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Gudehithlu KP, Hart P, Joshi A, Garcia-Gomez I, Cimbaluk DJ, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Urine exosomal ceruloplasmin: a potential early biomarker of underlying kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 23:1013-1021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-019-01734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gudehithlu KP, Hart PD, Vernik J, Sethupathi P, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Peptiduria: a potential early predictor of diabetic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 23:56-64. [PMID: 30066159 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To protect the kidney effectively with medication in type 2 diabetics, it is crucial to identify such at-risk patients early for treatment. We investigated whether peptiduria precedes proteinuria (the earliest urinary marker in our model), and thereby serve as an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS A longitudinal study was performed in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Peptides, defined as degradation products of proteins of < 13 kD size, were quantified by a previously validated method using a combination of Lowry and Biorad protein assays. Peptides in urine were also confirmed by chromatographically separating low molecular weight fractions from urine and quantifying albumin fragments in these fractions by enzyme immunoassay. Also, the mechanism of peptiduria was addressed by measuring acid phosphatase, a marker of lysosomal activity, in urine and on kidney sections (histochemically). RESULTS In rats with diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria occurred after 12 weeks of diabetes, while peptiduria occurred as early as 2 weeks after diabetes. Peptiduria was confirmed by showing that the chromatographically separated low molecular weight fractions of urine containing albumin fragments is in proportion to the level of peptiduria. The time course of peptiduria paralleled the increase in urinary acid phosphatase suggesting that the mechanism of early peptiduria could be due to upregulation of lysosomal enzyme activity in the tubules. CONCLUSIONS Our results showing that peptiduria precedes proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy provide a compelling rationale to perform a prospective human clinical trial to investigate whether peptiduria can serve as an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy P Gudehithlu
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JSH), 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 643, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Peter D Hart
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JSH), 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 643, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jane Vernik
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JSH), 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 643, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - George Dunea
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JSH), 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 643, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose A L Arruda
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JSH), 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 643, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JSH), 1900 West Polk Street, Suite 643, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Saraf SL, Sysol JR, Susma A, Setty S, Zhang X, Gudehithlu KP, Arruda JAL, Singh AK, Machado RF, Gordeuk VR. Progressive glomerular and tubular damage in sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia mouse models. Transl Res 2018; 197:1-11. [PMID: 29476712 PMCID: PMC6003843 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the hemoglobin (Hb) S mutation (HbSS, sickle cell anemia) results in hemoglobin polymerization under hypoxic conditions leading to vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. Sickle cell anemia affects 1:500 African Americans and is a strong risk factor for kidney disease, although the mechanisms are not well understood. Heterozygous inheritance (HbAS; sickle cell trait) affects 1:10 African Americans and is associated with an increased risk for kidney disease in some reports. Using transgenic sickle mice, we investigated the histopathologic, ultrastructural, and gene expression differences with the HbS mutation. Consistent with progressive glomerular damage, we observed progressively greater urine protein concentrations (P = 0.03), glomerular hypertrophy (P = 0.002), and glomerular cellularity (P = 0.01) in HbAA, HbAS, and HbSS mice, respectively. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated progressive podocyte foot process effacement, glomerular basement membrane thickening with reduplication, and tubular villous atrophy with the HbS mutation. Gene expression studies highlighted the differential expression of several genes involved in prostaglandin metabolism (AKR1C18), heme and iron metabolism (HbA-A2, HMOX1, SCL25A37), electrolyte balance (SLC4A1, AQP6), immunity (RSAD2, C3, UBE2O), fatty acid metabolism (FASN), hypoxia hall-mark genes (GCK, SDC3, VEGFA, ETS1, CP, BCL2), as well as genes implicated in other forms of kidney disease (PODXL, ELMO1, FRMD3, MYH9, APOA1). Pathway analysis highlighted increased gene enrichment in focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and axon guidance pathways. In summary, using transgenic sickle mice, we observed that inheritance of the HbS mutation is associated with glomerular and tubular damage and identified several candidate genes and pathways for future investigation in sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia-related kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh L Saraf
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Justin R Sysol
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandru Susma
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Suman Setty
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xu Zhang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Krishnamurthy P Gudehithlu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jose A L Arruda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor R Gordeuk
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Singh R, Garcia-Gomez I, Gudehithlu KP, Singh AK. Bitter Melon Extract Promotes Granulation Tissue Growth and Angiogenesis in the Diabetic Wound. Adv Skin Wound Care 2017; 30:16-26. [DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000504758.86737.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saraf SL, Sysol JR, Arruda JA, Machado RF, Gordeuk VR, Susma A, Setty S, Gudehithlu KP, Singh AK. ID: 139: PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULAR DAMAGE IN SICKLE CELL TRAIT AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA MOUSE MODELS. J Investig Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000120.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobin S mutation, a glutamic acid to valine substitution in the β-globin chain, results in hemoglobin polymerization under hypoxic conditions and leads to vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. Homozygous inheritance (Hb SS; sickle cell anemia) affects 1 in 500 African Americans and is consistently associated with an increased risk for kidney disease which may be due to cell-free hemoglobin toxicity, ischemic injury, or hyperfiltration-mediated damage to the kidney. Heterozygous inheritance (Hb AS; sickle cell trait) affects 1 in 8 African Americans and has also been associated with an increased risk for kidney disease, although not in all cohorts and the mechanisms are not well understood.We investigated whether inheritance of the Hb S mutation resulted in incremental kidney damage in Hb AS and Hb SS mice compared to Hb AA mice by histology, proteinuria, and candidate gene expression using transgenic sickle mice ≥6 months of age (Townes model, Jackson Laboratory). Values are presented as mean±standard error and analyses are adjusted for age.Using Masson trichrome stained sections of the kidney, progressive patterns of mesangial expansion were observed in age-matched Hb AS and Hb SS mice versus Hb AA mice by renal pathologists blinded to the hemoglobin genotype (figure 1). Hb AS mice had diffuse (>50% of the glomeruli per slide being involved) mesangial expansion while Hb SS mice had diffuse and global (>50% of the individual glomerulus being involved) mesangial expansion. Glomerular perimeters were measured using NanoZoomer Whole Slide Imaging in 26 randomly selected glomeruli from 2 age-matched mice per genotype. Using the upper quartile as the definition for an enlarged glomerulus, the proportion of enlarged glomeruli progressively increased from Hb AA (15%) to Hb AS (31%) to Hb SS mice (58%) (Cochran's test of linear trend, P=0.001) (figure 2). Progressively higher kidney weights were also observed from Hb AA (429±28 mg, n=8) to Hb AS (446±27 mg, n=18) to Hb SS (567±19 mg, n=5) mice (Test for linear trend, P=0.047). We then measured urine protein and urine creatinine concentrations using the Bio-Rad dye method and Jaffé reaction, respectively. Progressively higher urine protein-to-creatinine ratios were observed from Hb AA to Hb AS to Hb SS mice (figure 3) (Test for linear trend, P=0.09). Gene expression of candidate genes (TGFB1, IL6, MMP9, Klotho, HMOX1, and SHROOM3) was determined by rt-PCR from kidneys of age-matched, female Hb AA and Hb AS mice (n=5). Increased expression of Klotho (P=0.09) was observed in Hb AS mice (figure 4). Klotho is a β-glucoronidase that is highly expressed in the kidney and acts as a cofactor that increases the affinity of the FGF23 ligand for the FGF receptor.In conclusion, we observed progressive glomerular injury, determined by mesangial expansion, proportion of enlarged glomeruli, and urine protein concentrations in Hb AS and Hb SS mice compared to Hb AA mice. Klotho was upregulated in Hb AS mice and may play a role in the pathophysiology of kidney damage in Hb AS which will require further investigation.Abstract ID: 139 Figure 1
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Gudehithlu KP, Garcia-Gomez I, Vernik J, Brecklin C, Kraus M, Cimbaluk DJ, Hart P, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. In Diabetic Kidney Disease Urinary Exosomes Better Represent Kidney Specific Protein Alterations Than Whole Urine. Am J Nephrol 2016; 42:418-24. [PMID: 26756605 DOI: 10.1159/000443539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting or diagnosing underlying kidney disease by analyzing whole urine remains the mainstay of nephrology practice. However, whole urine is a poor compartment to assess many structural changes in the kidney because whole urine contains only a few proteins derived from the kidney itself. Urinary exosomes, on the other hand, which are derived from the kidney, contain proteins secreted by the kidney. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that 'urinary exosomes more faithfully represent changes in the kidney tissue than whole urine'. A direct comparison between whole urine and urine exosomal levels of two chosen kidney disease markers, gelatinase and ceruloplasmin, was carried out on diabetic kidney disease patients. METHODS Urinary exosomes were separated from whole urine by sequential centrifugation including ultra-centrifugation. Gelatinase activity was measured using fluorosceinated gelatin as the substrate, and ceruloplasmin was measured by sandwich ELISA. A few kidney specimens from patients biopsied for atypical features were histochemically stained for validation of the biochemical results. RESULTS We found that changes in both, gelatinase (decreased activity) and ceruloplasmin (increased levels), in the urinary exosomes of diabetic kidney patients were in agreement with the alterations of these two proteins in the kidney tissue. In contrast, the levels of these two proteins in whole urine were highly variable and did not correlate with levels in the diabetic kidney tissue. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results confirmed our hypothesis that protein markers in urinary exosomes better reflected the underlying protein changes in the kidney than in whole urine samples.
