101
|
Zeni L, Norden AGW, Cancarini G, Unwin RJ. A more tubulocentric view of diabetic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2017; 30:701-717. [PMID: 28840540 PMCID: PMC5698396 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Types 1 and 2, and prevention of end stage renal disease (ESRD) remains a major challenge. Despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of DN is still controversial. Initial glomerular disease manifested by hyperfiltration and loss of glomerular size and charge permselectivity may initiate a cascade of injuries, including tubulo-interstitial disease. Clinically, 'microalbuminuria' is still accepted as an early biomarker of glomerular damage, despite mounting evidence that its predictive value for DN is questionable, and findings that suggest the proximal tubule is an important link in the development of DN. The concept of 'diabetic tubulopathy' has emerged from recent studies, and its causative role in DN is supported by clinical and experimental evidence, as well as plausible pathogenetic mechanisms. This review explores the 'tubulocentric' view of DN. The recent finding that inhibition of proximal tubule (PT) glucose transport (via SGLT2) is nephro-protective in diabetic patients is discussed in relation to the tubule's potential role in DN. Studies with a tubulocentric view of DN have stimulated alternative clinical approaches to the early detection of diabetic kidney disease. There are tubular biomarkers considered as direct indicators of injury of the proximal tubule (PT), such as N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Kidney Injury Molecule-1, and other functional PT biomarkers, such as Urine free Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Cystatin C, which reflect impaired reabsorption of filtered proteins. The clinical application of these measurements to diabetic patients will be reviewed in the context of the need for better biomarkers for early DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Zeni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato 15, 25121, Brescia, Italy.
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- Operative Unit of Nephrology, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anthony G W Norden
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Giovanni Cancarini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato 15, 25121, Brescia, Italy
- Operative Unit of Nephrology, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert J Unwin
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases iMED ECD, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Kim HY, Lee YA, Jung HW, Gu MJ, Kim JY, Lee GM, Lee J, Yoon JY, Yang SW, Shin CH. A lack of association between vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in pediatric type 1 diabetes without microalbuminuria. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:247-252. [PMID: 29301185 PMCID: PMC5769838 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.4.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D deficiency is reported to be more common in type 1 diabetes patients and might be associated with the increased urinary loss of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) consequent to impaired 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) circulation. We aimed to evaluate the possible increased urinary loss of VDBP, a correlation between VDBP and circulating 25(OH)D level, and risk factors influencing low vitamin D level in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients without microalbuminuria. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of subjects who visited Seoul National University Children's Hospital between January and March 2013. Forty-two type 1 diabetes patients and 29 healthy controls were included. Biochemical parameters including serum and urine VDBP concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the frequency of vitamin D deficiency or serum 25(OH)D level between the 2 groups. The serum and urine VDBP concentrations did not show any difference between the 2 groups. Serum 25(OH) D level did not correlate with serum or urine VDBP. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that daylight outdoor hours (β=2.948, P=0.003) and vitamin D intake (β=2.865, P=0.003) affected the 25(OH)D level; the presence of type 1 diabetes or urinary VDBP excretion was not significant. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric type 1 diabetes patients, urinary VDBP excretion did not contribute to low serum 25(OH)D level in the setting of normoalbuminuria. The factors associated with 25(OH)D level during winter periods were daylight outdoor hours and vitamin D intake. Further studies including both micro- and macroalbuminuria patients with type 1 diabetes are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Woon Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jeoung Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyung Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ju Young Yoon
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Sei Won Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea,Address for correspondence: Choong Ho Shin, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-1134 Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel: +82-2-2072-3357 Fax: +82-2-743-3455 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Mou Y, Zhang Y, Guo C, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Dong J, Liao L. Integrated Treatment of Prostaglandin E1 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Diabetic Kidney Disease Rats: Possible Role of Antiapoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 37:133-141. [PMID: 29185789 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms underlying prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) on reducing urinary protein in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). DKD rats were established and randomly divided into four groups: PGE1 (10 μg/kg/day) (P group), ACEI (10 mg/kg/day) (A group), combination of PGE1 with ACEI treatment (P + A group), and saline treatment group (DKD group). Untreated rats were used as normal control (N group). Urinary albumin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (AngII), TUNEL assay, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry staining for CD68 were evaluated in all groups. Ten days after treatment, urinary albumin was significantly decreased in the P and P + A groups (p < 0.01 vs. the DKD group). At the end of 8 weeks, the albumin was still significantly reduced in the P + A group (p < 0.05 vs. the A group). ET-1 and AngII were also significantly decreased in three treatment groups (p < 0.01 vs. the DKD group), especially in the P + A group. Few cells underwent apoptosis in glomerular regions in DKD rats, while amounts of apoptotic cells were seen in tubules regions. Further, apoptosis and the areas of fibrosis in tubulointerstitial were both decreased most in the P + A group compared with the DKD group. Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells may participate in the development and progression of DKD in rats. Combination of PGE1 with AGEI remarkably protects renal function compared with PGE1 or ACEI monotherapy. The potential therapeutic mechanisms of PGE1 and AGEI might be via multiple targets and, at least in part, through inhibiting the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Mou
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- 2 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Congcong Guo
- 2 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China .,3 First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- 2 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Zhongwen Zhang
- 2 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- 2 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- 4 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- 2 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Lin J, Zhang H, Morovati V, Dargazany R. PEGylation on mixed monolayer gold nanoparticles: Effect of grafting density, chain length, and surface curvature. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 504:325-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
105
|
van Berkel Y, Ludwig M, van Wijk JAE, Bökenkamp A. Proteinuria in Dent disease: a review of the literature. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:1851-1859. [PMID: 27757584 PMCID: PMC5579149 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dent disease is a rare X-linked recessive proximal tubulopathy caused by mutations in CLCN5 (Dent-1) or OCRL (Dent-2). As a rule, total protein excretion (TPE) is low in tubular proteinuria compared with glomerular disease. Several authors have reported nephrotic-range proteinuria (NP) and glomerulosclerosis in Dent disease. Therefore, we aimed to analyze protein excretion in patients with documented CLCN5 or OCRL mutations in a systematic literature review. DESIGN PubMed and Embase were searched for cases with documented CLCN5 or OCRL mutations and (semi-)quantitative data on protein excretion. The most reliable data (i.e., TPE > protein-creatinine ratio > Albustix) was used for NP classification. RESULTS Data were available on 148 patients from 47 reports: 126 had a CLCN5 and 22 an OCRLmutation. TPE was not significantly different between both forms (p = 0.11). Fifty-five of 126 (43.7 %) Dent-1 vs 13/22 (59.1 %) Dent-2 patients met the definition of NP (p = 0.25). Serum albumin was normal in all reported cases (24/148). Glomerulosclerosis was noted in 20/32 kidney biopsies and was strongly related to tubulointerstitial fibrosis, but not to kidney function or proteinuria. CONCLUSION More than half of the patients with both forms of Dent disease have NP, and the presence of low molecular weight proteinuria in a patient with NP in the absence of edema and hypoalbuminemia should prompt genetic testing. Even with normal renal function, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are present in Dent disease. The role of proteinuria in the course of the disease needs to be examined further in longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youri van Berkel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joanna A E van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Bökenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
An Attempt to Establish a Common Animal Model for Hepatorenal Fibrosis in Rats. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8260508. [PMID: 28835866 PMCID: PMC5556604 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8260508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is already a proven fact that there exists a relationship between CLD (chronic liver disease) and kidney disease but still there is no available combined animal model of liver and kidney fibrosis on the same animal. An animal model is one of the important research tools in the field of medical science because it is important to build a model that can simulate the disease condition so that the particular disease can be studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to build a less expensive, less time consuming, and reproducible model of hepatorenal fibrosis on rats. We administered combined intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (Carbon Tetrachloride) and BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) on a female Wistar rats. At the end, the liver and kidney tissues were examined under microscope to see whether we were successful in establishing the model or not. The results show that liver fibrosis was marked but the changes on the kidneys were mild. In this study, we were able to induce significant fibrosis in the liver and early stages of fibrosis in the kidneys. The result also demonstrated that the addition of BSA conferred a liver protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity, whereas combination of CCl4 and BSA proved to be detrimental for kidneys.
