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Bonafiglia JT, Menzies KJ, Gurd BJ. Gene expression variability in human skeletal muscle transcriptome responses to acute resistance exercise. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:625-629. [PMID: 30758087 DOI: 10.1113/ep087436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does exercise, independent of random error and within-subject variability, contribute to the variability in gene expression responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? A reanalysis of publicly available microarray data revealed that variability in observed gene expression responses for a subset of genes could be partially attributable to an effect of acute resistance exercise. These finding support the notion that individual responsiveness explains a portion of the variability in observed gene expression responses to acute resistance exercise. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to use publicly available transcriptomic data to determine whether variability in gene expression responses to an acute bout of acute resistance exercise (ARE) can be attributable to an effect of ARE per se. We examined microarray data from a previous study that collected skeletal muscle biopsies before and 24 h after ARE or a no-exercise time-matched control period (CTL). By subtracting the standard deviation in the observed responses to CTL from ARE, we determined that ARE contributed to the variability in the observed gene expression responses for many (∼31,000), but not all, transcripts included on the Affymetrix Human Genome chips. ARE had a large effect on variability in the observed gene expression responses in 1290 genes that was not attributed to any technical/biological variability associated with repeated measurements. Pathway analysis using WebGestalt revealed that several of these 1290 genes are involved in pathways known to regulate skeletal muscle adaptations to chronic resistance training. These results suggest that variability in the observed gene expression responses for a subset of genes could be partially attributable to an effect of ARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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102
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Islam H, Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Shulman T, Ma A, Quadrilatero J, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. Repeatability of exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression and technical considerations for qPCR analysis in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:407-420. [PMID: 30657617 DOI: 10.1113/ep087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are individual changes in exercise-induced mRNA expression repeatable (i.e. representative of the true response to exercise rather than random error)? What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression are not repeatable even under identical experimental conditions, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression as a biomarker of adaptive potential and/or individual responsiveness to exercise. ABSTRACT It remains unknown if (1) the observed change in mRNA expression reflects an individual's true response to exercise or random (technical and/or biological) error, and (2) the individual responsiveness to exercise is protocol-specific. We examined the repeatability of skeletal muscle PGC-1α, PDK4, NRF-1, VEGF-A, HSP72 and p53 mRNA expression following two identical endurance exercise (END) bouts (END-1, END-2; 30 min of cycling at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak ), n = 11) and inter-individual variability in PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA expression following END and sprint interval training (SIT; 8 × 20 s cycling intervals at ∼170% WRpeak , n = 10) in active young males. The repeatability of key gene analysis steps (RNA extraction, reverse transcription, qPCR) and within-sample fibre-type distribution (n = 8) was also determined to examine potential sources of technical error in our analyses. Despite highly repeatable exercise bout characteristics (work rate, heart rate, blood lactate; ICC > 0.71; CV < 10%; r > 0.85, P < 0.01), gene analysis steps (ICC > 0.73; CV < 24%; r > 0.75, P < 0.01), and similar group-level changes in mRNA expression, individual changes in PGC-1α, PDK4, VEGF-A and p53 mRNA expression were not repeatable (ICC < 0.22; CV > 20%; r < 0.21). Fibre-type distribution in two portions of the same muscle biopsy was highly variable and not significantly related (ICC = 0.39; CV = 26%; r = 0.37, P = 0.37). Since individual changes in mRNA expression following identical exercise bouts were not repeatable, inferences regarding individual responsiveness to END or SIT were not made. Substantial random error exists in changes in mRNA expression following acute exercise, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression for analysing individual responsiveness to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talya Shulman
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ma
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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103
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Zeng N, Prodhan U, D'Souza RF, Ramzan F, Mitchell SM, Sharma P, Knowles SO, Roy NC, Sjödin A, Wagner KH, Milan AM, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. Regulation of Amino Acid Transporters and Sensors in Response to a High protein Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Elderly Men. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:354-363. [PMID: 30932134 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-019-1171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is fundamental for many cellular processes, yet it is often dysregulated with aging. Increased amino acid (AA) availability is correlated with the expression of AA transporters (AAT) and mTORC1 activity. Although many AA sensors and mediators have been proposed to relay the AA signal to mTORC1, it has not yet been determined if chronic dietary intervention affects the expression of AAT, sensors and mediators and their relationships with mTORC1 activity. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study investigated whether the consumption of a diet containing either the current recommended daily allowance (RDA) of protein intake (0.8 g/kg/d) or twice the RDA (2RDA) for ten weeks affected the expression of targets associated with AA transport, sensing and mTORC1 regulation in 26 older men (70-81 years). METHOD Muscle biopsies were collected before and after the intervention under fasting conditions. Diets were controlled by providing fully prepared meals and snacks. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to measure protein and gene expression respectively. RESULTS Consumption of 2RDA reduced the protein expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). However, plasma leucine concentration and basal mTORC1 activity were unaltered. The downregulation of LAT1 did not affect the expression of AA sensors and mediators, including leucyl tRNA synthetase (LRS), cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 (CASTOR1), Sestrin2 and Rag proteins. Instead, total ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) was upregulated with 2RDA. CONCLUSION Ten weeks of 2RDA diet did not affect the fasting mTORC1 signaling, but increased total RPS6 might suggest improved muscular translational capacity to maintain muscular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zeng
- Dr. Cameron Mitchell Faculty of Education | School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia | Vancouver Campus, 2553 Wesbrook Mall | Vancouver British Columbia | V6T 1Z3 Canada, Phone 604 827 2072| Cell 604 790 3815,
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104
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Baird JF, Motl RW. Response Heterogeneity With Exercise Training and Physical Activity Interventions Among Persons With Multiple Sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 33:3-14. [PMID: 30585528 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318818904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease, both in its pathology and symptomology. This poses a challenge for the medical management and rehabilitation of MS; however, physical activity and exercise training are rehabilitation approaches that have demonstrated beneficial effects on many of the burdensome consequences of MS such as mobility impairment and fatigue. Given the heterogeneous course of MS, it is possible that outcomes of physical activity and exercise training interventions demonstrate heterogeneity both in the magnitude and pattern of change, but there has been little focus on response heterogeneity with these interventions among persons with MS. In this narrative review, a search of the existing literature was performed to identify studies that reported individual participant data, which was used to describe the variability in the response to physical activity and exercise training interventions among persons with MS. Inter-individual variability seemingly occurs across outcomes and modalities, which underscores the consideration of factors that might influence response heterogeneity. Factors related to MS disease characteristics, nervous system damage, and the degree of MS-related disability might influence individual responsiveness. Large-scale studies that permit the examination of heterogeneity and its predictors will inform future research on the area of physical activity and exercise training in MS, and lead to the development of individually tailored rehabilitation approaches that will more effectively elicit change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert W Motl
- 1 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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105
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Gene expression profile of muscle adaptation to high-intensity intermittent exercise training in young men. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16811. [PMID: 30429512 PMCID: PMC6235852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIIT) has been proposed as an effective approach for improving both, the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. However, the detailed molecular response of the skeletal muscle to HIIT remains unknown. We examined the effects of the HIIT on the global gene expression in the human skeletal muscle. Eleven young healthy men participated in the study and completed a 6-week HIIT program involving exhaustive 6–7 sets of 20-s cycling periods with 10-s rests. In addition to determining the maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after the training to analyse the skeletal muscle transcriptome. The HIIT program significantly increased the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle CSA. The expression of 79 genes was significantly elevated (fold-change >1.2), and that of 73 genes was significantly reduced (fold-change <0.8) after HIIT. Gene ontology analysis of the up-regulated genes revealed that the significantly enriched categories were “glucose metabolism”, “extracellular matrix”, “angiogenesis”, and “mitochondrial membrane”. By providing information about a set of genes in the human skeletal muscle that responds to the HIIT, the study provided insight into the mechanism of skeletal muscle adaptation to HIIT.
