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Nishizawa A, Suemoto CK, Farias-Itao DS, Campos FM, Silva KCS, Bittencourt MS, Grinberg LT, Leite REP, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Farfel JM, Jacob-Filho W, Pasqualucci CA. Morphometric measurements of systemic atherosclerosis and visceral fat: Evidence from an autopsy study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186630. [PMID: 29036197 PMCID: PMC5643130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Morphometric measurements of systemic atherosclerosis and direct quantification of visceral fat are only possible using materials from autopsy studies. However, the few autopsy studies that have investigated the association of visceral fat with atherosclerosis had small sample sizes and focused on coronary arteries of young or middle-aged White subjects. We aimed to investigate the association of pericardial fat (PF) and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) with atherosclerosis in the aorta, coronary, carotid, and cerebral arteries in a large autopsy study. Materials and methods We evaluated deceased subjects aged 30 years or above. We dissected and weighted the PF and the AVF and evaluated the atherosclerotic burden in the aorta, as well as the carotid, coronary, and cerebral arteries using morphometric measurements. We also investigated the interaction of PF and AVF with age regarding the atherosclerotic burden. Results The mean age of the 240 included subjects was 64.8±15.3 years, and 63% was male. Greater PF was associated with a higher degree of aortic atherosclerosis after adjusting for confounding variables (coefficient = 4.39, 95% CI = 0.83; 7.94, p = 0.02). Greater AVF was associated with a higher coronary stenosis index (coefficient = 1.49, 95% CI = 0.15; 2.83, p = 0.03) and a greater number of coronary plaques (coefficient = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.24; 1.19, p = 0.003). We did not find an association of PF or AVF with carotid or cerebral atherosclerotic burden. We found a significant interaction of AVF (coefficient = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.14; -0.02, p = 0.009) and PF (coefficient = -0.87, 95% CI = -1.70; -0.04, p = 0.04) with age regarding carotid artery atherosclerotic burden. Conclusions Greater AVF was associated with greater atherosclerotic burden and extent in coronary arteries, while greater PF correlated with a higher degree of atherosclerosis in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Nishizawa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia K. Suemoto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S. Farias-Itao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Campos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen C. S. Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio S. Bittencourt
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and State of São Paulo Cancer Institute (ICESP), University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciência da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. P. Leite
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti-Rebustini
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of São Paulo Nursing School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Pasqualucci
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Liver and Cardiovascular Damage in Patients With Lean Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Association With Visceral Obesity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:1604-1611.e1. [PMID: 28554682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as NAFLD that develops in patients with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 kg/m2. We investigated the differences between lean NAFLD and NAFLD in overweight and obese persons, factors associated with the severity of liver and cardiovascular disease, and the effects of visceral obesity. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 669 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD seen at 3 liver centers in Italy. We collected anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data, as well as information on carotid atherosclerosis (artery intima-media thickness and plaque), liver histology (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] and fibrosis), insulin resistance, and diabetes. Overweight was defined as a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, and obese was defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater. Patients were assigned to groups based on waist circumference, a marker of visceral obesity (low: men, <94 cm, women <80 cm; medium: men, 94-102 cm, women 80-88 cm; or high: men >102 cm, women >88 cm). DNA samples were analyzed for the rs738409 C>G (I148M in PNPLA3), the rs58542926 C>T (E167K in TM6SF2), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Variables in men and women were analyzed using chi-squared analysis and the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests. Multiple linear or logistic regression analyses were adjusted for all the variables of clinical relevance or statistically significant at univariate analyses. The primary outcome was the difference in liver and cardiovascular disease between lean NAFLD and NAFLD in overweight and obese persons. Secondary outcomes were effects of visceral obesity, based on waist circumference, on hepatic, vascular, and metabolic features. RESULTS Significantly lower proportions of patients with lean NAFLD (143 patients; 43 women; mean age, 46 ± 13 y) had hypertension (P = .001), diabetes (P = .0001), and metabolic syndrome (P = .0001) than overweight or obese patients with NAFLD (526 patients; 149 women; mean age, 49 ± 12 y). Significantly lower proportions of patients with lean NAFLD had NASH (17% vs 40% of obese or overweight patients with NAFLD; P = .0001), fibrosis of F2 or higher (17% vs 42%; P = .0001), or carotid plaques (27% vs 39%; P = .03). Patients with lean NAFLD had significantly thinner carotid intima-media (0.74 ± 0.1 mm) than obese or overweight patients with NAFLD (0.84 ± 0.3 mm; P = .0001). There was no significant difference in the proportions of patients with rs738409 C>G in PNPLA3, but a significantly greater proportion of patients with lean NAFLD carried rs58542926 C>T in TM6SF2 (4%) than obese or overweight individuals with NAFLD (0.3%; P = .001). Of the 143 patients with lean NAFLD, 27 had grade 3 steatosis, 24 had a lobular inflammation score greater than 2, 10 had a ballooning score of 2, and 25 had a fibrosis score of 2 or higher. In patients with lean NAFLD, the only variable associated independently with NASH and a fibrosis score of 2 or higher was rs738409 C>G in PNPLA3. Patients with lean NAFLD and a medium waist circumference had a significantly higher risk of diabetes (odds ratio, 11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-106; P = .03) than overweight or obese patients with a similar waist circumference (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.4-4.2; P = .6). Lean and overweight or obese patients with high waist circumferences had significant increases in risk compared with patients with low and medium circumference and diabetes, hypertension, and fibrosis scores of 2 or higher. CONCLUSIONS In a retrospective study of patients with lean NAFLD vs obese or overweight persons with NAFLD, we found 20% of patients with lean NAFLD to have NASH, fibrosis scores of 2 or higher, and carotid atherosclerosis. Lean patients with rs738409 C>G in PNPLA3 should be monitored for liver disease progression; studies including large series of patients with lean NAFLD will clarify the possible role of TM6SF2 polymorphisms.