Collapse
|
107
|
Hajny S, Christoffersen C. A Novel Perspective on the ApoM-S1P Axis, Highlighting the Metabolism of ApoM and Its Role in Liver Fibrosis and Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081636. [PMID: 28749426 PMCID: PMC5578026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes, renal proximal tubule cells as well as the highly specialized endothelium of the blood brain barrier (BBB) express and secrete apolipoprotein M (apoM). ApoM is a typical lipocalin containing a hydrophobic binding pocket predominantly carrying Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P). The small signaling molecule S1P is associated with several physiological as well as pathological pathways whereas the role of apoM is less explored. Hepatic apoM acts as a chaperone to transport S1P through the circulation and kidney derived apoM seems to play a role in S1P recovery to prevent urinal loss. Finally, polarized endothelial cells constituting the lining of the BBB express apoM and secrete the protein to the brain as well as to the blood compartment. The review will provide novel insights on apoM and S1P, and its role in hepatic fibrosis, neuroinflammation and BBB integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hajny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Moriyama T, Sasaki K, Karasawa K, Uchida K, Nitta K. Intracellular transcytosis of albumin in glomerular endothelial cells after endocytosis through caveolae. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3565-3573. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kayo Sasaki
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazunori Karasawa
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Mature induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived human podocytes reconstitute kidney glomerular-capillary-wall function on a chip. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1. [PMID: 29038743 PMCID: PMC5639718 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro model of the human kidney glomerulus — the major site of blood filtration — could facilitate drug discovery and illuminate kidney-disease mechanisms. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology has been used to model the human proximal tubule, yet a kidney-glomerulus-on-a-chip has not been possible because of the lack of functional human podocytes — the cells that regulate selective permeability in the glomerulus. Here, we demonstrate an efficient (> 90%) and chemically defined method for directing the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells into podocytes that express markers of the mature phenotype (nephrin+, WT1+, podocin+, Pax2−) and that exhibit primary and secondary foot processes. We also show that the hiPS-cell-derived podocytes produce glomerular basement-membrane collagen and recapitulate the natural tissue/tissue interface of the glomerulus, as well as the differential clearance of albumin and inulin, when co-cultured with human glomerular endothelial cells in an organ-on-a-chip microfluidic device. The glomerulus-on-a-chip also mimics adriamycin-induced albuminuria and podocyte injury. This in vitro model of human glomerular function with mature human podocytes may facilitate drug development and personalized-medicine applications.
Collapse
|
110
|
Chiu LC, Wu SK, Lin WL, Chen GS. Synergistic Effects of Nanodrug, Ultrasound Hyperthermia, and Thermal Ablation on Solid Tumors-An Animal Study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:2880-2889. [PMID: 28328497 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2682282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delivery barriers of nanodrug in large tumors due to heterogeneous blood supply, elevated interstitial pressure, and long transport distances can degrade the efficacy of cancer treatment. In this study, we proposed a therapeutic strategy to improve the tumor growth inhibition by injecting pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), and then applying a short time of ultrasound hyperthermia (HT) on the entire solid tumor, and inflicting ultrasound thermal ablation (Ab) in the low-perfused tumor region. METHODS BALB/c female mice with an average weight of 20 g were adopted and murine breast cancer cells 4T1 were subcutaneously implanted into the flank. A 1.0-MHz planar and a 0.47-MHz focused ultrasound transducers were used, respectively, for the HT and Ab treatment. RESULTS For a PLD dose of 5 mg/kg, the PLD + HT(42 °C, 10 min) group caused a significant decrease in the tumor size as compared with the control and the PLD group, but there were no significant differences between the PLD + HT group and the PLD + Ab(56 °C, 49 s) + HT group. For a PLD dose of 3 mg/kg, the tumor sizes among the four groups were mutually significant. The level of reduction in tumor was PLD + Ab + HT > PLD + HT > PLD > control. CONCLUSION The combination of anticancer nanodrug and ultrasound thermal treatment could remarkably suppress cancer tumor growth with a minimum compromise of side effects. SIGNIFICANCE The strategy of using thermal Ab in locations that are not reached by nanodrug with mild HT shows a promising potential for the entire tumor treatment.
Collapse
|
111
|
Sun J, Hultenby K, Axelsson J, Nordström J, He B, Wernerson A, Lindström K. Proximal Tubular Expression Patterns of Megalin and Cubilin in Proteinuric Nephropathies. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:721-732. [PMID: 29142988 PMCID: PMC5678615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Receptor-mediated endocytosis is responsible for protein reabsorption in the proximal tubules. For albumin this process involves at least 2 interacting receptors, megalin and cubilin. Albumin is not usually present in the urine, indicating a highly efficient tubular reuptake under physiological conditions. However, early appearance of albuminuria may mean that the tubular system is overwhelmed by large quantities of albumin or that the function is impaired. Methods To better understand the physiological role of megalin and cubilin in human renal disease, renal biopsies from 15 patients with a range of albuminuria and 3 healthy living donors were analyzed for proximal tubular expression of megalin and cubilin using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and semiquantitative immune-electron microscopy. Their expression in proteinuric zebrafish was also studied. Results Megalin and cubilin were expressed in brush border and cytoplasmic vesicles. Patients with microalbuminuric IgA nephropathy and thin membrane disease had significantly higher megalin in proximal tubules, whereas those with macro- or nephrotic-range albuminuria had unchanged levels. Cubilin expression was significantly higher in all patients. In a proteinuric zebrafish nphs2 knockdown model, we found a dose-dependent increase in the expression of tubular megalin and cubilin in response to tubular protein uptake. Discussion Megalin and cubilin show different expression patterns in different human diseases, which indicates that the 2 tubular proteins differently cooperate in cleaning up plasma proteins in kidney tubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Axelsson
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordström
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Transplant Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bing He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Lindström
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Nephrology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Cai T, Wu XY, Zhang XQ, Shang HX, Zhang ZW, Liao L, Dong JJ. Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Diabetic Kidney Disease by Decreasing Bim and Inhibiting Apoptosis of Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:249-255. [PMID: 28151018 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Calcium dobesilate is a vascular protective compound used for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and chronic venous insufficiency. The aim of this study was to determine whether calcium dobesilate can protect PTECs from glucose-induced apoptosis and the potential mechanism of this effect. It is indicated that high glucose promoted abnormal apoptosis of HK2 cells, which was inhibited by treatment of calcium dobesilate, while Bim expression decreased in response to calcium dobesilate in high-glucose-treated HK2 cells. These findings confirmed the therapeutic effects of calcium dobesilate on DKD and emphasized the importance of it as a potentially crucial drug in treatment of DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cai
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tai'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wu
- 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Xia Shang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Zhang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- 3 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Jun Dong
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Jheng HF, Hirotsuka M, Goto T, Shibata M, Matsumura Y, Kawada T. Dietary low-fat soy milk powder retards diabetic nephropathy progression via inhibition of renal fibrosis and renal inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Fen Jheng
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science; Laboratory of Soybean Renaissance; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Motohiko Hirotsuka
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science; Laboratory of Soybean Renaissance; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Masayuki Shibata
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science; Laboratory of Soybean Renaissance; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- R&D Division for Future Creation; Fuji Oil Holdings INC; Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuki Matsumura