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Garcia-Gomez I, Gudehithlu KP, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Autologous tissue patch rich in stem cells created in the subcutaneous tissue. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1127-1136. [PMID: 26435772 PMCID: PMC4584236 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i8.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether we could create natural autologous tissue patches in the subcutaneous space for organ repair.
METHODS: We implanted the following three types of inert foreign bodies in the subcutaneous tissue of rats to produce autologous tissue patches of different geometries: (1) a large-sized polyvinyl tube (L = 25 mm, internal diameter = 7 mm) sealed at both ends by heat application for obtaining a large flat piece of tissue patch for organ repair; (2) a fine polyvinyl tubing (L = 25 mm, internal diameter = 3 mm) for creating cylindrically shaped grafts for vascular or nerve repair; and (3) a slurry of polydextran particle gel for inducing a bladder-like tissue. Implantation of inert materials was carried out by making a small incision on one or either side of the thoracic-lumbar region of rats. Subcutaneous pockets were created by blunt dissection around the incision into which the inert bodies were inserted (1 or 2 per rat). The incisions were closed with silk sutures, and the animals were allowed to recover. In case of the polydextran gel slurry 5 mL of the slurry was injected in the subcutaneous space using an 18 gauge needle. After implanting the foreign bodies a newly regenerated encapsulating tissue developed around the foreign bodies. The tissues were harvested after 4-42 d of implantation and studied by gross examination, histology, and histochemistry for organization, vascularity, and presence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (CD271+CD34+ cells).
RESULTS: Implanting a large cylindrically shaped polyvinyl tube resulted in a large flat sheet of tissue that could be tailored to a specific size and shape for use as a tissue patch for repairing large organs. Implanting a smaller sized polyvinyl tube yielded a cylindrical tissue that could be useful for repairing nerves and blood vessels. This type of patch could be obtained in different lengths by varying the length of the implanted tube. Implanting a suspension of inert polydextran suspension gave rise to a bladder-like tissue that could be potentially used for repairing heart valves. Histologically, the three different types of tissue patches generated were organized similarly, consisting of three layers, increasing in thickness until day 14. The inner layer in contact with the inert material was avascular; a middle layer that was highly vascular and filled with matrix, and an outer layer consisting of loose connective tissue. MSCs identified as CD271+CD34+ cells were present in the medial layer and around major blood vessels at day 4 but absent at later time points. The early-harvested tissues, endowed with MSCs, could be used for tissue repair, while the later-harvested tissues, being less vascular but thicker and tougher, could be used as filler tissue for cosmetic purposes.
CONCLUSION: An autologous, vascularized tissue patch of desired shape and size can be created in the subcutaneous space by implanting different types of inert bodies.
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Saraf SL, Zhang X, Shah B, Kanias T, Gudehithlu KP, Kittles R, Machado RF, Arruda JAL, Gladwin MT, Singh AK, Gordeuk VR. Genetic variants and cell-free hemoglobin processing in sickle cell nephropathy. Haematologica 2015. [PMID: 26206798 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.124875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria are associated with sickle cell nephropathy. ApoL1 is involved in cell-free hemoglobin scavenging through association with haptoglobin-related protein. APOL1 G1/G2 variants are the strongest genetic predictors of kidney disease in the general African-American population. A single report associated APOL1 G1/G2 with sickle cell nephropathy. In 221 patients with sickle cell disease at the University of Illinois at Chicago, we replicated the finding of an association of APOL1 G1/G2 with proteinuria, specifically with urine albumin concentration (β=1.1, P=0.003), observed an even stronger association with hemoglobinuria (OR=2.5, P=4.3×10(-6)), and also replicated the finding of an association with hemoglobinuria in 487 patients from the Walk-Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Sickle cell Disease with Sildenafil Therapy study (OR=2.6, P=0.003). In 25 University of Illinois sickle cell disease patients, concentrations of urine kidney injury molecule-1 correlated with urine cell-free hemoglobin concentrations (r=0.59, P=0.002). Exposing human proximal tubular cells to increasing cell-free hemoglobin led to increasing concentrations of supernatant kidney injury molecule-1 (P=0.01), reduced viability (P=0.01) and induction of HMOX1 and SOD2. HMOX1 rs743811 associated with chronic kidney disease stage (OR=3.0, P=0.0001) in the University of Illinois cohort and end-stage renal disease (OR=10.0, P=0.0003) in the Walk-Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Sickle cell Disease with Sildenafil Therapy cohort. Longer HMOX1 GT-tandem repeats (>25) were associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate in the University of Illinois cohort (P=0.01). Our findings point to an association of APOL1 G1/G2 with kidney disease in sickle cell disease, possibly through increased risk of hemoglobinuria, and associations of HMOX1 variants with kidney disease, possibly through reduced protection of the kidney from hemoglobin-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh L Saraf
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Xu Zhang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Binal Shah
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Tamir Kanias
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krishnamurthy P Gudehithlu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Rick Kittles
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Jose A L Arruda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Victor R Gordeuk
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
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Garcia-Gomez I, Pancholi N, Patel J, Gudehithlu KP, Sethupathi P, Hart P, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Activated omentum slows progression of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1270-81. [PMID: 24627352 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells show promise in the treatment of AKI but do not survive long term after injection. However, organ repair has been achieved by extending and attaching the omentum, a fatty tissue lying above the stomach containing stem cells, to various organs. To examine whether fusing the omentum to a subtotally nephrectomized kidney could slow the progression of CKD, we used two groups of rats: an experimental group undergoing 5/6 nephrectomy only and a control group undergoing 5/6 nephrectomy and complete omentectomy. Polydextran gel particles were administered intraperitoneally before suture only in the experimental group to facilitate the fusion of the omentum to the injured kidney. After 12 weeks, experimental rats exhibited omentum fused to the remnant kidney and had lower plasma creatinine and urea nitrogen levels; less glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial injury, and extracellular matrix; and reduced thickening of basement membranes compared with controls. A fusion zone formed between the injured kidney and the omentum contained abundant stem cells expressing stem cell antigen-1, Wilms' tumor 1 (WT-1), and CD34, suggesting active, healing tissue. Furthermore, kidney extracts from experimental rats showed increases in expression levels of growth factors involved in renal repair, the number of proliferating cells, especially at the injured edge, the number of WT-1-positive cells in the glomeruli, and WT-1 gene expression. These results suggest that contact between the omentum and injured kidney slows the progression of CKD in the remnant organ, and this effect appears to be mediated by the presence of omental stem cells and their secretory products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Garcia-Gomez
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois; Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Jilpa Patel
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | | | - Peter Hart
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois; Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - George Dunea
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois; Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Jose A L Arruda
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois; Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Illinois; and Jesse Brown Chicago Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois; Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Illinois; and
