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Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Antagonists Sensitize Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Macrophages to TRAIL-Mediated Killing. J Virol 2016; 90:6255-6262. [PMID: 27122585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00231-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Strategies aimed at eliminating persistent viral reservoirs from HIV-1-infected individuals have focused on CD4(+) T-cell reservoirs. However, very little attention has been given to approaches that could promote elimination of tissue macrophage reservoirs. HIV-1 infection of macrophages induces phosphorylation of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R), which confers resistance to apoptotic pathways driven by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), thereby promoting viral persistence. In this study, we assessed whether CSF-1R antagonists (PLX647, PLX3397, and PLX5622) restored apoptotic sensitivity of HIV-1-infected macrophages in vitro PLX647, PLX3397, and PLX5622 at clinically relevant concentrations blocked the activation of CSF-1R and reduced the viability of infected macrophages, as well as the extent of viral replication. Our data show that strategies targeting monocyte colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) signaling could be used to promote elimination of HIV-1-infected myeloid cells and to contribute to the elimination of persistent viral reservoirs. IMPORTANCE As the HIV/AIDS research field explores approaches to eliminate HIV-1 in individuals on suppressive antiviral therapy, those approaches will need to eliminate both CD4(+) T-cell and myeloid cell reservoirs. Most of the attention has focused on CD4(+) T-cell reservoirs, and scant attention has been paid to myeloid cell reservoirs. The distinct nature of the infection in myeloid cells versus CD4(+) T cells will likely dictate different approaches in order to achieve their elimination. For CD4(+) T cells, most strategies focus on promoting virus reactivation to promote immune-mediated clearance and/or elimination by viral cytopathicity. Macrophages resist viral cytopathic effects and CD8(+) T-cell killing. Therefore, we have explored clearance strategies that render macrophages sensitive to viral cytopathicity. This research helps inform the design of strategies to promote clearance of the macrophage reservoir in infected individuals on suppressive antiviral therapy.
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Fukuda T, Majumder K, Zhang H, Turner PV, Matsui T, Mine Y. Adenine Inhibits TNF-α Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Reduces Mucosal Inflammation in a Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4227-4234. [PMID: 27166765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adenine (6-amino-6H-purine), found in molokheiya (Corchorus olitorius L.), has exerted vasorelaxation effects in the thoracic aorta. However, the mode of action of the anti-inflammatory effect of adenine is unclear. Thus, we investigated to clarify the effect of adenine on chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. In intestinal epithelial cells, adenine significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α-induced interleukin-8 secretion. The inhibition of adenine was abolished under the treatment of inhibitors of adenyl cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA), indicating the effect of adenine was mediated through the AC/PKA pathway. Adenine (5, 10, and 50 mg/kg BW/day) was administered orally for 14 days to female BALB/c mice, and then 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was given to induce colitis. Adenine (5 mg/kg BW/day) significantly prevented DSS-induced colon shortening, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histological damage in the colon. These results suggest that adenine can be a promising nutraceutical for the prevention of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Fukuda
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Miao H, Ou J, Peng Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Hao L, Xie G, Wang Z, Pang X, Ruan Z, Li J, Yu L, Xue B, Shi H, Shi C, Liang H. Macrophage ABHD5 promotes colorectal cancer growth by suppressing spermidine production by SRM. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11716. [PMID: 27189574 PMCID: PMC4873969 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming in stromal cells plays an essential role in regulating tumour growth. The metabolic activities of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) are incompletely characterized. Here, we identify TAM-derived factors and their roles in the development of CRC. We demonstrate that ABHD5, a lipolytic co-activator, is ectopically expressed in CRC-associated macrophages. We demonstrate in vitro and in mouse models that macrophage ABHD5 potentiates growth of CRC cells. Mechanistically, ABHD5 suppresses spermidine synthase (SRM)-dependent spermidine production in macrophages by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species-dependent expression of C/EBPɛ, which activates transcription of the srm gene. Notably, macrophage-specific ABHD5 transgene-induced CRC growth in mice can be prevented by an additional SRM transgene in macrophages. Altogether, our results show that the lipolytic factor ABHD5 suppresses SRM-dependent spermidine production in TAMs and potentiates the growth of CRC. The ABHD5/SRM/spermidine axis in TAMs might represent a potential target for therapy. ABHD5 is a co-activator of lipolysis. Here the authors show that in tumour-associated macrophages ABHD5 inhibits ROS-dependent induction of C/EBPɛ, which transcriptionally activates spermidine synthase, and that blocking ABHD5 delays colorectal cancer growth in mice by inhibiting spermidine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Miao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juanjuan Ou
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lijun Hao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xueli Pang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Social stress-enhanced severity of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis is CCL2-dependent and attenuated by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:515-26. [PMID: 26422754 PMCID: PMC4794400 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stressors are known to affect colonic diseases but the mechanisms by which this occurs, and whether probiotics can prevent stressor effects, are not understood. Because inflammatory monocytes that traffic into the colon can exacerbate colitis, we tested whether CCL2, a chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, was necessary for stressor-induced exacerbation of infectious colitis. Mice were exposed to a social disruption stressor that entails repeated social defeat. During stressor exposure, mice were orally challenged with Citrobacter rodentium to induce a colonic inflammatory response. Exposure to the stressor during challenge resulted in significantly higher colonic pathogen levels, translocation to the spleen, increases in colonic macrophages, and increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The stressor-enhanced severity of C. rodentium-induced colitis was not evident in CCL2(-/-) mice, indicating the effects of the stressor are CCL2-dependent. In addition, we tested whether probiotic intervention could attenuate stressor-enhanced infectious colitis by reducing monocyte/macrophage accumulation. Treating mice with probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri reduced CCL2 mRNA levels in the colon and attenuated stressor-enhanced infectious colitis. These data demonstrate that probiotic L. reuteri can prevent the exacerbating effects of stressor exposure on pathogen-induced colitis, and suggest that one mechanism by which this occurs is through downregulation of the chemokine CCL2.