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Matsushita K, Dzau VJ. Mesenchymal stem cells in obesity: insights for translational applications. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1158-1166. [PMID: 28414326 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is now a major public health problem worldwide. Lifestyle modification to reduce the characteristic excess body adiposity is important in the treatment of obesity, but effective therapeutic intervention is still needed to control what has become an obesity epidemic. Unfortunately, many anti-obesity drugs have been withdrawn from market due to adverse side effects. Bariatric surgery therefore remains the most effective therapy for severe cases, although such surgery is invasive and researchers continue to seek new control strategies for obesity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a major source of adipocyte generation, and studies have been conducted into the potential roles of MSCs in treating obesity. However, despite significant progress in stem cell research and its potential applications for obesity, adipogenesis is a highly complex process and the molecular mechanisms governing MSC adipogenesis remain ill defined. In particular, successful clinical application of MSCs will require extensive identification and characterization of the transcriptional regulators controlling MSC adipogenesis. Since obesity is associated with the incidence of multiple important comorbidities, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between MSC adipogenesis and the comorbidities of obesity is also necessary to evaluate the potential of effective and safe MSC-based therapies for obesity. In addition, brown adipogenesis is an attractive topic from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation and future research into MSC-based brown adipogenesis could lead to a novel breakthrough. Ongoing stem cell studies and emerging research fields such as epigenetics are expected to elucidate the complicated mechanisms at play in MSC adipogenesis and develop novel MSC-based therapeutic options for obesity. This review discusses the current understanding of MSCs in adipogenesis and their potential clinical applications for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsushita
- Division of Cardiology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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104
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Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Erkin-Cakmak A, Korn NJ, Wen MJ, Tai VW, Jones GM, Palii SP, Velasco-Alin M, Pan K, Patterson BW, Gugliucci A, Lustig RH, Mulligan K. Effects of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children With Obesity. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:743-752. [PMID: 28579536 PMCID: PMC5813289 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Consumption of sugar is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The conversion of fructose to fat in liver (de novo lipogenesis [DNL]) may be a modifiable pathogenetic pathway. We determined the effect of 9 days of isocaloric fructose restriction on DNL, liver fat, visceral fat (VAT), subcutaneous fat, and insulin kinetics in obese Latino and African American children with habitual high sugar consumption (fructose intake >50 g/d). METHODS Children (9-18 years old; n = 41) had all meals provided for 9 days with the same energy and macronutrient composition as their standard diet, but with starch substituted for sugar, yielding a final fructose content of 4% of total kilocalories. Metabolic assessments were performed before and after fructose restriction. Liver fat, VAT, and subcutaneous fat were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. The fractional DNL area under the curve value was measured using stable isotope tracers and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Insulin kinetics were calculated from oral glucose tolerance tests. Paired analyses compared change from day 0 to day 10 within each child. RESULTS Compared with baseline, on day 10, liver fat decreased from a median of 7.2% (interquartile range [IQR], 2.5%-14.8%) to 3.8% (IQR, 1.7%-15.5%) (P < .001) and VAT decreased from 123 cm3 (IQR, 85-145 cm3) to 110 cm3 (IQR, 84-134 cm3) (P < .001). The DNL area under the curve decreased from 68% (IQR, 46%-83%) to 26% (IQR, 16%-37%) (P < .001). Insulin kinetics improved (P < .001). These changes occurred irrespective of baseline liver fat. CONCLUSIONS Short-term (9 days) isocaloric fructose restriction decreased liver fat, VAT, and DNL, and improved insulin kinetics in children with obesity. These findings support efforts to reduce sugar consumption. ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT01200043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Schwarz
- Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California.
| | - Susan M Noworolski
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayca Erkin-Cakmak
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalie J Korn
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Wen
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Viva W Tai
- University of California, San Francisco Clinical and Translational Science Institute Clinical Research Service, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grace M Jones
- Touro University - California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Palii
- Touro University - California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Moises Velasco-Alin
- Touro University - California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA,University of California, San Francisco Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen Pan
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- Touro University - California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Lustig
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mulligan
- Touro University - California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA,University of California, San Francisco Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
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105
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Fang J, Tang M. Exercise improves high fat diet-impaired vascular function. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:337-342. [PMID: 29085629 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease is increasing due to increases in the consumption of high fat diets (HFDs) and the epidemic of obesity. In the present study, it was hypothesized that swimming exercise may prevent HFD-induced impairment of aortic function and that these changes are associated with reduction of oxidative stress, proinflammatory adipokines/cytokines. Male, 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% lipid composition HFD with or without swimming exercise (90 min/swim and 2 swims/day) for 16 weeks. Exercise training prevented HFD-induced increases in visceral fat weight, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Furthermore, exercise training improved HFD-impaired aortic endothelium-dependent dilation that was associated with reduction of oxidative stress, leptin, resistin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin (IL)6 and IL8. In addition, exercise inhibited HFD-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in gastrocnemius skeletal muscle. These data demonstrate that swimming exercise prevents aortic tissue oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular dysfunction in HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital and The First Clinical Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Mei Tang
- Infusion Preparation Center of the Pharmacy Department, Xianning Central Hospital and The First Clinical Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
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Maggi P, Di Biagio A, Rusconi S, Cicalini S, D'Abbraccio M, d'Ettorre G, Martinelli C, Nunnari G, Sighinolfi L, Spagnuolo V, Squillace N. Cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia among persons living with HIV: a review. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:551. [PMID: 28793863 PMCID: PMC5550957 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of this review is to focus the attention on people living with HIV infection at risk of developing a cardiovascular event. What is or what would be the most suitable antiretroviral therapy? Which statin or fibrate to reduce the risk? How to influence behavior and lifestyles? DISCUSSION Prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains the first and essential step in a medical intervention on these patients. The lifestyle modification, including smoking cessation, increased physical activity, weight reduction, and the education on healthy dietary practices are the main instruments. Statins are the cornerstone for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They have been shown to slow the progression or promote regression of coronary plaque, and could also exert an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. However the current guidelines for the use of these drugs in general population are dissimilar, with important differences between American and European ones. The debate between American and European guidelines is still open and, also considering the independent risk factor represented by HIV, specific guidelines are warranted. Ezetimibe reduces the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. It is effective alone or in combination with rosuvastatin. It does not modify plasmatic concentrations of antiretrovirals. A number of experimental new classes of drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia are being studied. Fibrates represent the first choice for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, however, the renal toxicity of fibrates and statins should be considered. Omega 3 fatty acids have a good safety profile, but their efficacy is limited. Another concern is the high dose needed. Other drugs are acipimox and tesamorelin. Current antiretroviral therapies are less toxic and more effective than regimens used in the early years. Lipodistrophy and dyslipidemia are the main causes of long-term toxicities. Not all antiretrovirals have similar toxicities. Protease Inhibitors may cause dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy, while integrase inhibitors have a minimal impact on lipids profile, and no evidence of lipodystrophy. There is still much to be written with the introduction of new drugs in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular risk among HIV infected patients, interventions on behavior and lifestyles, use of drugs to reduce the risk, and switch in antiretroviral therapy, remain nowadays major issues in the management of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maggi
- Clinica Malattie Infettive Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, Policlinico Ospedale S. Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Divisione Clinicizzata di Malattie Infettive, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio D'Abbraccio
- UOC. di Immunodeficienze e Malattie Infettive di Genere, P.O. "D. Cotugno", AORN Dei Colli, Naples, Italy
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107