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Gudehithlu KP, Duchemin AM, Tejwani GA, Neff NH, Hadjiconstantinou M. Nicotine-induced changes of brain β-endorphin. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:125-31. [PMID: 22483037 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A consensus has emerged that endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors play an important role in the psychoactive properties of nicotine. Although behavioral studies have shown that β-endorphin contributes to the rewarding and emotional effects of nicotine, whether the drug alters the function of brain endorphinergic neurons is not fully explored. These studies investigated the effect of acute, 1mg/kg, sc, and chronic, daily injection of 1mg/kg, sc, for 14 days, administration of free base nicotine on brain β-endorphin and its precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Acute and chronic treatment with nicotine decreased β-endorphin content in hypothalamus, the principal site of β-endorphin producing neurons in the brain, and in the endorphinergic terminal fields in striatum and hippocampus. The acute effect of nicotine on β-endorphin was reversed by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and the dopamine antagonist haloperidol, indicating pharmacological specificity and involvement of dopamine D2-like receptors. Similar observations were made in prefrontal cortex. POMC mRNA in hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex was unchanged following acute nicotine, but it decreased moderately with chronic treatment. The nicotine treatments had no effect on pituitary and plasma β-endorphin. Taken together, these results could be interpreted to indicate that nicotine alters the synthesis and release of β-endorphin in the limbic brain in vivo. Altered endorphinergic function may contribute to the behavioral effects of acute and chronic nicotine treatment and play a role in nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Patel J, Pancholi N, Gudehithlu KP, Sethupathi P, Hart PD, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Stem cells from foreign body granulation tissue accelerate recovery from acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1780-6. [PMID: 22036939 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, we obtained mesenchymal stem cells called granulation tissue stem cells (GTSC) from a regenerating granulation tissue created by placing a foreign body in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Here, we used GTSC to ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. METHODS In two groups of Fischer rats, we induced ischemia/reperfusion injury. Group 1 (treated rats) received one intravenous injection of GTSC 3 h after injury; Group 2 (control rats) received vehicle. Both groups were subsequently studied by renal function tests, kidney histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS At 24 and 48 h after injury, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were significantly lower in the treated rats as compared to control rats. The levels remained low and declined to near baseline levels by Day 4 in the treated group. At the cortico-medullary region, the treated rats showed significantly higher renal tubular cell proliferation and less tubular cell apoptosis. Histological analysis of the kidney for tubular dilatation, necrosis, congestion and casts was not significantly different in the two groups. To understand the mechanism of the GTSC effect, messenger RNA levels of several growth and immune modulatory factors were quantified in cultured GTSC and compared with those in cultured glomerular epithelial cell (GEC; a non-stem cell line). GTSC had 2- to 8-fold higher expression of FGF2, HGF, IGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (growth factors) and IL-4, IL-6 (anti-inflammatory factors) than GEC. CONCLUSIONS Administration of GTSC accelerates recovery in rats with ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI. This effect may be mediated by the paracrine action of growth and immune-suppressive factors secreted by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilpa Patel
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Nadimpalli LP, Pant PR, Smith EC, Molnar J, Singh AK, Gudehithlu KP, Serrano A. 217 Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in End Stage Renal Disease Population. Am J Kidney Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.02.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pancholi N, Patel J, Gudehithlu KP, Kraus MA, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Culture of omentum-induced regenerating liver yielded hepatocyte-committed stem cells. Transl Res 2010; 156:358-68. [PMID: 21078497 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we showed that when omentum, activated by inert particles, is allowed to fuse to a wedge cut in the liver, it induces stem cell proliferation in the liver resulting in massive liver regeneration. Here, we attempt to culture stem cells from the omentum-induced regenerating liver tissue. Cells from regenerating liver tissue were harvested and cultured. Cultured cells were characterized by immune staining, fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis, growth factor assay, in vitro differentiation, and their ability to engraft to injured sites in vivo. Culture yielded cells with a mesenchymal stem cell phenotype that could be maintained in culture indefinitely. These cells, called regenerating liver stem cells, expressed both adult and embryonic stem cell markers, secreted high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, and expressed albumin. When grown on matrigel in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor, these cells differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells in culture, but they did not differentiate to adipogenic and osteogenic lineages when grown in specific differentiation medium. The differentiated cells expressed α-fetoprotein and secreted high levels of albumin and urea. After systemic injection, the undifferentiated cells engrafted only to the injured sites in the liver and not to the normal areas of the liver. In conclusion, omentum-induced regenerating liver yields hepatocyte-committed stem cells in culture. Such cells could prove to be useful in cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Pancholi
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, and Hektoen Institute of Medicine, 627 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Patel J, Gudehithlu KP, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Foreign body-induced granulation tissue is a source of adult stem cells. Transl Res 2010; 155:191-9. [PMID: 20303468 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we have cultured and propagated the cells obtained from the granulation tissue that forms around perforated polyvinyl tubes placed in the subcutaneous space of normal rats. We found that these cells (called granulation tissue-derived stem cells [GTSCs]) expressed markers of embryonic pluripotent cells (Oct-4 and Nanog) and of adult stem cells (CXCR4 and Thy1.1) as well as produced high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for up to 10 passages. By fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) analysis, GTSCs were positive for stem-cell surface markers CD90, CD59, and CD44 and were negative for CD45, which suggests that they were of mesenchymal origin and not of hematopoietic lineage. When incubated in specific differentiation medium, these cells transformed into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, which shows that they were multipotent. Furthermore, after systemic injection, these cells were found in the vicinity of an injured site created in the liver but not in normal areas of the liver, which indicates their propensity to seek and engraft to an injured area in the body. We conclude that granulation tissue induced by a large foreign body is a convenient source of adult stem cells that can be maintained in culture and can be used to repair and regenerate injured tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilpa Patel
- Department of Medicine, Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Singh AK, Pancholi N, Patel J, Litbarg NO, Gudehithlu KP, Sethupathi P, Kraus M, Dunea G, Arruda JAL. Omentum facilitates liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1057-64. [PMID: 19266597 PMCID: PMC2655194 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of liver regeneration induced by fusing the omentum to a small traumatic injury created in the liver. We studied three groups of rats. In one group the rats were omentectomized; in another group the omentum was left in situ and was not activated, and in the third group the omentum was activated by polydextran particles.
METHODS: We pre-activated the omentum by injecting polydextran particles and then made a small wedge wound in the rat liver to allow the omentum to fuse to the wound. We monitored the regeneration of the liver by determining the ratio of liver weight/body weight, by histological evaluation (including immune staining for cytokeratin-19, an oval cell marker), and by testing for developmental gene activation using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: There was no liver regeneration in the omentectomized rats, nor was there significant regeneration when the omentum was not activated, even though in this instance the omentum had fused with the liver. In contrast, the liver in the rats with the activated omentum expanded to a size 50% greater than the original, and there was histologically an interlying tissue between the wounded liver and the activated omentum in which bile ducts, containing cytokeratin-19 positive oval cells, extended from the wound edge. In this interlying tissue, oval cells were abundant and appeared to proliferate to form new liver tissue. In rats pre-treated with drugs that inhibited hepatocyte growth, liver proliferation was ongoing, indicating that regeneration of the liver was the result of oval cell expansion.
CONCLUSION: Activated omentum facilitates liver regeneration following injury by a mechanism that depends largely on oval cell proliferation.