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106
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Rosenbaum M, Heaner M, Goldsmith RL, Christian Schulze P, Shukla A, Shen W, Shane EJ, Naor E, Leibel RL, Aronne LJ. Resistance Training Reduces Skeletal Muscle Work Efficiency in Weight-Reduced and Non-Weight-Reduced Subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1576-1583. [PMID: 30260099 PMCID: PMC6905638 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether resistance training is similarly effective in reducing skeletal muscle efficiency and increasing strength in weight-reduced and maximal weight subjects. METHODS This study examined the effects of supervised resistance exercise on skeletal muscle in 14 individuals with overweight and obesity sustaining a 10% or greater weight loss for over 6 months and a phenotypically similar group of 15 subjects who had not reduced weight and were weight stable at their maximal lifetime body weight. We assessed skeletal muscle work efficiency and fuel utilization (bicycle ergometry), strength (dynamometry), body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) before and after 12 weeks of thrice-weekly resistance training. RESULTS Non-weight-reduced subjects were significantly (10%-20%) stronger before and after the intervention than reduced-weight subjects and gained significantly more fat-free mass with a greater decline in percentage of body fat than weight-reduced subjects. Resistance training resulted in similar significant decreases (~10%) in skeletal muscle work efficiency at low-level exercise and ~10% to 20% increases in leg strength in both weight-reduced and non-weight-reduced subjects. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training similarly increases muscle strength and decreases efficiency regardless of weight loss history. Increased resistance training could be an effective adjunct to reduced-weight maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martica Heaner
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rochelle L Goldsmith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alpana Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, New York Weill Cornell Medical Center Comprehensive Weight Control Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and the Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Columbia , University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elinor Naor
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louis J Aronne
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, New York Weill Cornell Medical Center Comprehensive Weight Control Center, New York, New York, USA
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107
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Damas F, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA, Jannig PR, Hector AJ, McGlory C, Lixandrão ME, Vechin FC, Montenegro H, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Phillips SM. Resistance training in young men induces muscle transcriptome-wide changes associated with muscle structure and metabolism refining the response to exercise-induced stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2607-2616. [PMID: 30196447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression is an important process underpinning the acute and chronic adaptive response to resistance exercise (RE) training. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of training status on vastus lateralis muscle global transcriptome at rest and following acute RE. METHODS Muscle biopsies of nine young men (age: 26(2) years; body mass: 69(9) kg; height 172(6) cm) who undertook RE training for 10 weeks were collected pre and 24 h post-RE in the untrained (W1) and trained (W10) states and analysed using microarray. Tests of differential expression were conducted for rested and after RE contrasts in both training states. To control for false discovery rate (FDR), multiple testing correction was performed at a cut-off of FDR < 0.05. RESULTS Unaccustomed RE (at W1) upregulated muscle gene transcripts related to stress (e.g., heat shock proteins), damage and inflammation, structural remodelling, protein turnover and increased translational capacity. Trained muscles (at W10) showed changes in the transcriptome signature regarding the regulation of energy metabolism, favouring a more oxidative one, upregulated antioxidant- and immune-related genes/terms, and gene transcripts related to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, muscle contraction, development and growth. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight that chronic repetition of RE changes muscle transcriptome response towards a more refined response to RE-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Amy J Hector
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Horacio Montenegro
- MB Bioinformatica, Rua José Martins, 603, 13084-175, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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108
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Shafiee G, Asgari Y, Soltani A, Larijani B, Heshmat R. Identification of candidate genes and proteins in aging skeletal muscle (sarcopenia) using gene expression and structural analysis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5239. [PMID: 30202641 PMCID: PMC6129146 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease characterized by the loss of muscle mass and muscle function. A proper understanding of its pathogenesis and mechanisms may lead to new strategies for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This study aims to discover the underlying genes, proteins, and pathways associated with sarcopenia in both genders. Integrated analysis of microarray datasets has been performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between old and young skeletal muscles. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were then performed to uncover the functions of the DEGs. Moreover, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on the DEGs. We have identified 41,715 DEGs, including 19 downregulated and 41,696 upregulated ones, in men. Among women, 3,015 DEGs have been found, with 2,874 of them being upregulated and 141 downregulated genes. Among the top up-regulated and downregulated genes, the ribosome biogenesis genes and genes involved in lipid storage may be closely related to aging muscles in men and women respectively. Also, the DEGs were enriched in the pathways including those of ribosome and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in men and women, respectively. In the PPI network, Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1 (NTRK1), Cullin 3 (CUL3) and P53 have been identified as significant hub proteins in both genders. Using the integrated analysis of multiple gene expression profiles, we propose that the ribosome biogenesis genes and those involved in lipid storage would be promising markers for sarcopenia in men and women, respectively. In the reconstructed PPI network, neurotrophic factors expressed in skeletal muscle are essential for motoneuron survival and muscle fiber innervation during development. Cullin E3 ubiquitin ligase (Cul3) is an important component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system-it regulates the proteolysis. P53 is recognized as a central regulator of the cell cycle and apoptosis. These proteins, which have been identified as the most significant hubs, may be involved in aging muscle and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Shafiee
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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109
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Gries KJ, Raue U, Perkins RK, Lavin KM, Overstreet BS, D'Acquisto LJ, Graham B, Finch WH, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S. Cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health with lifelong exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1636-1645. [PMID: 30161005 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic lifelong exercise (LLE) on maximum oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and skeletal muscle metabolic fitness in trained women ( n = 7, 72 ± 2 yr) and men ( n = 21, 74 ± 1 yr) and compare them to old, healthy nonexercisers (OH; women: n = 10, 75 ± 1 yr; men: n = 10, 75 ± 1 yr) and young exercisers (YE; women: n = 10, 25 ± 1 yr; men: n = 10, 25 ± 1 yr). LLE men were further subdivided based on intensity of lifelong exercise and competitive status into performance (LLE-P, n = 14) and fitness (LLE-F, n = 7). On average, LLE exercised 5 day/wk for 7 h/wk over the past 52 ± 1 yr. Each subject performed a maximal cycle test to assess V̇o2max and had a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy to examine capillarization and metabolic enzymes [citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD), and glycogen phosphorylase]. V̇o2max had a hierarchical pattern (YE > LLE > OH, P < 0.05) for women (44 ± 2 > 26 ± 2 > 18 ± 1 ml·kg-1·min-1) and men (53 ± 3 > 34 ± 1 > 22 ± 1 ml·kg-1·min-1) and was greater ( P < 0.05) in LLE-P (38 ± 1 ml·kg-1·min-1) than LLE-F (27 ± 2 ml·kg-1·min-1). LLE men regardless of intensity and women had similar capillarization and aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase and β-HAD) as YE, which were 20%-90% greater ( P < 0.05) than OH. In summary, these data show a substantial V̇o2max benefit with LLE that tracked similarly between the sexes, with further enhancement in performance-trained men. For skeletal muscle, 50+ years of aerobic exercise fully preserved capillarization and aerobic enzymes, regardless of intensity. These data suggest that skeletal muscle metabolic fitness may be easier to maintain with lifelong aerobic exercise than more central aspects of the cardiovascular system. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lifelong exercise (LLE) is a relatively new and evolving area of study with information especially limited in women and individuals with varying exercise intensity habits. These data show a substantial maximal oxygen consumption benefit with LLE that tracked similarly between the sexes. Our findings contribute to the very limited skeletal muscle biopsy data from LLE women (>70 yr), and similar to men, revealed a preserved metabolic phenotype comparable to young exercisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gries
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ryan K Perkins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | | | | | - Bruce Graham
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - W Holmes Finch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | | | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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110
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Vechin FC, Libardi CA, Conceição MS, Damas F, Cavaglieri CR, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Coutinho LL, Andrade SCS, Neves MT, Roschel H, Tricoli V, Baptista IL, Moriscot AA, Ugrinowitsch C. Low-intensity resistance training with partial blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training induce similar changes in skeletal muscle transcriptome in elderly humans. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:216-220. [PMID: 30001503 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying muscle growth after 12 weeks of resistance training performed with blood flow restriction (RT-BFR) and high-intensity resistance training (HRT) in older individuals. Participants were allocated into the following groups: HRT, RT-BFR, or a control group. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing was performed by the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. HRT and RT-BFR presented similar increases in the quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area, and few genes were differently expressed between interventions. The small differences in gene expression between interventions suggest that similar mechanisms may underpin training-induced muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Vechin
- a School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- b Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Miguel S Conceição
- a School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Felipe Damas
- a School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Claudia R Cavaglieri
- c Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-851, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz L Coutinho
- d University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Sonia C S Andrade
- d University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil.,e Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology-IB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Manoel T Neves
- f School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- a School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- a School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Igor L Baptista
- g Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Anselmo A Moriscot
- g Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- a School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
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111
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Mamoshina P, Volosnikova M, Ozerov IV, Putin E, Skibina E, Cortese F, Zhavoronkov A. Machine Learning on Human Muscle Transcriptomic Data for Biomarker Discovery and Tissue-Specific Drug Target Identification. Front Genet 2018; 9:242. [PMID: 30050560 PMCID: PMC6052089 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past several decades, research in understanding the molecular basis of human muscle aging has progressed significantly. However, the development of accessible tissue-specific biomarkers of human muscle aging that may be measured to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions is still a major challenge. Here we present a method for tracking age-related changes of human skeletal muscle. We analyzed publicly available gene expression profiles of young and old tissue from healthy donors. Differential gene expression and pathway analysis were performed to compare signatures of young and old muscle tissue and to preprocess the resulting data for a set of machine learning algorithms. Our study confirms the established mechanisms of human skeletal muscle aging, including dysregulation of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis, PPAR signaling and neurotransmitter recycling along with IGFR and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. Applying several supervised machine learning techniques, including neural networks, we built a panel of tissue-specific biomarkers of aging. Our predictive model achieved 0.91 Pearson correlation with respect to the actual age values of the muscle tissue samples, and a mean absolute error of 6.19 years on the test set. The performance of models was also evaluated on gene expression samples of the skeletal muscles from the Gene expression Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. The best model achieved the accuracy of 0.80 with respect to the actual age bin prediction on the external validation set. Furthermore, we demonstrated that aging biomarkers can be used to identify new molecular targets for tissue-specific anti-aging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Mamoshina