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105
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Mann ER, Bernardo D, English NR, Landy J, Al-Hassi HO, Peake STC, Man R, Elliott TR, Spranger H, Lee GH, Parian A, Brant SR, Lazarev M, Hart AL, Li X, Knight SC. Compartment-specific immunity in the human gut: properties and functions of dendritic cells in the colon versus the ileum. Gut 2016; 65:256-70. [PMID: 25666191 PMCID: PMC4530083 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dendritic cells (DC) mediate intestinal immune tolerance. Despite striking differences between the colon and the ileum both in function and bacterial load, few studies distinguish between properties of immune cells in these compartments. Furthermore, information of gut DC in humans is scarce. We aimed to characterise human colonic versus ileal DC. DESIGN Human DC from paired colonic and ileal samples were characterised by flow cytometry, electron microscopy or used to stimulate T cell responses in a mixed leucocyte reaction. RESULTS A lower proportion of colonic DC produced pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β) compared with their ileal counterparts and exhibited an enhanced ability to generate CD4(+)FoxP3(+)IL-10(+) (regulatory) T cells. There were enhanced proportions of CD103(+)Sirpα(-) DC in the colon, with increased proportions of CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC in the ileum. A greater proportion of colonic DC subsets analysed expressed the lymph-node-homing marker CCR7, alongside enhanced endocytic capacity, which was most striking in CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC. Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 was enhanced on colonic DC. Interestingly, endocytic capacity was associated with CD103(+) DC, in particular CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC. However, expression of ILT3 was associated with CD103(-) DC. Colonic and ileal DC differentially expressed skin-homing marker CCR4 and small-bowel-homing marker CCR9, respectively, and this corresponded to their ability to imprint these homing markers on T cells. CONCLUSIONS The regulatory properties of colonic DC may represent an evolutionary adaptation to the greater bacterial load in the colon. The colon and the ileum should be regarded as separate entities, each comprising DC with distinct roles in mucosal immunity and imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Nicholas R English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Jon Landy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Simon TC Peake
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Ripple Man
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Timothy R Elliott
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Henning Spranger
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Alyssa Parian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Lazarev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ailsa L Hart
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Xuhang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
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Corliss BA, Azimi MS, Munson J, Peirce SM, Murfee WL. Macrophages: An Inflammatory Link Between Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis. Microcirculation 2016; 23:95-121. [PMID: 26614117 PMCID: PMC4744134 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis often occur in response to tissue injury or in the presence of pathology (e.g., cancer), and it is these types of environments in which macrophages are activated and increased in number. Moreover, the blood vascular microcirculation and the lymphatic circulation serve as the conduits for entry and exit for monocyte-derived macrophages in nearly every tissue and organ. Macrophages both affect and are affected by the vessels through which they travel. Therefore, it is not surprising that examination of macrophage behaviors in both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis has yielded interesting observations that suggest macrophages may be key regulators of these complex growth and remodeling processes. In this review, we will take a closer look at macrophages through the lens of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, examining how their dynamic behaviors may regulate vessel sprouting and function. We present macrophages as a cellular link that spatially and temporally connects angiogenesis with lymphangiogenesis, in both physiological growth and in pathological adaptations, such as tumorigenesis. As such, attempts to therapeutically target macrophages in order to affect these processes may be particularly effective, and studying macrophages in both settings will accelerate the field's understanding of this important cell type in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Corliss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mohammad S. Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs Energy Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Jenny Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs Energy Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
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107
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Dietary lipid absorption and lipoprotein secretion by the intestine of the crocodilian Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-015-0300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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108
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Harusato A, Geem D, Denning TL. Macrophage Isolation from the Mouse Small and Large Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1422:171-80. [PMID: 27246032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3603-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via their ability to orchestrate responses to the normal microbiota as well as pathogens. One of the most important steps in beginning to understand the functions of these cells is the ability to effectively isolate them from the complex intestinal environment. Here, we detail methodology for the isolation and phenotypic characterization of macrophages from the mouse small and large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Harusato
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Duke Geem
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Room 690, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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109
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Meshkibaf S, Martins AJ, Henry GT, Kim SO. Protective role of G-CSF in dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis through generating gut-homing macrophages. Cytokine 2015; 78:69-78. [PMID: 26687628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine best known for its role in promoting the generation and function of neutrophils. G-CSF is also found to be involved in macrophage generation and immune regulation; however, its in vivo role in immune homeostasis is largely unknown. Here, we examined the role of G-CSF in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis using G-CSF receptor-deficient (G-CSFR(-/-)) mice. Mice were administered with 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 5days, and the severity of colitis was measured for the next 5days. GCSFR(-/-) mice were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis than G-CSFR(+/+) or G-CSFR(-/+) mice. G-CSFR(-/-) mice harbored less F4/80(+) macrophages, but a similar number of neutrophils, in the intestine. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages prepared in the presence of both G-CSF and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (G-BMDM) expressed higher levels of regulatory macrophage markers such as programmed death ligand 2 (PDL2), CD71 and CD206, but not in arginase I, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Ym1 (chitinase-like 3) and FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone 1), and lower levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD80 and CD86 than bone marrow-derived macrophages prepared in the presence of M-CSF alone (BMDM), in response to interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ, respectively. Adoptive transfer of G-BMDM, but not BMDM, protected G-CSFR(-/-) mice from DSS-induced colitis, and suppressed expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β and iNOS in the intestine. These results suggest that G-CSF plays an important role in preventing colitis, likely through populating immune regulatory macrophages in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Meshkibaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada; Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Andrew J Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Garth T Henry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada; Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada.
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Solhaug A, Wisbech C, Christoffersen T, Hult L, Lea T, Eriksen G, Holme J. The mycotoxin alternariol induces DNA damage and modify macrophage phenotype and inflammatory responses. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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111
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Griseri T, Arnold IC, Pearson C, Krausgruber T, Schiering C, Franchini F, Schulthess J, McKenzie BS, Crocker PR, Powrie F. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Activated Eosinophils Promote Interleukin-23 Driven Chronic Colitis. Immunity 2015. [PMID: 26200014 PMCID: PMC4518500 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of intestinal eosinophils in immune homeostasis is enigmatic and the molecular signals that drive them from protective to tissue damaging are unknown. Most commonly associated with Th2 cell-mediated diseases, we describe a role for eosinophils as crucial effectors of the interleukin-23 (IL-23)-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) axis in colitis. Chronic intestinal inflammation was characterized by increased bone marrow eosinopoiesis and accumulation of activated intestinal eosinophils. IL-5 blockade or eosinophil depletion ameliorated colitis, implicating eosinophils in disease pathogenesis. GM-CSF was a potent activator of eosinophil effector functions and intestinal accumulation, and GM-CSF blockade inhibited chronic colitis. By contrast neutrophil accumulation was GM-CSF independent and dispensable for colitis. In addition to TNF secretion, release of eosinophil peroxidase promoted colitis identifying direct tissue-toxic mechanisms. Thus, eosinophils are key perpetrators of chronic inflammation and tissue damage in IL-23-mediated immune diseases and it suggests the GM-CSF-eosinophil axis as an attractive therapeutic target. GM-CSF synergizes with IL-5 to exacerbate eosinopoiesis during chronic colitis GM-CSF-activated eosinophils promote IL-23 driven colitis Depletion of eosinophils, but not of neutrophils, dampens colitis GM-CSF increases eosinophil production of inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-13
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Griseri
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Claire Pearson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Chris Schiering
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fanny Franchini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julie Schulthess
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- CSL Ltd. Research Department, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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112