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Singh AK, Gudehithlu KP, Patri S, Litbarg NO, Sethupathi P, Arruda JAL, Dunea G. Impaired integration of endothelial progenitor cells in capillaries of diabetic wounds is reversible with vascular endothelial growth factor infusion. Transl Res 2007; 149:282-91. [PMID: 17466928 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To understand impaired angiogenesis in diabetic wounds, polyvinyl tubes were implanted subcutaneously in rats to form a granulation tissue for 2 weeks and the granulation tissue was studied after inducing diabetes with streptozotocin. By 1 week of diabetes, the granulation tissue was bloody and thinner than controls, its medial layer was depleted of microvessels, and the surviving vessels appeared dehisced. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the diabetic granulation tissue was reduced by 50% compared with control granulation tissue. After 3 days of diabetes, the diabetic tissue showed a greater degree of apoptosis in the microvessels. Chemotactic factors [stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha and chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR-4)], responsible for attracting bone marrow cells, showed equal intensity in control and diabetic tissues. As expected, progenitor endothelial CD-34 cells were observed in abundance in both the control and the diabetic granulation tissues. However, although the CD-34-positive cells appeared mostly to be integrated in the blood vessels of the control tissue, fewer such cells were present in the blood vessels of the diabetic tissues, suggesting that CD-34 failed to integrate into new blood vessels. Infusion of VEGF in the granulation tissue of diabetic rats for 1 week resulted in complete prevention of the microvascular defect compared with the contralateral granulation tissue that showed the typical diabetic changes. It was concluded that diabetes causes reduction of VEGF in the wound, resulting in loss of blood vessels by apoptosis and possible failure of CD-34 cells to integrate into the vessel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Litbarg NO, Gudehithlu KP, Sethupathi P, Arruda JAL, Dunea G, Singh AK. Activated omentum becomes rich in factors that promote healing and tissue regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 328:487-97. [PMID: 17468892 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the mechanism by which an omental pedicle promotes healing when applied to an injured site, we injected a foreign body into the abdominal cavity to activate the omentum. One week after the injection, we isolated the omentum and measured blood vessel density, blood content, growth and angiogenesis factors (VEGF and others), chemotactic factors (SDF-1 alpha), and progenitor cells (CXCR-4, WT-1). We found that the native omentum, which consisted mostly of adipose tissue, expanded the mass of its non-adipose part (milky spots) 15- to 20-fold. VEGF and other growth factors increased by two- to four-fold, blood vessel density by three-fold, and blood content by two-fold. The activated omentum also showed increases in SDF-1 alpha, CXCR-4, and WT-1 cells (factors and cells positively associated with tissue regeneration). Thus, we propose that an omentum activated by a foreign body (or by injury) greatly expands its milky-spot tissue and becomes rich in growth factors and progenitor cells that facilitate the healing and regeneration of injured tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia O Litbarg
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Singh AK, Gudehithlu KP, Litbarg NO, Sethupathi P, Arruda JAL, Dunea G. Transplanting fragments of diabetic pancreas into activated omentum gives rise to new insulin producing cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:258-62. [PMID: 17292859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine if pancreatic progenitor cells can be induced to form insulin producing cells in vivo, we auto-transplanted fragments of streptozotocin-induced diabetic pancreas into omentum pre-injected with a foreign material. As shown previously, omentum pre-activated in this manner becomes rich in growth factors and progenitor cells. After auto-transplanting diabetic pancreas in the activated omentum, new insulin secreting cells appeared in the omentum in niches surrounding the foreign particles--a site previously shown to harbor progenitor cells. Extracts of these omenta contained measurable insulin. Four of eight diabetic animals treated in this manner became normoglycemic. This shows that new insulin producing cells can be regenerated from diabetic pancreas by auto-transplanting pancreatic fragments into the activated omentum, an environment rich in growth factors and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- The Division of Nephrology, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, 637 South Wood Street (Durand Bldg 2nd Floor), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Sam R, Wanna L, Gudehithlu KP, Garber SL, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Glomerular epithelial cells transform to myofibroblasts: early but not late removal of TGF-beta1 reverses transformation. Transl Res 2006; 148:142-8. [PMID: 16938652 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine whether epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), well described in renal tubular epithelial cells, also occurs in glomerular epithelial cells and whether it is reversible. To this effect, cultured glomerular epithelial cells were incubated with TGF-beta(1) and their transformation into myofibroblasts was studied. At 4 days, the cells altered their phenotype, as shown by a change in shape, an increase in intracellular staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a decrease in membrane staining for cytokeratin, and an increase in matrix deposition. Changing the medium after 4 days by excluding TGF-beta(1) and adding fetal bovine serum (FBS) [as a source of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other growth factors] caused the cells to revert to their original epithelial phenotype. By contrast, when the medium was changed in the same manner after 8 days of exposure to TGF-beta(1), the cells did not revert but remained myofibroblastic. Staining the cells for expression of EGF receptor before and after exposure to TGF-beta(1) caused this receptor, originally present on the plasma membrane, to become partly intracellular after 4 days of TGF-beta(1) exposure and completely intracellular after 8 days of TGF-beta(1) exposure. Kidney sections from 2 models of renal mass reduction were stained. Loss of the epithelial marker (podocalyxin) staining and the acquisition of alpha-SMA staining was observed in the glomeruli. It is concluded that EMT takes place in glomerular epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. In cultured glomerular epithelial cells, the process can be reversed by early, but not late intervention. It seems that TGF-beta(1) exposure progressively downregulates the EGF receptor on the membrane, rendering the cell refractory to EGF signals critical for maintaining the epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Sam
- Division of Nephrology, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Ill, USA
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Singh A, Gudehithlu KP, Arruda JA, Dunea G. In Reply. Am J Kidney Dis 2005. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gudehithlu KP, Ahmed N, Wu H, Litbarg NO, Garber SL, Arruda JAL, Dunea G, Singh AK. Antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor results in microvessel attrition and disorganization of wound tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 145:194-203. [PMID: 15962838 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent growth factor that is indispensable for the development of blood vessels in the fetus and for wound healing in adults. VEGF likely plays a role in maintaining the blood vessels once they have been formed. It is not clear, however, whether a low tissue VEGF (caused either by disease or by systemic administration of VEGF antagonists) can cause abnormalities in preexisting blood vessels, especially of wound tissue that requires high local levels of VEGF for healing. The present study investigated the effect of VEGF antagonism on blood vessels of foreign-body granulomas (a model of wound-healing tissue). Granulomas were induced by implanting perforated polyvinyl tubes into the subcutaneous tissue of rats and allowed to develop for 14 days, at which time the implanted tubes were completely encapsulated by the subcutaneous tissue. The encapsulated granulomas consisted of 3 distinct histological layers, of which the middle layer was well perfused by a rich supply of microvessels. Morphologically, the granuloma remained "stable" after developing for 14 days. At 1 week, VEGF levels in the granuloma fluid, which is in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid, were 25 times higher than in the plasma. VEGF levels in the granuloma fluid continued to increase for up to 3 weeks, reflecting the high dependence of the wound tissue on ambient VEGF levels. After injection of the VEGF receptor antagonist in the fully formed granuloma, the preexisting blood vessels in the middle layer regressed and underwent apoptosis, accompanied by expansion of the extracellular matrix (predominately collagen I) into areas normally devoid of matrix. We conclude that wound tissue is sensitive to ambient VEGF levels, and that a low VEGF condition resulting from VEGF receptor antagonism can disrupt the healing of wound tissue.
