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Understanding the Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on Chronic Metabolic Diseases through Studies in Rodent Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070939. [PMID: 30037080 PMCID: PMC6073247 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of certain chronic metabolic diseases has been attributed to elevated levels of dietary cholesterol. However, decades of research in animal models and humans have demonstrated a high complexity with respect to the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of these diseases. Thus, recent investigations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) point to dietary cholesterol as a key factor for the activation of inflammatory pathways underlying the transition from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to hepatic carcinoma. Dietary cholesterol was initially thought to be the key factor for cardiovascular disease development, but its impact on the disease depends partly on the capacity to modulate plasmatic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. These studies evidence a complex relationship between these chronic metabolic diseases and dietary cholesterol, which, in certain conditions, might promote metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize rodent studies that evaluate the impact of dietary cholesterol on these two prevalent chronic diseases and their relevance to human pathology.
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102
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Fernandez DM, Clemente JC, Giannarelli C. Physical Activity, Immune System, and the Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:763. [PMID: 30013482 PMCID: PMC6036301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular health is a primary research focus, as it is a leading contributor to mortality and morbidity worldwide, and is prohibitively costly for healthcare. Atherosclerosis, the main driver of cardiovascular disease, is now recognized as an inflammatory disorder. Physical activity (PA) may have a more important role in cardiovascular health than previously expected. This review overviews the contribution of PA to cardiovascular health, the inflammatory role of atherosclerosis, and the emerging evidence of the microbiome as a regulator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. T Cells in Atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 2:69-76. [PMID: 30854522 PMCID: PMC6404748 DOI: 10.29245/2578-3009/2018/3.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying basis for most cardiovascular diseases. It is a chronic inflammation affecting the arterial intima and is promoted by hypercholesterolemia. Cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to this inflammation with macrophages and T cells being the most abundant immune cells in the atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we discuss the studies that examined the role of T cells and T cell subsets in Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- murine models of atherosclerosis. While there is a general consensus that Th1 cells are pro-atherogenic and regulatory T cells are atheroprotective, the role of other subsets is more ambiguous. In addition, the results in the two models of atherosclerosis do not always yield similar results. Additional studies in the two murine models using cell specific gene manipulations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S. Getz
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Catherine A. Reardon
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Van Laecke S, Malfait T, Schepers E, Van Biesen W. Cardiovascular disease after transplantation: an emerging role of the immune system. Transpl Int 2018; 31:689-699. [PMID: 29611220 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) after transplantation remains a major concern. Little is known about what drives the increased cardiovascular risk in transplant recipients apart from traditional risk factors. The immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease in the general population. Recently, inhibition of interleukin 1 - β by canakinumab versus placebo decreased the incidence of cardiovascular events. Emerging evidence points to a role of adaptive cellular immunity in the development of CVD. Especially, expansion of pro-inflammatory and antiapoptotic cytotoxic CD4+ CD28null T cells is closely associated with incident CVD in various study populations including transplant recipients. The association of cytomegalovirus exposure with increased cardiovascular mortality might be explained by its capacity to upregulate these cytotoxic cells. Also, humoral immunity seems to be relevant for cardiovascular outcome in transplant recipients. Panel-reactive antibodies at baseline and donor-specific antibodies are independently associated with poor cardiovascular outcome after kidney transplantation. Cardiovascular effects of immunosuppressive drugs and statins do not only imply indirect positive or negative effects on traditional cardiovascular risk factors but also intrinsic immunological effects. How immunosuppressive drugs modify atherosclerosis largely remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Malfait
- Renal Division, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Schepers
- Renal Division, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Renal Division, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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105
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Liu A, Frostegård J. PCSK9 plays a novel immunological role in oxidized LDL-induced dendritic cell maturation and activation of T cells from human blood and atherosclerotic plaque. J Intern Med 2018; 284:193-210. [PMID: 29617044 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) occur in atherosclerotic plaques. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) targets the LDL-receptor (LDLR) and results in increased LDL levels. We here investigate immune effects of PCSK9 on OxLDL induced DC maturation and T-cell activation. METHODS T cells were isolated from carotid specimens of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy or from peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into DCs. Naïve T cells were cocultured with pretreated DCs. The effects of PCSK9 and its inhibition by silencing were studied. RESULTS OxLDL induced PCSK9 in DCs and promoted DC maturation with increased expressions of CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR and the scavenger receptors LOX-1 and CD36. T cells exposed to OxLDL-treated DCs proliferated and produced IFN-γ and IL-17, thus with polarization to Th1 and/or Th17 subsets. Silencing of PCSK9 reversed the OxLDL effects on DCs and T cells. DC maturation was repressed, and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was limited, while TGF-β and IL-10 secretion and T regulatory cells were induced. OxLDL induced miRNA let-7c, miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-185. Silencing PCSK9 repressed miR-27a and to a lesser extent let-7c. PCSK9 silencing enhanced SOCS1 expression induced by OxLDL. Experiments on T cells from carotid atherosclerotic plaques or healthy individuals showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate immunological effects of PCSK9 in relation to activation and maturation of DCs and plaque T cells by OxLDL, a central player in atherosclerosis. This may directly influence atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, independent of LDL lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Frostegård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andrés-Blasco I, Vinué À, Herrero-Cervera A, Martínez-Hervás S, Nuñez L, Piqueras L, Ascaso JF, Sanz MJ, Burks DJ, González-Navarro H. Hepatic lipase inactivation decreases atherosclerosis in insulin resistance by reducing LIGHT/Lymphotoxin β-Receptor pathway. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:379-93. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-10-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SummaryCoexistence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic studies in diabetes have linked Hepatic Lipase (HL) to an enhanced risk of CVD while others indicate a role of HL in inflammatory cells. Thus, we explored the role of HL on atherosclerosis and inflammation in a mouse model of MetS/IR, (apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice) and in patients with MetS and IR. HL-deficiency in apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice reduced atheroma size, plaque vulnerability, leukocyte infiltration and macrophage proliferation. Compared with apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL+/+ mice, MCP1, TNFa and IL6 plasma levels, pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and activated(CD69+)-T lymphocytes were also decreased in apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mice. The LIGHT (Tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14, TNFSF14)/ Lymphotoxin β-Receptor(LTβ-R) pathway, which is involved in T-cell and macrophage activation, was diminished in plasma and in apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mouse atheromas. Treatment of apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mice with LIGHT increased the number of Ly6Chi-monocytes and lesion size. Acutely LIGHT-treated apoE-/- mice displayed enhanced proliferating Ly6Chi-monocytes and increased activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, suggesting that LIGHT/LTβ-R axis might promote atherogenesis by increasing proinflammatory monocytes and proliferation. Notably, MetS-IR subjects with increased atherosclerosis displayed up-regulation of the LIGHT/LTβ-R axis, enhanced inflammatory monocytes and augmented HL mRNA expression in circulating leukocytes. Thus, HL-deficiency decreases atherosclerosis in MetS/IR states by reducing inflammation and macrophage proliferation which are partly attributed to reduced LIGHT/LTβ-R pathway. These studies identify the LIGHT/LTβ-R axis as a main pathway in atherosclerosis and suggest that its inactivation might ameliorate inflammation and macrophage proliferation associated with atherosclerosis burden in MetS/IR.Supplementary Material to this article is available at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Abstract