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Li LZ, Zhang T, Yang L, Zhang L, Wang L, Liu B, Liu K. Inhibition of lipolysis by ilexgenin A via AMPK activation contributes to the prevention of hepatic insulin resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 813:84-93. [PMID: 28739087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose dysfunction links tightly to hepatic insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis. Ilexgenin A is reported with the ability to regulate lipid profile and protect the liver against high fat diet (HFD) -induced impairment. Here, we propose that ilexgenin A ameliorates hepatic insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis by regulating lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT). Pyruvate tolerance test and biochemical analysis coupled with the ex vivo siRNA knockdown and co-culture studies demonstrate that ilexgenin A suppresses inflammation-associated lipolysis in epididymal fat pad via 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, thus inhibits diacylglycerol (DAG) accumulation and protein kinase C ε (PKCε) translocation in liver, leading to the improvement of insulin sensitivity and hepatic glucose production. These findings suggest that the relationship between adipose function and hepatic insulin action may be targeted by natural bioactive components for the potential treatment of hepatic insulin resistance related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Zhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Fehlert E, Wagner R, Ketterer C, Böhm A, Machann J, Fritsche L, Machicao F, Schick F, Staiger H, Stefan N, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Heni M. Genetic determination of body fat distribution and the attributive influence on metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1277-1283. [PMID: 28544651 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with estimates of body fat distribution. Using predefined risk allele scores, the correlation of these scores with precisely quantified body fat distribution assessed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques and with metabolic traits was investigated. METHODS Data from 4,944 MR scans from 915 subjects of European ancestry were analyzed. Body fat distribution was determined by MR imaging and liver fat content by 1 H-MR spectroscopy. All subjects underwent a five-point 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. A total of 65 SNPs with reported genome-wide significant associations regarding estimates of body fat distribution were genotyped. Four genetic risk scores were created by summation of risk alleles. RESULTS A higher allelic load of waist-to-hip ratio SNPs was associated with lower insulin sensitivity, higher postchallenge glucose levels, and more visceral and less subcutaneous fat mass. CONCLUSIONS GWAS-derived polymorphisms estimating body fat distribution are associated with distinct patterns of body fat distribution exactly measured by MR. Only the risk score associated with the waist-to-hip ratio in GWAS showed an unhealthy pattern of metabolism and body fat distribution. This score might be useful for predicting diseases associated with genetically determined, unhealthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Róbert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Ketterer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Böhm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fausto Machicao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
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Nagy E, Jermendy AL, Merkely B, Maurovich-Horvat P. Clinical importance of epicardial adipose tissue. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:864-874. [PMID: 28721155 PMCID: PMC5507110 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.63259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different visceral fat compartments have several systemic effects and may play a role in the development of both insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. In the last couple of years special attention has been paid to the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), which can be quantified by non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques. The epicardial fat is a unique fat compartment between the myocardium and the visceral pericardium sharing a common embryologic origin with the visceral fat depot. Epicardial adipose tissue has several specific roles, and its local effects on cardiac function are incorporated in the complex pathomechanism of coronary artery disease. Importantly, EAT may produce several adipocytokines and chemokines that may influence - through paracrine and vasocrine effects - the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Epicardial adipose tissue volume has a relatively strong genetic dependence, similarly to other visceral fat depots. In this article, the anatomical and physiological as well as pathophysiological characteristics of the epicardial fat compartment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Nagy
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam L Jermendy
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bela Merkely
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhang W, Yang Z, Niu Y, Li X, Zhu L, Lu S, Zhang H, Fan J, Ning G, Qin L, Su Q. Association of calf circumference with insulin resistance and non-alcohol fatty liver disease: the REACTION study. BMC Endocr Disord 2017; 17:28. [PMID: 28558676 PMCID: PMC5450143 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-017-0176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is pathological excessive liver lipid accumulation of subjects who without history of alcohol abuse. Calf circumference is a proxy for lower-body fat and screening method for the identification of subjects with acatastatic lipid accumulation. The objective of this study was to examine the association between calf circumference and NAFLD. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional analysis including 8850 middle-aged and elderly individuals. NAFLD was examined by hepatic ultrasound and without alcohol abuse and other liver diseases. Calf circumference was measured on the lower right leg at the point of maximal circumference. RESULTS The mean of calf circumference were 35.7 cm for male and 34.6 cm for female (P < 0.001), respectively. Compared with the lowest calf circumference quartile, the odds ratio for NAFLD in the highest quartile was 2.73 (95% CI 2.34-3.19, P trend <0.001) after adjusted for potential cofounders. There were also significant positive correlation between calf circumference and HOMA-IR, liver enzyme levels and triglycerides. In addition, we found significant positive correlation of calf circumference with the HOMA-IR and fasting insulin level in overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2) but not in lean subjects (test for interaction: P both less than 0.001 for insulin and HOMA-IR). CONCLUSION High calf circumference is significantly associated with elevated prevalence of NAFLD and increasing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yixin Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Lingfei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Digestion and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
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111
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Targher G, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging driving force in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:297-310. [PMID: 28218263 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by an accumulation of fat in the liver; the condition can progress over time to increase the risk of developing cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing rapidly owing to the global epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD has been predicted to become the most important indication for liver transplantation over the next decade. It is now increasingly clear that NAFLD not only affects the liver but can also increase the risk of developing extra-hepatic diseases, including T2DM, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which have a considerable impact on health-care resources. Accumulating evidence indicates that NAFLD exacerbates insulin resistance, predisposes to atherogenic dyslipidaemia and releases a variety of proinflammatory factors, prothrombotic factors and profibrogenic molecules that can promote vascular and renal damage. Furthermore, communication or 'crosstalk' between affected organs or tissues in these diseases has the potential to further harm function and worsen patient outcomes, and increasing amounts of evidence point to a strong association between NAFLD and CKD. Whether a causal relationship between NAFLD and CKD exists remains to be definitively established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Targher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton.,Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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112
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Visceral obesity is associated with white matter hyperintensity and lacunar infarct. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:683-688. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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113
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory state in obesity causes dysregulation of the endocrine and paracrine actions of adipocyte-derived factors, which disrupt vascular homeostasis and contribute to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and subsequent hypertension. While normal healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) ensures the dilation of blood vessels, obesity-associated PVAT leads to a change in profile of the released adipo-cytokines, resulting in a decreased vasorelaxing effect. Adipose tissue inflammation, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, insulin resistance and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are main participating factors in endothelial dysfunction of obesity. In this chapter, disruption of inter-endothelial junctions between endothelial cells, significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation mediators, which are originated from inflamed endothelial cells, the balance between NO synthesis and ROS , insulin signaling and NO production, and decrease in L-arginine/endogenous asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) ratio are discussed in connection with endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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114
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Erlandson KM, Lake JE. Fat Matters: Understanding the Role of Adipose Tissue in Health in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 13:20-30. [PMID: 26830284 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of adults in the USA are obese and obesity-related disease accounts for some of the leading causes of preventable death. Mid-life obesity may be a strong predictor of physical function impairment later in life regardless of body mass index (BMI) in older age, highlighting the benefits of obesity prevention on health throughout the lifespan. Adipose tissue disturbances including lipodystrophy and obesity are prevalent in the setting of treated and untreated HIV infection. This article will review current knowledge on fat disturbances in HIV-infected persons, including therapeutic options and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Erlandson
- University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Center, 12700 E 19th Ave, Mailstop B168, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jordan E Lake
- University of California, Los Angeles, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Ste. 100, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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115
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Mendes EL, Andaki ACR, Brito CJ, Guedes JM, Santos MPM, Mota J. Waist circumference to height ratio predicts inflammatory risk in children. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 44:303-308. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2016.1253771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Paula Maia Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Portugal