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Gudehithlu KP, Pegoraro AA, Dunea G, Arruda JAL, Singh AK. Degradation of albumin by the renal proximal tubule cells and the subsequent fate of its fragments. Kidney Int 2004; 65:2113-22. [PMID: 15149324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of recent reports of large amounts of albumin fragments present in normal urine we investigated the mechanism of albumin handling by the proximal tubule. METHODS We injected (125)I-albumin intravenously in rats and measured the excretion of intact and degraded (125)I-albumin in the urine by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation. The excretion rate of intact (125)I-albumin was compared to that obtained by routine radioimmunoassay (RIA). Human proximal tubular HK-2 cells were used to characterize the albumin receptor and study the degradation of albumin to peptides, establish their size by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel filtration chromatography, and determine the direction in which the degradation products are removed from the cell. RESULTS Following injection of (125)I-albumin intravenously into rats we recovered large quantities of (125)I-albumin fragments in urine and determined that 98% was in a highly degraded form and only 2% was intact. Only the intact albumin could be detected by RIA. We observed similar results in the urine of ex vivo kidneys perfused with (125)I-albumin. We found that (125)I-albumin was taken up by HK-2 cells via a receptor, degraded in the lysosomes and the peptides exocytosed to both the apical and basolateral sides of the cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that normally the kidney degrades large amounts of albumin and that the degradation fragments appear in the urine. These findings are in sharp contrast with the established view that degraded albumin is completely reabsorbed into the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy P Gudehithlu
- Division of Nephrology, Cook County Hospital, Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago, and VAMC, West Side Division, USA
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Singh A, Gudehithlu KP, Le G, Litbarg NO, Khalili V, Vernik J, Hart P, Arruda JAL, Dunea G. Decreased urinary peptide excretion in patients with renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44:1031-8. [PMID: 15558524 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal urine contains low-molecular-weight peptides or protein fragments that have been poorly studied, primarily because of the technical difficulty of measuring peptides in the presence of proteins. We studied these substances in healthy subjects and patients with renal disease and varying degrees of proteinuria to understand the factors that determine their excretion. METHODS We estimated these substances as the difference between results using the Lowry method (which detects both proteins and peptides) and those obtained using the dye-binding Bradford (Biorad) method (Biorad Laboratories Inc, Hercules, CA; which detects only proteins). RESULTS We validated this 2-assay approach to measure peptide levels by showing that such proteins as immunoglobulin G, albumin, and lysozyme were measured equally by the Lowry and Biorad methods, whereas degraded proteins were recognized by the Lowry method only, but not by the Biorad method. We found that healthy subjects excreted less than 200 mg of protein, but 3 to 4 g of peptides/g creatinine; thus, peptides constituted approximately 95% of total protein material excreted in urine. Patients with renal disease and proteinuria had a progressive decrease in peptide excretion, ranging from 3 to 0 g/g creatinine. Twenty-five percent of nephrotic patients (18 of 72 patients) excreted very small amounts of peptides in urine (0% to 10% of total protein material). CONCLUSION We found that healthy persons excrete substantial amounts of peptides in urine, and this excretion decreases in the presence of proteinuric renal disease. It is possible that these peptides in urine arise from the tubular degradation of filtered proteins and exocytosis of protein fragments toward the urinary side, a process that becomes increasingly impaired as proteinuria increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Singh
- The Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, Chicago, IL 60612-3796, USA.
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Singh AK, Gudehithlu KP, Pegoraro AA, Singh GK, Basheerudin K, Robey RB, Arruda JAL, Dunea G. Vascular factors altered in glucose-treated mesangial cells and diabetic glomeruli. Changes in vascular factors impair endothelial cell growth and matrix. J Transl Med 2004; 84:597-606. [PMID: 15048134 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of a high glucose (HG) environment on the vascular factors that are secreted by mesangial cells, and regulate endothelial growth and mesangial matrix deposition. To this effect, we measured the vascular factors in the glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidneys and in mesangial cells exposed to a HG concentration. We then transferred the media of mesangial cells previously exposed to high glucose to cultured endothelial cells to study the effects on endothelial growth, matrix formation, and in vitro capillary proliferation. In 1-week diabetic kidneys, glomerular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 were inhibited by 38 and 57%, respectively, but angiopoietin-2 was increased by 318%. We found similar results in mesangial cells exposed to HG. There was a decrease of VEGF (50% by enzyme immunoassay, 27% by mRNA), decrease of angiopoietin-1 (65% by mRNA), and a much greater increase of angiopoietin-2 (280% by immunoassay, 523% by mRNA). Compared to controls, the media of mesangial cells previously exposed to HG impaired endothelial cell growth by 61%, increased extracellular matrix by 100%, and decreased capillary formation by 90%. We conclude that high ambient glucose alters the secretion of vascular factors elaborated by mesangial cells, resulting in an expansion of the endothelial cell matrix and disruption of capillary structure.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenic Proteins/genetics
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Angiopoietin-1/genetics
- Angiopoietin-1/metabolism
- Angiopoietin-2/genetics
- Angiopoietin-2/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Glomerular Mesangium/cytology
- Glomerular Mesangium/drug effects
- Glomerular Mesangium/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Hektoen Institute for Medical Research, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Pegoraro AA, Gudehithlu KP, Cabrera E, Shankar R, Arruda JAL, Dunea G, Singh AK. Handling of low-density lipoprotein by the renal tubule: release of fragments due to incomplete degradation. J Lab Clin Med 2002; 139:372-8. [PMID: 12066136 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2002.124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because the mechanism by which lipoproteins are processed and modified in the renal tubule in patients with nephrosis is not completely understood, we studied the handling of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in perfused rat kidneys made permeable by protamine. Protamine pretreatment increased the clearance of 125(I) LDL 25-fold compared to controls, thereby simulating a proteinuric kidney. Similar studies were also conducted in kidneys of rats made proteinuric by the induction of passive Heymann nephritis. Of the perfused iodinated LDL, 5% was localized in the cortex and lesser amounts in the medulla and urine. In the cortex and medulla, iodinated LDL was present mainly in the intact form (90%); just 10% was present in the degraded form. Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated to LDL, we demonstrated specific staining in the proximal tubules, suggesting that specific LDL receptors were present in that location. Although LDL in the tissue was present mostly in the intact form, it was 95% degraded in urine, and the degradation was inhibited by chloroquine, indicating that the lysosomes were the site of LDL metabolism. Gel chromatography and electrophoresis of iodinated LDL in the urine showed the presence of fragments in the range of 5 to 15 kD. We conclude that renal degradation of LDL is incomplete and that the incompletely degraded fragments released into the urine may be toxic to the kidney by virtue of their lipid side-chains.