Tight regulation of immune responses is not only critical for preventing autoimmune diseases but also for preventing immunopathological damage during infections in which overactive immune responses may be more harmful for the host than the pathogen itself. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in this regulation, which was discovered using the Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model. Subsequent FV studies revealed basic biological information about Tregs, including their suppressive activity on effector cells as well as the molecular mechanisms of virus-induced Treg expansion. Treg suppression not only limits immunopathology but also prevents complete elimination of pathogens contributing to chronic infections. Therefore, Tregs play a complex role in the pathogenesis of persistent retroviral infections. New therapeutic concepts to reactivate effector T-cell responses in chronic viral infections by manipulating Tregs also came from work with the FV model. This knowledge initiated many studies to characterize the role of Tregs in HIV pathogenesis in humans, where a complex picture is emerging. On one hand, Tregs suppress HIV-specific effector T-cell responses and are themselves targets of infection, but on the other hand, Tregs suppress HIV-induced immune hyperactivation and thus slow the infection of conventional CD4+ T cells and limit immunopathology. In this review, the basic findings from the FV mouse model are put into perspective with clinical and basic research from HIV studies. In addition, the few Treg studies performed in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey model will also be discussed. The review provides a comprehensive picture of the diverse role of Tregs in different retroviral infections and possible therapeutic approaches to treat retroviral chronicity and pathogenesis by manipulating Treg responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a very complex role in retroviral infections, and the balance of beneficial versus detrimental effects from Tregs can change between the acute and chronic phase of infection. Therefore, the development of therapeutics to treat chronic retroviral infections via modulation of Tregs requires detailed information regarding both the positive and negative contributions of Tregs in a particular phase of a specific infection. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that initiate and control Treg responses in retroviral infections as well as the target cells that are functionally manipulated by Tregs. Basic findings from the Friend retrovirus mouse model that initiated this area of research are put into perspective with clinical and basic research from HIV studies. The targeted manipulation of Treg responses holds a bright future for enhancing immune responses to infections, vaccine responses, and for cure or functional cure of chronic retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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108
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IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine promote polarization of T regulatory cells from patients with atherosclerotic plaques, systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy donors. Atherosclerosis 2018; 268:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tian Y, Chen T, Wu Y, Yang L, Wang L, Fan X, Zhang W, Feng J, Yu H, Yang Y, Zhou J, Yuan Z, Wu Y. Pioglitazone stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque by regulating the Th17/Treg balance in AMPK-dependent mechanisms. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:140. [PMID: 29084546 PMCID: PMC5663071 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pioglitazone (PIO), a thiazolidinediones drug, is a well-known anti-diabetic medicine, but its anti-atherosclerotic effects remain controversial. Thus it is important to investigate the effects of PIO on atherogenesis and the relevant mechanisms. Methods For in vitro studies, primary cultured or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibited splenocytes were treated with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) or ox-LDL plus PIO. Percentage of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells were determined by flow cytometry. Expression of AMPK, interleukin-17 (IL-17) and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) were detected by Western blots. For in vivo studies, apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE−/−) mice fed with western diet were treated with PIO or vehicle for 8 weeks respectively. Percentage of Th17 and Treg cells in spleen were measured by immunohistochemical analysis. The atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed using oil red O staining, and collagen types I and III in atherosclerotic lesions were stained by Sirius red. Expression of IL-17 and FoxP3 were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In cultured primary splenocytes, PIO dramatically inhibited Th17 and raised Treg. Intriguingly, pharmacological and genetic AMPK inhibitions abolished PIO-induced Treg elevation and Th17 inhibition. Moreover, PIO significantly induced AMPK phosphorylation, decreased IL-17+ and increased FoxP3+ cells in spleen of apoE−/− mice. Finally, PIO did not alter plaque area, but intriguingly, stabilized atherosclerotic plaque through collagen induction in apoE−/− mice. PIO treatment also improved Th17/Treg balance in atherosclerotic lesions. Conclusions PIO exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effects for stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque through regulating the Th17/Treg balance in an AMPK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahao Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Winkels H, Meiler S, Lievens D, Engel D, Spitz C, Bürger C, Beckers L, Dandl A, Reim S, Ahmadsei M, Hartwig H, Holdt LM, Hristov M, Megens RTA, Schmitt MM, Biessen EA, Borst J, Faussner A, Weber C, Lutgens E, Gerdes N. CD27 co-stimulation increases the abundance of regulatory T cells and reduces atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic mice. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:3590-3599. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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111
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Teague HL, Ahlman MA, Alavi A, Wagner DD, Lichtman AH, Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Nestle F, Gelfand JM, Kaplan MJ, Grinspoon S, Ridker PM, Newby DE, Tawakol A, Fayad ZA, Mehta NN. Unraveling Vascular Inflammation: From Immunology to Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1403-1412. [PMID: 28882238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical factor in early atherosclerosis and its progression to myocardial infarction. The search for valid surrogate markers of arterial vascular inflammation led to the increasing use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Indeed, vascular inflammation is associated with future risk for myocardial infarction and can be modulated with short-term therapies, such as statins, that mitigate cardiovascular risk. However, to better understand vascular inflammation and its mechanisms, a panel was recently convened of world experts in immunology, human translational research, and positron emission tomographic vascular imaging. This contemporary review first strives to understand the diverse roles of immune cells implicated in atherogenesis. Next, the authors describe human chronic inflammatory disease models that can help elucidate the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation. Finally, the authors review positron emission tomography-based imaging techniques to characterize the vessel wall in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Teague
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Ahlman
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abass Alavi
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Grinspoon
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Immune regulation by oral tolerance induces alternate activation of macrophages and reduces markers of plaque destabilization in Apob tm2Sgy/Ldlr tm1Her/J mice. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638138 PMCID: PMC5479867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause for cardiovascular mortality. We determined the effect of multi-antigenic construct expressing three peptides AHC (ApoB100, HSP60 and outer membrane protein of chlamydia pneumonia) in stabilizing advanced atherosclerosis in Apobtm2Sgy/Ldlrtm1Her/J mice. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding high fat diet (HFD) to mice for 10 weeks, followed by five oral dosing with purified AHC or ovalbumin on alternate days and continued on HFD for another 10 weeks. Tolerance was associated with significantly higher numbers of regulatory T cells both in aortic sinus and spleen with higher mRNA expression of CTLA4 (3 fold), Foxp3 (1.4 folds) and TGF-β (1.62) in aorta. Tregs cells were found to induce alternate activation of macrophages to M2 phenotype, with a reduction in plaque inflammation. AHC treatment showed evidence of plaque stabilization as observed by reduction in plaque necrosis in aortic sinus (35.8%) and in brachiocephalic artery (26%), with reduced expression of Tissue factor and MMP9. Macrophage apoptosis was reduced and collagen content was enhanced by treatment. Our results suggest that tolerance to atherogenic peptides increases regulatory T cells which activate M2 macrophages, prevent T cell proliferation and reduce plaque destabilization and inflammatory markers thus providing evidences for plaque stabilization in mice with advanced atherosclerosis.