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science; Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Gregório I, Zapata F, García-Ruiz C. Analysis of human bodily fluids on superabsorbent pads by ATR-FTIR. Talanta 2016; 162:634-640. [PMID: 27837882 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Superabsorbent pads are composed of different layers with different grades of absorbent capacity, being the lower one the most absorbent layer. Due to their complexity, the analysis of bodily fluids on superabsorbent pads is certainly difficult. In this study, semen, vaginal fluid and urine stains placed on superabsorbent pads including sanitary napkins, panty-liners and diapers were non-destructively detected by Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In spite of the higher absorbent capacity of the lower layers, this technique was able to detect the three fluids on the upper layer of all pads, showing that bodily fluids are distributed within all layers. Additionally, mixtures of these bodily fluids prepared on superabsorbent pads and cotton were studied, since real forensic investigations involving sexual abuse cases usually deal with mixtures of these fluids. Due to their IR marked protein region (1800-1480cm-1), semen and vaginal fluid were easily distinguished from urine. However, since semen and vaginal fluid have both a high protein composition, that region of their IR signatures were quite similar, except for slight visual differences, that should be further analysed. Therefore, we propose ATR-FTIR as a suitable, presumptive, non-destructive and rapid approach to detect stains of human bodily fluids on the upper layer of superabsorbent pads from sexual crimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Gregório
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Zapata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Opotowsky AR, Baraona FR, Mc Causland FR, Loukas B, Landzberg E, Landzberg MJ, Sabbisetti V, Waikar SS. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine biomarkers in patients with single-ventricle Fontan circulation. Heart 2016; 103:434-442. [PMID: 27670967 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define whether adults with a Fontan circulation, who have lifelong venous congestion and limited cardiac output, have impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or elevated urinary biomarkers of kidney injury. METHODS We measured circulating cystatin C and creatinine (n=70) and urinary creatinine, albumin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) (n=59) in ambulatory adult Fontan patients and 20 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Urinary biomarkers were normalised to urine creatinine concentration. Survival free from non-elective cardiovascular hospitalisation was compared by estimated GFR and urinary biomarker levels using survival analysis. RESULTS Cystatin C GFR was lower in the Fontan group compared with controls (114.2±22.8 vs 136.3±12.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, p<0.0001); GFR<90 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 14.3% vs 0% of controls. Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), KIM-1 and NAG were elevated compared with controls; ACR=23.2 (7.6-38.3) vs 3.6 (2.5-5.7) mg/g, p<0.0001; NAG=1.8 (1.1-2.6) vs 1.1 (0.9-1.6) U/g, p=0.02; KIM-1=0.91 (0.52-1.45) vs 0.33 (0.24-0.74) ng/mg, p=0.001. Microalbuminuria, ACR>30 mg/g, was present in 33.9% of the Fontan patients but in none of the controls. Over median 707 (IQR 371-942)-day follow-up, 31.4% of patients had a clinical event. Higher KIM-1 and NAG were associated with higher risk of non-elective hospitalisation or death (HR/+1 SD=2.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.3, p=0.002; HR/+1 SD=1.6, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.4, p=0.03, respectively); cystatin C GFR was associated with risk of the outcome (HR/+1 SD=0.66, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.90, p=0.009) but creatinine-based GFR was not (HR/+1 SD=0.91, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.38, p=0.66). Neither ACR nor NGAL was associated with events. CONCLUSIONS The Fontan circulation is commonly associated with reduced estimated GFR and evidence for glomerular and tubular injury. Those with lower cystatin C GFR and tubular injury are at increased risk of adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Opotowsky
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando R Baraona
- División de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Brittani Loukas
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael J Landzberg
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Venkata Sabbisetti
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Burlaka I, Nilsson LM, Scott L, Holtbäck U, Eklöf AC, Fogo AB, Brismar H, Aperia A. Prevention of apoptosis averts glomerular tubular disconnection and podocyte loss in proteinuric kidney disease. Kidney Int 2016; 90:135-48. [PMID: 27217195 PMCID: PMC6101029 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for treatment that arrests progression of chronic kidney disease. Increased albumin in urine leads to apoptosis and fibrosis of podocytes and tubular cells and is a major cause of functional deterioration. There have been many attempts to target fibrosis, but because of the lack of appropriate agents, few have targeted apoptosis. Our group has described an ouabain-activated Na,K-ATPase/IP3R signalosome, which protects from apoptosis. Here we show that albumin uptake in primary rat renal epithelial cells is accompanied by a time- and dose-dependent mitochondrial accumulation of the apoptotic factor Bax, down-regulation of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-xL and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Ouabain opposes these effects and protects from apoptosis in albumin-exposed proximal tubule cells and podocytes. The efficacy of ouabain as an antiapoptotic and kidney-protective therapeutic tool was then tested in rats with passive Heymann nephritis, a model of proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Chronic ouabain treatment preserved renal function, protected from renal cortical apoptosis, up-regulated Bax, down-regulated Bcl-xL, and rescued from glomerular tubular disconnection and podocyte loss. Thus we have identified a novel clinically feasible therapeutic tool, which has the potential to protect from apoptosis and rescue from loss of functional tissue in chronic proteinuric kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ievgeniia Burlaka
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Linnéa M Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lena Scott
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Holtbäck
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Eklöf
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anita Aperia
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Kawakami T, Fujikawa A, Ishiyama Y, Hosojima M, Saito A, Kubota M, Fujimura S, Kadowaki M. Protective effect of composite earthworm powder against diabetic complications via increased fibrinolytic function and improvement of lipid metabolism in ZDF rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1980-9. [PMID: 27292184 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1166932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is the leading cause of mortality globally. It is not only a complication but also a risk factor for progression of diabetes. However, alternative oral therapies and prophylaxis with less adverse effect for thrombosis have not been well studied. In this study, composite powder containing earthworm (CEP) was used and its fibrinolytic activity was measured. CEP was found to have a high urokinase-type plasminogen activator like activity in an in vitro assay. It also had significantly shortened euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) at 4 and 24 h after ingestion in Sprague Dawley rats. Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats were used to assess the effect of CEP on diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. After 10 weeks of feeding, CEP significantly shortened ECLT and attenuated HbA1c, hepatic lipid accumulation, and urinary albumin excretion and improved glomerular mesangial matrix score. Therefore, CEP may have beneficial effects on diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kawakami
- a Miyato Yaso Institute Co. Ltd. Myoko , Japan.,b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan
| | - Airi Fujikawa
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan
| | | | - Michihiro Hosojima
- c Department of Clinical Nutrition Science , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Akihiko Saito
- d Department of Applied Molecular Medicine , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kubota
- e Center for Transdisciplinary Research , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Shinobu Fujimura
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan.,e Center for Transdisciplinary Research , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Motoni Kadowaki
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan.,e Center for Transdisciplinary Research , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Bioengineered kidney tubules efficiently excrete uremic toxins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26715. [PMID: 27242131 PMCID: PMC4886219 DOI: 10.1038/srep26715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a biotechnological platform for the removal of waste products (e.g. uremic toxins), often bound to proteins in plasma, is a prerequisite to improve current treatment modalities for patients suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD). Here, we present a newly designed bioengineered renal tubule capable of active uremic toxin secretion through the concerted action of essential renal transporters, viz. organic anion transporter-1 (OAT1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein-4 (MRP4). Three-dimensional cell monolayer formation of human conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (ciPTEC) on biofunctionalized hollow fibers with maintained barrier function was demonstrated. Using a tailor made flow system, the secretory clearance of human serum albumin-bound uremic toxins, indoxyl sulfate and kynurenic acid, as well as albumin reabsorption across the renal tubule was confirmed. These functional bioengineered renal tubules are promising entities in renal replacement therapies and regenerative medicine, as well as in drug development programs.