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Gudehithlu KP, Singh AK. Vascular endothelial growth factor and diabetic nephropathy. Int J Artif Organs 1999; 22:297-9. [PMID: 10467926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Bhargava HN, Gudehithlu KP. Chronic blockade of opioid receptors alters the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 to dopamine transporter in rat brain regions and spinal cord. Pharmacology 1996; 52:243-51. [PMID: 8841087 DOI: 10.1159/000139389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic administration of naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, on the activity of the dopamine transporter in brain regions and spinal cord was determined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a pellet containing 10 mg naltrexone for 7 days. Rats serving as controls were implanted with a placebo pellet. Two groups of rats were used. In one, the pellets were left intact, and in the other they were removed 16 h prior to sacrificing. The dopamine transporter was labeled with [3H]GBR 12935. The binding of [3H]GBR 12935 in rats in which naltrexone pellets were left intact was decreased by 63 and 31% in corpus striatum and spinal cord, respectively, when compared to placebo pellet implanted controls. The decrease in binding in the striatum was due to changes in the Bmax value of [3H]GBR 12935; the Kd values did not differ. In hypothalamus, pons-medulla, hippocampus, midbrain, cortex, and amygdala of naltrexone and placebo pellet implanted rats, the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 did not differ. In naltrexone-treated rats from which pellets had been removed, the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 was decreased in hippocampus, amygdala, and spinal cord by 68, 77, and 61%, respectively, in comparison with tissues from the control rats. The results indicate that chronic blockade of opioid receptors results in downregulation of dopamine transporter in selected brain regions and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Bhargava
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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Gudehithlu KP, Bhargava HN. Modification of the characteristics of dopamine transporter in brain regions and spinal cord of morphine tolerant and abstinent rats. Neuropharmacology 1996; 35:169-74. [PMID: 8734485 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(95)00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The specific binding of [3H]GBR 12935 to crude synaptosomal membranes of brain regions and spinal cord of morphine tolerant and abstinent rats was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with 6 morphine pellets each containing 75 mg of morphine base during a 7-day period. Placebo pellet implanted rats served as controls. Rats sacrificed without removal of the pellet were considered tolerant whereas those from which pellets were removed 16 hr prior to sacrificing were labeled abstinent. The binding of [3H]GBR 12935 was initially determined at a 1 nM concentration in all brain regions and spinal cord, which was followed by the determination of Bmax and Kd values in the corpus striatum, a highly enriched region for the dopamine transporter. In morphine tolerant rats, the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 was increased in the hypothalamus (182%) but was decreased in the corpus striatum (34%) and spinal cord (30%). The decrease in binding in the corpus striatum was due to an increase in the Kd value of [3H]GBR 12935. However, during morphine withdrawal, the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 was still higher in the hypothalamus (255%) but was decreased in the hippocampus (53%). Thus, chronic administration of morphine results in changes in the dopamine transporter function in selected brain regions and the spinal cord, and these changes are dependent upon whether or not the animals are undergoing the abstinence syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics (m/c 865), University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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Abstract
1. The effects of morphine tolerance and abstinence on the binding of [3H]MK-801, a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were determined in brain regions and spinal cord of the mouse. 2. Male Swiss-Webster mice were rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of a pellet containing 75 mg of morphine base for 3 days. Placebo pellet-implanted mice served as controls. In tolerant (nonabstinent) mice, the pellets were left intact at the time of sacrificing whereas, in the abstinent mice, the pellets were removed 6 hr prior to sacrificing. 3. The binding of [3H]MK-801 to membranes prepared from spinal cord and brain regions (cortex, pons-medulla, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and midbrain) was determined by using a 5 nM concentration of the ligand in the presence of 30 microM glycine and 50 microM of glutamate. 4. In nonabstinent morphine-tolerant mice, the binding of [3H]MK-801 was decreased in pons-medulla and hypothalamus, but was increased in the spinal cord in comparison to that in placebo controls. The reduction in binding in pons-medulla was due to a decrease in the Bmax value; the Kd value remained unchanged. The binding of [3H]MK-801 was increased in the hippocampus of morphine-abstinent mice. 5. These studies demonstrate that NMDA receptors of brain regions and spinal cord are differentially affected in morphine-tolerant and abstinent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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Bhargava HN, Matwyshyn GA, Gudehithlu KP. Effects of acute and chronic administration of dizocilpine on the pharmacological responses to U-50,488H and brain and spinal cord kappa-opioid receptors in the rat. Pharmacology 1995; 51:323-30. [PMID: 8584584 DOI: 10.1159/000139342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In male Sprague-Dawley rats, acute and chronic effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, were determined on the analgesic and hypothermic actions of U-50,488H, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist. In addition, the in vitro effects of MK-801 on the binding of [3H]ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]EKC) to kappa-opioid receptors in brain and spinal cord of the rat were determined. A single injection of MK-801 given 10 min prior to U-50,488H or given twice a day for 4 days dose-dependently enhanced the analgesic action of U-50,488H. The enhancement of the analgesic response was much greater in rats injected chronically with MK-801 as compared with those injected acutely. Both single and multiple injections of MK-801 failed to affect the hypothermic action of U-50,488H. In vitro, MK-801 inhibited the binding of [3H]EKC to brain and spinal cord membranes with IC50 values of 9.80 +/- 1.7 and 1.37 +/- 0.58 microM, respectively. Chronic administration of MK-801 twice a day for 4 days increased the Bmax value of [3H]EKC binding in the brain, but had no effect on Kd. On the other hand, chronic treatment with MK-801 decreased the Kd of [3H]EKC binding in spinal cord without affecting Bmax. It is concluded that blockade of NMDA receptor enhances the analgesic response to a kappa-opioid receptor agonist and upregulates brain and spinal cord kappa-opioid receptors. Finally, the results suggest that the NMDA receptor may have a role in the regulation of kappa-opioid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Bhargava
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics (M/C 865), University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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31
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Dhatt RK, Gudehithlu KP, Wemlinger TA, Tejwani GA, Neff NH, Hadjiconstantinou M. Preproenkephalin mRNA and methionine-enkephalin content are increased in mouse striatum after treatment with nicotine. J Neurochem 1995; 64:1878-83. [PMID: 7891117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64041878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A single dose of nicotine increased methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) immunoreactivity in the striatum of mice in a time-dependent manner. Met-Enk content reached maximum by approximately 1 h after nicotine and returned to control values by 6 h. The response to nicotine was blocked by pretreating animals with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. In contrast, pretreating mice with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine or the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol did not block the response. A single dose of nicotine also increased mRNA for the precursor peptide preproenkephalin (PPE). The increase of PPE mRNA preceded that of Met-Enk and reached a maximum by approximately 30 min after nicotine. PPE mRNA levels returned to near normal by approximately 3 h and increased again by 6 h after nicotine. Daily administration of nicotine for 14 days increased Met-Enk content and PPE mRNA in the striatum of mice as well. Taken together, our results suggest that nicotinic receptors modulate Met-Enk content and PPE mRNA in the mouse striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Dhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1239
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33
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Abstract
The effect of morphine tolerance/dependence and abstinence on the preproenkephalin (PPE) gene expression was determined in brain regions and spinal cord of the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant and physically dependent on morphine by SC implantation of six pellets, each containing 75 mg of morphine base, during a 7-day period. Placebo pellet-implanted rats served as controls. In tolerant rats, the pellets were left in place at the time of sacrifice whereas in abstinent rats, the pellets were removed 16 h prior to sacrificing. The levels of PPE mRNA were determined in brain regions (striatum, cortex, pons-medulla, hypothalamus, amygdala, and midbrain) and spinal cord. The levels of PPE mRNA increased significantly in the cortex (62%) and the spinal cord (352%) of morphine-tolerant rats when compared to placebo pellet-implanted control rats. In other brain regions, the levels of PPE mRNA in placebo and morphine-tolerant rats did not differ. On the other hand, in morphine-abstinent rats, the levels of PPE mRNA increased in the striatum (62%) and hypothalamus (34%) but were decreased in pons-medulla (68%), midbrain (51%), and spinal cord (36%) in comparison to the placebo controls. The results clearly demonstrate differential changes in enkephalin gene expression in brain regions and spinal cord of the abstinent and nonabstinent morphine-tolerant/dependent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center 60612, USA