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Reynolds CM, Segovia SA, Zhang XD, Gray C, Vickers MH. Maternal high-fat diet-induced programing of gut taste receptor and inflammatory gene expression in rat offspring is ameliorated by CLA supplementation. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/10/e12588. [PMID: 26493953 PMCID: PMC4632957 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet during pregnancy and lactation influences later life predisposition to obesity and cardiometabolic disease in offspring. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly defined, but one potential target that has received scant attention and is likely pivotal to disease progression is that of the gut. The present study examined the effects of maternal supplementation with the anti-inflammatory lipid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), on offspring metabolic profile and gut expression of taste receptors and inflammatory markers. We speculate that preventing high-fat diet-induced metainflammation improved maternal metabolic parameters conferring beneficial effects on adult offspring. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a purified control diet (CD; 10% kcal from fat), CD with CLA (CLA; 10% kcal from fat, 1% CLA), HF (45% kcal from fat) or HF with CLA (HFCLA; 45% kcal from fat, 1% CLA) throughout gestation and lactation. Plasma/tissues were taken at day 24 and RT-PCR was carried out on gut sections. Offspring from HF mothers were significantly heavier at weaning with impaired insulin sensitivity compared to controls. This was associated with increased plasma IL-1β and TNFα concentrations. Gut Tas1R1, IL-1β, TNFα, and NLRP3 expression was increased and Tas1R3 expression was decreased in male offspring from HF mothers and was normalized by maternal CLA supplementation. Tas1R1 expression was increased while PYY and IL-10 decreased in female offspring of HF mothers. These results suggest that maternal consumption of a HF diet during critical developmental windows influences offspring predisposition to obesity and metabolic dysregulation. This may be associated with dysregulation of taste receptor, incretin, and inflammatory gene expression in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie A Segovia
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyuan D Zhang
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Oliva N, Carcole M, Beckerman M, Seliktar S, Hayward A, Stanley J, Parry NMA, Edelman ER, Artzi N. Regulation of dendrimer/dextran material performance by altered tissue microenvironment in inflammation and neoplasia. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:272ra11. [PMID: 25632035 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A "one material fits all" mindset ignores profound differences in target tissues that affect their responses and reactivity. Yet little attention has been paid to the role of diseased tissue on material performance, biocompatibility, and healing capacity. We assessed material-tissue interactions with a prototypical adhesive material based on dendrimer/dextran and colon as a model tissue platform. Adhesive materials have high sensitivity to changes in their environment and can be exploited to probe and quantify the influence of even subtle modifications in tissue architecture and biology. We studied inflammatory colitis and colon cancer and found not only a difference in adhesion related to surface chemical interactions but also the existence of a complex interplay that determined the overall dendrimer/dextran biomaterial compatibility. Compatibility was contextual, not simply a constitutive property of the material, and was related to the extent and nature of immune cells in the diseased environment present before material implantation. We then showed how to use information about local alterations of the tissue microenvironment to assess disease severity. This in turn guided us to an optimal dendrimer/dextran formulation choice using a predictive model based on clinically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria Carcole
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Industrial Engineering, Institut Quimic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Margarita Beckerman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Ort Braude College, Karmiel 21982, Israel
| | - Sivan Seliktar
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Ort Braude College, Karmiel 21982, Israel
| | - Alison Hayward
- Concord Biomedical Sciences and Emerging Technologies, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - James Stanley
- Concord Biomedical Sciences and Emerging Technologies, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | | | - Elazer R Edelman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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114
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Biofilm-associated bacterial amyloids dampen inflammation in the gut: oral treatment with curli fibres reduces the severity of hapten-induced colitis in mice. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2015; 1. [PMID: 26855788 PMCID: PMC4739805 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives: A disruption of epithelial barrier function can lead to intestinal inflammation. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 activation by microbial products promotes intestinal epithelial integrity and overall gut health. Several bacterial species, including enteric bacteria, actively produce amyloid proteins as a part of their biofilms. Recognition of amyloid fibres found in enteric biofilms, termed curli, by the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/1 complex reinforces barrier function. Here, we investigated the effect of purified curli fibres on inflammation in a mouse model of acute colitis. Methods: Bone marrow–derived macrophages as well as lamina propria cells were treated with curli fibres of both pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and commensal Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 biofilms. Mice were given 0.1 or 0.4 mg of purified curli orally 1 day post administration of 1% 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) enema. Histopathological analysis was performed on distal colonic tissue taken 6 days post TNBS enema. RNA extracted from colonic tissue was subjected to RT-PCR. Results: Here we show that curli fibres of both pathogenic and commensal bacteria are recognised by TLR2 leading to the production of IL-10, immunomodulatory cytokine of intestinal homeostasis. Treatment of mice with a single dose of curli heightens transcript levels of Il10 in the colon and ameliorates the disease pathology in TNBS-induced colitis. Curli treatment is comparable to the treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) antibodies, a treatment known to reduce the severity of acute colitis in humans and mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that the bacterial amyloids had a role in helping to maintain immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa via the TLR2/IL-10 axis. Furthermore, bacterial amyloids may be a potential candidate therapeutic to treat intestinal inflammatory disorders owing to their remarkable immunomodulatory activity.
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115
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Abstract
The mammalian intestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and comprises cells from non-hemopoietic (epithelia, Paneth cells, goblet cells) and hemopoietic (macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells) origin, and is also a dwelling for trillions of microbes collectively known as the microbiota. The homeostasis of this large microbial biomass is prerequisite to maintain host health by maximizing beneficial symbiotic relationships and minimizing the risks of living in such close proximity. Both microbiota and host immune system communicate with each other to mutually maintain homeostasis in what could be called a "love-hate relationship." Further, the host innate and adaptive immune arms of the immune system cooperate and compensate each other to maintain the equilibrium of a highly complex gut ecosystem in a stable and stringent fashion. Any imbalance due to innate or adaptive immune deficiency or aberrant immune response may lead to dysbiosis and low-grade to robust gut inflammation, finally resulting in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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116
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Koch M, Mollenkopf HJ, Meyer TF. Macrophages recognize the Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion system in the absence of toll-like receptor signalling. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:137-47. [PMID: 26243717 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains carrying the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) provoke an increased inflammatory response, conferring an increased risk of ulcer formation and carcinogenesis. How the immune system recognizes the presence of cagPAI positive strains is yet unclear. By comparing the transcriptional response of wild type and MyD88/Trif(-/-) bone marrow macrophages to infection with H. pylori, we found that the majority of regulated genes were dependent on toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. To determine the role of TLR-independent responses, we analysed the transcriptome of MyD88/Trif(-/-) bone marrow macrophages at different time points after infection with cagPAI positive versus negative strains. We identified a group of genes that exhibited different kinetic behaviour depending on whether cagPAI was present. Analysis of their gene expression kinetics demonstrated that this responsiveness to cagPAI was observed only in MyD88/Trif(-/-) macrophages. This group of cagPAI-sensing genes was enriched for AU-rich element containing early response genes involved in immune regulation, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Recognition of cagPAI positive strains was found to be mediated by the type IV secretion system (cagT4SS), rather than its effector protein CagA. We hypothesize that anergic macrophages of the gastric mucosa initiate an innate immune response following detection of the T4SS of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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117
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Kanai T, Mikami Y, Hayashi A. A breakthrough in probiotics: Clostridium butyricum regulates gut homeostasis and anti-inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:928-39. [PMID: 25940150 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal immune homeostasis is regulated by gut microbiota, including beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalance in gut bacterial constituents provokes host proinflammatory responses causing diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The development of next-generation sequencing technology allows the identification of microbiota alterations in IBD. Several studies have shown reduced diversity in the gut microbiota of patients with IBD. Advances in gnotobiotic technology have made possible analysis of the role of specific bacterial strains in immune cells in the intestine. Using these techniques, we have shown that Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic induces interleukin-10-producing macrophages in inflamed mucosa via the Toll-like receptor 2/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 pathway to prevent acute experimental colitis. In this review, we focus on the new approaches for the role of specific bacterial strains in immunological responses, as well as the potential of bacterial therapy for IBD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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118