Collapse
|
119
|
Wagner MC, Myslinski J, Pratap S, Flores B, Rhodes G, Campos-Bilderback SB, Sandoval RM, Kumar S, Patel M, Ashish, Molitoris BA. Mechanism of increased clearance of glycated albumin by proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1089-102. [PMID: 26887834 PMCID: PMC4889321 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00605.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and has a long half-life due to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated transcytosis by many cell types, including proximal tubule cells of the kidney. Albumin also interacts with, and is modified by, many small and large molecules. Therefore, the focus of the present study was to address the impact of specific known biological albumin modifications on albumin-FcRn binding and cellular handling. Binding at pH 6.0 and 7.4 was performed since FcRn binds albumin strongly at acidic pH and releases it after transcytosis at physiological pH. Equilibrium dissociation constants were measured using microscale thermophoresis. Since studies have shown that glycated albumin is excreted in the urine at a higher rate than unmodified albumin, we studied glucose and methylgloxal modified albumins (21 days). All had reduced affinity to FcRn at pH 6.0, suggesting these albumins would not be returned to the circulation via the transcytotic pathway. To address why modified albumin has reduced affinity, we analyzed the structure of the modified albumins using small-angle X-ray scattering. This analysis showed significant structural changes occurring to albumin with glycation, particularly in the FcRn-binding region, which could explain the reduced affinity to FcRn. These results offer an explanation for enhanced proximal tubule-mediated sorting and clearance of abnormal albumins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Wagner
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Jered Myslinski
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Shiv Pratap
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Brittany Flores
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - George Rhodes
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Silvia B Campos-Bilderback
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Sudhanshu Kumar
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Monika Patel
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Ashish
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Kaschwich M, Lützen U, Zhao Y, Tjiong A, Marx M, Haenisch S, Wiedow O, Preuss S, Culman J, Zuhayra M. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the (99m)Tc labeled human elastase inhibitor, elafin, in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:146-55. [PMID: 26948953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Elafin is a potent reversible inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory proteases leukocyte elastase and protease 3. It is currently in clinical development for the use in postoperative inflammatory diseases. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of (99m)Tc-labeled elafin ((99m)Tc-Elafin) in blood and individual organs in rat after bolus intravenous injection using the single photon emission tomography (SPECT). (99m)Tc-Elafin predominantly accumulated in the kidney reaching a maximum of 8.5% ± 0.1% of the injected dose per gram (ID/g) at 5 min post injection (p.i) and decreased only slowly during 24 h. In contrast, the initially high radio activity recorded in the other organs rapidly decreased parallel to the radioactivity detected in blood. The blood kinetics fits to a two compartment kinetics model. The radio activity in the dissected kidney was 4.98 ± 1.24%ID/g 24 h p.i, while in other organs, including the brain, no accumulation of (99m)Tc-Elafin was detected. At this time point 30% of the detected radioactivity in the kidney was identified to be not metabolized (99m)Tc-Elafin. In conclusion, the blood and organ-specific kinetic data provide a basis for planning of adequate dosing regimens and the high accumulation of intact elafin in the kidney favors clinical developments targeting inflammatory kidney diseases, such as chronic allograft nephropathy after kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kaschwich
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Lützen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Angelina Tjiong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Marlies Marx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany
| | - Sierk Haenisch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Wiedow
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Preuss
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 9, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juraj Culman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maaz Zuhayra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein (UK-SH), Campus Kiel, Karl Lennert Cancer Center North, Feldstrasse 21, D-24105, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Arcolino FO, Zia S, Held K, Papadimitriou E, Theunis K, Bussolati B, Raaijmakers A, Allegaert K, Voet T, Deprest J, Vriens J, Toelen J, van den Heuvel L, Levtchenko E. Urine of Preterm Neonates as a Novel Source of Kidney Progenitor Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2762-70. [PMID: 26940093 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, nephrogenesis is completed prenatally, with nephrons formed until 34 weeks of gestational age. We hypothesized that urine of preterm neonates born before the completion of nephrogenesis is a noninvasive source of highly potent stem/progenitor cells. To test this hypothesis, we collected freshly voided urine at day 1 after birth from neonates born at 31-36 weeks of gestational age and characterized isolated cells using a single-cell RT-PCR strategy for gene expression analysis and flow cytometry and immunofluorescence for protein expression analysis. Neonatal stem/progenitor cells expressed markers of nephron progenitors but also, stromal progenitors, with many single cells coexpressing these markers. Furthermore, these cells presented mesenchymal stem cell features and protected cocultured tubule cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Podocytes differentiated from the neonatal stem/progenitor cells showed upregulation of podocyte-specific genes and proteins, albumin endocytosis, and calcium influx via podocyte-specific transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6. Differentiated proximal tubule cells showed upregulation of specific genes and significantly elevated p-glycoprotein activity. We conclude that urine of preterm neonates is a novel noninvasive source of kidney progenitors that are capable of differentiation into mature kidney cells and have high potential for regenerative kidney repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Oliveira Arcolino
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Silvia Zia
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Katharina Held
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Elli Papadimitriou
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Koen Theunis
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Anke Raaijmakers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Thierry Voet
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Joris Vriens
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Lambertus van den Heuvel
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Pediatrics and
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Thomas S, Hao L, Ricke WA, Li L. Biomarker discovery in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:358-70. [PMID: 26703953 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Urinary proteomics has become one of the most attractive topics in disease biomarker discovery. MS-based proteomic analysis has advanced continuously and emerged as a prominent tool in the field of clinical bioanalysis. However, only few protein biomarkers have made their way to validation and clinical practice. Biomarker discovery is challenged by many clinical and analytical factors including, but not limited to, the complexity of urine and the wide dynamic range of endogenous proteins in the sample. This article highlights promising technologies and strategies in the MS-based biomarker discovery process, including study design, sample preparation, protein quantification, instrumental platforms, and bioinformatics. Different proteomics approaches are discussed, and progresses in maximizing urinary proteome coverage and standardization are emphasized in this review. MS-based urinary proteomics has great potential in the development of noninvasive diagnostic assays in the future, which will require collaborative efforts between analytical scientists, systems biologists, and clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Thomas
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Chadha GS, Morris ME. Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
124
|
Abstract
The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe is a rare X-linked multisystemic disorder characterized by the triad of congenital cataracts, intellectual disability, and proximal renal tubular dysfunction. Whereas the ocular manifestations and severe muscular hypotonia are the typical first diagnostic clues apparent at birth, the manifestations of incomplete renal Fanconi syndrome are often recognized only later in life. Other characteristic features are progressive severe growth retardation and behavioral problems, with tantrums. Many patients develop a debilitating arthropathy. Treatment is symptomatic, and the life span rarely exceeds 40 years. The causative oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe gene (OCRL) encodes the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1. OCRL variants have not only been found in classic Lowe syndrome, but also in patients with a predominantly renal phenotype classified as Dent disease type 2 (Dent-2). Recent data indicate that there is a phenotypic continuum between Dent-2 disease and Lowe syndrome, suggesting that there are individual differences in the ability to compensate for the loss of enzyme function. Extensive research has demonstrated that OCRL-1 is involved in multiple intracellular processes involving endocytic trafficking and actin skeleton dynamics. This explains the multi-organ manifestations of the disease. Still, the mechanisms underlying the wide phenotypic spectrum are poorly understood, and we are far from a causative therapy. In this review, we provide an update on clinical and molecular genetic findings in Lowe syndrome and the cellular and physiological functions of OCRL-1.