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Volosnikova
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Evgeny Putin
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States.,Computer Technologies Lab, Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Skibina
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Franco Cortese
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States.,Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, United Kingdom.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
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112
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Roberts MD, Haun CT, Mobley CB, Mumford PW, Romero MA, Roberson PA, Vann CG, McCarthy JJ. Physiological Differences Between Low Versus High Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophic Responders to Resistance Exercise Training: Current Perspectives and Future Research Directions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:834. [PMID: 30022953 PMCID: PMC6039846 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports suggest there are low and high skeletal muscle hypertrophic responders following weeks to months of structured resistance exercise training (referred to as low and high responders herein). Specifically, divergent alterations in muscle fiber cross sectional area (fCSA), vastus lateralis thickness, and whole body lean tissue mass have been shown to occur in high versus low responders. Differential responses in ribosome biogenesis and subsequent protein synthetic rates during training seemingly explain some of this individual variation in humans, and mechanistic in vitro and rodent studies provide further evidence that ribosome biogenesis is critical for muscle hypertrophy. High responders may experience a greater increase in satellite cell proliferation during training versus low responders. This phenomenon could serve to maintain an adequate myonuclear domain size or assist in extracellular remodeling to support myofiber growth. High responders may also express a muscle microRNA profile during training that enhances insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression, although more studies are needed to better validate this mechanism. Higher intramuscular androgen receptor protein content has been reported in high versus low responders following training, and this mechanism may enhance the hypertrophic effects of testosterone during training. While high responders likely possess “good genetics,” such evidence has been confined to single gene candidates which typically share marginal variance with hypertrophic outcomes following training (e.g., different myostatin and IGF-1 alleles). Limited evidence also suggests pre-training muscle fiber type composition and self-reported dietary habits (e.g., calorie and protein intake) do not differ between high versus low responders. Only a handful of studies have examined muscle biomarkers that are differentially expressed between low versus high responders. Thus, other molecular and physiological variables which could potentially affect the skeletal muscle hypertrophic response to resistance exercise training are also discussed including rDNA copy number, extracellular matrix and connective tissue properties, the inflammatory response to training, and mitochondrial as well as vascular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Matthew A Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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113
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Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE, Carbone JW, Murphy NE, Carrigan CT, Bamman MM, Ferrando AA, Young AJ, Margolis LM. Muscle Fn14 gene expression is associated with fat-free mass retention during energy deficit at high altitude. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13801. [PMID: 30009538 PMCID: PMC6046641 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular factors that modulate fat-free mass (FFM) loss in lowlanders exposed to energy deficit during high-altitude (HA) sojourns remain unclear. Muscle inflammation may contribute to FFM loss at HA by inducing atrophy and inhibiting myogenesis via the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible protein 14 (Fn14). To explore whether muscle inflammation modulates FFM loss reportedly developing during HA sojourns, muscle inflammation, myogenesis, and proteolysis were assessed in 16 men at sea level (SL) and following 21 days of energy deficit (-1862 ± 525 kcal/days) at high altitude (HA, 4300 m). Total body mass (TBM), FFM, and fat mass (FM) were assessed using DEXA. Gene expression and proteolytic enzymatic activities were assessed in muscle samples collected at rest at SL and HA. Participants lost 7.2 ± 1.8 kg TBM (P < 0.05); 43 ± 30% and 57 ± 30% of the TBM lost was FFM and FM, respectively. Fn14, TWEAK, TNF alpha-receptor (TNFα-R), TNFα, MYOGENIN, and paired box protein-7 (PAX7) were upregulated (P < 0.05) at HA compared to SL. Stepwise linear regression identified that Fn14 explained the highest percentage of variance in FFM loss (r2 = 0.511, P < 0.05). Dichotomization of volunteers into HIGH and LOW Fn14 gene expression indicated HIGH lost less FFM and more FM (28 ± 28% and 72 ± 28%, respectively) as a proportion of TBM loss than LOW (58 ± 26% and 42 ± 26%; P < 0.05) at HA. MYOGENIN gene expression was also greater for HIGH versus LOW (P < 0.05). These data suggest that heightened Fn14 gene expression is not catabolic and may protect FFM during HA sojourns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusetts
| | - Claire E. Berryman
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and EducationOak RidgeTennessee
| | - John W. Carbone
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and EducationOak RidgeTennessee
- School of Health SciencesEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilantiMichigan
| | - Nancy E. Murphy
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusetts
| | - Christopher T. Carrigan
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusetts
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative BiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabama
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of GeriatricsThe Center for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute of AgingUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Andrew J. Young
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and EducationOak RidgeTennessee
| | - Lee M. Margolis
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and EducationOak RidgeTennessee
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114
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Bamman MM, Roberts BM, Adams GR. Molecular Regulation of Exercise-Induced Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029751. [PMID: 28490543 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a widely sought exercise adaptation to counteract the muscle atrophy of aging and disease, or to improve athletic performance. While this desired muscle enlargement is a well-known adaptation to resistance exercise training (RT), the mechanistic underpinnings are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is thus to provide the reader with a summary of recent advances in molecular mechanisms-based on the most current literature-that are thought to promote RT-induced muscle hypertrophy. We have therefore focused this discussion on the following areas of fertile investigation: ribosomal function and biogenesis, muscle stem (satellite) cell activity, transcriptional regulation, mechanotransduction, and myokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Brandon M Roberts
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205
| | - Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617
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115
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Camera DM. Anabolic Heterogeneity Following Resistance Training: A Role for Circadian Rhythm? Front Physiol 2018; 9:569. [PMID: 29875682 PMCID: PMC5974096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis and promotes gains in muscle mass and strength. However, considerable variability exists following standardized resistance training programs in the magnitude of muscle cross-sectional area and strength responses from one individual to another. Several studies have recently posited that alterations in satellite cell population, myogenic gene expression and microRNAs may contribute to individual variability in anabolic adaptation. One emerging factor that may also explain the variability in responses to resistance exercise is circadian rhythms and underlying molecular clock signals. The molecular clock is found in most cells within the body, including skeletal muscle, and principally functions to optimize the timing of specific cellular events around a 24 h cycle. Accumulating evidence investigating the skeletal muscle molecular clock indicates that exercise-induced contraction and its timing may regulate gene expression and protein synthesis responses which, over time, can influence and modulate key physiological responses such as muscle hypertrophy and increased strength. Therefore, the circadian clock may play a key role in the heterogeneous anabolic responses with resistance exercise. The central aim of this Hypothesis and Theory is to discuss and propose the potential interplay between the circadian molecular clock and established molecular mechanisms mediating muscle anabolic responses with resistance training. This article begins with a current review of the mechanisms associated with the heterogeneity in muscle anabolism with resistance training before introducing the molecular pathways regulating circadian function in skeletal muscle. Recent work showing members of the core molecular clock system can regulate myogenic and translational signaling pathways is also discussed, forming the basis for a possible role of the circadian clock in the variable anabolic responses with resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny M Camera
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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116
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Tariq H, Eldridge E, Welch I. An efficient approach for feature construction of high-dimensional microarray data by random projections. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196385. [PMID: 29702670 PMCID: PMC5922581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimensionality reduction of microarray data is a very challenging task due to high computational time and the large amount of memory required to train and test a model. Genetic programming (GP) is a stochastic approach to solving a problem. For high dimensional datasets, GP does not perform as well as other machine learning algorithms. To explore the inherent property of GP to generalize models from low dimensional data, we need to consider dimensionality reduction approaches. Random projections (RPs) have gained attention for reducing the dimensionality of data with reduced computational cost, compared to other dimensionality reduction approaches. We report that the features constructed from RPs perform extremely well when combined with a GP approach. We used eight datasets out of which seven have not been reported as being used in any machine learning research before. We have also compared our results by using the same full and constructed features for decision trees, random forest, naive Bayes, support vector machines and k-nearest neighbor methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tariq
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Elf Eldridge
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian Welch
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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117
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Reibe S, Hjorth M, Febbraio MA, Whitham M. GeneXX: an online tool for the exploration of transcript changes in skeletal muscle associated with exercise. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:376-384. [PMID: 29547064 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates a wide array of biological processes, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Many previous studies have adopted transcriptomic analyses of skeletal muscle to address particular research questions, a process that ultimately results in the collection of large amounts of publicly available data that has not been fully integrated or interrogated. To maximize the use of these available transcriptomic exercise data sets, we have downloaded and reanalyzed them and formulated the data into a searchable online tool, geneXX. GeneXX is highly intuitive and free and provides immediate information regarding the response of a transcript of interest to exercise in skeletal muscle. To demonstrate its utility, we carried out a meta-analysis on the included data sets and show transcript changes in skeletal muscle that persist regardless of sex, exercise mode, and duration, some of which have had minimal attention in the context of exercise. We also demonstrate how geneXX can be used to formulate novel hypotheses on the complex effects of exercise, using preliminary data already generated. This resource represents a valuable tool for researchers with interests in human skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Reibe