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113
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Foks AC, Kuiper J. Immune checkpoint proteins: exploring their therapeutic potential to regulate atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3940-3955. [PMID: 28369782 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides a large variety of immune checkpoint proteins, which involve both costimulatory and inhibitory proteins. Costimulatory proteins can promote cell survival, cell cycle progression and differentiation to effector and memory cells, whereas inhibitory proteins terminate these processes to halt ongoing inflammation. Immune checkpoint proteins play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis by regulating the activation and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages and platelets. Upon activation within the atherosclerotic lesions or in secondary lymphoid organs, these cells produce large amounts of pro-atherogenic cytokines that contribute to the growth and destabilization of lesions, which can result in rupture of the lesion causing acute coronary syndromes, such as a myocardial infarction. Given the presence and regulatory capacity of immune checkpoint proteins in the circulation and atherosclerotic lesions of cardiovascular patients, modulation of these proteins by, for example, the use of monoclonal antibodies, offers unique opportunities to regulate pro-inflammatory immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the latest advances on the role of immune checkpoint proteins, such as OX40-OX40L, CTLA-4 and TIM proteins, in atherosclerosis and discuss their therapeutic potential as promising immunotherapies to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Miyata H, Koseki H, Takizawa K, Kasuya H, Nozaki K, Narumiya S, Aoki T. T cell function is dispensable for intracranial aneurysm formation and progression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175421. [PMID: 28437485 PMCID: PMC5402951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the social importance of intracranial aneurysm as a major cause of a lethal subarachnoid hemorrhage, clarification of mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease is essential for improving poor prognosis once after rupture. Previous histopathological analyses of human aneurysm walls have revealed the presence of T cells in lesions suggesting involvement of this type of cell in the pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether T cell actively participates in intracranial aneurysm progression. To examine whether T cell is involved in aneurysm progression, intracranial aneurysm model of rat was used. In this model, aneurysm is induced by increase in hemodynamic force loaded on bifurcation site of intracranial arteries where aneurysms are developed. Deficiency in T cells and pharmacological inhibition of T cell function were applied to this model. CD3-positive T cells were present in human aneurysm walls, whose number was significantly larger compared with that in control arterial walls. Deficiency in T cells in rats and pharmacological inhibition of T cell function by oral administration of Cyclosporine A both failed to affect intracranial aneurysm progression, degenerative changes of arterial walls and macrophage infiltration in lesions. Although T cells are detectable in intracranial aneurysm walls, their function is dispensable for macrophage-mediated inflammation and degenerative changes in arterial walls, which presumably leads to intracranial aneurysm progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Miyata
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation Technologies and Therapeutics (AK project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Koseki
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation Technologies and Therapeutics (AK project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Takizawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japan Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kasuya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation Technologies and Therapeutics (AK project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Aoki
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation Technologies and Therapeutics (AK project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-9 are associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40994. [PMID: 28112232 PMCID: PMC5256273 DOI: 10.1038/srep40994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the expression patterns of serum galectin-1 (Gal-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), galectin-9 (Gal-9), and galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) and their associations with stroke outcome in large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke. The serum levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, Gal-9, and Gal-3BP were measured by ELISA in 130 patients with LAA stroke and 130 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum samples were collected from the patients on day 1, day 6, and in the 4th week after ischaemic stroke (IS). An unfavourable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of >2 on day 90 after IS. Our results indicated that the Gal-3 and Gal-9 levels were higher in patients with LAA stroke than in controls. A higher Gal-3 level was independently associated with an unfavourable outcome both on day 1 and day 6 after IS. In addition, Gal-9 and Gal-1 levels were upregulated on day 6 and in the 4th week after IS, respectively. For Gal-3BP, no difference was detected between patients and controls and no predictive value was found in patients. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the serum levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 may be associated with LAA stroke.
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116
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Karadimou G, Folkersen L, Berg M, Perisic L, Discacciati A, Roy J, Hansson GK, Persson J, Paulsson-Berne G. Low TLR7 gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques is associated with major adverse cardio- and cerebrovascular events. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 113:30-39. [PMID: 27864310 PMCID: PMC5220676 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Processes in the development of atherosclerotic lesions can lead to plaque rupture or erosion, which can in turn elicit myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke. The aims of this study were to determine whether Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) gene expression levels influence patient outcome and to explore the mechanisms linked to TLR7 expression in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaques were removed by carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and subjected to gene array expression analysis (n = 123). Increased levels of TLR7 transcript in the plaques were associated with better outcome in a follow-up study over a maximum of 8 years. Patients with higher TLR7 transcript levels had a lower risk of experiencing major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) during the follow-up period after CEA (hazard ratio: 2.38, P = 0.012, 95% CI 1.21-4.67). TLR7 was expressed in all plaques by T cells, macrophages and endothelial cells in capillaries, as shown by immunohistochemistry. In short-term tissue cultures, ex vivo treatment of plaques with the TLR7 ligand imiquimod elicited dose-dependent secretion of IL-10, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-12/IL-23p40. This secretion was blocked with a TLR7 inhibitor. Immunofluorescent tissue analysis after TLR7 stimulation showed IL-10 expression in T cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. TLR7 mRNA levels in the plaques were correlated with IL-10 receptor (r = 0.4031, P < 0.0001) and GM-CSF receptor A (r = 0.4354, P < 0.0001) transcripts. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that TLR7 is abundantly expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques. TLR7 ligation elicits the secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and high TLR7 expression in plaques is associated with better patient outcome, suggesting that TLR7 is a potential therapeutic target for prevention of complications of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glykeria Karadimou
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Berg
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Discacciati
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Persson
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Sutti S, Bruzzì S, Albano E. The role of immune mechanisms in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a 2015 update. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:243-53. [PMID: 26634783 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
So far, innate immune mechanisms have been recognized as the main responsible for the evolution of both alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, increasing evidence points toward the possible role of adaptive immune responses, as an additional factor in promoting hepatic inflammation in steatohepatitis. In this article, we discuss recent data involving circulating antibodies and lymphocyte-mediated responses in sustaining the progression of ASH and NASH to fibrosis, as well as the possible mechanisms implicated in favoring the onset of adaptive immunity in the setting of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sutti
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases , University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont , Novara , Italy
| | - Stefania Bruzzì
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases , University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont , Novara , Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- a Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases , University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont , Novara , Italy
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118
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Flego D, Liuzzo G, Weyand CM, Crea F. Adaptive Immunity Dysregulation in Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Cellular and Molecular Basis to Clinical Implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:2107-2117. [PMID: 27810051 PMCID: PMC5651170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the early outcome of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has considerably improved in the last decade, cardiovascular diseases still represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This is mainly because recurrence of ACS eventually leads to the pandemics of heart failure and sudden cardiac death, thus calling for a reappraisal of the mechanisms responsible for coronary instability. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of how adaptive immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of ACS and the clinical implications that arise from these new pathogenic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Flego
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Filippo Crea