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116
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Jia G, Jia Y, Sowers JR. Contribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:253-262. [PMID: 28135006 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The overweight and obesity epidemic has led to an increase in the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). These abnormalities include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular stiffness, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) expansion and associated fibrosis/stiffness of WAT promote insulin resistance and CVD through increases in proinflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, dysregulation of adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy, dysfunctional immune modulation, and adverse changes in the gut microbiome. The expansion of WAT is partly determined by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal S6 kinase signaling pathways. Further, the chronic activation of these signaling pathways may not only induce adipocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, but also contribute to systemic inflammation, and impairment of insulin metabolic signaling in fat, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue. Therefore, the interplay of adipocyte dysfunction, maladaptive immune and inflammatory responses, and associated metabolic disorders often coexist leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that are associated with increased CVD in obese individuals. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:253-262, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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117
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Garg SK, Lin F, Kandula N, Ding J, Carr J, Allison M, Liu K, Herrington D, Vaidya D, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM. Ectopic Fat Depots and Coronary Artery Calcium in South Asians Compared With Other Racial/Ethnic Groups. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004257. [PMID: 27856485 PMCID: PMC5210365 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background South Asians have a low body mass index and high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) relative to other racial/ethnic groups. Radiographically detected ectopic fat distribution is better associated with CVD than body mass index. We assessed whether differences in ectopic fat depots explained differences in the prevalence/severity of coronary artery calcium (CAC), a predictor of incident CVD events, among South Asians compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Methods and Results We examined the associations of radiographically detected visceral, intermuscular, intrahepatic, and pericardial fat with CAC among adults without baseline CVD. We compared 803 South Asians in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America to 4 racial/ethnic groups in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: 2622 whites, 1893 blacks, 1496 Latinos, and 803 Chinese Americans. We adjusted for body mass index and known CVD risk factors. South Asians had the highest intrahepatic fat and lowest pericardial fat volume (PFV). There was a positive graded association between ectopic fat and higher CAC scores in all the groups with the strongest associations observed with PFV. PFV was independently associated with CAC severity in South Asians (P=0.01) and blacks (P=0.05) and borderline in whites (P=0.06). PFV partially explained the higher CAC burden in South Asians compared with blacks, but not the other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Differences in PFV explain a small fraction of the higher CAC burden in South Asians. Our findings suggest that ectopic fat depots may not explain the elevated CAC risk in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Garg
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Feng Lin
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jingzhong Ding
- Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jeffrey Carr
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Kiang Liu
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Alka M Kanaya
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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118
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Giles DA, Ramkhelawon B, Donelan EM, Stankiewicz TE, Hutchison SB, Mukherjee R, Cappelletti M, Karns R, Karp CL, Moore KJ, Divanovic S. Modulation of ambient temperature promotes inflammation and initiates atherosclerosis in wild type C57BL/6 mice. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1121-1130. [PMID: 27818938 PMCID: PMC5081423 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Obesity and obesity-associated inflammation is central to a variety of end-organ sequelae including atherosclerosis, a leading cause of death worldwide. Although mouse models have provided important insights into the immunopathogenesis of various diseases, modeling atherosclerosis in mice has proven difficult. Specifically, wild-type (WT) mice are resistant to developing atherosclerosis, while commonly used genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis are poor mimics of human disease. The lack of a physiologically relevant experimental model of atherosclerosis has hindered the understanding of mechanisms regulating disease development and progression as well as the development of translational therapies. Recent evidence suggests that housing mice within their thermoneutral zone profoundly alters murine physiology, including both metabolic and immune processes. We hypothesized that thermoneutral housing would allow for augmentation of atherosclerosis induction and progression in mice. Methods ApoE−/− and WT mice were housed at either standard (TS) or thermoneutral (TN) temperatures and fed either a chow or obesogenic “Western” diet. Analysis included quantification of (i) obesity and obesity-associated downstream sequelae, (ii) the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and (iii) inflammatory gene expression pathways related to atherosclerosis. Results Housing mice at TN, in combination with an obesogenic “Western” diet, profoundly augmented obesity development, exacerbated atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice, and initiated atherosclerosis development in WT mice. This increased disease burden was associated with altered lipid profiles, including cholesterol levels and fractions, and increased aortic plaque size. In addition to the mild induction of atherosclerosis, we similarly observed increased levels of aortic and white adipose tissue inflammation and increased circulating immune cell expression of pathways related to adverse cardiovascular outcome. Conclusions In sum, our novel data in WT C57Bl/6 mice suggest that modulation of a single environmental variable, temperature, dramatically alters mouse physiology, metabolism, and inflammation, allowing for an improved mouse model of atherosclerosis. Thus, thermoneutral housing of mice shows promise in yielding a better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Thermoneutral housing augments atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− and WT mice. Thermoneutral housing increases serum LDL levels in obese WT mice. Thermoneutral housing increases inflammatory potential in lean and obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Giles
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Donelan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Susan B Hutchison
- Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Discovery & Translational Sciences, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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119
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Zhao W, Li A, Feng X, Hou T, Liu K, Liu B, Zhang N. Metformin and resveratrol ameliorate muscle insulin resistance through preventing lipolysis and inflammation in hypoxic adipose tissue. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1401-1411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hwang IC, Park HE, Choi SY. Epicardial Adipose Tissue Contributes to the Development of Non-Calcified Coronary Plaque: A 5-Year Computed Tomography Follow-up Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 24:262-274. [PMID: 27506880 PMCID: PMC5383543 DOI: 10.5551/jat.36467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been suggested as a contributing factor for coronary atherosclerosis based on the previous cross-sectional studies and pathophysiologic background. However, a causal relationship between EAT and the development of non-calcified coronary plaque (NCP) has not been investigated. Methods: A total of 122 asymptomatic individuals (age, 56.0 ± 7.6 years; male, 80.3%) without prior history of coronary artery disease (CAD) or metabolic syndrome and without NCP or obstructive CAD at baseline cardiac computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. Repeat cardiac CT was performed with an interval of more than 5 years. Epicardial fat volume index (EFVi; cm3/m2) was assessed in relation to the development of NCP on the follow-up CT where the results were classified into “calcified plaque (CP),” “no plaque,” and “NCP” groups. Results: On the follow-up CT performed with a median interval of 65.4 months, we observed newly developed NCP in 24 (19.7%) participants. Baseline EFVi was significantly higher in the NCP group (79.9 ± 30.3 cm3/m2) than in the CP group (63.7 ± 22.7 cm3/m2; P = 0.019) and in the no plaque group (62.5 ± 24.7 cm3/m2; P = 0.021). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of diabetes (OR, 9.081; 95% CI, 1.682–49.034; P = 0.010) and the 3rd tertile of EFVi (OR, 4.297; 95% CI, 1.040–17.757; P = 0.044 compared to the 1st tertile) were the significant predictors for the development of NCP on follow-up CT. Conclusions: Greater amount of EAT at baseline CT independently predicts the development of NCP in asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chang Hwang
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital
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121
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Understanding and Potential Clinical Implications. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2892840. [PMID: 27313625 PMCID: PMC4903149 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2892840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an obesity-based, complicated clinical condition that has become a global epidemic problem with a high associated risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes or glucose dysmetabolism are the major factors constituting metabolic syndrome, and these factors are interrelated and share underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Severe obesity predisposes individuals to metabolic syndrome, and recent data suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute significantly to adipocyte generation by increasing the number of adipocytes. Accordingly, an increasing number of studies have examined the potential roles of MSCs in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, despite the growing bank of experimental and clinical data, the efficacy and the safety of MSCs in the clinical setting are still to be optimized. It is thus hoped that ongoing and future studies can elucidate the roles of MSCs in metabolic syndrome and lead to MSC-based therapeutic options for affected patients. This review discusses current understanding of the relationship between MSCs and metabolic syndrome and its potential implications for patient management.