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Marit Hjorth
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Martin Whitham
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
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118
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Dickinson JM, D'Lugos AC, Naymik MA, Siniard AL, Wolfe AJ, Curtis DR, Huentelman MJ, Carroll CC. Transcriptome response of human skeletal muscle to divergent exercise stimuli. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018. [PMID: 29543133 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) elicit unique adaptations in skeletal muscle that have distinct implications for health and performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the unique transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, six healthy, recreationally active young men (27 ± 3 yr) completed acute AE (40 min of cycling, ∼70% maximal HR) and RE [8 sets, 10 reps, ∼65% 1-repetition maximum (1RM)], separated by ∼1 wk. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and at 1 and 4 h postexercise. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (HiSeq2500; Illumina) was performed on cDNA synthesized from skeletal muscle RNA. Sequencing data were analyzed using HTSeq, and differential gene expression was identified using DESeq2 [adjusted P value (FDR) <0.05, >1.5-fold change from preexercise]. RE resulted in a greater number of differentially expressed genes at 1 (67 vs. 48) and 4 h (523 vs. 221) compared with AE. We identified 348 genes that were differentially expressed only following RE, whereas 48 genes were differentially expressed only following AE. Gene clustering indicated that AE targeted functions related to zinc interaction, angiogenesis, and ubiquitination, whereas RE targeted functions related to transcription regulation, cytokine activity, cell adhesion, kinase activity, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. ESRRG and TNFSRF12A were identified as potential targets related to the specific response of skeletal muscle to AE and RE, respectively. These data describe the early postexercise transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE and further highlight that different forms of exercise stimulate unique molecular activity in skeletal muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was used to determine the early postexercise transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) in untrained individuals. Although a number of shared genes were stimulated following both AE and RE, several genes were uniquely responsive to each exercise mode. These findings support the need for future research focused to better identify the role of exercise mode as it relates to targeting specific cellular skeletal muscle abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Dickinson
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Andrew C D'Lugos
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marcus A Naymik
- Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Amanda J Wolfe
- Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | - Chad C Carroll
- Midwestern University , Glendale, Arizona.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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119
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. MiRNAs can be expressed tissue specifically and are altered in response to various physiological conditions. It has recently been shown that miRNAs are released into the circulation, potentially for the purpose of communicating with distant tissues. This manuscript discusses miRNA alterations in cardiac muscle and the circulation during heart failure, a prevalent and costly public health issue. A potential mechanism for how skeletal muscle maladaptations during heart failure could be mediated by myocardium-derived miRNAs released to the circulation is presented. An overview of miRNA alterations in skeletal muscle during the ubiquitous process of aging and perspectives on miRNA interactions during heart failure are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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120
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Kirby TJ, Jackson JR, Lee JD, White SH, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Starring or Supporting Role? Satellite Cells and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Size Regulation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:26-38. [PMID: 29212890 PMCID: PMC5866409 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent loss-of-function studies show that satellite cell depletion does not promote sarcopenia or unloading-induced atrophy, and does not prevent regrowth. Although overload-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy is normally associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear accretion, hypertrophic adaptation proceeds in the absence of satellite cells in fully grown adult mice, but not in young growing mice. Emerging evidence also indicates that satellite cells play an important role in remodeling the extracellular matrix during hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tyler J Kirby
- The Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Janna R Jackson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonah D Lee
- Environment, Health, and Safety, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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121
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Hoffman NJ. Omics and Exercise: Global Approaches for Mapping Exercise Biological Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029884. [PMID: 28348175 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of global "-omics" technologies to exercise has introduced new opportunities to map the complexity and interconnectedness of biological networks underlying the tissue-specific responses and systemic health benefits of exercise. This review will introduce major research tracks and recent advancements in this emerging field, as well as critical gaps in understanding the orchestration of molecular exercise dynamics that will benefit from unbiased omics investigations. Furthermore, significant research hurdles that need to be overcome to effectively fill these gaps related to data collection, computation, interpretation, and integration across omics applications will be discussed. Collectively, a cross-disciplinary physiological and omics-based systems approach will lead to discovery of a wealth of novel exercise-regulated targets for future mechanistic validation. This frontier in exercise biology will aid the development of personalized therapeutic strategies to improve athletic performance and human health through precision exercise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan J Hoffman
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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122
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Haun CT, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Romero MA, Mobley CB, Kephart WC, Anderson RG, Colquhoun RJ, Muddle TWD, Luera MJ, Mackey CS, Pascoe DD, Young KC, Martin JS, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM, Roberts MD. Molecular, neuromuscular, and recovery responses to light versus heavy resistance exercise in young men. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/18/e13457. [PMID: 28963127 PMCID: PMC5617935 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that resistance training with light or heavy loads to failure results in similar adaptations. Herein, we compared how both training modalities affect the molecular, neuromuscular, and recovery responses following exercise. Resistance‐trained males (mean ± SE: 22 ± 2 years, 84.8 ± 9.0 kg, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; n = 15) performed a crossover design of four sets of leg extensor exercise at 30% (light RE) or 80% (heavy RE) one repetition maximum (1RM) to repetition failure, and heavy RE or light RE 1 week later. Surface electromyography (EMG) was monitored during exercise, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at baseline (PRE), 15 min (15mPOST), and 90 min following RE (90mPOST) for examination of molecular targets and fiber typing. Isokinetic dynamometry was also performed before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 48 h after (48hPOST) exercise. Dependent variables were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Repetitions completed were greater during light RE (P < 0.01), while EMG amplitude was greater during heavy RE (P ≤ 0.01). POST isokinetic torque was reduced following light versus heavy RE (P < 0.05). Postexercise expression of mRNAs and phosphoproteins associated with muscle hypertrophy were similar between load conditions. Additionally, p70s6k (Thr389) phosphorylation and fast‐twitch fiber proportion exhibited a strong relationship after both light and heavy RE (r > 0.5). While similar mRNA and phosphoprotein responses to both modalities occurred, we posit that heavy RE is a more time‐efficient training method given the differences in total repetitions completed, lower EMG amplitude during light RE, and impaired recovery response after light RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Michael J Luera
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Cameron S Mackey
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
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123
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Mobley CB, Mumford PW, Kephart WC, Haun CT, Holland AM, Beck DT, Martin JS, Young KC, Anderson RG, Patel RK, Langston GL, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Roberts MD. Aging in Rats Differentially Affects Markers of Transcriptional and Translational Capacity in Soleus and Plantaris Muscle. Front Physiol 2017; 8:518. [PMID: 28775694 PMCID: PMC5517446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in transcriptional and translational mechanisms occur during skeletal muscle aging and such changes may contribute to age-related atrophy. Herein, we examined markers related to global transcriptional output (i.e., myonuclear number, total mRNA and RNA pol II levels), translational efficiency [i.e., eukaryotic initiation and elongation factor levels and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) levels] and translational capacity (ribosome density) in the slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch plantaris muscles of male Fischer 344 rats aged 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (n = 9-10 per group). We also examined alterations in markers of proteolysis and oxidative stress in these muscles (i.e., 20S proteasome activity, poly-ubiquinated protein levels and 4-HNE levels). Notable plantaris muscle observations included: (a) fiber cross sectional area (CSA) was 59% (p < 0.05) and 48% (p < 0.05) greater in 12 month vs. 3 month and 24 month rats, respectively, suggesting a peak lifetime value near 12 months and age-related atrophy by 24 months, (b) MPS levels were greatest in 18 month rats (p < 0.05) despite the onset of atrophy, (c) while regulators of ribosome biogenesis [c-Myc and upstream binding factor (UBF) protein levels] generally increased with age, ribosome density linearly decreased from 3 months of age and RNA polymerase (Pol) I protein levels were lowest in 24 month rats, and d) 20S proteasome activity was robustly up-regulated in 6 and 24 month rats (p < 0.05). Notable soleus muscle observations included: (a) fiber CSA was greatest in 6 month rats and was maintained in older age groups, and (b) 20S proteasome activity was modestly but significantly greater in 24 month vs. 3/12/18 month rats (p < 0.05), and (c) total mRNA levels (suggestive of transcriptional output) trended downward in older rats despite non-significant between-group differences in myonuclear number and/or RNA Pol II protein levels. Collectively, these findings suggest that plantaris, not soleus, atrophy occurs following 12 months of age in male Fisher rats and this may be due to translational deficits (i.e., changes in MPS and ribosome density) and/or increases in proteolysis rather than increased oxidative stress and/or alterations in global transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Wesley C Kephart
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Darren T Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States.,Edward via College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States.,Edward via College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburn, AL, United States
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States.,Edward via College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Romil K Patel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Ryan P Lowery
- Applied Science and Performance InstituteTampa, FL, United States.,Department of Health and Human Performance, Concordia University ChicagoRiver Forest, IL, United States
| | - Jacob M Wilson
- Applied Science and Performance InstituteTampa, FL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States.,Edward via College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburn, AL, United States
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124
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Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy with Concurrent Exercise Training: Contrary Evidence for an Interference Effect. Sports Med 2017; 46:1029-39. [PMID: 26932769 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30+ years, it has become axiomatic that performing aerobic exercise within the same training program as resistance exercise (termed concurrent exercise training) interferes with the hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance exercise training. However, a close examination of the literature reveals that the interference effect of concurrent exercise training on muscle growth in humans is not as compelling as previously thought. Moreover, recent studies show that, under certain conditions, concurrent exercise may augment resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in healthy human skeletal muscle. The purpose of this article is to outline the contrary evidence for an acute and chronic interference effect of concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle growth in humans and provide practical literature-based recommendations for maximizing hypertrophy when training concurrently.