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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119
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Kaul S, Xu H, Zabalawi M, Maruko E, Fulp BE, Bluemn T, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Gerelus M, Weerasekera R, Kallinger R, James R, Zhang YS, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mobilizing Microdomain Cholesterol and Attenuating the Number of CD131 Expressing Cells: Monitoring Cholesterol Homeostasis Using the Cellular Ester to Total Cholesterol Ratio. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004401. [PMID: 27821400 PMCID: PMC5210328 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose development is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein concentration. Current therapies involve pharmaceuticals that significantly elevate plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Our studies were conducted to investigate the effects of low-dose lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on chronic inflammation. The aims of these studies were to determine how subcutaneously injected lipid-free apoA-I reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without sustained elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr-/- and Ldlr-/- apoA-I-/- mice were fed a Western diet for a total of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, a subset of mice from each group received subcutaneous injections of 200 μg of lipid-free human apoA-I 3 times a week, while the other subset received 200 μg of albumin, as a control. Mice treated with lipid-free apoA-I showed a decrease in cholesterol deposition and immune cell retention in the aortic root compared with albumin-treated mice, regardless of genotype. This reduction in atherosclerosis appeared to be directly related to a decrease in the number of CD131 expressing cells and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol content in several immune cell compartments. In addition, apoA-I treatment altered microdomain cholesterol composition that shifted CD131, the common β subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor, from lipid raft to nonraft fractions of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I treatment reduced lipid and immune cell accumulation within the aortic root by systemically reducing microdomain cholesterol content in immune cells. These data suggest that lipid-free apoA-I mediates beneficial effects through attenuation of immune cell lipid raft cholesterol content, which affects numerous types of signal transduction pathways that rely on microdomain integrity for assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elisa Maruko
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian E Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Theresa Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Rachel Kallinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Roland James
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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120
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Silini AR, Magatti M, Cargnoni A, Parolini O. Is Immune Modulation the Mechanism Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Amniotic Cells and Their Derivatives in Regenerative Medicine? Cell Transplant 2016; 26:531-539. [PMID: 27938500 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to repair and regenerate damaged cells, tissues, and organs in order to restore function. Regeneration can be obtained either by cell replacement or by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms. Importantly, a favorable environment is required before any regenerative signal can stimulate resident stem/stromal cells, and regeneration is possible only after the resolution of injury-induced inflammation. An exacerbated immune response is often present in cases of degenerative, inflammatory-based diseases. Here we discuss how amniotic membrane cells, and their derivatives, can contribute to the resolution of many diseases with altered immune response by acting on different inflammatory mediators.
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121
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Jung IH, Oh GT. The Roles of CD137 Signaling in Atherosclerosis. Korean Circ J 2016; 46:753-761. [PMID: 27826331 PMCID: PMC5099328 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), which includes CD40, LIGHT, and OX40, plays important roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases, involving atherosclerosis. CD137, a member of TNFRSF, is a well-known activation-induced T cell co-stimulatory molecule and has been reported to be expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque lesions, and plays pivotal roles in mediating disease processes. In this review, we focus on and summarize recent advances in mouse studies on the involvement of CD137 signaling in the pathogenesis and plaque stability of atherosclerosis, thereby highlighting a valuable therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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122
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Zhang X, Huang F, Chen Y, Qian X, Zheng SG. Progress and prospect of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in atherosclerosis. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4017-4024. [PMID: 27829989 PMCID: PMC5095298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial intima, occurring usually in the aged populations who are suffering from hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes for a long time. Research on atherosclerosis has shown that macrophage foam cell formation, inflammation, dyslipidemia and immune cells infiltration are all involved in regulating the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originated from different kinds of tissue are a group of cells possessing well-established self-renewal and multipotent differentiation properties as well as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory roles. Recent studies have displayed their dyslipidemia regulation functions. Transplantation of MSCs to atherosclerotic patients might be a new multifactorial therapeutic strategy to improve atherosclerosis. This review updates the advancement on MSCs and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
- Institute Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA 17033, USA
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Kirichenko TV, Sobenin IA, Nikolic D, Rizzo M, Orekhov AN. Anti-cytokine therapy for prevention of atherosclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1198-1210. [PMID: 26781385 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently a chronic inflammation is considered to be the one of the most important reasons of the atherosclerosis progression. A huge amount of researches over the past few decades are devoted to study the various mechanisms of inflammation in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. PURPOSE To review current capabilities of anti-inflammatory therapy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. METHODS Appropriate articles on inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerosis and anti-inflammatory prevention of atherosclerosis were searched in PubMed Database from their respective inceptions until October 2015. SECTIONS "The role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of atherosclerotic lesions" describes available data on the possible inflammatory mechanisms of the atherogenesis with a special attention to the role of cytokines. "Modern experience of anti-inflammatory therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis" describes modern anti-inflammatory preparations with anti-atherosclerotic effect including natural preparations. In "the development of anti-inflammatory herbal preparation for atherosclerosis prevention" an algorithm is demonstrated that includes screening of anti-cytokine activity of different natural products, the development of the most effective combination and estimation of its effect in cell culture model, in animal model of the acute aseptic inflammation and in a pilot clinical trial. A natural preparation "Inflaminat" based on black elder berries (Sambucus nigra L.), violet tricolor herb (Viola tricolor L.) and calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis L.) possessing anti-cytokine activity was developed using the designed algorithm. The results of the following 2-year double blind placebo-controlled clinical study show that "Inflaminat" reduces carotid IMT progression, i.e. has anti-atherosclerotic effect. CONCLUSION Anti-cytokine therapy may be a promising direction in moderation of atherogenesis, especially when it begins on the early stages of subclinical atherosclerosis. The use of herbal preparations with anti-cytokine mechanism of action is the most perspective for timely prevention of atherosclerosis, as they have no significant side effects and can be prescribed for long-term administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Kirichenko
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 4-1-207, Osennaya Str., 121609, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315, Moscow, Russia; Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 15-a 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 141 Via del Vespro, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 141 Via del Vespro, 90127, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Emerico Amari 123, 90139, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 4-1-207, Osennaya Str., 121609, Moscow, Russia; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315, Moscow, Russia
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124
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The Role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Inflam 2016; 2016:1532832. [PMID: 27795867 PMCID: PMC5067326 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1532832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions including coronary arterial disease (CAD). They are expressed by a variety of immune cells where they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs recruit adaptor molecules, including myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MYD88) and TIRF-related adaptor protein (TRAM), to mediate activation of MAPKs and NF-kappa B pathways. They are associated with the development of CAD through various mechanisms. TLR4 is expressed in lipid-rich and atherosclerotic plaques. In TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− mice, atherosclerosis-associated inflammation was diminished. Moreover, TLR2 and TLR4 may induce expression of Wnt5a in advanced staged atheromatous plaque leading to activation of the inflammatory processes. TLR9 is activated by CpG motifs in nucleic acids and have been implicated in macrophage activation and the uptake of oxLDL from the circulation. Furthermore, TLR9 also stimulates interferon-α (INF-α) secretion and increases cytotoxic activity of CD4+ T-cells towards coronary artery tunica media smooth muscle cells. This review outlines the pathophysiological role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in atherosclerosis, focusing on evidence from animal models of the disease.