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Salazar J, Luzardo E, Mejías JC, Rojas J, Ferreira A, Rivas-Ríos JR, Bermúdez V. Epicardial Fat: Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Implications. Cardiol Res Pract 2016; 2016:1291537. [PMID: 27213076 PMCID: PMC4861775 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1291537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial fat is closely related to blood supply vessels, both anatomically and functionally, which is why any change in this adipose tissue's behavior is considered a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease development. When proinflammatory adipokines are released from the epicardial fat, this can lead to a decrease in insulin sensitivity, low adiponectin production, and an increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. These adipokines move from one compartment to another by either transcellular passing or diffusion, thus having the ability to regulate cardiac muscle activity, a phenomenon called vasocrine regulation. The participation of these adipokines generates a state of persistent vasoconstriction, increased stiffness, and weakening of the coronary wall, consequently contributing to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, epicardial adipose tissue thickening should be considered a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular pathology and a molecular point of contact for "endocrine-cardiology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Eliana Luzardo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - José Carlos Mejías
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonio Ferreira
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Internal Medicine Service, “Dr. Manuel Noriega Trigo” Hospital, San Francisco 4004, Venezuela
| | - José Ramón Rivas-Ríos
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
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Siegel-Axel DI, Häring HU. Perivascular adipose tissue: An unique fat compartment relevant for the cardiometabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:51-60. [PMID: 26995737 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and its major risk factor, obesity, are an increasing worldwide health problem. The exact mechanisms that link obesity with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular complications and renal diseases, are still not clarified sufficiently. Adipose tissue in general is an active endocrine and paracrine organ that may influence the development of these disorders. Excessive body fat in general obesity may also cause quantitative and functional alterations of specific adipose tissue compartments. Beside visceral and subcutaneous fat depots which exert systemic effects by the release of adipokines, cytokines and hormones, there are also locally acting fat depots such as peri- and epicardial fat, perivascular fat, and renal sinus fat. Perivascular adipose tissue is in close contact with the adventitia of large, medium and small diameter arteries, possesses unique features differing from other fat depots and may act also independently of general obesity. An increasing number of studies are dealing with the "good" or "bad" characteristics and functions of normally sized and dramatically increased perivascular fat mass in lean or heavily obese individuals. This review describes the origin of perivascular adipose tissue, its different locations, the dual role of a physiological and unphysiological fat mass and its impact on diabetes, cardiovascular and renal diseases. Clinical studies, new imaging methods, as well as basic research in cell culture experiments in the last decade helped to elucidate the various aspects of the unique fat compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Siegel-Axel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str.10, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - H U Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Baena CP, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Bittencourt MS, Duncan BB, Liu S, Benseñor IM. Neck circumference is associated with carotid intimal-media thickness but not with coronary artery calcium: Results from The ELSA-Brasil. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:216-222. [PMID: 26874907 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is uncertain whether neck circumference can be a risk indicator for subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate their relationships measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) and common carotid intima-media thickness (cc-IMT) with neck circumference in ELSA-Brasil. METHODS AND RESULTS In cross-sectional and sex-specific analyses of 2266 women (50.6 ± 8.4 yrs) and 1886 men (50.7 ± 9.0 yrs) with both cc-IMT and CAC, free from previous cardiovascular disease at baseline, we built logistic models using diverse cut-off points for CAC score (0 vs > 0, < 100 vs ≥ 100, < 400 vs ≥ 400 Agatston units) and cc-IMT (< 75 th percentile vs ≥ 75 th; <90th percentile vs ≥ 90 th) as dependent variables, after which adjustments for age and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were made. Mean neck circumference was 33.6 (± 2.4 cm) for women and 38.8 (± 2.6 cm) for men. In fully adjusted models including sociodemographic, cardiovascular risk factors and body-mass index and waist circumference, for each 1 standard deviation increase in neck circumference we found an odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) for IMT above the 75th percentile of (1.52, 1.16; 1.99) for women and (1.66, 1.28; 2.14) for men, and above the 90th cc-IMT percentile [1.66 (1.19; 2.32) for men but not for women [1.21 (0.80; 1.82)]. We found no association between neck circumference and CAC using different cut-off points (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Neck circumference was significantly and independently associated with cc-IMT but not with CAC in women and men, indicating a possible effect of perivascular fat tissue on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Baena
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - P A Lotufo
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I S Santos
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Goulart
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Bittencourt
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B B Duncan
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Liu
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RD, USA
| | - I M Benseñor
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Roever LS, Resende ES, Diniz ALD, Penha-Silva N, Veloso FC, Casella-Filho A, Dourado PMM, Chagas ACP. Abdominal Obesity and Association With Atherosclerosis Risk Factors: The Uberlândia Heart Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e1357. [PMID: 26986094 PMCID: PMC4839875 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic visceral fat (VF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Gender differences in the correlations of cardiovascular disease risk factors and ectopic fat in the Brazilian population still lacking. Cross-sectional study with 101 volunteers (50.49% men; mean age 56.5 ± 18, range 19-74 years) drawn from the Uberlândia Heart Study underwent ultrasonography assessment of abdominal visceral adipose tissue with convex transducer of 3.5 MHz of frequency. The thickness of VF was ultrasonographically measured by the distance between the inner face of the abdominal muscle and the posterior face of abdominal aorta, 1 cm above the umbilicus. The SCF thickness was measured with a 7.5 MHz linear transducer transversely positioned 1 cm above the umbilical scar. The exams were always performed by the same examiner. Ectopic fat volumes were examined in relation to waist circumference, blood pressure, and metabolic risk factors. The VF was significantly