Collapse
|
125
|
Dobrinskikh E, Lewis L, Brian Doctor R, Okamura K, Lee MG, Altmann C, Faubel S, Kopp JB, Blaine J. Shank2 Regulates Renal Albumin Endocytosis. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12510. [PMID: 26333830 PMCID: PMC4600376 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria is a strong and independent predictor of kidney disease progression but the mechanisms of albumin handling by the kidney remain to be fully defined. Previous studies have shown that podocytes endocytose albumin. Here we demonstrate that Shank2, a large scaffolding protein originally identified at the neuronal postsynaptic density, is expressed in podocytes in vivo and in vitro and plays an important role in albumin endocytosis in podocytes. Knockdown of Shank2 in cultured human podocytes decreased albumin uptake, but the decrease was not statistically significant likely due to residual Shank2 still present in the knockdown podocytes. Complete knockout of Shank2 in podocytes significantly diminished albumin uptake in vitro. Shank2 knockout mice develop proteinuria by 8 weeks of age. To examine albumin handling in vivo in wild-type and Shank2 knockout mice we used multiphoton intravital imaging. While FITC-labeled albumin was rapidly seen in the renal tubules of wild-type mice after injection, little albumin was seen in the tubules of Shank2 knockout mice indicating dysregulated renal albumin trafficking in the Shank2 knockouts. We have previously found that caveolin-1 is required for albumin endocytosis in cultured podocytes. Shank2 knockout mice had significantly decreased expression and altered localization of caveolin-1 in podocytes suggesting that disruption of albumin endocytosis in Shank2 knockouts is mediated via caveolin-1. In summary, we have identified Shank2 as another component of the albumin endocytic pathway in podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Lewis
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Kayo Okamura
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sarah Faubel
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Judith Blaine
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Chadha GS, Morris ME. An Extended Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model: Evaluation of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy on Human IgG Pharmacokinetics in Rats. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1464-74. [PMID: 26276217 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have evaluated the effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of low molecular weight molecules, there is limited information regarding effects on monoclonal antibodies. Our previous studies have reported significant increases in total (2-4 fold) and renal (100-300 fold) clearance of human IgG, an antibody isotype, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Pioglitazone treatment incompletely reversed the disease-related PK changes. The objective of this study was to construct a mechanistic model for simultaneous fitting plasma and urine data, to yield physiologically relevant PK parameters. We propose an extended minimal physiologically based PK (mPBPK) model specifically for IgG by classifying organs as either leaky or tight vascular tissues, and adding a kidney compartment. The model incorporates convection as the primary mechanism of IgG movement from plasma into tissues, interstitial fluid (ISF) in extravascular distribution space, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sieving coefficient and fraction reabsorbed in the kidney. The model captured the plasma and urine PK profiles well, and simulated concentrations in ISF. The model estimated a 2-4 fold increase in nonrenal clearance from plasma and 30-120 fold increase in renal clearance with T2DM, consistent with the experimental findings, and these differences in renal clearance were related to changes in GFR, sieving coefficient, and proximal tubular reabsorption. In conclusion, the mPBPK model offers a more relevant approach for analyzing plasma and urine IgG concentration-time data than conventional models and provides insight regarding alterations in distributional and elimination parameters occurring with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurkishan S Chadha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 352 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 352 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Comorbid renal tubular damage and hypoalbuminemia exacerbate cardiac prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-015-0899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
128
|
Saraf SL, Zhang X, Shah B, Kanias T, Gudehithlu KP, Kittles R, Machado RF, Arruda JAL, Gladwin MT, Singh AK, Gordeuk VR. Genetic variants and cell-free hemoglobin processing in sickle cell nephropathy. Haematologica 2015. [PMID: 26206798 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.124875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria are associated with sickle cell nephropathy. ApoL1 is involved in cell-free hemoglobin scavenging through association with haptoglobin-related protein. APOL1 G1/G2 variants are the strongest genetic predictors of kidney disease in the general African-American population. A single report associated APOL1 G1/G2 with sickle cell nephropathy. In 221 patients with sickle cell disease at the University of Illinois at Chicago, we replicated the finding of an association of APOL1 G1/G2 with proteinuria, specifically with urine albumin concentration (β=1.1, P=0.003), observed an even stronger association with hemoglobinuria (OR=2.5, P=4.3×10(-6)), and also replicated the finding of an association with hemoglobinuria in 487 patients from the Walk-Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Sickle cell Disease with Sildenafil Therapy study (OR=2.6, P=0.003). In 25 University of Illinois sickle cell disease patients, concentrations of urine kidney injury molecule-1 correlated with urine cell-free hemoglobin concentrations (r=0.59, P=0.002). Exposing human proximal tubular cells to increasing cell-free hemoglobin led to increasing concentrations of supernatant kidney injury molecule-1 (P=0.01), reduced viability (P=0.01) and induction of HMOX1 and SOD2. HMOX1 rs743811 associated with chronic kidney disease stage (OR=3.0, P=0.0001) in the University of Illinois cohort and end-stage renal disease (OR=10.0, P=0.0003) in the Walk-Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Sickle cell Disease with Sildenafil Therapy cohort. Longer HMOX1 GT-tandem repeats (>25) were associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate in the University of Illinois cohort (P=0.01). Our findings point to an association of APOL1 G1/G2 with kidney disease in sickle cell disease, possibly through increased risk of hemoglobinuria, and associations of HMOX1 variants with kidney disease, possibly through reduced protection of the kidney from hemoglobin-mediated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh L Saraf
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Xu Zhang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Binal Shah
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Tamir Kanias
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krishnamurthy P Gudehithlu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Rick Kittles
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Jose A L Arruda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Victor R Gordeuk
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Pre-Clinical Intravenous Serum Pharmacokinetics of Albumin Binding and Non-Half-Life Extended Nanobodies®. Antibodies (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/antib4030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
130
|
Thi-Kim Vu H, Rink JC, McKinney SA, McClain M, Lakshmanaperumal N, Alexander R, Sánchez Alvarado A. Stem cells and fluid flow drive cyst formation in an invertebrate excretory organ. eLife 2015; 4:e07405. [PMID: 26057828 PMCID: PMC4500094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic kidney diseases (CKDs) affect millions of people worldwide. The defining pathological features are fluid-filled cysts developing from nephric tubules due to defective flow sensing, cell proliferation and differentiation. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood, and the derived excretory systems of established invertebrate models (Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster) are unsuitable to model CKDs. Systematic structure/function comparisons revealed that the combination of ultrafiltration and flow-associated filtrate modification that is central to CKD etiology is remarkably conserved between the planarian excretory system and the vertebrate nephron. Consistently, both RNA-mediated genetic interference (RNAi) of planarian orthologues of human CKD genes and inhibition of tubule flow led to tubular cystogenesis that share many features with vertebrate CKDs, suggesting deep mechanistic conservation. Our results demonstrate a common evolutionary origin of animal excretory systems and establish planarians as a novel and experimentally accessible invertebrate model for the study of human kidney pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi-Kim Vu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sean A McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | | | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Wagner MC, Campos-Bilderback SB, Chowdhury M, Flores B, Lai X, Myslinski J, Pandit S, Sandoval RM, Wean SE, Wei Y, Satlin LM, Wiggins RC, Witzmann FA, Molitoris BA. Proximal Tubules Have the Capacity to Regulate Uptake of Albumin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:482-94. [PMID: 26054544 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from multiple studies supports the concept that both glomerular filtration and proximal tubule (PT) reclamation affect urinary albumin excretion rate. To better understand these roles of glomerular filtration and PT uptake, we investigated these processes in two distinct animal models. In a rat model of acute exogenous albumin overload, we quantified glomerular sieving coefficients (GSC) and PT uptake of Texas Red-labeled rat serum albumin using two-photon intravital microscopy. No change in GSC was observed, but a significant decrease in PT albumin uptake was quantified. In a second model, loss of endogenous albumin was induced in rats by podocyte-specific transgenic expression of diphtheria toxin receptor. In these albumin-deficient rats, exposure to diphtheria toxin induced an increase in albumin GSC and albumin filtration, resulting in increased exposure of the PTs to endogenous albumin. In this case, PT albumin reabsorption was markedly increased. Analysis of known albumin receptors and assessment of cortical protein expression in the albumin overload model, conducted to identify potential proteins and pathways affected by acute protein overload, revealed changes in the expression levels of calreticulin, disabled homolog 2, NRF2, angiopoietin-2, and proteins involved in ATP synthesis. Taken together, these results suggest that a regulated PT cell albumin uptake system can respond rapidly to different physiologic conditions to minimize alterations in serum albumin level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Wagner