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125
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Frostegård J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yan K, Liu A. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (OxLDL)-Treated Dendritic Cells Promote Activation of T Cells in Human Atherosclerotic Plaque and Blood, Which Is Repressed by Statins: microRNA let-7c Is Integral to the Effect. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003976. [PMID: 27650878 PMCID: PMC5079044 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Activated T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) are colocalized in atherosclerotic plaques in association with plaque rupture. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) promotes immune activation and inflammation. We studied the effects of statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) on human DC maturation and T‐cell activation. Methods and Results Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated to DCs and stimulated with oxLDL. T cells were isolated from carotid endarterectomy specimens from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy or from healthy individuals. Naïve T cells were cocultured with pretreated DCs. The effects of statin were studied. OxLDL induced DC maturation and T‐cell activation. OxLDL induced atherogenic heat shock proteins (HSP) 60 and 90 and decreased potentially atheroprotective heat shock protein 27, effects restored by atorvastatin. T cells exposed to oxLDL‐treated DCs produced interferon‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐17. Atorvastatin and simvastatin suppressed the DC maturation showing lower expression of CD80, CD83, and CD86, and limited their production of tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6, and increased transforming growth factor‐β and IL‐10 secretion. Statin‐treated DCs inhibited Th1 and/or Th17 polarization by downregulation of transcriptional factors T‐bet and RORγt expression, and induced T regulatory cells with IL‐10 production. OxLDL‐induced miRNA let7c and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK were repressed by statins. Let‐7c had a pivotal role in mediating effect of oxLDL. Experiments on T cells derived from carotid atherosclerotic plaques or healthy individuals showed similar results. Conclusions Statins repress human DC maturation induced by oxLDL, limit T‐cell activation, and repress an atherogenic heat shock protein profile and promote induction of T regulatory cells. MicroRNA let‐7c is integral to the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frostegård
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong Zhang
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jitong Sun
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keqiang Yan
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anquan Liu
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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126
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Butcher MJ, Filipowicz AR, Waseem TC, McGary CM, Crow KJ, Magilnick N, Boldin M, Lundberg PS, Galkina EV. Atherosclerosis-Driven Treg Plasticity Results in Formation of a Dysfunctional Subset of Plastic IFNγ+ Th1/Tregs. Circ Res 2016; 119:1190-1203. [PMID: 27635087 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Forkhead box P3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) are key players in maintaining immune homeostasis. Evidence suggests that Tregs respond to environmental cues to permit or suppress inflammation. In atherosclerosis, Th1-driven inflammation affects Treg homeostasis, but the mechanisms governing this phenomenon are unclear. OBJECTIVE Here, we address whether atherosclerosis impacts Treg plasticity and functionality in Apoe-/- mice, and what effect Treg plasticity might have on the pathology of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that atherosclerosis promotes Treg plasticity, resulting in the reduction of CXCR3+ Tregs and the accumulation of an intermediate Th1-like interferon (IFN)-γ+CCR5+ Treg subset (Th1/Tregs) within the aorta. Importantly, Th1/Tregs arise in atherosclerosis from bona fide Tregs, rather than from T-effector cells. We show that Th1/Tregs recovered from atherosclerotic mice are dysfunctional in suppression assays. Using an adoptive transfer system and plasticity-prone Mir146a-/- Tregs, we demonstrate that elevated IFNγ+ Mir146a-/- Th1/Tregs are unable to adequately reduce atherosclerosis, arterial Th1, or macrophage content within Apoe-/- mice, in comparison to Mir146a+/+ Tregs. Finally, via single-cell RNA-sequencing and real-time -polymerase chain reaction, we show that Th1/Tregs possess a unique transcriptional phenotype characterized by coexpression of Treg and Th1 lineage genes and a downregulation of Treg-related genes, including Ikzf2, Ikzf4, Tigit, Lilrb4, and Il10. In addition, an ingenuity pathway analysis further implicates IFNγ, IFNα, interleukin-2, interleukin-7, CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), T-cell receptor, and Csnk2b-related pathways in regulating Treg plasticity. CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerosis drives Treg plasticity, resulting in the accumulation of dysfunctional IFNγ+ Th1/Tregs that may permit further arterial inflammation and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butcher
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Adam R Filipowicz
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Christopher M McGary
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Kevin J Crow
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Nathaniel Magilnick
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Mark Boldin
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Patric S Lundberg
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.)
| | - Elena V Galkina
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk (M.J.B., A.R.F., T.C.W., C.M.M., K.J.C., P.S.L., E.V.G.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA (N.M., M.B.).