associated with the levels of triglycerides (P < 0.01, r = 0.10), HDL cholesterol (P < 0.005, r = 0.15), total cholesterol (P < 0.01, r = 0.10), waist circumference (P < 0.0001, r = 0.43), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001, r = 0.41), and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001, r = 0.32) in women, and with the levels of triglycerides (P < 0.002, r = 0,14), HDL cholesterol (P < 0.032, r = 0.07), glucose (P < 0.001, r = 0.15), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.008, r = 0.12), gamma-GT (P < 0.001, r = 0.30), waist circumference (P < 0.001, r = 0.52), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001, r = 0.32), and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001, r = 0.26) in men. SCF was significantly associated with the levels of triglycerides (P < 0.01, r = 0.34), LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001, r = 0.36), total cholesterol (P < 0.05, r = 0.36), waist circumference (P < 0.0001, r = 0.62), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05, r = 0.34) in women, and with the waist circumference (P < 0.001, r = 0.065)), and MetS (P < 0.05, r = 0.11) in men. The VF and SCF were correlated with most cardiovascular risk factors in both genders but our findings support the idea that there are gender differences in the correlations between ectopic fat deposition and the cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Roever
- From the Federal University of Uberlândia (LR, ESR, ALDD, NP-S, FCV), Heart Institute (InCor), HCFMUSP, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (AC-F, PMMD, ACPC), and Faculty of Medicine ABC, Santo André (ACPC), Brazil
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Haberka M, Okopień B, Gąsior Z. Obesity, ultrasound indexes of fat depots and lipid goal attainment in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk: A novel approach towards better risk reduction. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:123-133. [PMID: 26830392 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to assess the attainment of primary (low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C) and secondary (non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol; non-HDL-C) lipid therapeutic goals in relation to obesity, clinical measures of adiposity and ultrasound indexes of fat depots, including the novel index of periarterial adipose tissue (PAT): carotid artery extra media thickness (EMT). METHODS AND RESULTS High and very high cardiovascular (CV) risk patients (n = 420; F/M: 34/66%; age: 61.2 ± 7 years) with prior statin treatment (≥ 18 months) were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. All patients had a detailed assessment with several anthropometric measures and ultrasound indexes of fat depots indexed to BMI: abdominal (Intra-abdominal Fat Thickness; IAT and Pre-peritoneal Fat Thickness; PreFT), paracardial (Epicardial Fat Thickness; EFT and Pericardial Fat Thickness; PFT) and the new index corresponding to PAT (carotid EMT). Lipid goals attainment in the study group was as follows: 34% (LDL-C goal), 39% (non-HDL-C goal) and 35% (both LDL and non-HDL-C goals). Among ultrasound indexes, patients with both lipid goals attainment revealed significantly lower carotid EMT/BMI (LDL-C goal: 25.2 ± 4.2 vs 27.5 ± 4.1, p < 0.01 and non-HDL-C goal: 26.1 ± 4 vs 27.7 ± 4.2, p < 0.01) and IAT/BMI (LDL-C goal: 2.35 ± 0.66 vs 2.51 ± 0.71, p = 0.02 and non-HDL-C goal: p = ns) compared to individuals without goals achievement. Moreover, lipid goals attainment was associated with both measures: carotid EMT/BMI (LDL-C goal: r = -0.2, p < 0.05 and non-HDL-C goal: r = -0.2, p < 0.05) and IAT/BMI (LDL-C goal: r = -0.2, p < 0.05 and non-HDL-C goal: r = -0.2, p < 0.05). Multivariable regression analysis showed also independent association between carotid EMT/BMI and both goals achievement: LDL-C (p = 0.01) and non-HDL-C goal (p = 0.01). Other fat depots indexes (EFT, PFT and PreFT) failed to provide additional data. CONCLUSION Contrary to overall obesity and most clinical measures of adiposity, carotid EMT and abdominal IAT, but not other ultrasound indexes of fat depots revealed associations independent from BMI with lipid goal attainment and may help identify patients requiring more aggressive lipid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haberka
- School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Cardiology, Katowice, Poland.
| | - B Okopień
- School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Z Gąsior
- School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Department of Cardiology, Katowice, Poland
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Baragetti A, Pisano G, Bertelli C, Garlaschelli K, Grigore L, Fracanzani AL, Fargion S, Norata GD, Catapano AL. Subclinical atherosclerosis is associated with Epicardial Fat Thickness and hepatic steatosis in the general population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:141-153. [PMID: 26777475 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abdominal obesity and hepatic steatosis are ectopic fat depots associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Epicardial Fat Thickness (EFT) is a newly discovered one, increasing with obesity, insulin resistance and MetS. Therefore we studied whether different ectopic fat markers, and EFT in particular, are associated with MetS and markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS 868 subjects from the PLIC Study were included, EFT, aortic calcifications, carotid Intima-Media Thickness (c-IMT) and echocardiographic parameters were determined by ultrasound; extra-cardiac atherosclerotic lesions were defined in presence of plaques at both carotid and aortic levels. Hepatic steatosis degrees were defined according to a scoring system. Abdominal adiposity was determined using Dual X-ray Absorbimetry (DEXA). Independently from age, women showed higher EFT versus men (4.5 (0.20-9.00) mm vs 4.00 (0.10-8.00) mm, p = 0.013); EFT was thicker in post-menopausal women (independently from hormone-replacement therapy). EFT, liver steatosis and abdominal adiposity increased with MetS (p < 0.001). EFT was the only ectopic fat marker associated with cardiac dysfunction (OR = 1.340 [1.088-1.651 95% C.I., p = 0.006); liver steatosis and EFT were associated with extra-cardiac plaques (OR = 2.529 [1.328-4.819] 95% C.I., p < 0.001 and OR = 1.195 [1.008-1.299] 95% C.I., p = 0.042; respectively). On top of cardiovascular risk factors, only EFT improved the discrimination of subjects with cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS EFT is associated with left ventricular dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis. Our data suggest that EFT may represent an additional tool for the stratification of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baragetti
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Pisano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Centro Studi Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato - Cà Granda IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C Bertelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Centro Studi Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato - Cà Granda IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - K Garlaschelli
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - L Grigore
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Fracanzani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Centro Studi Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato - Cà Granda IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Fargion
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Centro Studi Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato - Cà Granda IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry Queen's Mary University, London, United Kingdom.