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Jiang X, Yu J, Shi Q, Xiao Y, Wang W, Chen G, Zhao Z, Wang R, Xiao H, Hou C, Feng J, Ma Y, Shen B, Wang L, Li Y, Han G. Tim-3 promotes intestinal homeostasis in DSS colitis by inhibiting M1 polarization of macrophages. Clin Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26208474 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tim-3 is involved in the physiopathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that, in mouse with DSS colitis, Tim-3 inhibited the polarization of pathogenic pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, while Tim-3 downregulation or blockade resulted in an increased M1 response. Adoptive transfer of Tim-3-silenced macrophages worsened DSS colitis and enhanced inflammation, while Tim-3 overexpression attenuated DSS colitis by decreasing the M1 macrophage response. Co-culture of Tim-3-overexpressing macrophages with intestinal lymphocytes decreased the pro-inflammatory response. Tim-3 shaped intestinal macrophage polarization may be TLR-4 dependent since Tim-3 blockade failed to exacerbate colitis or increase M1 macrophage response in the TLR-4 KO model. Finally, Tim-3 signaling inhibited phosphorylation of IRF3, a TLR-4 downstream transcriptional factor regulating macrophage polarization. A better understanding of this pathway may shed new light on colitis pathogenesis and result in a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; State Key laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Qingzhu Shi
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, YIHE Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
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119
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Poralla L, Stroh T, Erben U, Sittig M, Liebig S, Siegmund B, Glauben R. Histone deacetylase 5 regulates the inflammatory response of macrophages. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2162-71. [PMID: 26059794 PMCID: PMC4568921 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifying the chromatin structure and interacting with non-histone proteins, histone deacetylases (HDAC) are involved in vital cellular processes at different levels. We here specifically investigated the direct effects of HDAC5 in macrophage activation in response to bacterial or cytokine stimuli. Using murine and human macrophage cell lines, we studied the expression profile and the immunological function of HDAC5 at transcription and protein level in over-expression as well as RNA interference experiments. Toll-like receptor-mediated stimulation of murine RAW264.7 cells significantly reduced HDAC5 mRNA within 7 hrs but presented baseline levels after 24 hrs, a mechanism that was also found for Interferon-γ treatment. If treated with lipopolysaccharide, RAW264.7 cells transfected for over-expression only of full-length but not of mutant HDAC5, significantly elevated secretion of tumour necrosis factor α and of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1. These effects were accompanied by increased nuclear factor-κB activity. Accordingly, knock down of HDAC5-mRNA expression using specific siRNA significantly reduced the production of these cytokines in RAW264.7 or human U937 cells. Taken together, our results suggest a strong regulatory function of HDAC5 in the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Poralla
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stroh
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Sittig
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Liebig
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Medical Department I (Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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120
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Abstract
Recent studies implicating the fallopian tube as the site of putative precursors of ovarian serous carcinoma, and the hypothesis that injury, inflammation, and repair of the ovarian surface epithelium at the time of ovulation, may be contributing factors to ovarian carcinogenesis, prompted us to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the immune cells in the normal fallopian tube. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to provide a baseline for future studies exploring the relationship of inflammation with the early events of ovarian carcinogenesis by characterizing the immune cell repertoire in 13 normal human fallopian tubes, combining digital microscopy of immunostained slides and flow cytometry of fresh single-cell suspensions, with a panel of markers that identify the most important adaptive and innate immune cells. We found that CD45(+) leukocytes are regularly observed in the fallopian tube and are mainly composed of CD163(+) macrophages, CD11c dendritic cells, and CD8(+) T cells. In addition, there are minor populations of CD56(+) NK cells, CD4(+) T cells, CD20(+) B cells, TCRγδ(+) T cells, and, among dendritic cells, CD207(Langerin)(+) Langerhans cells. The cellular mapping that we performed indicates that the local immune system in the human fallopian tube is composed of a mixture of innate and adaptive immune cells, many of which are recognized as playing a role in cancer immune surveillance. This local immune system could provide a first line of defense against early precancerous lesions and could potentially be exploited for immune-based therapies.
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121
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are key players in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This study aimed to determine site-specific effects of defined macrophage subtypes on the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. METHODS Macrophage subtypes in situ in intestinal specimens of patients with IBD were visualized by immunohistochemistry. In vitro polarization of human peripheral CD14 cells yielded M1 or M2 macrophages. The influence of primary monocytes or macrophage subtypes on epithelial barrier integrity was analyzed by transepithelial resistance measurements, Western blot analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and cytometric bead array in a coculture model of primary human macrophages and layers of intestinal epithelial cell lines. RESULTS The lamina propria of the inflamed intestine in patients with IBD, predominantly in Crohn's disease, is massively infiltrated by CD68 cells also positive for inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The presence of M1 macrophage shifted the balance in the local macrophage compartment towards a proinflammatory state. In the coculture model, monocytes and M1 macrophages reduced transepithelial resistance as a marker for epithelial barrier integrity. The mechanisms for paracellular leakage included intracellular relocalization of tight junction proteins like claudin-2 and epithelial cell apoptosis. Determined by specific cytokine blockade, M1 macrophages exerted their deleterious effect mainly through TNF-α, whereas monocyte-mediated damage was driven by the inflammasome effector cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. CONCLUSIONS Lamina propria monocytes and M1 macrophages invading intestinal tissues directly contribute to disrupting the epithelial barrier through deregulation of tight junction proteins and induction of epithelial cell apoptosis, thus driving intestinal inflammation in IBD.
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122
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Characterization of the effects of three Lactobacillus species on the function of chicken macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Holgersen K, Kutlu B, Fox B, Serikawa K, Lord J, Hansen AK, Holm TL. High-resolution gene expression profiling using RNA sequencing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in mouse models of colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:492-506. [PMID: 25795566 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proper interpretation of data from preclinical animal studies requires thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of both the human disease and animal models. In this study, the expression of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]-associated genes was characterised in mouse models of colitis to examine the underlying molecular pathways and assess the similarity between the experimental models and human disease. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on colon biopsies from Crohn's disease [CD] patients, ulcerative colitis [UC] patients and non-IBD controls. Genes shown to be significantly dysregulated in human IBD were used to study gene expression in colons from a piroxicam-accelerated colitis interleukin-10 knockout [PAC IL-10 k.o.], an adoptive transfer [AdTr] and a dextran sulfate sodium [DSS] colitis mouse model. RESULTS Of 115 literature-defined genes linked to IBD, 92 were significantly differentially expressed in inflamed mucosa of CD and/or UC patients compared with non-IBD controls. The most upregulated genes were shared by both diseases, including REG1A, LCN2, NOS2, CXCL1-2, and S100A9. Of those 92 IBD-associated genes, 71 [77%] were significantly dysregulated in PAC IL-10 k.o. mice, whereas 59 [64%] were significantly dysregulated in AdTr mice compared with wild-type controls. Some of the most upregulated genes, including S100a8-9, Nos2, and Lcn2, were shared by the colitis models and correlated with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS IBD and experimental murine colitis have a high degree of similarity in the colonic transcriptional profile, probably secondary to non-specific inflammatory processes. However, differences do exist between models, emphasising the need for careful selection and interpretation of qualified animal models in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Holgersen
- Novo Nordisk-LIFE In Vivo Pharmacology Centre, Frederiksberg, Denmark Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark Department of Immunopharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Burak Kutlu
- NNRC-Molecular Immunology, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian Fox
- NNRC-Molecular Immunology, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Serikawa
- NNRC-Molecular Immunology, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Lord
- Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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124
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Flannigan KL, Geem D, Harusato A, Denning TL. Intestinal Antigen-Presenting Cells: Key Regulators of Immune Homeostasis and Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1809-19. [PMID: 25976247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota that populate the mammalian intestine are critical for proper host physiology, yet simultaneously pose a potential danger. Intestinal antigen-presenting cells, namely macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), are integral components of the mucosal innate immune system that maintain co-existence with the microbiota in face of this constant threat. Intestinal macrophages and DCs integrate signals from the microenvironment to orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses that ultimately lead to durable tolerance of the microbiota. Tolerance is not a default response, however, because macrophages and DCs remain poised to vigorously respond to pathogens that breach the epithelial barrier. In this review, we summarize the salient features of macrophages and DCs in the healthy and inflamed intestine and discuss how signals from the microbiota can influence their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Flannigan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Duke Geem
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Akihito Harusato
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta.