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127
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Weishan L, Dechao L, Rongrong Q. [Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on interleukin-33 expression in rabbit vascular endothelium tissues]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2016; 34:354-357. [PMID: 28317351 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate interleukin-33 (IL-33) in the arterial vascular endothelium of rabbits infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), and to explore the relationship between P. gingivalis and atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 24 rabbits were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received intravenous injection of P. gingivalis once a week for 12 weeks to establish a coronary atherosclerosis model. The rabbits in the control group were injected with equal volume of physiological saline. All the rabbits were killed after 13 weeks. The IL-33 expression levels in the arterial vascular endothelium of the rabbits were detected through immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. The effects of P. gingivalis on the IL-33 expression in the arterial vascular endothelium of the rabbits were analyzed. RESULTS The relative expression levels of IL-33 mRNA in the vascular endothelium cells were 58.244±2.407, and the relative expression levels of IL-33 protein were 1.863±0.171 in the experimental group. The relative expression levels of IL-33 mRNA were 3.143±0.805, and the relative expression levels of IL-33 protein were 0.537±
0.028 in the control group. The expression levels of IL-33 mRNA and protein of vascular endothelium cells in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS P. gingivalis infection promotes IL-33 expression levels in vascular endothelial cells and may regulate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Weishan
- Dept. of Periodontal and Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Li Dechao
- Dept. of Periodontal and Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Qiu Rongrong
- Dept. of Periodontal and Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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128
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Batulan Z, Pulakazhi Venu VK, Li Y, Koumbadinga G, Alvarez-Olmedo DG, Shi C, O'Brien ER. Extracellular Release and Signaling by Heat Shock Protein 27: Role in Modifying Vascular Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:285. [PMID: 27507972 PMCID: PMC4960997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is traditionally viewed as an intracellular chaperone protein with anti-apoptotic properties. However, recent data indicate that a number of heat shock proteins, including HSP27, are also found in the extracellular space where they may signal via membrane receptors to alter gene transcription and cellular function. Therefore, there is increasing interest in better understanding how HSP27 is released from cells, its levels and composition in the extracellular space, and the cognate cell membrane receptors involved in effecting cell signaling. In this paper, the knowledge to date, as well as some emerging paradigms about the extracellular function of HSP27 is presented. Of particular interest is the role of HSP27 in attenuating atherogenesis by modifying lipid uptake and inflammation in the plaque. Moreover, the abundance of HSP27 in serum is an emerging new biomarker for ischemic events. Finally, HSP27 replacement therapy may represent a novel therapeutic opportunity for chronic inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah Batulan
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Yumei Li
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Geremy Koumbadinga
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Daiana Gisela Alvarez-Olmedo
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute for Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT CONICET , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Chunhua Shi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Edward R O'Brien
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
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129
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesteryl ester (CE)-enriched apoB containing plasma lipoproteins lead to increased foam cell formation, the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Unregulated uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by circulating monocytes and other peripheral blood cells takes place through scavenger receptors and over time causes disruption in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. As lipoproteins are taken up, their CE core is hydrolyzed by liposomal lipases to generate free cholesterol (FC). FC can be either re-esterified and stored as CE droplets or shuttled to the plasma membrane for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated efflux. Because cholesterol is an essential component of all cellular membranes, some FC may be incorporated into microdomains or lipid rafts. These platforms are essential for receptor signaling and transduction, requiring rapid assembly and disassembly. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 plays a major role in regulating microdomain cholesterol and is most efficient when lipid-poor apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) packages raft cholesterol into soluble particles that are eventually catabolized by the liver. If FC is not effluxed from the cell, it becomes esterified, CE droplets accumulate and microdomain cholesterol content becomes poorly regulated. This dysregulation leads to prolonged activation of immune cell signaling pathways, resulting in receptor oversensitization. The availability of apoAI or other amphipathic α-helix-rich apoproteins relieves the burden of excess microdomain cholesterol in immune cells allowing a reduction in immune cell proliferation and infiltration, thereby stimulating regression of foam cells in the artery. Therefore, cellular balance between FC and CE is essential for proper immune cell function and prevents chronic immune cell overstimulation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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130
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Foks AC, Van Puijvelde GHM, Wolbert J, Kröner MJ, Frodermann V, Van Der Heijden T, Van Santbrink PJ, Boon L, Bot I, Kuiper J. CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells reduce atherosclerotic lesion development in LDLr deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:252-61. [PMID: 27234908 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) form a heterogeneous population of cells composed of early myeloid progenitor cells and immature myeloid cells, which strongly suppress pro-inflammatory immune cells in inflammatory diseases. Currently, it is unknown whether MDSCs contribute to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease in which accumulation of lipoproteins in the arterial wall activates the immune system causing abnormal vascular remodelling and vessel occlusion. Here, we investigated whether and how MDSCs contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that MDSCs arise in the bone marrow of LDLr(-/-) mice during atherosclerosis and strongly suppress proliferation of T cells. Adoptive transfer of MDSCs into both female and male LDLr(-/-) mice fed a Western-type diet (WTD) ameliorates atherosclerosis with 35%. We observed a 54% reduction in adventitial T cells, and more specifically, MDSCs suppress Th1 and Th17 cells. In addition, treatment with MDSCs reduces circulating pro-atherogenic B2 cells. We found two subsets of MDSCs in the bone marrow of hypercholesterolemic mice, monocytic and granulocytic MDSCs (mo- and gr-MDSCs, respectively), of which the percentage of mo-MDSCs significantly increased during WTD feeding. Moreover, mo-MDSCs completely abolished splenocyte proliferation, whereas gr-MDSCs were unable to suppress proliferation. Mechanistically, we show that MDSCs from atherosclerotic mice suppress T cells in an IFN-γ- and nitric oxide-dependent manner, which is associated with the action of mo-MDSCs. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that MDSCs develop during atherosclerosis and reduce atherosclerosis via suppression of pro-inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H M Van Puijvelde
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Wolbert
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Frodermann
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Der Heijden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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131
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Yun TJ, Lee JS, Machmach K, Shim D, Choi J, Wi YJ, Jang HS, Jung IH, Kim K, Yoon WK, Miah MA, Li B, Chang J, Bego MG, Pham TNQ, Loschko J, Fritz JH, Krug AB, Lee SP, Keler T, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Cohen EA, Sirois MG, El-Hamamsy I, Colonna M, Oh GT, Choi JH, Cheong C. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Expressing Aortic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Protect against Atherosclerosis by Induction of Regulatory T Cells. Cell Metab 2016; 23:852-66. [PMID: 27166946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are unique bone-marrow-derived cells that produce large amounts of type I interferon in response to microbial stimulation. Furthermore, pDCs also promote T cell tolerance in sterile-inflammation conditions. However, the immunomodulatory role of aortic pDCs in atherosclerosis has been poorly understood. Here, we identified functional mouse and human pDCs in the aortic intima and showed that selective, inducible pDC depletion in mice exacerbates atherosclerosis. Aortic pDCs expressed CCR9 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), an enzyme involved in driving the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). As a consequence, loss of pDCs resulted in decreased numbers of Tregs and reduced IL-10 levels in the aorta. Moreover, antigen presentation by pDCs expanded antigen-specific Tregs in the atherosclerotic aorta. Notably, Tregs ablation affected pDC homeostasis in diseased aorta. Accordingly, pDCs in human atherosclerotic aortas colocalized with Tregs. Collectively, we identified a mechanism of atheroprotection mediated by tolerogenic aortic pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Yun
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jun Seong Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kawthar Machmach
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Junhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Wi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Jang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kyeongdae Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Won Kee Yoon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mariana G Bego
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Tram N Q Pham
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jakob Loschko
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80336, Germany
| | - Jörg Hermann Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80336, Germany
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montréal, QC H2H 2B4, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Martin G Sirois
- Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ismail El-Hamamsy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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132