| | - A L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Multimedica Hospital - IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
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128
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Joshipura K, Muñoz-Torres F, Vergara J, Palacios C, Pérez CM. Neck Circumference May Be a Better Alternative to Standard Anthropometric Measures. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:6058916. [PMID: 26981543 PMCID: PMC4766356 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6058916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper evaluates neck circumference as a metabolic risk marker. Overweight/obese, nondiabetic Hispanics, 40-65 years old, who are free of major cardiovascular diseases, were recruited for the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS). Baseline exams were completed by 1,206 participants. Partial correlation coefficients (r) and logistic models adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, and physical activity were computed. Neck circumference was significantly correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.64), BMI (r = 0.66), and body fat % (r = 0.45). Neck circumference, highest (compared to lowest) tertile, had higher association with prediabetes: multivariable OR = 2.30 (95% CI: 1.71-3.06) compared to waist circumference OR = 1.97 (95% CI: 1.48-2.66) and other anthropometric measures. Neck circumference showed higher associations with HOMA, low HDL-C, and triglycerides, multivariable OR = 8.42 (95% CI: 5.43-13.06), 2.41 (95% CI: 1.80-3.21), and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.14-2.03), but weaker associations with hs-CRP and hypertension, OR = 3.61 (95% CI: 2.66-4.90) and OR = 2.58 (95% CI: 1.90-3.49), compared to waist circumference. AIC for model fit was generally similar for neck or waist circumference. Neck circumference showed similar or better associations with metabolic factors and is more practicable than waist circumference. Hence, neck circumference may be a better alternative to waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaumudi Joshipura
- Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- *Kaumudi Joshipura:
| | - Francisco Muñoz-Torres
- Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - José Vergara
- Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - Cristina Palacios
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Pérez
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
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Vallerie SN, Bornfeldt KE. Metabolic Flexibility and Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:e37-42. [PMID: 26310811 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Vallerie
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Departments of Medicine (S.N.V., K.E.B.) and Pathology (K.E.B.), Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Departments of Medicine (S.N.V., K.E.B.) and Pathology (K.E.B.), Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
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130
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Villacorta L, Chang L. The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vasoconstriction, arterial stiffness, and aneurysm. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:137-47. [PMID: 25719334 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the "rediscovery" of brown adipose tissue in adult humans, significant scientific efforts are being pursued to identify the molecular mechanisms to promote a phenotypic change of white adipocytes into brown-like cells, a process called "browning". It is well documented that white adipose tissue (WAT) mass and factors released from WAT influence the vascular function and positively correlate with cardiac arrest, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. Similar to other fat depots, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an active endocrine organ and anatomically surrounds vessels. Both brown-like and white-like PVAT secrete various adipokines, cytokines, and growth factors that either prevent or promote the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) depending on the relative abundance of each type and their bioactivity in the neighboring vasculature. Notably, pathophysiological conditions, such as obesity, hypertension, or diabetes, induce the imbalance of PVAT-derived vasoactive products that promote the infiltration of inflammatory cells. This then triggers derangements in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cell dysfunction, resulting in the development of vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the recent advances on the contribution of PVAT in CVDs. Specifically, we summarize the current proposed roles of PVAT in relationship with vascular contractility, endothelial dysfunction, neointimal formation, arterial stiffness, and aneurysm.
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131
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Farb MG, Gokce N. Visceral adiposopathy: a vascular perspective. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:125-36. [PMID: 25781557 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as one of the most critical health care problems globally that is associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Central adiposity with intra-abdominal deposition of visceral fat, in particular, has been closely linked to cardiometabolic consequences of obesity. Increasing epidemiological, clinical and experimental data suggest that both adipose tissue quantity and perturbations in its quality termed "adiposopathy" contribute to mechanisms of cardiometabolic disease. The current review discusses regional differences in adipose tissue characteristics and highlights profound abnormalities in vascular endothelial function and angiogenesis that are manifest within the visceral adipose tissue milieu of obese individuals. Clinical data demonstrate up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mediators in dysfunctional adipose tissue that may support pathological vascular changes not only locally in fat but also in multiple organ systems, including coronary and peripheral circulations, potentially contributing to mechanisms of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.
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132
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majesky
- From the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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133
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Ma S, Zhu XY, Eirin A, Woollard JR, Jordan KL, Tang H, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Perirenal Fat Promotes Renal Arterial Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Swine through Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. J Urol 2015; 195:1152-9. [PMID: 26417644 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perirenal fat is associated with poor blood pressure control and chronic kidney disease but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that perirenal fat impairs renal arterial endothelial function in pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 14 domestic pigs after 16 weeks of a high fat/high fructose diet (obesity-metabolic derangement group) or standard chow (lean group). Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and visceral fat volumes were studied in vivo by computerized tomography. Renal arterial endothelial function was also studied ex vivo in organ baths. RESULTS Pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements demonstrated increased body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and intra-abdominal fat compared to lean pigs and perirenal fat volume was significantly larger. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were markedly elevated while urinary protein level was preserved. Ex vivo acetylcholine induced, endothelium dependent vasodilation of renal artery rings was substantially impaired in pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements compared to lean pigs. Endothelial function was further blunted in obesity-metabolic derangement and lean arterial rings by incubation with perirenal fat harvested from pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements but not from lean pigs. It was restored by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α. Perirenal fat from pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements also showed increased pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. CONCLUSIONS In pigs with obesity-metabolic derangements perirenal fat directly causes renal artery endothelial dysfunction, which is partly mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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134
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Dong B, Wang Z, Song Y, Wang HJ, Ma J. Understanding trends in blood pressure and their associations with body mass index in Chinese children, from 1985 to 2010: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009050. [PMID: 26362667 PMCID: PMC4567663 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding trends in blood pressure (BP) in childhood is crucial to addressing and reducing the burden of adulthood hypertension and associated mortality in the future. In view of growing obesity in Chinese children, we sought to investigate the trends in BP and the influence of body mass index (BMI) on them. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We included 1,010,153 children aged 8-17 years, with completed records from a large national successive cross-sectional survey, the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health, between 1985 and 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS BP was measured according to the recommendation of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group, and the elevated BP was based on sex-, age- and height-specific 95th centile of the recommendation. RESULTS The adjusted mean systolic BP in boys and girls decreased by 3.9 and 5.6 mm Hg between 1985 and 2005, and increased by 1.3 and 1.0 mm Hg between 2005 and 2010, respectively. Corresponding adjusted prevalence of elevated systolic BP in boys and girls declined from 5.1% and 5.5% to 3.5% and 2.5% between 1985 and 2005, and increased to 4.9% and 3.5% in 2010, respectively. Adjusted mean BMI of boys and girls in 2010 was 2.0 and 1.2 kg/m(2) higher than those in 1985, respectively. The prevalence of obesity rose from 0% to 3.4% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Further adjusting for BMI did not change these trends in systolic BP. A similar pattern was also observed in diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS After declining for 20 years, BP levels in Chinese children started to climb upwards. These trends in BP cannot be fully explained by BMI. The investigation of other determinants of BP may provide additional opportunity to curb the current upward BP trend in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Centre for Chronic Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Centre for Chronic Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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135
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Després JP, Nazare JA, Balkau B, Haffner SM, Brulle-Wohlhueter C. Reply: To PMID 25499404. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116:336-7. [PMID: 25983124 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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136
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Natural history of atherosclerotic disease progression as assessed by (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 32:49-59. [PMID: 25898891 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cardiovascular risk factors and plaque inflammation on the progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with (18)F-radiolabled fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG). This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study. Patients who received a (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan and follow-up scan 9-24 months later without systemic inflammation or steroid medication were eligible for the study. (18)F-FDG PET/CT included a full diagnostic contrast enhanced CT scan. Cardiovascular risk factors and medication were documented. Calcified plaque volume, lumen area and (18)F-FDG uptake, quantified by the target-to-background ratio (TBR), were measured in the carotid arteries, aorta and iliac arteries. Influence of cardiovascular risk factors and vessel wall inflammation on atherosclerotic disease progression was analyzed. Ninety-four patients underwent baseline and follow-up whole body (18)F-FDG PET/CT (mean follow-up time 14.5 ± 3.5 months). Annualized calcified plaque volume increased by 15.4 % (p < 0.0001), carotid and aortic lumen area decreased by 10.5 % (p < 0.0001) and 1.7 % (p = 0.045). There was no significant difference in (18)F-FDG uptake at baseline and follow-up (mean TBR 1.44 ± 0.18 vs. 1.42 ± 0.19, p = 0.18). Multiple linear regression analysis identified hypertension as an independent predictor for total, aortic and iliac calcified plaque volume progression (all p < 0.04). Carotid lumen reduction was predicted by hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.008) while aortic lumen reduction was associated with BMI and mean (18)F-FDG uptake (p ≤ 0.005). Furthermore we observed a dose response relationship between the number of cardiovascular risk factors and calcified plaque volume progression in the aorta (p = 0.03). Findings from this study provide data on the natural history of atherosclerotic disease burden in multiple vascular beds and emphasize the value of morphological and physiologic information provided by (18)F-FDG PET/CT imaging.