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Silvia B Campos-Bilderback
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mahboob Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brittany Flores
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xianyin Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Jered Myslinski
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sweekar Pandit
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sarah E Wean
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Roger C Wiggins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Frank A Witzmann
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affair Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
O'Neill J, Fasching A, Pihl L, Patinha D, Franzén S, Palm F. Acute SGLT inhibition normalizes O2 tension in the renal cortex but causes hypoxia in the renal medulla in anaesthetized control and diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F227-34. [PMID: 26041448 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00689.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early stage diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration and reduced renal tissue Po2. Recent observations have indicated that increased tubular Na(+)-glucose linked transport (SGLT) plays a role in the development of diabetes-induced hyperfiltration. The aim of the present study was to determine how inhibition of SLGT impacts upon Po2 in the diabetic rat kidney. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats 2 wk before experimentation. Renal hemodynamics, excretory function, and renal O2 homeostasis were measured in anesthetized control and diabetic rats during baseline and after acute SGLT inhibition using phlorizin (200 mg/kg ip). Baseline arterial pressure was similar in both groups and unaffected by SGLT inhibition. Diabetic animals displayed reduced baseline Po2 in both the cortex and medulla. SGLT inhibition improved cortical Po2 in the diabetic kidney, whereas it reduced medullary Po2 in both groups. SGLT inhibition reduced Na(+) transport efficiency [tubular Na(+) transport (TNa)/renal O2 consumption (Qo2)] in the control kidney, whereas the already reduced TNa/Qo2 in the diabetic kidney was unaffected by SGLT inhibition. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that when SGLT is inhibited, renal cortex Po2 in the diabetic rat kidney is normalized, which implies that increased proximal tubule transport contributes to the development of hypoxia in the diabetic kidney. The reduction in medullary Po2 in both control and diabetic kidneys during the inhibition of proximal Na(+) reabsorption suggests the redistribution of active Na(+) transport to less efficient nephron segments, such as the medullary thick ascending limb, which results in medullary hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie O'Neill
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Angelica Fasching
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Pihl
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Daniela Patinha
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Stephanie Franzén
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; and Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Estep TN. Pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of plasma removal of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 43:203-15. [PMID: 26024447 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1047501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The circulatory persistence, distribution, and metabolism of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) is a major determinant of their safety and efficacy. In this communication, published data on the pharmacokinetics and routes of plasma elimination of HBOCs are summarized and evaluated. The circulating half-life of HBOCs is dose-dependent in both animals and humans. Half-life also increases with molecular weight in animals, at least up to the MDa range. The functional half-life of HBOCs is diminished by as much as 40% due to oxidation of the heme group relative to the overall rate of removal of hemoglobin (Hb) from plasma. Kidney excretion of HBOCs is greatly diminished compared to that of unmodified Hb, but the liver remains a primary site of catabolism. Both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells have been implicated in receptor-mediated HBOC uptake. Removal also occurs in the spleen and/or bone marrow and probably at dispersed sites in the endothelium as well. HBOCs extravasate into the lymph at a rate inversely proportional to their molecular weight and are taken up by monocyte/macrophage CD163 receptors, both as free Hb and in complexes with haptoglobin (Hp). The interactions with both Hp and the CD163 receptor are altered by Hb modification. However, monocyte/macrophage uptake may not be a quantitatively important route for the removal of clinically relevant doses of HBOCs. The relative contributions of different removal pathways have yet to be comprehensively determined, particularly in humans.
Collapse
|
134
|
Kaneko K, Tsuji S, Kimata T, Kitao T, Yamanouchi S, Kato S. Pathogenesis of childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a paradigm shift from T-cells to podocytes. World J Pediatr 2015; 11:21-8. [PMID: 25822700 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome is the most common cause of kidney disease in children, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This article reviews the novel aspects of the mechanisms underlying massive proteinuria in minimal-change disease, which is the most common form of childhood nephrotic syndrome. DATA SOURCES This article integrates the findings of a PubMed database search for English language articles published in the past 40 years (from September 1974 to February 2014) using the key words "pathogenesis", "minimal change nephrotic syndrome" or "idiopathic nephrotic syndrome". RESULTS Unknown humoral factors associated with T-cell dysfunction have been thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of minimal-change disease. However, recent findings are changing this paradigm, i.e., visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) may be involved via expression of molecules such as CD80 and angiopoietin-like 4. CONCLUSIONS Recent evidence suggests that minimal-change disease results from interactions between humoral factors and dysfunctional podocytes. In addition to immunosuppressant drugs that target lymphocytes, a biological agent such as an antibody against the abnormal molecule(s) expressed by podocytes may provide novel drug treatment for minimal-change disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Larina IM, Pastushkova LK, Tiys ES, Kireev KS, Kononikhin AS, Starodubtseva NL, Popov IA, Custaud MA, Dobrokhotov IV, Nikolaev EN, Kolchanov NA, Ivanisenko VA. Permanent proteins in the urine of healthy humans during the Mars-500 experiment. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2015; 13:1540001. [PMID: 25572715 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720015400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Urinary proteins serve as indicators of various conditions in human normal physiology and disease pathology. Using mass spectrometry proteome analysis, the permanent constituent of the urine was examined in the Mars-500 experiment (520 days isolation of healthy volunteers in a terrestrial complex with an autonomous life support system). Seven permanent proteins with predominant distribution in the liver and blood plasma as well as extracellular localization were identified. Analysis of the overrepresentation of the molecular functions and biological processes based on Gene Ontology revealed that the functional association among these proteins was low. The results showed that the identified proteins may be independent markers of the various conditions and processes in healthy humans and that they can be used as standards in determination of the concentration of other proteins in the urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Larina
- Institute for Biomedical Problems - Russian Federation State, Scientific Research Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia , CaDyWEC International Laboratory, Angers Faculty of Medicine, 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
|
137
|
Liu JJ, Tavintharan S, Yeoh LY, Sum CF, Ng XW, Pek SLT, Lee SBM, Tang WE, Lim SC. High normal albuminuria is independently associated with aortic stiffness in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1199-204. [PMID: 24702136 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High normal albuminuria is associated with higher cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Increased aortic stiffness is an established risk factor of vascular events. However, the relationship between albuminuria within the normal range (0-30 mg/g) and aortic stiffness in patients with Type 2 diabetes is unknown. METHODS A total of 614 normoalbuminuric subjects with Type 2 diabetes with spot urinary albumin:creatinine ratio ≤ 30 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 ml min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻² were included in the study. Aortic stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. RESULTS Pulse wave velocity increased progressively with the increase of albumin:creatinine ratio within the normoalbuminuric range (0-30 mg/g). Only 2.6% of the subjects with an albumin:creatinine ratio in the lowest quartile (0.7-3.4 mg/g) were classified as having aortic stiffness (pulse wave velocity ≥12 m/s). In contrast, the proportion of subjects with aortic stiffness increased significantly with the increase of albumin:creatinine ratio level (11.0%, 10.4% and 13.6% in albumin:creatinine ratio quartiles 2, 3 and 4, respectively, P = 0.008). A logistic regression model revealed that the odds of having aortic stiffness were increased by 56% with a 1-SD increase of log albumin:creatinine ratio after adjustment for age, gender, duration of diabetes, HbA1c , blood pressure, HDL and LDL cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI, usage of renin-angiotensin system antagonists, statins and insulin. CONCLUSIONS High normal albuminuria is associated with aortic stiffness in patients with Type 2 diabetes, which may in part explain their increased cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-J Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Koral K, Li H, Ganesh N, Birnbaum MJ, Hallows KR, Erkan E. Akt recruits Dab2 to albumin endocytosis in the proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1380-9. [PMID: 25253241 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00454.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubule epithelial cells have a highly sophisticated endocytic machinery to retrieve the albumin in the glomerular filtrate. The megalin-cubilin complex and the endocytic adaptor disabled-2 (Dab2) play a pivotal role in albumin endocytosis. We previously demonstrated that protein kinase B (Akt) regulates albumin endocytosis in the proximal tubule through an interaction with Dab2. Here, we examined the nature of Akt-Dab2 interaction. The pleckstrin homology (PH) and catalytic domains (CD) of Akt interacted with the proline-rich domain (PRD) of Dab2 based on yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) experiments. Pull-down experiments utilizing the truncated constructs of Dab2 demonstrated that the initial 11 amino acids of Dab2-PRD were sufficient to mediate the interaction between Akt and Dab2. Endocytosis experiments utilizing Akt1- and Akt2-silencing RNA revealed that both Akt1 and Akt2 mediate albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells; therefore, Akt1 and Akt2 may play a compensatory role in albumin endocytosis. Furthermore, both Akt isoforms phosphorylated Dab2 at Ser residues 448 and 449. Ser-to-Ala mutations of these Dab2 residues inhibited albumin endocytosis and resulted in a shift in location of Dab2 from the peripheral to the perinuclear area, suggesting the physiological relevance of these phosphorylation sites in albumin endocytosis. We conclude that both Akt1 and Akt2 are involved in albumin endocytosis, and phosphorylation of Dab2 by Akt induces albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Further delineation of how Akt affects expression/phosphorylation of endocytic adaptors and receptors will enhance our understanding of the molecular network triggered by albumin overload in the proximal tubule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Koral