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Kraakman MJ, Dragoljevic D, Kammoun HL, Murphy AJ. Is the risk of cardiovascular disease altered with anti-inflammatory therapies? Insights from rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e84. [PMID: 27350883 PMCID: PMC4910124 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of CVD, which is complex and multifactorial with an elevated risk observed in people with either metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence now links obesity with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and has renewed our understanding of this condition and its associated comorbidities. An emerging theme linking disease states with atherosclerosis is the increased production of myeloid cells, which can initiate and exacerbate atherogenesis. Although anti-inflammatory drug treatments exist and have been successfully used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a commonly observed side effect is dyslipidemia, inadvertently, a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms leading to dyslipidemia associated with anti-inflammatory drug use and whether CVD risk is actually increased by this dyslipidemia are of great therapeutic importance and currently remain poorly understood. Here we review recent data providing links between inflammation, hematopoiesis, dyslipidemia and CVD risk in the context of anti-inflammatory drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kraakman
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helene L Kammoun
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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133
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Ley K. 2015 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology: Protective Autoimmunity in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:429-38. [PMID: 26821946 PMCID: PMC4970520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is accompanied by an autoimmune response against apolipoprotein B-100, the core protein of low-density lipoprotein, which manifests as CD4 T cell and antibody responses. To assess the role of the autoimmune response in atherosclerosis, the nature of the CD4 T cell response against apolipoprotein B-100 was studied with and without vaccination with major histocompatibility complex-II-restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides. The immunologic basis of autoimmunity in atherosclerosis is discussed in the framework of theories of adaptive immunity. Older vaccination approaches are also discussed. Vaccinating Apoe(-/-) mice with major histocompatibility complex-II-restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides reduces atheroma burden in the aorta by ≈40%. The protective mechanism likely includes secretion of interleukin-10. Protective autoimmunity limits atherosclerosis in mice and suggests potential for developing preventative and therapeutic vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology and Department of Bioengineering, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
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134
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Foks AC, Engelbertsen D, Kuperwaser F, Alberts-Grill N, Gonen A, Witztum JL, Lederer J, Jarolim P, DeKruyff RH, Freeman GJ, Lichtman AH. Blockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 Enhances Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:456-65. [PMID: 26821944 PMCID: PMC4853762 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are expressed by numerous immune cells, recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, and function as costimulators or coinhibitors. Tim-1 is expressed by activated T cells but is also found on dendritic cells and B cells. Tim-4, present on macrophages and dendritic cells, plays a critical role in apoptotic cell clearance, regulates the number of phosphatidylserine-expressing activated T cells, and is genetically associated with low low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Because these functions of Tim-1 and Tim-4 could affect atherosclerosis, their modulation has potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS ldlr(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks while being treated with control (rat immunoglobulin G1) or anti-Tim-1 (3D10) or -Tim-4 (21H12) monoclonal antibodies that block phosphatidylserine recognition and phagocytosis. Both anti-Tim-1 and anti-Tim-4 treatments enhanced atherosclerosis by 45% compared with controls by impairment of efferocytosis and increasing aortic CD4(+)T cells. Consistently, anti-Tim-4-treated mice showed increased percentages of activated T cells and late apoptotic cells in the circulation. Moreover, in vitro blockade of Tim-4 inhibited efferocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptotic macrophages. Although anti-Tim-4 treatment increased T helper cell (Th)1 and Th2 responses, anti-Tim-1 induced Th2 responses but dramatically reduced the percentage of regulatory T cells. Finally, combined blockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 increased atherosclerotic lesion size by 59%. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of Tim-4 aggravates atherosclerosis likely by prevention of phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine-expressing apoptotic cells and activated T cells by Tim-4-expressing cells, whereas Tim-1-associated effects on atherosclerosis are related to changes in Th1/Th2 balance and reduced circulating regulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Aortic Diseases/chemically induced
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/immunology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/chemically induced
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Foks
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Daniel Engelbertsen
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Felicia Kuperwaser
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Noah Alberts-Grill
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - James Lederer
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Petr Jarolim
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Rosemarie H DeKruyff
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.).
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135
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Bullenkamp J, Dinkla S, Kaski JC, Dumitriu IE. Targeting T cells to treat atherosclerosis: odyssey from bench to bedside. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2016; 2:194-9. [PMID: 27418972 PMCID: PMC4907356 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 150 years from the initial description of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, randomized clinical trials to test anti-inflammatory therapies in atherosclerosis have recently been initiated. Lymphocytes and macrophages are main participants in the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. T lymphocytes operate mainly by exerting strong influences on the function of many cells in the immune system and beyond, and co-ordinating their interactions. Importantly, T lymphocytes are not a homogenous population, but include several subsets with specialized functions that can either promote or suppress inflammation. The interactions between these T-lymphocyte subsets have critical consequences on the course and outcome of inflammation. The complexity of the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis poses significant challenges on translating experimental findings into clinical therapies and makes the journey from bench to bedside an arduous one. Here, we summarize recent advances on the role of CD4+ T cells in the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis and discuss potential therapies to modulate these lymphocytes that may provide future breakthroughs in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bullenkamp
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sip Dinkla
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Kaski
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ingrid E Dumitriu
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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136
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Wang YP, Xie Y, Ma H, Su SA, Wang YD, Wang JA, Xiang MX. Regulatory T lymphocytes in myocardial infarction: A promising new therapeutic target. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203:923-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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137
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Ouimet M, Ediriweera HN, Gundra UM, Sheedy FJ, Ramkhelawon B, Hutchison SB, Rinehold K, van Solingen C, Fullerton MD, Cecchini K, Rayner KJ, Steinberg GR, Zamore PD, Fisher EA, Loke P, Moore KJ. MicroRNA-33-dependent regulation of macrophage metabolism directs immune cell polarization in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4334-48. [PMID: 26517695 PMCID: PMC4665799 DOI: 10.1172/jci81676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is increasingly recognized as a controller of immune cell fate and function. MicroRNA-33 (miR-33) regulates cellular lipid metabolism and represses genes involved in cholesterol efflux, HDL biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation. Here, we determined that miR-33-mediated disruption of the balance of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation instructs macrophage inflammatory polarization and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophage-specific Mir33 deletion increased oxidative respiration, enhanced spare respiratory capacity, and induced an M2 macrophage polarization-associated gene profile. Furthermore, miR-33-mediated M2 polarization required miR-33 targeting of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but not cholesterol efflux. Notably, miR-33 inhibition increased macrophage expression of the retinoic acid-producing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) and retinal dehydrogenase activity both in vitro and in a mouse model. Consistent with the ability of retinoic acid to foster inducible Tregs, miR-33-depleted macrophages had an enhanced capacity to induce forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression in naive CD4(+) T cells. Finally, treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with miR-33 inhibitors for 8 weeks resulted in accumulation of inflammation-suppressing M2 macrophages and FOXP3(+) Tregs in plaques and reduced atherosclerosis progression. Collectively, these results reveal that miR-33 regulates macrophage inflammation and demonstrate that miR-33 antagonism is atheroprotective, in part, by reducing plaque inflammation by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - U. Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharine Cecchini
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip D. Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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138
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Murine Atherosclerosis Development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15559. [PMID: 26490642 PMCID: PMC4614841 DOI: 10.1038/srep15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties, but recently they were also found to have immunomodulatory capacities. We therefore investigated whether MSCs could reduce atherosclerosis, which is determined by dyslipidaemia and chronic inflammation. We adoptively transferred MSCs into low-density lipoprotein-receptor knockout mice and put these on a Western-type diet to induce atherosclerosis. Initially after treatment, we found higher levels of circulating regulatory T cells. In the long-term, overall numbers of effector T cells were reduced by MSC treatment. Moreover, MSC-treated mice displayed a significant 33% reduction in circulating monocytes and a 77% reduction of serum CCL2 levels. Most strikingly, we found a previously unappreciated effect on lipid metabolism. Serum cholesterol was reduced by 33%, due to reduced very low-density lipoprotein levels, likely a result of reduced de novo hepatic lipogenesis as determined by a reduced expression of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and lipoprotein lipase. MSCs significantly affected lesion development, which was reduced by 33% in the aortic root. These lesions contained 56% less macrophages and showed a 61% reduction in T cell numbers. We show here for the first time that MSC treatment affects not only inflammatory responses but also significantly reduces dyslipidaemia in mice. This makes MSCs a potent candidate for atherosclerosis therapies.