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125
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Harusato A, Flannigan KL, Geem D, Denning TL. Phenotypic and functional profiling of mouse intestinal antigen presenting cells. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:20-26. [PMID: 25891794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota that populates the mammalian intestine consists of hundreds of trillions of bacteria that are separated from underlying immune cells by a single layer of epithelial cells. The intestinal immune system effectively tolerates components of the microbiota that provide benefit to the host while remaining poised to eliminate those that are harmful. Antigen presenting cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells, play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via their ability to orchestrate appropriate responses to the microbiota. Paramount to elucidating intestinal macrophage- and dendritic cell-mediated functions is the ability to effectively isolate and identify these cells from a complex cellular environment. In this review, we summarize methodology for the isolation and phenotypic characterization of macrophages and DCs from the mouse intestine and discuss how this may be useful for gaining insight into the mechanisms by which mucosal immune tolerance is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Harusato
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Duke Geem
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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126
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Powell JJ, Thomas-McKay E, Thoree V, Robertson J, Hewitt RE, Skepper JN, Brown A, Hernandez-Garrido JC, Midgley PA, Gomez-Morilla I, Grime GW, Kirkby KJ, Mabbott NA, Donaldson DS, Williams IR, Rios D, Girardin SE, Haas CT, Bruggraber SFA, Laman JD, Tanriver Y, Lombardi G, Lechler R, Thompson RPH, Pele LC. An endogenous nanomineral chaperones luminal antigen and peptidoglycan to intestinal immune cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:361-9. [PMID: 25751305 PMCID: PMC4404757 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans and other mammals it is known that calcium and phosphate ions are secreted from the distal small intestine into the lumen. However, why this secretion occurs is unclear. Here, we show that the process leads to the formation of amorphous magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate nanoparticles that trap soluble macromolecules, such as bacterial peptidoglycan and orally fed protein antigens, in the lumen and transport them to immune cells of the intestinal tissue. The macromolecule-containing nanoparticles utilize epithelial M cells to enter Peyer's patches, small areas of the intestine concentrated with particle-scavenging immune cells. In wild-type mice, intestinal immune cells containing these naturally formed nanoparticles expressed the immune tolerance-associated molecule 'programmed death-ligand 1', whereas in NOD1/2 double knockout mice, which cannot recognize peptidoglycan, programmed death-ligand 1 was undetected. Our results explain a role for constitutively formed calcium phosphate nanoparticles in the gut lumen and show how this helps to shape intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Powell
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Emma Thomas-McKay
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Vinay Thoree
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Jack Robertson
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Jeremy N Skepper
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Andy Brown
- Institute for Materials Research, SPEME, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Hernandez-Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingenieria Metalúrgica y Química Inorganica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real (Cádiz) 11.510, Spain
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Inmaculada Gomez-Morilla
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fakultaet Maschinenwesen, Institut fuer Stroemungsmechanik, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Geoffrey W Grime
- Ion Beam Centre, Advanced Technology Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Karen J Kirkby
- 1] Ion Beam Centre, Advanced Technology Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK [2] Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester M20 3LJ, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David S Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Rios
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Carolin T Haas
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Sylvaine F A Bruggraber
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Jon D Laman
- 1] Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre and MS Centre ErasMS, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands [2] Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Department of Internal Medicine IV and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guys' Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robert Lechler
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guys' Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard P H Thompson
- 1] Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK [2] Royal College of Physicians, 11 St Andrews Place, Regent's Park, London NW1 4LE, UK
| | - Laetitia C Pele
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
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Christoffersen TE, Olsen Hult LT, Solberg H, Bakke A, Kuczkowska K, Huseby E, Jacobsen M, Lea T, Kleiveland CR. Effects of the non-commensal Methylococcus capsulatus Bath on mammalian immune cells. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:107-16. [PMID: 25771177 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary inclusions of a bacterial meal consisting mainly of the non-commensal, methanotrophic bacteria Methylococcus capsulatus Bath have been shown to ameliorate symptoms of intestinal inflammation in different animal models. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms causing these effects, we have studied the influence of this strain on different immune cells central for the regulation of inflammatory responses. Effects were compared to those induced by the closely related strain M. capsulatus Texas and the well-described probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. M. capsulatus Bath induced macrophage polarization toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype, but not to the extent observed after exposure to E. coli Nissle 1917. Likewise, dose-dependent abilities to activate NF-κB transcription in U937 cells were observed, with E. coli Nissle 1917 being most potent. High levels of CD141 on human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were only detected after exposure to E. coli Nissle 1917, which collectively indicate a superior capacity to induce Th1 cell responses for this strain. On the other hand, the M. capsulatus strains were more potent in increasing the expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD83 and CD86 than E. coli Nissle 1917. M. capsulatus Bath induced the highest levels of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 secretion from dendritic cells, suggesting that this strain generally the post potent inducer of cytokine secretion. These results show that M. capsulatus Bath exhibit immunogenic properties in mammalian in vitro systems which diverge from that of E. coli Nissle 1917. This may provide clues to how M. capsulatus Bath influence the adaptive immune system in vivo. However, further in vivo experiments are required for a complete understanding of how this strain ameliorates intestinal inflammation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henriette Solberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway.
| | - Anne Bakke
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway.
| | - Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway.
| | - Eirin Huseby
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway.
| | - Morten Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway; Ostfold Hospital Trust, 1603 Fredrikstad, Norway.
| | - Tor Lea
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway.
| | - Charlotte Ramstad Kleiveland
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway; Ostfold Hospital Trust, 1603 Fredrikstad, Norway.