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Renal-Electrolyte, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Nandita Ganesh
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth R Hallows
- Division of Renal-Electrolyte, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Elif Erkan
- Division of Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Ma L, Shelness GS, Snipes JA, Murea M, Antinozzi PA, Cheng D, Saleem MA, Satchell SC, Banas B, Mathieson PW, Kretzler M, Hemal AK, Rudel LL, Petrovic S, Weckerle A, Pollak MR, Ross MD, Parks JS, Freedman BI. Localization of APOL1 protein and mRNA in the human kidney: nondiseased tissue, primary cells, and immortalized cell lines. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:339-48. [PMID: 25012173 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although APOL1 gene variants are associated with nephropathy in African Americans, little is known about APOL1 protein synthesis, uptake, and localization in kidney cells. To address these questions, we examined APOL1 protein and mRNA localization in human kidney and human kidney-derived cell lines. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy performed on nondiseased nephrectomy cryosections from persons with normal kidney function revealed that APOL1 protein was markedly enriched in podocytes (colocalized with synaptopodin and Wilms' tumor suppressor) and present in lower abundance in renal tubule cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization detected APOL1 mRNA in glomeruli (podocytes and endothelial cells) and tubules, consistent with endogenous synthesis in these cell types. When these analyses were extended to renal-derived cell lines, quantitative RT-PCR did not detect APOL1 mRNA in human mesangial cells; however, abundant levels of APOL1 mRNA were observed in proximal tubule cells and glomerular endothelial cells, with lower expression in podocytes. Western blot analysis revealed corresponding levels of APOL1 protein in these cell lines. To explain the apparent discrepancy between the marked abundance of APOL1 protein in kidney podocytes observed in cryosections versus the lesser abundance in podocyte cell lines, we explored APOL1 cellular uptake. APOL1 protein was taken up readily by human podocytes in vitro but was not taken up efficiently by mesangial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, or proximal tubule cells. We hypothesize that the higher levels of APOL1 protein in human cryosectioned podocytes may reflect both endogenous protein synthesis and APOL1 uptake from the circulation or glomerular filtrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter A Antinozzi
- Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Moin A Saleem
- Children's Renal Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Learning and Research Southmead Hospital Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Internal Medicine II-Nephrology/Transplantation, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter W Mathieson
- Children's Renal Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Snezana Petrovic
- Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Michael D Ross
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John S Parks
- Pathology-Lipid Sciences, and Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Yong JLC, Killingsworth MC. Ultrastructural study of electron dense deposits in renal tubular basement membrane: prevalence and relationship to epithelial atrophy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:273-80. [PMID: 24933115 PMCID: PMC4133965 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.925021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of immune deposits associated with the proximal and distal tubules in a series of routine renal biopsies received in our department during a single calendar year. From 87 cases, 65 (74%) were found to have glomerular immune deposits by immunofluorescence. Tubular immune deposits were found in 12 cases (18%), 3 of which had no glomerular deposits. By transmission electron microscopy (EM), 58 cases (66%) were found to have deposits of granular or vesicular material associated with the tubular basement membranes (TBM). Finely granular electron dense deposits appeared to correspond to the immune deposits seen by immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) and may be a sensitive marker of immune deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim L C Yong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool , Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Dawidczyk CM, Kim C, Park JH, Russell LM, Lee KH, Pomper MG, Searson PC. State-of-the-art in design rules for drug delivery platforms: lessons learned from FDA-approved nanomedicines. J Control Release 2014; 187:133-44. [PMID: 24874289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently deliver a drug to a tumor site is dependent on a wide range of physiologically imposed design constraints. Nanotechnology provides the possibility of creating delivery vehicles where these design constraints can be decoupled, allowing new approaches for reducing the unwanted side effects of systemic delivery, increasing targeting efficiency and efficacy. Here we review the design strategies of the two FDA-approved antibody-drug conjugates (Brentuximab vedotin and Trastuzumab emtansine) and the four FDA-approved nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms (Doxil, DaunoXome, Marqibo, and Abraxane) in the context of the challenges associated with systemic targeted delivery of a drug to a solid tumor. The lessons learned from these nanomedicines provide an important insight into the key challenges associated with the development of new platforms for systemic delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Dawidczyk
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Chloe Kim
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jea Ho Park
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Luisa M Russell
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kwan Hyi Lee
- KIST Biomedical Research Institute, 5 Hwarangno 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Dobrinskikh E, Okamura K, Kopp JB, Doctor RB, Blaine J. Human podocytes perform polarized, caveolae-dependent albumin endocytosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F941-51. [PMID: 24573386 PMCID: PMC4010685 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00532.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal glomerulus forms a selective filtration barrier that allows the passage of water, ions, and small solutes into the urinary space while restricting the passage of cells and macromolecules. The three layers of the glomerular filtration barrier include the vascular endothelium, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and podocyte epithelium. Podocytes are capable of internalizing albumin and are hypothesized to clear proteins that traverse the GBM. The present study followed the fate of FITC-labeled albumin to establish the mechanisms of albumin endocytosis and processing by podocytes. Confocal imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of immortalized human podocytes showed FITC-albumin endocytosis occurred preferentially across the basal membrane. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis demonstrated that the majority of FITC-albumin entered podocytes through caveolae. Once internalized, FITC-albumin colocalized with EEA1 and LAMP1, endocytic markers, and with the neonatal Fc receptor, a marker for transcytosis. After preloading podocytes with FITC-albumin, the majority of loaded FITC-albumin was lost over the subsequent 60 min of incubation. A portion of the loss of albumin occurred via lysosomal degradation as pretreatment with leupeptin, a lysosomal protease inhibitor, partially inhibited the loss of FITC-albumin. Consistent with transcytosis of albumin, preloaded podocytes also progressively released FITC-albumin into the extracellular media. These studies confirm the ability of podocytes to endocytose albumin and provide mechanistic insight into cellular mechanisms and fates of albumin handling in podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Div. of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, 12700 E. 19th Ave., C281, Aurora, CO 80045.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Wuerzner G, Firsov D, Bonny O. Circadian glomerular function: from physiology to molecular and therapeutical aspects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:1475-80. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
144
|