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125
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Goodpaster BH, Sparks LM. Metabolic Flexibility in Health and Disease. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1027-1036. [PMID: 28467922 PMCID: PMC5513193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is the ability to respond or adapt to conditional changes in metabolic demand. This broad concept has been propagated to explain insulin resistance and mechanisms governing fuel selection between glucose and fatty acids, highlighting the metabolic inflexibility of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In parallel, contemporary exercise physiology research has helped to identify potential mechanisms underlying altered fuel metabolism in obesity and diabetes. Advances in "omics" technologies have further stimulated additional basic and clinical-translational research to further interrogate mechanisms for improved metabolic flexibility in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue with the goal of preventing and treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
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126
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Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men. Exp Gerontol 2017; 93:36-45. [PMID: 28385599 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the temporal relationship between intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the expression of genes associated with IMCL turnover, fat metabolism, and inflammation during recovery from an acute bout of resistance type exercise in old versus young men. Seven healthy young (23±2years, 77.2±2.9kg) and seven healthy older (72±1years, 79.3±4.9kg) males performed a single bout of resistance exercise involving 6 sets of 10 repetitions of leg press and 6 sets of 10 repetitions of leg extension at 75% one-repetition maximum (1-RM). Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and 12, 24 and 48h after the completion of exercise and analysed for IMCL content and the expression of 48 genes. The subjects refrained from further heavy physical exercise and consumed a standardized diet for the entire experimental period. The IMCL content was ~2-fold higher at baseline and 12h post-exercise in old compared with young individuals. However, no differences between groups were apparent after 48h of recovery. There was higher expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (FASN and PPARγ) during the first 24h of recovery. Differential responses to exercise were observed between groups for a number of genes indicating increased inflammatory response (IL6, IkBalpha, CREB1) and impaired fat metabolism and TCA cycle (LPL, ACAT1, SUCLG1) in older compared with younger individuals. A singe bout of resistance type exercise leads to molecular changes in skeletal muscle favouring reduced lipid oxidation, increased lipogenesis, and exaggerated inflammation during post-exercise recovery in the older compared with younger individuals, which may be indicative of a blunted response of IMCL turnover with ageing.
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127
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Pillon NJ, Krook A. Innate immune receptors in skeletal muscle metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:47-54. [PMID: 28232117 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen increasing evidence for a role for both innate and adaptive immunity in response to changes in and in the modulation of metabolic status. This new field of immunometabolism builds on evidence for activation of immune-derived signals in metabolically relevant tissues such as adipose tissue, liver, hypothalamus and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is the primary site of dietary glucose disposal and therefore a key player in the development of diabetes, but studies on the role of inflammation in modulating skeletal muscle metabolism and its possible impact on whole body insulin sensitivity are scarce. This review describes the baseline mRNA expression of innate immune receptors (Toll- and NOD-like receptors) in human skeletal muscle and summarizes studies on putative role of these receptors in skeletal muscle in the context of diabetes, obesity and whole body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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128
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Kapilevich LV, Zakharova AN, Kabachkova AV, Kironenko TA, Orlov SN. Dynamic and Static Exercises Differentially Affect Plasma Cytokine Content in Elite Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes and Untrained Volunteers. Front Physiol 2017; 8:35. [PMID: 28194116 PMCID: PMC5276859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive exercise increases the plasma content of IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and several other cytokines via their augmented transcription in skeletal muscle cells. However, the relative impact of aerobic and resistant training interventions on cytokine production remains poorly defined. In this study, we compared effects of dynamic and static load on cytokine plasma content in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes vs. healthy untrained volunteers. The plasma cytokine content was measured before, immediately after, and 30 min post-exercise using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pedaling on a bicycle ergometer increased IL-6 and IL-8 content in the plasma of trained athletes by about 4- and 2-fold, respectively. In contrast to dynamic load, weightlifting had negligible impact on these parameters in strength exercise-trained athletes. Unlike IL-6 and IL-8, dynamic exercise had no impact on IL-15 and LIF, whereas static load increases the content of these cytokines by ~50%. Two-fold increment of IL-8 content seen in athletes subjected to dynamic exercise was absent in untrained individuals, whereas the ~50% increase in IL-15 triggered by static load in the plasma of weightlifting athletes was not registered in the control group. Thus, our results show the distinct impact of static and dynamic exercises on cytokine content in the plasma of trained athletes. They also demonstrate that both types of exercises differentially affect cytokine content in plasma of athletes and untrained persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Kapilevich
- Department of Sports Tourism Sports Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State UniversityTomsk, Russia; Department of Sports Disciplines, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk, Russia
| | - Anna N Zakharova
- Department of Sports Tourism Sports Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Kabachkova
- Department of Sports Tourism Sports Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Kironenko
- Department of Sports Tourism Sports Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergei N Orlov
- Department of Sports Tourism Sports Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State UniversityTomsk, Russia; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
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129
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Begue G, Raue U, Jemiolo B, Trappe S. DNA methylation assessment from human slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:952-967. [PMID: 28057818 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00867.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new application of the reduced representation bisulfite sequencing method was developed using low-DNA input to investigate the epigenetic profile of human slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. Successful library construction was completed with as little as 15 ng of DNA, and high-quality sequencing data were obtained with 32 ng of DNA. Analysis identified 143,160 differentially methylated CpG sites across 14,046 genes. In both fiber types, selected genes predominantly expressed in slow or fast fibers were hypomethylated, which was supported by the RNA-sequencing analysis. These are the first fiber type-specific methylation data from human skeletal muscle and provide a unique platform for future research.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study validates a low-DNA input reduced representation bisulfite sequencing method for human muscle biopsy samples to investigate the methylation patterns at a fiber type-specific level. These are the first fiber type-specific methylation data reported from human skeletal muscle and thus provide initial insight into basal state differences in myosin heavy chain I and IIa muscle fibers among young, healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Begue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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130
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Hangelbroek RWJ, Fazelzadeh P, Tieland M, Boekschoten MV, Hooiveld GJEJ, van Duynhoven JPM, Timmons JA, Verdijk LB, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC, Müller M. Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:604-614. [PMID: 27239416 PMCID: PMC4863830 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle system plays an important role in the independence of older adults. In this study we examine differences in the skeletal muscle transcriptome between healthy young and older subjects and (pre-)frail older adults. Additionally, we examine the effect of resistance-type exercise training on the muscle transcriptome in healthy older subjects and (pre-)frail older adults. METHODS Baseline transcriptome profiles were measured in muscle biopsies collected from 53 young, 73 healthy older subjects, and 61 frail older subjects. Follow-up samples from these frail older subjects (31 samples) and healthy older subjects (41 samples) were collected after 6 months of progressive resistance-type exercise training. Frail older subjects trained twice per week and the healthy older subjects trained three times per week. RESULTS At baseline genes related to mitochondrial function and energy metabolism were differentially expressed between older and young subjects, as well as between healthy and frail older subjects. Three hundred seven genes were differentially expressed after training in both groups. Training affected expression levels of genes related to extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism ,and vascularization. Expression of genes that were modulated by exercise training was indicative of muscle strength at baseline. Genes that strongly correlated with strength belonged to the protocadherin gamma gene cluster (r = -0.73). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest significant remaining plasticity of ageing skeletal muscle to adapt to resistance-type exercise training. Some age-related changes in skeletal muscle gene expression appear to be partially reversed by prolonged resistance-type exercise training. The protocadherin gamma gene cluster may be related to muscle denervation and re-innervation in ageing muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland W J Hangelbroek
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningenthe Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Parastoo Fazelzadeh
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningenthe Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Michael Tieland
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningenthe Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningenthe Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningenthe Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - John P M van Duynhoven
- Laboratory of Biophysics Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen the Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningenthe Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen the Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands; Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK
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131
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Coffey VG, Hawley JA. Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? J Physiol 2016; 595:2883-2896. [PMID: 27506998 DOI: 10.1113/jp272270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity is a core principle of exercise training to promote the desired adaptations for maximising athletic performance. The principle of specificity of adaptation is underpinned by the volume, intensity, frequency and mode of contractile activity and is most evident when contrasting the divergent phenotypes that result after undertaking either prolonged endurance or resistance training. The molecular profiles that generate the adaptive response to different exercise modes have undergone intense scientific scrutiny. Given divergent exercise induces similar signalling and gene expression profiles in skeletal muscle of untrained or recreationally active individuals, what is currently unclear is how the specificity of the molecular response is modified by prior training history. The time course of adaptation and when 'phenotype specificity' occurs has important implications for exercise prescription. This context is essential when attempting to concomitantly develop resistance to fatigue (through endurance-based exercise) and increased muscle mass (through resistance-based exercise), typically termed 'concurrent training'. Chronic training studies provide robust evidence that endurance exercise can attenuate muscle hypertrophy and strength but the mechanistic underpinning of this 'interference' effect with concurrent training is unknown. Moreover, despite the potential for several key regulators of muscle metabolism to explain an incompatibility in adaptation between endurance and resistance exercise, it now seems likely that multiple integrated, rather than isolated, effectors or processes generate the interference effect. Here we review studies of the molecular responses in skeletal muscle and evidence for the interference effect with concurrent training within the context of the specificity of training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health & Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4226, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, 3065, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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132