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Kishida K, Kohyama M, Kurashima Y, Kogure Y, Wang J, Hirayasu K, Suenaga T, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J, Arase H. Negative regulation of DSS-induced experimental colitis by PILRα. Int Immunol 2015; 27:307-14. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Orosomucoid 1 drives opportunistic infections through the polarization of monocytes to the M2b phenotype. Cytokine 2015; 73:8-15. [PMID: 25689617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orosomucoid (ORM, composed of two isoforms, ORM1 and ORM2) has been described as an inducer of M2 macrophages, which are cells that decrease host antibacterial innate immunities. However, it is unknown which phenotypes of M2 macrophages are induced by ORM. In this study, healthy donor monocytes stimulated with ORM (ORM-monocytes) were characterized phenotypically and biologically. CCL1 (a biomarker of M2b macrophages) and IL-10 were detected in monocyte cultures supplemented with ORM1; however, CCL17 (a biomarker of M2a macrophages) and CXCL13 (a biomarker of M2c macrophages) were not produced in these cultures. All of these soluble factors were not detected in the culture fluids of monocytes stimulated with ORM2. Monocytes stimulated with ORM1 were characterized as CD64(-)CD209(-)CD163(+)CCL1(+) cells. MRSA and Enterococcus faecalis infections were accelerated in chimeras (NOD/scid IL-2Rγ(null) mice reconstituted with white blood cells) after inoculation with monocytes stimulated with ORM1 or treatment with ORM1; however, the infections were greatly mitigated in both chimeras inoculated with ORM1-stimulated monocytes and treated with ORM1, after an additional treatment with an inhibitor of M2b macrophages (CCL1 antisense ODN). These results indicate that ORM1 stimulates quiescent monocytes to polarize to M2b monocytes. The regulation of M2b macrophages may be beneficial in controlling opportunistic infections in patients with a large amount of plasma ORM1.
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130
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Ziegler T, Rausch S, Steinfelder S, Klotz C, Hepworth MR, Kühl AA, Burda PC, Lucius R, Hartmann S. A Novel Regulatory Macrophage Induced by a Helminth Molecule Instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T Cells and Protects against Mucosal Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1555-64. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Buzzelli JN, Chalinor HV, Pavlic DI, Sutton P, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Judd LM. IL33 Is a Stomach Alarmin That Initiates a Skewed Th2 Response to Injury and Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:203-221.e3. [PMID: 28210674 PMCID: PMC5301136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)33 is a recently described alarmin that is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and potently activates Th2 immunity. It may play a pivotal role during Helicobacter pylori infection. Here, we delineate the role of IL33 in the normal gastric mucosa and in response to gastropathy. METHODS IL33 expression was evaluated in mice and human biopsy specimens infected with H pylori and in mice after dosing with aspirin. IL33 expression was localized in the gastric mucosa using immunofluorescence. Mice were given 1 or 7 daily doses of recombinant IL33 (1 μg/dose), and the stomach and the spleen responses were quantified morphologically, by flow cytometry and using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS In mice, the IL33 protein was localized to the nucleus of a subpopulation of surface mucus cells, and co-localized with the surface mucus cell markers Ulex Europaeus 1 (UEA1), and Mucin 5AC (Muc5AC). A small proportion of IL33-positive epithelial cells also were Ki-67 positive. IL33 and its receptor Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (ST2) were increased 4-fold after acute (1-day) H pylori infection, however, this increase was not apparent after 7 days and IL33 expression was reduced 2-fold after 2 months. Similarly, human biopsy specimens positive for H pylori had a reduced IL33 expression. Chronic IL33 treatment in mice caused systemic activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 and polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. In the stomach, IL33-treated mice developed transmural inflammation and mucous metaplasia that was mediated by Th2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Rag-1-/- mice, lacking mature lymphocytes, were protected from IL33-induced gastric pathology. CONCLUSIONS IL33 is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and promotes the activation of T helper 2-cytokine-expressing cells. The loss of IL33 expression after prolonged H pylori infection may be permissive for the T helper 1-biased immune response observed during H pylori infection and subsequent precancerous progression.
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Key Words
- AB, Alcian blue
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gastric Cancer
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Helicobacter pylori
- IL, interleukin
- IL33
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- Inflammatory Response
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMC, surface mucus cells
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- SS1, Sydney strain 1
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TFF, trefoil factor
- Th, T-helper
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N. Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Louise Judd, PhD, Royal Children’s Hospital–Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052. fax: (61) 3-9936-6528.
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133
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Nagamine T, Nakazato K, Tomioka S, Iha M, Nakajima K. Intestinal absorption of fucoidan extracted from the brown seaweed, Cladosiphon okamuranus. Mar Drugs 2014; 13:48-64. [PMID: 25546518 PMCID: PMC4306924 DOI: 10.3390/md13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the absorption of fucoidan through the intestinal tract. Fucoidan (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/mL) was added to Transwell inserts containing Caco-2 cells. The transport of fucoidan across Caco-2 cells increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 1.0 mg/mL. It reached a maximum after 1 h and then rapidly decreased. In another experiment, rats were fed standard chow containing 2% fucoidan for one or two weeks. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that fucoidan accumulated in jejunal epithelial cells, mononuclear cells in the jejunal lamina propria and sinusoidal non-parenchymal cells in the liver. Since we previously speculated that nitrosamine may enhance the intestinal absorption of fucoidan, its absorption was estimated in rats administered N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) in their drinking water. Rats were fed 0.2% fucoidan chow (BBN + 0.2% fucoidan rats), 2% fucoidan chow (BBN + 2% fucoidan rats) and standard chow for eight weeks. The uptake of fucoidan through the intestinal tract seemed to be low, but was measurable by our ELISA method. Fucoidan-positive cells were abundant in the small intestinal mucosa of BBN + 2% fucoidan rats. Most fucoidan-positive cells also stained positive for ED1, suggesting that fucoidan was incorporated into intestinal macrophages. The uptake of fucoidan by Kupffer cells was observed in the livers of BBN + 2% fucoidan rats. In conclusion, the absorption of fucoidan through the small intestine was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Nagamine
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
| | - Kyoumi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
| | - Satoru Tomioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Iha
- South Product, Co., Ltd., Uruma, Okinawa 904-1103, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
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134
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Kim JJ, Khan WI. 5-HT7 receptor signaling: improved therapeutic strategy in gut disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:396. [PMID: 25565996 PMCID: PMC4263172 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is most commonly known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the majority of the body’s 5-HT is produced in the gut by enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Alterations in 5-HT signaling have been associated with various gut disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and enteric infections. Recently, our studies have identified a key role for 5-HT in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis. 5-HT7 receptors are expressed in the gut and very recently, we have shown evidence of 5-HT7 receptor expression on intestinal immune cells and demonstrated a key role for 5-HT7 receptors in generation of experimental colitis. This review summarizes the key findings of these studies and provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge of the 5-HT7 receptor in terms of its pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammatory conditions, such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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135
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Kristek M, Collins LE, DeCourcey J, McEvoy FA, Loscher CE. Soluble factors from colonic epithelial cells contribute to gut homeostasis by modulating macrophage phenotype. Innate Immun 2014; 21:358-69. [PMID: 25298104 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914538294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages originate from inflammatory blood monocytes which migrate to the intestine, where they differentiate into anti-inflammatory macrophages through a number of transitional stages. These macrophages typically remain hypo-responsive to commensal bacteria and food Ags in the intestine, yet also retain the ability to react to invading pathogens. In this study we examined the role of epithelial cells in inducing this intestinal macrophage phenotype. Using an in vitro system we showed that, in two-dimensional culture, epithelial cell-derived factors from a murine cell line, CMT-93, are sufficient to induce phenotypic changes in macrophages. Exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages, J774A.1, to soluble factors derived from epithelial cells, induced an altered phenotype similar to that of intestinal macrophages with decreased production of IL-12p40, IL-6 and IL-23 and expression of MHC ІІ and CD80 following TLR ligation. Furthermore, these conditioned macrophages showed enhanced phagocytic activity in parallel with low respiratory burst and NO production, similar to the response seen in intestinal macrophages. Our findings suggest a role for colonic epithelial cells in modulation of macrophage phenotype for maintenance of gut homeostasis. Further understanding of the cell interactions that maintain homeostasis in the gut could reveal novel therapeutic strategies to restore the balance in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kristek
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Laura E Collins
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Joseph DeCourcey
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Fiona A McEvoy
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Christine E Loscher
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland
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136
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Abstract
Most of what is known about the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pertains to complex interplay between host genetics, immunity, and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications play pivotal roles in intestinal immunity and mucosal homeostasis as well as mediating gene-environment interactions. In this article, we provide a historical account of epigenetic research either directly related or pertinent to the pathogenesis and management of IBD. We further collate emerging evidence supporting roles for epigenetic mechanisms in relevant aspects of IBD biology, including deregulated immunity, host-pathogen recognition and mucosal integrity. Finally, we highlight key epigenetic mechanisms that link chronic inflammation to specific IBD comorbidities, including colitis-associated cancer and discuss their potential utility as novel biomarkers or pharmacologic targets in IBD therapy.