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Bhargava HN, Reddy PL, Gudehithlu KP. Down-regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors of brain regions and spinal cord of rats treated chronically with morphine. Gen Pharmacol 1995; 26:131-6. [PMID: 7713352 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00147-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of morphine tolerance and abstinence on the characteristics of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, labeled with [3H]MK-801, were determined in the brain regions and spinal cord of the rat. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of six morphine pellets during a 7-day period. In tolerant (non-abstinent) rats, the pellets were left intact at the time of sacrificing, whereas in the abstinent rats the pellets were removed 16 hr prior to sacrificing. 3. The binding of [3H]MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, to membranes prepared from spinal cord and brain regions (cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain and pons-medulla) was determined using 5 nM concentration of the ligand in the presence of 30 microM glycine and 50 microM of glutamate. 4. In non-abstinent morphine tolerant rats, the binding of [3H]MK-801 was decreased by 40 and 33% in the midbrain and spinal cord, respectively, in comparison with their placebo controls. In morphine abstinent rats, the binding of [3H]MK-801 was decreased by 42, 29 and 50% in hypothalamus, midbrain and spinal cord, respectively, in comparison with their placebo controls. The binding of [3H]MK-801 to other brain regions and spinal cord of morphine tolerant and abstinent rats did not differ from their respective placebo controls. 5. Thus, these studies demonstrate, for the first time, that in the presence of glutamate and glycine, NMDA receptors of selected brain regions and spinal cord are down-regulated in rats treated chronically with morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Bhargava
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics (M/C 865), University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center 60612, USA
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Abstract
The effect of chronic administration of morphine to rats on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors labeled with [3H]MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist, was determined in brain regions and spinal cord. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of 6 morphine pellets during a 7-day period. Each pellet contained 75 mg of morphine free base. Animals serving as controls were similarly implanted with placebo pellets. This procedure resulted in the development of a high degree of tolerance and physical dependence on morphine. Two sets of rats were used. In one, the pellets were left intact at the time of sacrifice (tolerant) and in the other the pellets were removed 16 h prior to sacrificing (abstinent). The binding constants, Bmax and Kd values of [3H]MK-801 were determined in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, corpus striatum, midbrain and spinal cord. In the absence of glycine and glutamate, [3H]MK-801 bound to tissue membranes at a single high affinity site. The Bmax and Kd values of [3H]MK-801 were not altered in any of the tissues of the morphine abstinent rats. The Bmax value of [3H]MK-801 was significantly decreased in cerebral cortex of morphine tolerant rats as compared to their placebo controls but the Kd values did not change. In other brain regions and spinal cord of morphine tolerant rats and their placebo controls, the Bmax and Kd values of [3H]MK 801 did not differ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics (M/C 865), University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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Gudehithlu KP, Neff NH, Hadjiconstantinou M. c-fos and NGFI-A mRNA of rat retina: evidence for light-induced augmentation and a role for cholinergic and glutamate receptors. Brain Res 1993; 631:77-82. [PMID: 8298998 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
When rats are exposed to room light from the dark, there is a transient increase of mRNA for the immediate-early genes c-fos and NGFI-A in the retina. Augmentation of c-fos and NGFI-A mRNA by light is apparently associated with activation of cholinergic nicotinic and muscarinic receptors as it can be suppressed by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Moreover, the light-induced increase of c-fos mRNA in retina appears to be associated with activation of glutamate receptors also as the noncompetitive inhibitor of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors dizocilpine (MK-801) partially suppressed the increase of the c-fos message. Light-induced NGFI-A mRNA augmentation is apparently modulated by the same receptors. We were unable to detect light-induced changes of c-jun mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210-1239
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Eaton MJ, Gudehithlu KP, Quach T, Silvia CP, Hadjiconstantinou M, Neff NH. Distribution of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase mRNA in mouse brain by in situ hybridization histology. J Comp Neurol 1993; 337:640-54. [PMID: 7904615 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903370409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) is the second enzyme in the sequence leading to the synthesis of catecholamines or serotonin. Antisense riboprobes for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase mRNA were used to map the gene in mouse brain by in situ hybridization. The substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the olfactory bulb contained the highest signal for AAAD mRNA. After treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the signal disappeared in the substantia nigra, decreased somewhat in the ventral tegmental area, and remained unchanged in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Hypothalamic and cerebellar Purkinje neurons known to contain histidine decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase, respectively, were unlabeled by the probes. However, neurons in the deep layers of the frontal cortex, many thalamic nuclei, and the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus were lightly to moderately labeled for mouse AAAD mRNA. The presence of AAAD message in these neurons suggests that the enzyme has functions other than that for the synthesis of the classical biogenic amine neurotransmitters.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Brain/anatomy & histology
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dopamine Agents/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Mice
- RNA Probes
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Eaton
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210
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Abstract
Sense mRNA coding for bovine adrenal medulla aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) was expressed following microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The expressed enzyme activity was stereoselective for L-5-hydroxytryptophan and L-DOPA and blocked by NSD-1015 an inhibitor of AADC. Heating the expressed enzyme at 55 degrees C resulted in a parallel loss of activity towards both substrates. Our findings are consistent with the prevailing notion that a single enzyme is able to decarboxylate both substrates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210
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Abstract
The neurotoxin, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induces a transient increase of mRNA for the immediate-early gene c-fos in the mouse brain. The c-fos mRNA level is MPTP dose-dependent and is evident in all brain regions tested including striatum, hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and midbrain. There are regional differences in the time-course for the rise of c-fos mRNA. Pretreatment with deprenyl, a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, pargyline, a nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor, or mazindol, a dopamine uptake transport inhibitor, does not prevent the c-fos mRNA increase, suggesting that the elevation is due to the action of MPTP and not its neurotoxic metabolite MPP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Duchemin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210
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Gudehithlu KP, Tejwani GA, Bhargava HN. Beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin levels in discrete brain regions, spinal cord, pituitary gland and plasma of morphine tolerant-dependent and abstinent rats. Brain Res 1991; 553:284-90. [PMID: 1933285 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90836-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of morphine tolerance-dependence, protracted and naloxone-precipitated abstinence on the levels of beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin in discrete brain regions, spinal cord, pituitary gland and plasma was determined in the male Sprague-Dawley rats. Among the brain regions examined, the levels of beta-endorphin in descending order were: hypothalamus, amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus corpus striatum, pons and medulla and cortex. The levels of beta-endorphin in midbrain, hypothalamus, and pituitary of morphine tolerant-dependent rats were decreased significantly. During protracted withdrawal beta-endorphin levels were decreased in amygdala, spinal cord and pituitary. During naloxone-precipitated abstinence beta-endorphin levels were increased in corpus striatum, midbrain and cortex. In addition, in naloxone-precipitated abstinence beta-endorphin levels were decreased in pituitary gland and hippocampus but increased in plasma. The levels of methionine-enkephalin in brain regions in decreasing order were: corpus striatum, pons and medulla, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, hippocampus and cortex. The levels of methionine-enkephalin in pons and medulla, amygdala, hippocampus and pituitary gland were decreased in morphine tolerant-dependent rats. During protracted abstinence from morphine, methionine-enkephalin levels in spinal cord, amygdala, pons and medulla, midbrain, cortex, corpus striatum and pituitary gland were decreased. The levels of methionine-enkephalin in hypothalamus and corpus striatum of naloxone-precipitated abstinent rats were increased but were decreased in amygdala and pituitary gland. These results suggest that during morphine tolerance-dependence and during protracted abstinence beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin levels in discrete brain regions and pituitary gland are decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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41
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Tejwani GA, Rattan AK, Gudehithlu KP, McDonald JS. Modulation of mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors in the rat brain by isoflurane and enflurane. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30:643-9. [PMID: 1656304 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90085-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to investigate whether inhalational anesthetics modulated the binding of specific ligands to opioid receptors in the brain of the rat. The effect of isoflurane and enflurane on the binding of specific ligands to various subtypes of opioid receptors in vitro was studied. Isoflurane inhibited the binding of [3H]naloxone to opioid receptors by 50% in the spinal cord, midbrain and cortex at 22, 49 and 50 mM, respectively. Enflurane was more potent than isoflurane in inhibiting the binding of [3H]naloxone. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]naloxone, done in the presence of therapeutic level (5 mM) of isoflurane, suggested that it did not affect the KD (1.3 nM) but decreased the Bmax by 41% in the cortex. Isoflurane and enflurane, at large doses (30-50 mM), inhibited the binding of [3H]ethylketo-cyclazocine (EKC) to kappa receptors in midbrain, cortex and spinal cord. At a smaller dose (5 mM), they increased the binding of EKC in spinal cord. The binding of the analogs of enkephalin [3H]DSTLE(Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr-enkephalin) to delta receptors and [3H]DAGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Methyl-Phe-Glyol-enkephalin) to mu receptors in the midbrain and cortex was inhibited by isoflurane at a significantly smaller concentration than the binding of [3H]naloxone, indicating that the binding of peptides was more susceptible to the inhibition by inhalational anesthetics than the binding of alkaloids, such as naloxone or EKC. These results suggest that the modulation of opioid receptors by inhalational anesthetics is a function of both the nature of the ligand and the tissue used for the receptor binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Enflurane/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/metabolism