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Murach KA, Walton RG, Fry CS, Michaelis SL, Groshong JS, Finlin BS, Kern PA, Peterson CA. Cycle training modulates satellite cell and transcriptional responses to a bout of resistance exercise. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12973. [PMID: 27650251 PMCID: PMC5037921 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation evaluated whether moderate-intensity cycle ergometer training affects satellite cell and molecular responses to acute maximal concentric/eccentric resistance exercise in middle-aged women. Baseline and 72 h postresistance exercise vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained from seven healthy middle-aged women (56 ± 5 years, BMI 26 ± 1, VO2max 27 ± 4) before and after 12 weeks of cycle training. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) I- and II-associated satellite cell density and cross-sectional area was determined via immunohistochemistry. Expression of 93 genes representative of the muscle-remodeling environment was also measured via NanoString. Overall fiber size increased ~20% with cycle training (P = 0.052). MyHC I satellite cell density increased 29% in response to acute resistance exercise before endurance training and 50% with endurance training (P < 0.05). Following endurance training, MyHC I satellite cell density decreased by 13% in response to acute resistance exercise (acute resistance × training interaction, P < 0.05). Genes with an interaction effect tracked with satellite cell behavior, increasing in the untrained state and decreasing in the endurance trained state in response to resistance exercise. Similar satellite cell and gene expression response patterns indicate coordinated regulation of the muscle environment to promote adaptation. Moderate-intensity endurance cycle training modulates the response to acute resistance exercise, potentially conditioning the muscle for more intense concentric/eccentric activity. These results suggest that cycle training is an effective endurance exercise modality for promoting growth in middle-aged women, who are susceptible to muscle mass loss with progressing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - R Grace Walton
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sami L Michaelis
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jason S Groshong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Brian S Finlin
- Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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133
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Dickinson JM, Reidy PT, Gundermann DM, Borack MS, Walker DK, D'Lugos AC, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. The impact of postexercise essential amino acid ingestion on the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagosomal-lysosomal systems in skeletal muscle of older men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:620-630. [PMID: 27586837 PMCID: PMC5401961 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00632.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion enhances postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and, in particular, the anabolic response of older adults appears sensitive to the quantity of ingested leucine. The effect of leucine ingestion on muscle breakdown following resistance exercise (RE) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of postexercise leucine ingestion on the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagosomal-lysosomal systems following acute RE in older men. Subjects (72 ± 2 yr) performed RE and 1 h postexercise ingested 10 g of EAA containing a leucine quantity similar to quality protein (control, 1.8 g leucine, n = 7) or enriched in leucine (leucine, 3.5 g leucine, n = 8). Stable isotope infusion and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) obtained at rest and 2, 5, and 24 h postexercise were used to examine protein content (Western blot), mRNA expression (RT-quantitative PCR), and muscle protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR). Muscle-specific RING finger 1 mRNA increased in both groups at 2 and 5 h (P < 0.05). LC3 mRNA increased, and the LC3BII-to-LC3BI ratio decreased at all postexercise time points in control (P < 0.05). Conversely, LC3 mRNA only increased at 2 h, and the LC3BII-to-LC3BI ratio only decreased at 2 and 5 h in leucine (P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 mRNA increased (P < 0.05) in control at 5 h. FBR was not statistically different between groups or from basal 24 h postexercise (P > 0.05). These data indicate that ingesting a larger quantity of leucine following RE may further reduce postexercise skeletal muscle autophagy in older men; however, it does not appear to influence the acute postexercise elevation in markers of the ubiquitin proteasome system or the breakdown of intact proteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The impact of postexercise leucine ingestion on processes of skeletal muscle breakdown in older adults is not well understood. Additional postexercise leucine ingestion appears to further reduce autophagy, but it does not interfere with the increase in ubiquitin proteasome system markers or the breakdown of intact proteins in skeletal muscle of older men. Postexercise leucine ingestion may promote a healthier protein pool and favorable muscle adaptations in older adults through greater accretion of myofibrillar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Dickinson
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - David M Gundermann
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Michael S Borack
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Dillon K Walker
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrew C D'Lugos
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and.,Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
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134
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Denham J, Marques FZ, Bruns EL, O’Brien BJ, Charchar FJ. Epigenetic changes in leukocytes after 8 weeks of resistance exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1245-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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135
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Lundberg TR, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Tesch PA, Rullman E, Gustafsson T. Aerobic exercise augments muscle transcriptome profile of resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1279-87. [PMID: 27101291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00035.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that aerobic exercise may boost the hypertrophic response to short-term resistance training. This study explored the effects of an acute aerobic exercise bout on the transcriptional response to subsequent resistance exercise. Ten moderately trained men performed ∼45 min cycling on one leg followed by 4 × 7 maximal knee extensions for each leg, 15 min later. Thus, one limb performed aerobic and resistance exercise (AE + RE) while the opposing leg did resistance exercise only (RE). Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of each leg 3 h after the resistance exercise bout. Using DNA microarray, we analyzed differences [≥1.5-fold, false discovery rate (FDR) ≤10%] in gene expression profiles for the two modes of exercise. There were 176 genes up (127)- or downregulated (49) by AE + RE compared with RE. Among the most significant differentially expressed genes were established markers for muscle growth and oxidative capacity, novel cytokines, transcription factors, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). The most enriched functional categories were those linked to carbohydrate metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Upstream analysis revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor, cAMP-response element-binding protein, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase, and mammalian target of rapamycin were regulators highly activated by AE + RE, whereas JnK, NF-κβ, MAPK, and several miRNAs were inhibited. Thus, aerobic exercise alters the skeletal muscle transcriptional signature of resistance exercise to initiate important gene programs promoting both myofiber growth and improved oxidative capacity. These results provide novel insight into human muscle adaptations to diverse exercise modes and offer the very first genomic basis explaining how aerobic exercise may augment, rather than compromise, muscle growth induced by resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy R Lundberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | | | - Per A Tesch
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Eric Rullman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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136
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Carter HN, Chen CCW, Hood DA. Mitochondria, muscle health, and exercise with advancing age. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:208-23. [PMID: 25933821 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle health is dependent on the optimal function of its mitochondria. With advancing age, decrements in numerous mitochondrial variables are evident in muscle. Part of this decline is due to reduced physical activity, whereas the remainder appears to be attributed to age-related alterations in mitochondrial synthesis and degradation. Exercise is an important strategy to stimulate mitochondrial adaptations in older individuals to foster improvements in muscle function and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Carter
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris C W Chen
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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137
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Murach KA, Bagley JR, McLeland KA, Arevalo JA, Ciccone AB, Malyszek KK, Wen Y, Galpin AJ. Improving human skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain fiber typing efficiency. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2016; 37:1-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-016-9441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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138
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Ahtiainen JP, Walker S, Peltonen H, Holviala J, Sillanpää E, Karavirta L, Sallinen J, Mikkola J, Valkeinen H, Mero A, Hulmi JJ, Häkkinen K. Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:10. [PMID: 26767377 PMCID: PMC5005877 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity recommendations for public health include typically muscle-strengthening activities for a minimum of 2 days a week. The range of inter-individual variation in responses to resistance training (RT) aiming to improve health and well-being requires to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify high and low responders for RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength and to examine possible effects of age and sex on these responses. Previously collected data of untrained healthy men and women (age 19 to 78 years, n = 287 with 72 controls) were pooled for the present study. Muscle size and strength changed during RT are 4.8 ± 6.1 % (range from -11 to 30 %) and 21.1 ± 11.5 % (range from -8 to 60 %) compared to pre-RT, respectively. Age and sex did not affect to the RT responses. Fourteen percent and 12 % of the subjects were defined as high responders (>1 standard deviation (SD) from the group mean) for the RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. When taking into account the results of non-training controls (upper 95 % CI), 29 and 7 % of the subjects were defined as low responders for the RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. The muscle size and strength responses varied extensively between the subjects regardless of subject's age and sex. Whether these changes are associated with, e.g., functional capacity and metabolic health improvements due to RT requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Ahtiainen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Simon Walker
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Peltonen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jarkko Holviala
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Elina Sillanpää
- Gerontology Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Laura Karavirta
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Janne Sallinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jussi Mikkola
- Physiology, Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heli Valkeinen
- Department of Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mero
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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139