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137
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Kumar SA, Magnusson M, Ward LC, Paul NA, Brown L. A green algae mixture of Scenedesmus and Schroederiella attenuates obesity-linked metabolic syndrome in rats. Nutrients 2015; 7:2771-87. [PMID: 25875119 PMCID: PMC4425172 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the responses to a green algae mixture of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Schroederiella apiculata (SC) containing protein (46.1% of dry algae), insoluble fibre (19.6% of dry algae), minerals (3.7% of dry algae) and omega-3 fatty acids (2.8% of dry algae) as a dietary intervention in a high carbohydrate, high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome model in four groups of male Wistar rats. Two groups were fed with a corn starch diet containing 68% carbohydrates as polysaccharides, while the other two groups were fed a diet high in simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose in food, 25% fructose in drinking water, total 68%) and fats (saturated and trans fats from beef tallow, total 24%). High carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats showed visceral obesity with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular remodelling, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SC supplementation (5% of food) lowered total body and abdominal fat mass, increased lean mass, and attenuated hypertension, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, endothelial dysfunction, infiltration of inflammatory cells into heart and liver, fibrosis, increased cardiac stiffness, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats. This study suggests that the insoluble fibre or protein in SC helps reverse diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Arun Kumar
- Centre for Systems Biology, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
| | - Marie Magnusson
- MACRO-the Centre for Macroalgal Resources & Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A Paul
- MACRO-the Centre for Macroalgal Resources & Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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138
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Fuller S, Stephens JM. Diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, and fiber from fenugreek: mechanisms of actions and potential effects on metabolic syndrome. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:189-97. [PMID: 25770257 PMCID: PMC4352177 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and its complications continue to rise in prevalence and show no signs of abating in the immediate future. Therefore, the search for effective treatments is a high priority in biomedical research. Products derived from botanicals have a time-honored history of use in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is an annual herbaceous plant that has been a staple of traditional herbal medicine in many cultures. Although fenugreek has been studied in both clinical and basic research settings, questions remain about its efficacy and biologic mechanisms of action. Diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, and the fiber component of the plant are the most intensively studied bioactive constituents present in fenugreek. These compounds have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on several physiologic markers including glucose tolerance, inflammation, insulin action, liver function, blood lipids, and cardiovascular health. Although insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the favorable effects of fenugreek have been gained, we still do not have definitive evidence establishing its role as a therapeutic agent in metabolic disease. This review aims to summarize the currently available evidence on the physiologic effects of the 3 best-characterized bioactive compounds of fenugreek, with particular emphasis on biologic mechanisms of action relevant in the context of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Fuller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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139
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McCrindle BW. Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Obesity. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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140
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Seo E, Lim JH, Seo SJ, Lee SJ. Whole-body imaging of a hypercholesterolemic female zebrafish by using synchrotron X-ray micro-CT. Zebrafish 2014; 12:11-20. [PMID: 25521241 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish has been used as a powerful model system in biological and biomedical studies studying development and diseases. Comparative, functional, and developmental studies on zebrafish morphology require precise visualization of 3D morphological structures. Few methods that can visualize whole-volume of zebrafish tissues are available because optical bio-imaging methods are limited by pigmentation and hard tissues. To overcome these limitations, the 3D microstructures of a hypercholesterolemic zebrafish model are visualized using synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-μCT). The model spatial resolution ranged from sub- to several microns. The microstructures of various zebrafish organs are observed by combining high-contrast staining (osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate) and embedding a protocol to enhance the image contrast of soft tissues. Furthermore, blood vessels are identified using a barium sulfate injection technique. The internal organs and cells, such as liver, intestine, oocytes, and adipocytes, of a hypercholesterolemic zebrafish are compared with those of normal organs and cells. The SR-μCT is useful for understanding the pathogenesis of circulatory vascular diseases by detecting the modifications in the 3D morphological structures of the whole body of the zebrafish. This bio-imaging technique can be readily used to study other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseok Seo
- 1 Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (IBB), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
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141
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a disorder based on insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed by a co-occurrence of three out of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressures, elevated glucose, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Clinical implication of metabolic syndrome is that it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has increased globally, particularly in the last decade, to the point of being regarded as an epidemic. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the USA is estimated to be 34% of adult population. Moreover, increasing rate of metabolic syndrome in developing countries is dramatic. One can speculate that metabolic syndrome is going to induce huge impact on our lives. The metabolic syndrome cannot be treated with a single agent, since it is a multifaceted health problem. A healthy lifestyle including weight reduction is likely most effective in controlling metabolic syndrome. However, it is difficult to initiate and maintain healthy lifestyles, and in particular, with the recidivism of obesity in most patients who lose weight. Next, pharmacological agents that deal with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia can be used singly or in combination: anti-obesity drugs, thiazolidinediones, metformin, statins, fibrates, renin-angiotensin system blockers, glucagon like peptide-1 agonists, sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors, and some antiplatelet agents such as cilostazol. These drugs have not only their own pharmacologic targets on individual components of metabolic syndrome but some other properties may prove beneficial, i.e. anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative. This review will describe pathophysiologic features of metabolic syndrome and pharmacologic agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, which are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-city, 463-707, South Korea,
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142
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McCrindle BW. The contribution of anthropometry, adiposity, and adiposopathy to cardiometabolic disturbances in obese youth. J Pediatr 2014; 165:1083-4. [PMID: 25258152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W McCrindle
- Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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