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Ethylketocyclazocine/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoflurane/pharmacology
- Male
- Mesencephalon/drug effects
- Mesencephalon/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa
- Receptors, Opioid, mu
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Tejwani
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus 43210-1239
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Tejwani GA, Gudehithlu KP, Hanissian SH, Gienapp IE, Whitacre CC, Malarkey WB. Facilitation of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis by restraint stress: role of beta-endorphin, prolactin and naltrexone. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12:637-41. [PMID: 1901524 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/12.4.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the involvement of opioid peptides and prolactin in stress-facilitated mammary cancer, we studied the effect of chronic restraint stress on dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumorigenesis and the effect of an opiate antagonist, naltrexone, on this process. Female Fischer-344 rats (n = 160) were administered 15 mg DMBA/ml of sesame oil/rat by intragastric intubation. Eighty rats were subjected to daily 30 min restraint stress in a plastic cylinder, and 80 rats served as control not subjected to the stressor. Half of the rats from each group received naltrexone (1 mg/kg, i.p. daily). Five rats from each group (restraint stress +/- naltrexone and control +/- naltrexone) were killed every 2-3 weeks. Rats subjected to restraint stress developed a greater number of tumors earlier. Naltrexone decreased the tumor incidence in the stressed animals from 32 to 12% (P less than 0.001) and in unstressed rats from 27 to 15% (P less than 0.001) at the end of 18 weeks. Stressed rats showed a decrease of 48% (P less than 0.001) in the level of hypothalamic beta-endorphin. Plasma prolactin increased from 4-13 ng/ml in the control rats to 109-396 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) in the stressed rats throughout the 18 week period. The beneficial effect of naltrexone was associated with 42% (P less than 0.01) increase in T cell proliferation, but greater than 90% (P less than 0.001) decrease in plasma prolactin level was observed in naltrexone-treated rats compared to the untreated animals. Rats subjected to restraint stress showed a 15% (P less than 0.001) decrease in weight gain at the end of the experiment (18 weeks). Neither restraint stress nor naltrexone administration affected the caloric intake of rats during this period. Thus, we believe that restraint stress facilitates DMBA-induced mammary tumors by releasing beta-endorphin and prolactin, and naltrexone shows a beneficial effect by opposing the effect of beta-endorphin on prolactin release in the stressed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Tejwani
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210-1239
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Gudehithlu KP, Duchemin AM, Tejwani GA, Neff NH, Hadjiconstantinou M. Preproenkephalin mRNA and methionine-enkephalin increase in mouse striatum after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment. J Neurochem 1991; 56:1043-8. [PMID: 1899692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum from the substantia nigra are thought to modulate methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) metabolism in the striatum. We administered a dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) that produces a moderate depletion of dopamine in striatum, about 50%, without overt motor deficits, and found that Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin mRNA content increased in the tissue. Pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor deprenyl or the dopamine transport blocker nomifensine prevented these changes, suggesting that the changes were related to the partial loss of dopaminergic neurons rather than to MPTP. Moreover, administering GM1 ganglioside, which partially restores the MPTP-induced dopaminergic deficit, partially corrected the Met-Enk changes in the striatum as well. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dopaminergic input to the striatum, in part, modulates Met-Enk metabolism. Moreover, they show that moderate nigrostriatal lesions are sufficient to elevate Met-Enk and preproenkephalin mRNA contents and that restoration of dopaminergic function, as in our studies with GM1 ganglioside, restores the content of Met-Enk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210
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Gudehithlu KP, Ramakrishnan CV. Effect of undernutrition on the chemical composition and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in soluble and particulate fractions of the newborn rat calvarium and femur. I: Effect of gestational undernutrition in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46:373-7. [PMID: 2364324 DOI: 10.1007/bf02554967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of maternal protein deficiency on the development of the rat calvarium and femur. The results show that maternal protein deficiency during gestation leads to fetal growth retardation, and that the calvarium is more affected than the femur. A significant decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase was found in the soluble fraction in both the calvarium and the femur. However, this was not true in the case of the particulate fraction in which a significantly increased activity was found. This increase was not associated, however, with a concomitant increase in calcium and phosphorus (per 100 g fresh bone).
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, India
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45
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Gudehithlu KP, Ramakrishnan CV. Effect of undernutrition on the chemical composition and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in soluble and particulate fractions of the rat calvarium and femur. II: Effect of preweaning undernutrition in the suckling rat. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46:378-83. [PMID: 2364325 DOI: 10.1007/bf02554968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of undernutrition during the suckling period on the development of the calvarium and the femur of rat pups suckling dams fed a 20% or 5% protein diet. The results show that the maturation of bone is delayed by undernutrition. In both the calvarium and the femur, the particulate fraction alkaline phosphatase reflects the rate increments in calcium and phosphorus uptake in control animals. This association is affected in the undernourished pups, as both the alkaline phosphatase activity in particulate fraction and the calcium and the phosphorus uptake decreased. However, the extent of disturbance was more prominent in the femur than in the calvarium, suggesting that during postnatal undernutrition the calvarium is less affected when compared to prenatal undernutrition, where the femur is less affected. The results from these studies suggest that proper nutrition is necessary for bone development during both the prenatal and postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Gudehithlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, India
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Sharma HM, Dwivedi C, Satter BC, Gudehithlu KP, Abou-Issa H, Malarkey W, Tejwani GA. Antineoplastic properties of Maharishi-4 against DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 35:767-73. [PMID: 2140606 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90356-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maharishi-4 (M-4), an ayurvedic food supplement, was tested for anticarcinogenic and anticancer properties against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in rats. The 6% M-4-supplemented diet protected DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by reducing both tumor incidence and multiplicity during initiation and promotion phases. The control animals who developed tumors when supplemented with M-4 diet for four weeks showed tumor regression in 60% of cases. There was no significant difference in the food intake or weight gain in rats who were on M-4-supplemented diet compared to control group. Possible mechanisms of action of M-4 are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
- Enkephalin, Methionine/analysis
- Estradiol/blood
- Female
- Hypothalamus/analysis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Medicine, Ayurvedic
- Pituitary Gland/analysis
- Plants, Medicinal
- Prolactin/blood
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- beta-Endorphin/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Sharma
- College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Bhargava HN, Ramarao P, Gulati A, Gudehithlu KP, Tejwani GA. Methionine-enkephalin and beta-endorphin levels in spleen and thymus gland of morphine tolerant-dependent and abstinent rats. Life Sci 1989; 45:2529-37. [PMID: 2533311 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic administration of morphine and abrupt and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal on the levels of beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin in spleen, adrenals and thymus glands of Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. Rats were made tolerant to and dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of 6 morphine pellets (75 mg morphine in each) during a 7-day period. The tolerant-dependent (with pellets intact) and abstinent (pellets removed 18 hours earlier) rats were sacrificed. In another group, rats with pellets intact were injected with naloxone and sacrificed 10 min later (precipitated abstinence). The weights of the tissues under any of the above treatments did not change nor did the levels of methionine-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in adrenals. The level of beta-endorphin was elevated in the spleen and thymus of morphine tolerant-dependent rats, while the levels of methionine-enkephalin in rats undergoing abrupt or naloxone-precipitated abstinence were significantly higher than in their respective placebo controls. The levels of methionine-enkephalin in the thymus gland of rats with placebo and morphine pellets left intact did not differ. It is concluded that in morphine tolerant-dependent rats the levels of beta-endorphin in spleen and thymus are elevated. During abrupt and naloxone-precipitated abstinence, the levels of methionine-enkephalin in the thymus gland are significantly elevated possibly due to an inhibition of their release. Since these opioid peptides have been implicated in immunomodulation, and alterations were seen in organs controlling immune function, the present results may be helpful in explaining altered immune function in morphine dependent and abstinent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Bhargava
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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