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Liu SZ, Jemiolo B, Lavin KM, Lester BE, Trappe SW, Trappe TA. Prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase pathway in human skeletal muscle: influence of muscle fiber type and age. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:546-51. [PMID: 26607246 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00396.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway regulates skeletal muscle protein turnover and exercise training adaptations. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) define the PGE2/COX pathway enzymes and receptors in human skeletal muscle, with a focus on type I and II muscle fibers; and 2) examine the influence of aging on this pathway. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the soleus (primarily type I fibers) and vastus lateralis (proportionally more type II fibers than soleus) of young men and women (n = 8; 26 ± 2 yr), and from the vastus lateralis of young (n = 8; 25 ± 1 yr) and old (n = 12; 79 ± 2 yr) men and women. PGE2/COX pathway proteins [COX enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), PGE2 synthases (cPGES, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2), and PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4)] were quantified via Western blot. COX-1, cPGES, mPGES-2, and all four PGE2 receptors were detected in all skeletal muscle samples examined. COX-1 (P < 0.1) and mPGES-2 were ∼20% higher, while EP3 was 99% higher and EP4 57% lower in soleus compared with vastus lateralis (P < 0.05). Aging did not change the level of skeletal muscle COX-1, while cPGES increased 45% and EP1 (P < 0.1), EP3, and EP4 decreased ∼33% (P < 0.05). In summary, PGE2 production capacity and receptor levels are different in human skeletal muscles with markedly different type I and II muscle fiber composition. In aging skeletal muscle, PGE2 production capacity is elevated and receptor levels are downregulated. These findings have implications for understanding the regulation of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and aging by the PGE2/COX pathway and related inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Z Liu
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bridget E Lester
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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140
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Sood S, Gallagher IJ, Lunnon K, Rullman E, Keohane A, Crossland H, Phillips BE, Cederholm T, Jensen T, van Loon LJC, Lannfelt L, Kraus WE, Atherton PJ, Howard R, Gustafsson T, Hodges A, Timmons JA. A novel multi-tissue RNA diagnostic of healthy ageing relates to cognitive health status. Genome Biol 2015; 16:185. [PMID: 26343147 PMCID: PMC4561473 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics of the human ageing process may help predict future healthcare needs or guide preventative measures for tackling diseases of older age. We take a transcriptomics approach to build the first reproducible multi-tissue RNA expression signature by gene-chip profiling tissue from sedentary normal subjects who reached 65 years of age in good health. RESULTS One hundred and fifty probe-sets form an accurate classifier of young versus older muscle tissue and this healthy ageing RNA classifier performed consistently in independent cohorts of human muscle, skin and brain tissue (n = 594, AUC = 0.83-0.96) and thus represents a biomarker for biological age. Using the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men birth-cohort (n = 108) we demonstrate that the RNA classifier is insensitive to confounding lifestyle biomarkers, while greater gene score at age 70 years is independently associated with better renal function at age 82 years and longevity. The gene score is 'up-regulated' in healthy human hippocampus with age, and when applied to blood RNA profiles from two large independent age-matched dementia case-control data sets (n = 717) the healthy controls have significantly greater gene scores than those with cognitive impairment. Alone, or when combined with our previously described prototype Alzheimer disease (AD) RNA 'disease signature', the healthy ageing RNA classifier is diagnostic for AD. CONCLUSIONS We identify a novel and statistically robust multi-tissue RNA signature of human healthy ageing that can act as a diagnostic of future health, using only a peripheral blood sample. This RNA signature has great potential to assist research aimed at finding treatments for and/or management of AD and other ageing-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Sood
- XRGenomics Ltd, London, UK
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- XRGenomics Ltd, London, UK
- School of Health, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Present address: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Eric Rullman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aoife Keohane
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Crossland
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Medicine, Derby Royal Hospital, Derbyshire, UK
| | | | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health, Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Robert Howard
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Hodges
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James A Timmons
- XRGenomics Ltd, London, UK.
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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141
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Santos CGM, Pimentel-Coelho PM, Budowle B, de Moura-Neto RS, Dornelas-Ribeiro M, Pompeu FAMS, Silva R. The heritable path of human physical performance: from single polymorphisms to the "next generation". Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:600-12. [PMID: 26147924 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human physical performance is a complex multifactorial trait. Historically, environmental factors (e.g., diet, training) alone have been unable to explain the basis of all prominent phenotypes for physical performance. Therefore, there has been an interest in the study of the contribution of genetic factors to the development of these phenotypes. Support for a genetic component is found with studies that shown that monozygotic twins were more similar than were dizygotic twins for many physiological traits. The evolution of molecular techniques and the ability to scan the entire human genome enabled association of several genetic polymorphisms with performance. However, some biases related to the selection of cohorts and inadequate definition of the study variables have complicated the already difficult task of studying such a large and polymorphic genome, often resulting in inconsistent results about the influence of candidate genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview of heritable genetic aspects. Novel molecular technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, are discussed and how they can contribute to improving understanding of the molecular basis for athletic performance. It is important to ensure that the large amount of data that can be generated using these tools will be used effectively by ensuring well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G M Santos
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Brazillian Army Biologic Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P M Pimentel-Coelho
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Brazillian Army Biologic Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B Budowle
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas - Health and Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R S de Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Dornelas-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Brazillian Army Biologic Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F A M S Pompeu
- Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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142
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Kirby TJ, Lee JD, England JH, Chaillou T, Esser KA, McCarthy JJ. Blunted hypertrophic response in aged skeletal muscle is associated with decreased ribosome biogenesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:321-7. [PMID: 26048973 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00296.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of skeletal muscle to hypertrophy in response to a growth stimulus is known to be compromised in older individuals. We hypothesized that a change in the expression of protein-encoding genes in response to a hypertrophic stimulus contributes to the blunted hypertrophy observed with aging. To test this hypothesis, we determined gene expression by microarray analysis of plantaris muscle from 5- and 25-mo-old mice subjected to 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days of synergist ablation to induce hypertrophy. Overall, 1,607 genes were identified as being differentially expressed across the time course between young and old groups; however, the difference in gene expression was modest, with cluster analysis showing a similar pattern of expression between the two groups. Despite ribosome protein gene expression being higher in the aged group, ribosome biogenesis was significantly blunted in the skeletal muscle of aged mice compared with mice young in response to the hypertrophic stimulus (50% vs. 2.5-fold, respectively). The failure to upregulate pre-47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) expression in muscle undergoing hypertrophy of old mice indicated that rDNA transcription by RNA polymerase I was impaired. Contrary to our hypothesis, the findings of the study suggest that impaired ribosome biogenesis was a primary factor underlying the blunted hypertrophic response observed in skeletal muscle of old mice rather than dramatic differences in the expression of protein-encoding genes. The diminished increase in total RNA, pre-47S rRNA, and 28S rRNA expression in aged muscle suggest that the primary dysfunction in ribosome biogenesis occurs at the level of rRNA transcription and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonah D Lee
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Jonathan H England
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
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143
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Boman N, Burén J, Antti H, Svensson MB. Gene expression and fiber type variations in repeated vastus lateralis biopsies. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:812-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Boman
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation; Sports Medicine, Umeå University; Umå Sweden
| | - Jonas Burén
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Medicine, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Henrik Antti
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael B. Svensson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation; Sports Medicine, Umeå University; Umå Sweden
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144
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Trappe S, Luden N, Minchev K, Raue U, Jemiolo B, Trappe TA. Skeletal muscle signature of a champion sprint runner. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1460-6. [PMID: 25749440 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00037.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We had the unique opportunity to study the skeletal muscle characteristics, at the single fiber level, of a world champion sprint runner who is the current indoor world record holder in the 60-m hurdles (7.30 s) and former world record holder in 110-m hurdles (12.91 s). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest and 4 h after a high-intensity exercise challenge (4 × 7 repetitions of resistance exercise). Single muscle fiber analyses were conducted for fiber type distribution (myosin heavy chain, MHC), fiber size, contractile function (strength, speed, and power) and mRNA expression (before and after the exercise bout). The world-class sprinter's leg muscle had a high abundance (24%) of the pure MHC IIx muscle fibers with a total fast-twitch fiber population of 71%. Power output of the MHC IIx fibers (35.1 ± 1.4 W/l) was 2-fold higher than MHC IIa fibers (17.1 ± 0.5 W/l) and 14-fold greater than MHC I fibers (2.5 ± 0.1 W/l). Additionally, the MHC IIx fibers were highly responsive to intense exercise at the transcriptional level for genes involved with muscle growth and remodeling (Fn14 and myostatin). To our knowledge, the abundance of pure MHC IIx muscle fibers is the highest observed in an elite sprinter. Further, the power output of the MHC IIa and MHC IIx muscle fibers was greater than any human values reported to date. These data provide a myocellular basis for the high level of sprinting success achieved by this individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Nicholas Luden
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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145
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Physical exercise and sarcopenia in older people: position paper of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Medicine (OrtoMed). CLINICAL CASES IN MINERAL AND BONE METABOLISM : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF OSTEOPOROSIS, MINERAL METABOLISM, AND SKELETAL DISEASES 2015; 11:215-21. [PMID: 25568656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. It is a major clinical problem for older people and research in understanding of pathogenesis, clinical consequences, management, and socioeconomic burden of this condition is growing exponentially. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial, including inflammation, insulin resistance, changing endocrine function, chronic diseases, nutritional deficiencies and low levels of physical activity. Operational definition of sarcopenia combines assessment of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. The diagnosis of sarcopenia should be based on having a low appendicular fat free mass in combination with low handgrip strength or poor physical functioning. Imaging techniques used for estimating lean body mass are computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, the latter considered as the preferred method in research and clinical use. Pharmacological interventions have shown limited efficacy in counteracting the age-related skeletal muscle wasting. Recent evidence suggests physical activity and exercise, in particular resistance training, as effective intervention strategies to slow down sarcopenia. The Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Medicine (Or-toMed) provides this position paper to present the update on the role of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderly.