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137
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Mann ER, Li X. Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: Crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9653-9664. [PMID: 25110405 PMCID: PMC4123356 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.
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138
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Becker M, Güttler S, Bachem A, Hartung E, Mora A, Jäkel A, Hutloff A, Henn V, Mages HW, Gurka S, Kroczek RA. Ontogenic, Phenotypic, and Functional Characterization of XCR1(+) Dendritic Cells Leads to a Consistent Classification of Intestinal Dendritic Cells Based on the Expression of XCR1 and SIRPα. Front Immunol 2014; 5:326. [PMID: 25120540 PMCID: PMC4112810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, lack of lineage markers confounded the classification of dendritic cells (DC) in the intestine and impeded a full understanding of their location and function. We have recently shown that the chemokine receptor XCR1 is a lineage marker for cross-presenting DC in the spleen. Now, we provide evidence that intestinal XCR1+ DC largely, but not fully, overlap with CD103+ CD11b− DC, the hypothesized correlate of “cross-presenting DC” in the intestine, and are selectively dependent in their development on the transcription factor Batf3. XCR1+ DC are located in the villi of the lamina propria of the small intestine, the T cell zones of Peyer’s patches, and in the T cell zones and sinuses of the draining mesenteric lymph node. Functionally, we could demonstrate for the first time that XCR1+/CD103+ CD11b− DC excel in the cross-presentation of orally applied antigen. Together, our data show that XCR1 is a lineage marker for cross-presenting DC also in the intestinal immune system. Further, extensive phenotypic analyses reveal that expression of the integrin SIRPα consistently demarcates the XCR1− DC population. We propose a simplified and consistent classification system for intestinal DC based on the expression of XCR1 and SIRPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Becker
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Steffen Güttler
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Evelyn Hartung
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ahmed Mora
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Anika Jäkel
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany ; German Rheumatism Research Centre , Berlin , Germany
| | - Volker Henn
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Gurka
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute , Berlin , Germany
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Holgersen K, Kvist PH, Hansen AK, Holm TL. Predictive validity and immune cell involvement in the pathogenesis of piroxicam-accelerated colitis in interleukin-10 knockout mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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140
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Ortiz-Masiá D, Cosín-Roger J, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Alós R, Hinojosa J, Apostolova N, Alvarez A, Barrachina MD. Hypoxic macrophages impair autophagy in epithelial cells through Wnt1: relevance in IBD. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:929-38. [PMID: 24301659 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A defective induction of epithelial autophagy may have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. This process is regulated mainly by extracellular factors such as nutrients and growth factors and is highly induced by diverse situations of stress. We hypothesized that epithelial autophagy is regulated by the immune response that in turn is modulated by local hypoxia and inflammatory signals present in the inflamed mucosa. Our results reveal that HIF-1α and Wnt1 were co-localized with CD68 in cells of the mucosa of IBD patients. We have observed increased protein levels of β-catenin, phosphorylated mTOR, and p62 and decreased expression of LC3II in colonic epithelial crypts from damaged mucosa in which β-catenin positively correlated with phosphorylated mTOR and negatively correlated with autophagic protein markers. In cultured macrophages, HIF-1 mediated the increase in Wnt1 expression induced by hypoxia, which enhanced protein levels of β-catenin, activated mTOR, and decreased autophagy in epithelial cells in co-culture. Our results demonstrate a HIF-1-dependent induction of Wnt1 in hypoxic macrophages that undermines autophagy in epithelial cells and suggest a role for Wnt signaling and mTOR pathways in the impaired epithelial autophagy observed in the mucosa of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - R Alós
- Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - A Alvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Chen G, Chan AJ, Chung JI, Jang JC, Osborne LC, Nair MG. Polarizing the T helper 17 response in Citrobacter rodentium infection via expression of resistin-like molecule α. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:363-8. [PMID: 24831469 PMCID: PMC4153775 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium infection is a murine model of pathogenic Escherichia coli infection that allows investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in host-protective immunity and bacterial-induced intestinal inflammation. We recently demonstrated that following C. rodentium infection, the absence of Resistin-Like Molecule (RELM) α resulted in attenuated Th17 cell responses and reduced intestinal inflammation with minimal effects on bacterial clearance. In this addendum, we investigated the cytokine modulatory effects of RELMα and RELMα expression in the intestinal mucosa following C. rodentium infection. We show that in addition to promoting Th17 cytokine responses, RELMα inhibits Th2 cytokine expression and Th2-cytokine effector macrophage responses in the C. rodentium-infected colons. Second, utilizing reporter C. rodentium, we examined RELMα expression and macrophage recruitment at the host pathogen interface. We observed infection-induced macrophage infiltration and RELMα expression by intestinal epithelial cells. The influence of infection-induced RELMα on macrophage recruitment in the intestine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Alexander J Chan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Josiah I Chung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Jessica C Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Institute of Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA,Correspondence to: Meera G Nair,
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142
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CX3CR1⁺ cells facilitate the activation of CD4 T cells in the colonic lamina propria during antigen-driven colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:533-48. [PMID: 24129164 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages populate the intestinal lamina propria to initiate immune responses required for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. To investigate whether CX3CR1(+) phagocytes communicate with CD4 T cells during the development of transfer colitis, we established an antigen-driven colitis model induced by the adoptive transfer of DsRed OT-II cells in CX3CR1(GFP/+) × RAG(-/-) recipients challenged with Escherichia coli expressing ovalbumin (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). After colonization of CX3CR1(GFP/+) × RAG(-/-) animals with red fluorescent E. coli pCherry-OVA, colonic CX3CR1(+) cells but not CD103(+) DCs phagocytosed E. coli pCherry-OVA. Degraded bacterial-derived antigens are transported by CD103(+) DCs to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), where CD103(+) DCs prime naive T cells. In RAG(-/-) recipients reconstituted with OT II cells and gavaged with OVA-expressing E. coli, colonic CX3CR1(+) phagocytes are in close contact with CD4 T cells and presented bacterial-derived antigens to CD4 T cells to activate and expand effector T cells.