Lorey S, Fiedler E, Kunert A, Nerkamp J, Lange C, Fiedler M, Bosse-Doenecke E, Meysing M, Gloser M, Rundfeldt C, Rauchhaus U, Hänssgen I, Göttler T, Steuernagel A, Fiedler U, Haupts U. Novel ubiquitin-derived high affinity binding proteins with tumor targeting properties. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8493-507. [PMID: 24474690 PMCID: PMC3961674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.519884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting effector molecules to tumor cells is a promising mode of action for cancer therapy and diagnostics. Binding proteins with high affinity and specificity for a tumor target that carry effector molecules such as toxins, cytokines, or radiolabels to their intended site of action are required for these applications. In order to yield high tumor accumulation while maintaining low levels in healthy tissues and blood, the half-life of such conjugates needs to be in an optimal range. Scaffold-based binding molecules are small proteins with high affinity and short systemic circulation. Due to their low molecular complexity, they are well suited for combination with effector molecules as well as half-life extension technologies yielding therapeutics with half-lives adapted to the specific therapy. We have identified ubiquitin as an ideal scaffold protein due to its outstanding biophysical and biochemical properties. Based on a dimeric ubiquitin library, high affinity and specific binding molecules, so-called Affilin® molecules, have been selected against the extradomain B of fibronectin, a target almost exclusively expressed in tumor tissues. Extradomain B-binding molecules feature high thermal and serum stability as well as strong in vitro target binding and in vivo tumor accumulation. Application of several half-life extension technologies results in molecules of largely unaffected affinity but significantly prolonged in vivo half-life and tumor retention. Our results demonstrate the utility of ubiquitin as a scaffold for the generation of high affinity binders in a modular fashion, which can be combined with effector molecules and half-life extension technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lorey
- From Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Tani S, Nagao K, Hirayama A. Association between urinary albumin excretion and low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity following treatment of type 2 diabetes patients with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, vildagliptin: a pilot study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2013; 13:443-50. [PMID: 23990203 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-013-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data exist as to whether dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors affect cardio-renal interaction, which is a strong independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in diabetic patients. We evaluated the effects of a DPP-4 inhibitor on atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) heterogeneity and albuminuria in diabetics as an indicator of the severity of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Type 2 diabetes patients (n = 47) inadequately controlled with diabetes therapy were treated with vildagliptin 50 mg bid for 8 weeks. LDL heterogeneity was evaluated on the basis of the patients' small dense (sd) LDL levels and sd-LDL proportion (sd-LDL/LDL cholesterol [LDL-C]). The level of albuminuria was evaluated on the basis of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). RESULTS After 8 weeks of treatment, there was no significant change in serum LDL-C level, but the serum sd-LDL level had decreased significantly by 8.8 %, and the UACR had also decreased significantly by 44.6 %. Triglyceride (TG)-metabolism-related markers (TG, remnant-like particle cholesterol, apolipoprotein [apo] B, apoC-2, and apoC-3) had decreased significantly. The Δ (absolute change from baseline) sd-LDL values correlated positively with ΔTG-metabolism-related markers, but not with the Δ hemoglobin (Hb) A1c or Δ fasting blood sugar (ΔFBS). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis revealed that Δsd-LDL proportion, but not ΔHbA1c or ΔFBS, was an independent predictor of ΔUACR (β = 0.292, p = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS Although this was a single-arm study, treatment of type 2 diabetes with vildagliptin might prevent the progression of CVD complicating diabetes by improving LDL heterogeneity, and it might improve renal function by decreasing albuminuria. A randomized controlled trial is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigemasa Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8309, Japan,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
The role of the kidney in protein metabolism: the capacity of tubular lysosomal proteolysis in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2013; 84:861-3. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
147
|
Erkan E. Proteinuria: it is time to look beyond the proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1107-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00425.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Erkan
- University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pediatric Nephrology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Gorostizaga A, Mori Sequeiros García MM, Acquier A, Gomez NV, Maloberti PM, Mendez CF, Paz C. Modulation of albumin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal proximal tubule cells by upregulation of mapk phosphatase-1. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:47-54. [PMID: 23994741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High amounts of albumin in urine cause tubulointerstitial damage that leads to a rapid deterioration of the renal function. Albumin exerts its injurious effects on renal cells through a process named endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. In addition, albumin promotes phosphorylation and consequent activation of MAPKs such as ERK1/2. Since ERK1/2 activation promoted by albumin is a transient event, the aims of the present work were to identify the phosphatase involved in their dephosphorylation in albumin-exposed cells and to analyze the putative regulation of this phosphatase by albumin. We also sought to determine the role played by the phospho/dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the cellular response to albumin-induced ER stress. MAP kinase phosphatase-1, MKP-1, is a nuclear enzyme involved in rapid MAPK dephosphorylation. Here we present evidence supporting the notion that this phosphatase is responsible for ERK1/2 dephosphorylation after albumin exposure in OK cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that exposure of OK cells to albumin transiently increases MKP-1 protein levels. The increase was evident after 15 min of exposure, peaked at 1 h (6-fold) and declined thereafter. In cells overexpressing flag-MKP-1, albumin caused the accumulation of this chimera, promoting MKP-1 stabilization by a posttranslational mechanism. Albumin also promoted a transient increase in MKP-1 mRNA levels (3-fold at 1 h) through the activation of gene transcription. In addition, we also show that albumin increased mRNA levels of GRP78, a key marker of ER stress, through an ERK-dependent pathway. In line with this finding, our studies demonstrate that flag-MKP-1 overexpression blunted albumin-induced GRP78 upregulation. Thus, our work demonstrates that albumin overload not only triggers MAPK activation but also tightly upregulates MKP-1 expression, which might modulate ER stress response to albumin overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gorostizaga
- Laboratory of Phosphatases in Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedical Research (INBIOMED), Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Fang L, Xie D, Wu X, Cao H, Su W, Yang J. Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in albuminuria induced inflammasome activation in renal proximal tubular cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72344. [PMID: 23977286 PMCID: PMC3748031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria contributes to the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Although it has been demonstrated that ongoing albuminuria leads to tubular injury manifested by the overexpression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, the mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the inflammasome activation which has been recognized as one of the cornerstones of intracellular surveillance system was associated with the severity of albuminuria in the renal biopsies specimens. In vitro, bovine serum albumin (BSA) could also induce the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the cultured kidney epithelial cells (NRK-52E). Since there was a significant overlap of NLRP3 with the ER marker calreticulin, the ER stress provoked by BSA seemed to play a crucial role in the activation of inflammasome. Here, we demonstrated that the chemical chaperone taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) which was proved to be an enhancer for the adaptive capacity of ER could attenuate the inflammasome activation induced by albuminuria not only in vitro but also in diabetic nephropathy. Taken together, these data suggested that ER stress seemed to play an important role in albuminuria-induced inflammasome activation, elimination of ER stress via TUDCA might hold promise as a novel avenue for preventing inflammasome activation ameliorating kidney epithelial cells injury induced by albuminuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da Xie
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongdi Cao
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weifang Su
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Sörensen-Zender I, Beneke J, Schmidt BMW, Menne J, Haller H, Schmitt R. Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein in patients with acute and chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:145. [PMID: 23849457 PMCID: PMC3717003 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) is a secreted protein which is synthesized in a variety of cell types. AZGP1 has functionally been implicated in lipid metabolism, the regulation of cell cycling and cancer progression. Previous studies have shown increased circulating AZGP1 levels in patients with chronic kidney disease but AZGP1 has not been investigated in acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, serum AZGP1 levels were measured in acute and chronic kidney disease to test for a correlation to renal function and other clinical parameters. METHODS We performed ELISA based measurements of AZGP1 serum levels in 21 patients suffering from grade 3 AKI and in 20 chronic hemodialysis patients. In AKI patients, AZGP1 was first measured before initiation of acute renal replacement therapy and a second measurement was done during renal functional recovery. Sera of healthy blood donors served as controls. The association of AZGP1 with acute and chronic renal dysfunction was analysed, as well as the correlation with clinical parameters, body composition and biochemical variables. RESULTS Levels of circulating AZGP1 were significantly elevated in AKI patients. High initial levels of AZGP1 correlated with extra-renal complications but not with parameters of renal function. At follow-up, AZGP1 levels were still increased but now correlated significantly with creatinine, eGFR and urea. Circulating AZGP1 in chronic hemodialysis patients was higher than in AKI patients. An association to parameters of lipid metabolism was not found. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates that circulating AZGP1 is not only elevated in chronic hemodialysis patients but also sharply increases during the early phase of AKI. The unexpected association with extra-renal complications during AKI needs further exploration as it might point to unknown biological effects of AZGP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Sörensen-Zender
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|