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146
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Interference between concurrent resistance and endurance exercise: molecular bases and the role of individual training variables. Sports Med 2014; 44:743-62. [PMID: 24728927 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent training is defined as simultaneously incorporating both resistance and endurance exercise within a periodized training regime. Despite the potential additive benefits of combining these divergent exercise modes with regards to disease prevention and athletic performance, current evidence suggests that this approach may attenuate gains in muscle mass, strength, and power compared with undertaking resistance training alone. This has been variously described as the interference effect or concurrent training effect. In recent years, understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating training adaptation in skeletal muscle has emerged and provided potential mechanistic insight into the concurrent training effect. Although it appears that various molecular signaling responses induced in skeletal muscle by endurance exercise can inhibit pathways regulating protein synthesis and stimulate protein breakdown, human studies to date have not observed such molecular 'interference' following acute concurrent exercise that might explain compromised muscle hypertrophy following concurrent training. However, given the multitude of potential concurrent training variables and the limitations of existing evidence, the potential roles of individual training variables in acute and chronic interference are not fully elucidated. The present review explores current evidence for the molecular basis of the specificity of training adaptation and the concurrent interference phenomenon. Additionally, insights provided by molecular and performance-based concurrent training studies regarding the role of individual training variables (i.e., within-session exercise order, between-mode recovery, endurance training volume, intensity, and modality) in the concurrent interference effect are discussed, along with the limitations of our current understanding of this complex paradigm.
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147
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Raue U, Jemiolo B, Yang Y, Trappe S. TWEAK-Fn14 pathway activation after exercise in human skeletal muscle: insights from two exercise modes and a time course investigation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:569-78. [PMID: 25539934 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00759.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface receptor Fn14/TWEAKR was recently reported by our laboratory to be a prominent marker in the resistance exercise (RE) induced Transcriptome. The purpose of the present study was to extend our Transcriptome findings and investigate the gene and protein expression time course of markers in the TWEAK-Fn14 pathway following RE or run exercise (RUN). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained from 6 RE subjects [25 ± 4 yr, 1-repetition maximum (RM): 99 ± 27 kg] pre- and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post RE (3 × 10 at 70% 1-RM). Lateral gastrocnemius biopsies were obtained from 6 RUN subjects [25 ± 4 yr, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max): 63 ± 8 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)] pre- and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after a 30-min RUN (75% V̇O2max). After RE, Fn14 gene and protein expression were induced (P < 0.05) and peaked at 8 and 12 h, respectively. Downstream markers analyzed showed evidence of TWEAK-Fn14 signaling through the alternative NF-κB pathway after RE. After RUN, Fn14 gene expression was induced (P < 0.05) to a much lesser extent and peaked at 24 h. Fn14 protein expression was only measurable on a sporadic basis, and there was weak evidence of alternative NF-κB pathway signaling after RUN. TWEAK gene and protein expression were not influenced by either exercise mode. These are the first human data to show a transient activation of the TWEAK-Fn14 axis in the recovery from exercise, and our data suggest the level of activation is exercise mode dependent. Furthermore, our collective data support a myogenic role for TWEAK-Fn14 through the alternative NF-κB pathway in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Yifan Yang
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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148
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Johnson ML, Lanza IR, Short DK, Asmann YW, Nair KS. Chronically endurance-trained individuals preserve skeletal muscle mitochondrial gene expression with age but differences within age groups remain. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12239. [PMID: 25524277 PMCID: PMC4332217 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of musculoskeletal function in older adults is critically important for preserving cardiorespiratory function and health span. Aerobic endurance training (ET) improves skeletal muscle metabolic function including age‐related declines in muscle mitochondrial function. To further understand the underlying mechanism of enhanced muscle function with ET, we profiled the gene transcription (mRNA levels) patterns by gene array and determined the canonical pathways associated with skeletal muscle aging in a cross‐sectional study involving vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples of four subgroups (young and old, trained, and untrained). We first analyzed the sedentary individuals and then sought to identify the pathways impacted by long‐term ET (>4 years) and determined the age effect. We found that skeletal muscle aging in older sedentary adults decreased mitochondrial genes and pathways involved in oxidative phosphorylation while elevating pathways in redox homeostasis. In older adults compared to their younger counterparts who chronically perform ET however, those differences were absent. ET did, however, impact nearly twice as many genes in younger compared to older participants including downregulation of gene transcripts involved in protein ubiquitination and the ERK/MAPK pathways. This study demonstrates that in individuals who are chronically endurance trained, the transcriptional profile is normalized for mitochondrial genes but aging impacts the number of genes that respond to ET including many involved in protein homeostasis and cellular stress. e12239 Transcriptional patterns in skeletal muscle are distinct in older compared to young adults. Although chronic endurance training in older adults restores the majority of the mitochondria transcripts to expression levels similar to young, there are many genes involved in protein homeostasis and cellular stress that exhibit attenuated responses to exercise in old compared to young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota
| | - Daniel K Short
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota
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149
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Murach K, Raue U, Wilkerson B, Minchev K, Jemiolo B, Bagley J, Luden N, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber gene expression with run taper. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108547. [PMID: 25268477 PMCID: PMC4182496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated gene expression changes in gastrocnemius slow-twitch myosin heavy chain I (MHC I) and fast-twitch (MHC IIa) muscle fibers of collegiate cross-country runners (n = 6, 20±1 y, VO2max = 70±1 ml•kg−1•min−1) during two distinct training phases. In a controlled environment, runners performed identical 8 kilometer runs (30∶18±0∶30 min:s, 89±1% HRmax) while in heavy training (∼72 km/wk) and following a 3 wk taper. Training volume during the taper leading into peak competition was reduced ∼50% which resulted in improved race times and greater cross-section and improved function of MHC IIa fibers. Single muscle fibers were isolated from pre and 4 hour post run biopsies in heavily trained and tapered states to examine the dynamic acute exercise response of the growth-related genes Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (FN14), Myostatin (MSTN), Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), Muscle ring-finger protein-1 (MURF1), Myogenic factor 6 (MRF4), and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) via qPCR. FN14 increased 4.3-fold in MHC IIa fibers with exercise in the tapered state (P<0.05). MSTN was suppressed with exercise in both fiber types and training states (P<0.05) while MURF1 and HSP72 responded to running in MHC IIa and I fibers, respectively, regardless of training state (P<0.05). Robust induction of FN14 (previously shown to strongly correlate with hypertrophy) and greater overall transcriptional flexibility with exercise in the tapered state provides an initial molecular basis for fast-twitch muscle fiber performance gains previously observed after taper in competitive endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Murach
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brittany Wilkerson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James Bagley
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Luden
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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150
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Rivas DA, Lessard SJ, Rice NP, Lustgarten MS, So K, Goodyear LJ, Parnell LD, Fielding RA. Diminished skeletal muscle microRNA expression with aging is associated with attenuated muscle plasticity and inhibition of IGF-1 signaling. FASEB J 2014; 28:4133-47. [PMID: 24928197 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Older individuals have a reduced capacity to induce muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise (RE), which may contribute to the age-induced loss of muscle mass and function, sarcopenia. We tested the novel hypothesis that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to reduced muscle plasticity with aging. Skeletal muscle expression profiling of protein-coding genes and miRNA was performed in younger (YNG) and older (OLD) men after an acute bout of RE. 21 miRNAs were altered by RE in YNG men, while no RE-induced changes in miRNA expression were observed in OLD men. This striking absence in miRNA regulation in OLD men was associated with blunted transcription of mRNAs, with only 42 genes altered in OLD men vs. 175 in YNG men following RE, demonstrating a reduced adaptability of aging muscle to exercise. Integrated bioinformatics analysis identified miR-126 as an important regulator of the transcriptional response to exercise and reduced lean mass in OLD men. Manipulation of miR-126 levels in myocytes, in vitro, revealed its direct effects on the expression of regulators of skeletal muscle growth and activation of insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling. This work identifies a mechanistic role of miRNA in the adaptation of muscle to anabolic stimulation and reveals a significant impairment in exercise-induced miRNA/mRNA regulation with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato A Rivas
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory and
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas P Rice
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory and
| | | | - Kawai So
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory and
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
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