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143
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Bilski J, Brzozowski B, Mazur-Bialy A, Sliwowski Z, Brzozowski T. The role of physical exercise in inflammatory bowel disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:429031. [PMID: 24877092 PMCID: PMC4022156 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed and analyzed the relationship between physical exercise and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which covers a group of chronic, relapsing, and remitting intestinal disorders including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. The etiology of IBD likely involves a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. Physical training has been suggested to be protective against the onset of IBD, but there are inconsistencies in the findings of the published literature. Hypertrophy of the mesenteric white adipose tissue (mWAT) is recognized as a characteristic feature of CD, but its importance for the perpetuation of onset of this intestinal disease is unknown. Adipocytes synthesize proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hypertrophy of mWAT could play a role as a barrier to the inflammatory process, but recent data suggest that deregulation of adipokine secretion is involved in the pathogenesis of CD. Adipocytokines and macrophage mediators perpetuate the intestinal inflammatory process, leading to mucosal ulcerations along the mesenteric border, a typical feature of CD. Contracting skeletal muscles release biologically active myokines, known to exert the direct anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibit the release of proinflammatory mediators from visceral fat. Further research is required to confirm these observations and establish exercise regimes for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Brzozowski
- Gastroenterology Clinic, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
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144
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Shoaie S, Nielsen J. Elucidating the interactions between the human gut microbiota and its host through metabolic modeling. Front Genet 2014; 5:86. [PMID: 24795748 PMCID: PMC4000997 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of the interactions between the gut microbiota, diet and environmental effects may allow us to design efficient treatment strategies for addressing global health problems. Existence of symbiotic microorganisms in the human gut provides different functions for the host such as conversion of nutrients, training of the immune system, and resistance to pathogens. The gut microbiome also plays an influential role in maintaining human health, and it is a potential target for prevention and treatment of common disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Due to the extreme complexity of such disorders, it is necessary to develop mathematical models for deciphering the role of its individual elements as well as the entire system and such models may assist in better understanding of the interactions between the bacteria in the human gut and the host by use of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs). Recently, GEMs have been employed to explore the interactions between predominant bacteria in the gut ecosystems. Additionally, these models enabled analysis of the contribution of each species to the overall metabolism of the microbiota through the integration of omics data. The outcome of these studies can be used for proposing optimal conditions for desired microbiome phenotypes. Here, we review the recent progress and challenges for elucidating the interactions between the human gut microbiota and host through metabolic modeling. We discuss how these models may provide scaffolds for analyzing high-throughput data, developing probiotics and prebiotics, evaluating the effects of probiotics and prebiotics and eventually designing clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shoaie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden
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145
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Heylen M, Ruyssers NE, Gielis EM, Vanhomwegen E, Pelckmans PA, Moreels TG, De Man JG, De Winter BY. Of worms, mice and man: an overview of experimental and clinical helminth-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:153-67. [PMID: 24603369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders is highest in well-developed countries which is directly related to their higher hygienic standards: it is suggested that the lack of exposure to helminths contributes to the susceptibility for immune-related diseases. Epidemiological, experimental and clinical data support the idea that helminths provide protection against immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The most likely mechanism for the suppression of immune responses by helminths is the release of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules. This article reviews the experimental and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of helminth-based therapy in IBD and also focuses on the current knowledge of its immunomodulatory mechanisms of action highlighting innate as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. Identifying the mechanisms by which these helminths and helminth-derived molecules modulate the immune system will help in creating novel drugs for the treatment of IBD and other disorders that result from an overactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Heylen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie E Ruyssers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els M Gielis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Vanhomwegen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul A Pelckmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom G Moreels
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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146
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Däbritz J. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the intestinal innate immune cell homeostasis in Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G455-65. [PMID: 24503766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Current literature consolidates the view of Crohn's disease (CD) as a form of immunodeficiency highlighting dysregulation of intestinal innate immunity in the pathogenesis of CD. Intestinal macrophages derived from blood monocytes play a key role in sustaining the innate immune homeostasis in the intestine, suggesting that the monocyte/macrophage compartment might be an attractive therapeutic target for the management of CD. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that also promotes myeloid cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. GM-CSF has a protective effect in human CD and mouse models of colitis. However, the role of GM-CSF in immune and inflammatory reactions in the intestine is not well defined. Beneficial effects exerted by GM-CSF during intestinal inflammation could relate to modulation of the mucosal barrier function in the intestine, including epithelial cell proliferation, survival, restitution, and immunomodulatory actions. The aim of this review is to summarize potential mechanistic roles of GM-CSF in intestinal innate immune cell homeostasis and to highlight its central role in maintenance of the intestinal immune barrier in the context of immunodeficiency in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Däbritz
- The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation & Pathology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University Children's Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Münster, Germany; and University of Münster, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Münster, Germany
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147
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In vitro assessment of agave fructans (Agave salmiana) as prebiotics and immune system activators. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 63:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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148
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Abstract
In the healthy gastrointestinal tract, homeostasis is an active process that requires a careful balance of host responses to the enteric luminal contents. Intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a unique group of tissue immune cells that are ideally situated at the interface of the host and the enteric luminal environment to appropriately respond to microbes and ingested stimuli. However, intrinsic defects in macrophage and DC function contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, as highlighted by recent genome-wide association studies. Gastrointestinal macrophages and DCs participate in inflammatory bowel disease development through inappropriate responses to enteric microbial stimuli, inefficient clearance of microbes from host tissues, and impaired transition from appropriate proinflammatory responses to anti-inflammatory responses that promote resolution. By understanding how intestinal macrophages and DCs initiate chronic inflammation, new pathogenesis-based therapeutic strategies to treat human inflammatory bowel diseases will be elucidated.
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149
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A single strain of Clostridium butyricum induces intestinal IL-10-producing macrophages to suppress acute experimental colitis in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:711-22. [PMID: 23768495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in gut bacterial composition provokes host proinflammatory responses causing diseases such as colitis. Colonization with a mixture of Clostridium species from clusters IV and XIVa was shown to suppress colitis through the induction of IL-10-producing regulatory T (Treg) cells. We demonstrate that a distinct Clostridium strain from cluster I, Clostridium butyricum (CB), prevents acute experimental colitis in mice through induction of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, while CB treatment had no effect on IL-10 production by T cells, IL-10-producing F4/80(+)CD11b(+)CD11c(int) macrophages accumulated in the inflamed mucosa after CB treatment. CB directly triggered IL-10 production by intestinal macrophages in inflamed mucosa via the TLR2/MyD88 pathway. The colitis-preventing effect of CB was negated in macrophage-specific IL-10-deficient mice, suggesting that induction of IL-10 by intestinal macrophages is crucial for the probiotic action of CB. Collectively, CB promotes IL-10 production by intestinal macrophages in inflamed mucosa, thereby preventing experimental colitis in mice.
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150
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O’Carroll C, Fagan A, Shanahan F, Carmody RJ. Identification of a Unique Hybrid Macrophage-Polarization State following Recovery from Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:427-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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