76. [PMID: 23218489 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have examined the combined effects of MetS and renal insufficiency after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We examined the effect of MetS on clinical outcomes in patients with AMI in the presence or absence of renal insufficiency. METHODS From November 2005 to September 2008, 11,462 patients with AMI were enrolled in the prospective Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. Participants were analyzed according to the presence or absence of MetS and renal insufficiency, defined by a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The primary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including a composite of all cause-of-death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and coronary artery bypass graft during the 1-year follow-up period. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was higher in AMI patients with low eGFR. In-hospital death and composite MACE were significantly higher in patients with MetS than in those without MetS in the presence of renal insufficiency. Multivariate analysis showed that old age, multi-vessel involvement, high levels of inflammation, diabetes and MetS were associated with 1-year composite MACE in patients with renal insufficiency. After adjusting for multiple covariates, the 1-year mortality rate was higher in patients with both MetS and renal insufficiency than in those with MetS without renal insufficiency or in individuals without MetS. CONCLUSION MetS is associated with poor clinical outcomes and it increases the mortality in patients with AMI, especially in association with renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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148
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Long H, Wang L, Su H, Xu J, Li J, Peng Q, Dong Y, Cheng X. Increased circulatory RAS activity can be inhibited by statins in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:126-30. [PMID: 23539660 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313483349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to investigate a profile on circulatory renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity in hypercholesterolemic (HC) patients treated with statins. METHODS Eighteen primary HC patients and 18 sex- and age-matched healthy adults were included in this study as controls. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), LDL-C, blood glucose, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, and angiotensin II (Ang II) levels were measured before and four and eight weeks after beginning statin treatment in the HC group. Similar measurements were taken in the control group at baseline. RESULTS At baseline, TC, TG and LDL-C levels, as well as ACE activity and Ang II concentrations, were significantly higher in the HC group than in the control group. Based on the baseline data collection of 36 participants, there were significant positive correlations between ACE activity and TC (r = 0.54) or LDL-C (r = 0.51), and between Ang II level and TC (r = 0.34) or LDL-C (r = 0.27). TC, LDL-C, Ang II (35.46 ± 14.49 vs 71.10 ± 20.47 pg/ml, p < 0.05) levels and ACE activity (108.9 ± 51.9 vs 180.1 ± 71.3 U/L, p < 0.05) were decreased in HC patients eight weeks after starting statin treatment. In HC patients, RAS activity correlated positively with TC and LDL-C levels before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS In HC patients, lowering serum cholesterol with statins is associated with decreased circulatory RAS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Long
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Hai Su
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Jinsong Xu
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Juxiang Li
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiujiang University, China
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149
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Stanley WC, Keehan KH. Update on innovative initiatives for the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1045-9. [PMID: 23457015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00082.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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150
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Li L, Luo Z, Yu H, Feng X, Wang P, Chen J, Pu Y, Zhao Y, He H, Zhong J, Liu D, Zhu Z. Telmisartan improves insulin resistance of skeletal muscle through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ activation. Diabetes 2013; 62:762-74. [PMID: 23238297 PMCID: PMC3581229 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the improvement of glucose homeostasis through angiotensin receptor blockers are not fully elucidated in hypertensive patients. We investigated the effects of telmisartan on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle from wild-type and muscle-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ knockout (MCK-PPARδ(-/-)) mice. Telmisartan increased PPARδ expression and activated PPARδ transcriptional activity in cultured C2C12 myotubes. In palmitate-induced insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes, telmisartan enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation as well as Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane. These effects were inhibited by antagonizing PPARδ or phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, but not by PPARγ and PPARα inhibition. Palmitate reducing the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes could be restored by telmisartan. In vivo experiments showed that telmisartan treatment reversed high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in wild-type mice but not in MCK-PPARδ(-/-) mice. The protein levels of PPARδ, phospho-Akt, phospho-AS160, and Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane in the skeletal muscle on insulin stimulation were reduced by high-fat diet and were restored by telmisartan administration in wild-type mice. These effects were absent in MCK-PPARδ(-/-) mice. These findings implicate PPARδ as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertensive subjects with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daoyan Liu
- Corresponding author: Zhiming Zhu, , or Daoyan Liu,
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Corresponding author: Zhiming Zhu, , or Daoyan Liu,
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