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139
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Sandberg K, Ji H, Einstein G, Au A, Hay M. Is immune system-related hypertension associated with ovarian hormone deficiency? Exp Physiol 2015; 101:368-74. [PMID: 26419911 DOI: 10.1113/ep085149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review summarizes recent data on the role of ovarian hormones and sex in inflammation-related hypertension. What advances does it highlight? The adaptive immune system has recently been implicated in the development of hypertension in males but not in females. The role of the immune system in the development of hypertension in women and its relationship to ovarian hormone production are highlighted. The immune system is known to contribute to the development of high blood pressure in males. However, the role of the immune system in the development of high blood pressure in females and the role of ovarian hormones has only recently begun to be studied. In animal studies, both the sex of the host and the T cell are critical biological determinants of susceptibility and resistance to hypertension induced by angiotensin II. In women, natural menopause is known to result in significant changes in the expression of genes regulating the immune system. Likewise, in animal models, ovariectomy results in hypertension and an upregulation in T-cell tumour necrosis factor-α-related genes. Oestrogen replacement results in decreases in inflammatory genes in the brain regions involved in blood pressure regulation. Together, these studies suggest that the response of the adaptive immune system to ovarian hormone deficiency is a significant contributor to hypertension in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gillian Einstein
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Women's Health University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - April Au
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Women's Health University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Heart Center, Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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140
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Wolf D, Zirlik A, Ley K. Beyond vascular inflammation--recent advances in understanding atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3853-69. [PMID: 26100516 PMCID: PMC4577451 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most life-threatening pathology worldwide. Its major clinical complications, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, are on the rise in many regions of the world--despite considerable progress in understanding cause, progression, and consequences of atherosclerosis. Originally perceived as a lipid-storage disease of the arterial wall (Die cellularpathologie in ihrer begründung auf physiologische und pathologische gewebelehre. August Hirschwald Verlag Berlin, [1871]), atherosclerosis was recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease in 1986 (New Engl J Med 314:488-500, 1986). The presence of lymphocytes in atherosclerotic lesions suggested autoimmune processes in the vessel wall (Clin Exp Immunol 64:261-268, 1986). Since the advent of suitable mouse models of atherosclerosis (Science 258:468-471, 1992; Cell 71:343-353, 1992; J Clin Invest 92:883-893, 1993) and the development of flow cytometry to define the cellular infiltrate in atherosclerotic lesions (J Exp Med 203:1273-1282, 2006), the origin, lineage, phenotype, and function of distinct inflammatory cells that trigger or inhibit the inflammatory response in the atherosclerotic plaque have been studied. Multiphoton microscopy recently enabled direct visualization of antigen-specific interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in the vessel wall (J Clin Invest 122:3114-3126, 2012). Vascular immunology is now emerging as a new field, providing evidence for protective as well as damaging autoimmune responses (Int Immunol 25:615-622, 2013). Manipulating inflammation and autoimmunity both hold promise for new therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular disease. Ongoing work (J Clin Invest 123:27-36, 2013; Front Immunol 2013; Semin Immunol 31:95-101, 2009) suggests that it may be possible to develop antigen-specific immunomodulatory prevention and therapy-a vaccine against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Atherogenesis Research Group, Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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141
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Xie Y, Gong C, Bo L, Jiang S, Kan H, Song W, Zhao J, Li Y. Treg responses are associated with PM2.5-induced exacerbation of viral myocarditis. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:281-6. [PMID: 25951053 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The adverse cardiovascular events induced by ambient fine particles (PM2.5) are paid more attention in the world. The current study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of T regulatory cells (Treg) responses in PM2.5-induced exacerbation of viral myocarditis. The male BALB/c mice were administered an intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of 10 mg/kg b.w. PM2.5 suspension. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μl of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) diluted in Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM). Seven days after the treatment, serum, splenetic, and cardiac tissues were examined. The results showed that pre-exposure to PM2.5 aggravated the cardiac inflammation in the CVB3-infected mice along with an increase of Treg cells in the spleen. The mRNA expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Foxp3 were up-regulated in the PM2.5-pretreated mice than that in the CVB3-treated mice. Similar results were found in the sera. In addition, compared with the CVB3-treated mice, the cardiac protein expression of TGF-β increased in the PM2.5-pretreated mice. These results demonstrated that preexposure to PM2.5 exacerbated virus-induced myocarditis possibly through the depression of the immune response and increase of inflammation in myocardium through the Treg responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China and
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142
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Ma Y. Neuron-derived orphan receptor 1: Working towards a common goal. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 80:98-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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143
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Phetsouphanh C, Xu Y, Zaunders J. CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:681. [PMID: 25610441 PMCID: PMC4285174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of cells in lymphoid tissue, including T cells, B-cells, and myeloid lineage cells. The resulting characteristic hyperplasia is an amalgam of proliferating host immune cells in the adaptive response, increased concentrations of innate response mediators due to viral and bacterial products, and homeostatic responses to inflammation. While it is generally thought that CD4 T cells are greatly depleted, in fact, two types of CD4 T cells appear to be increased, namely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). These cells have opposing roles, but may both be important in the pathogenic process. Whether Tregs are failing in their role to limit lymphocyte activation is unclear, but there is no doubt now that Tfh are associated with B-cell hyperplasia and increased germinal center activity. Antiretroviral therapy may reduce the lymphocyte activation, but not completely, and therefore, there is a need for interventions that selectively enhance normal CD4 function without exacerbating Tfh, B-cell, or Treg dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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144
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Rojas J, Salazar J, Martínez MS, Palmar J, Bautista J, Chávez-Castillo M, Gómez A, Bermúdez V. Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:851252. [PMID: 26491604 PMCID: PMC4600540 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- *Joselyn Rojas:
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Alexis Gómez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
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