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Very-low and low-density lipoproteins induce neutral lipid accumulation and impair migration in monocyte subsets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20038. [PMID: 26821597 PMCID: PMC4731823 DOI: 10.1038/srep20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood monocytes are heterogeneous effector cells of the innate immune system. In circulation these cells are constantly in contact with lipid-rich lipoproteins, yet this interaction is poorly characterised. Our aim was to examine the functional effect of hyperlipidaemia on blood monocytes. In the Ldlr−/− mouse monocytes rapidly accumulate cytoplasmic neutral lipid vesicles during hyperlipidaemia. Functional analysis in vivo revealed impaired monocyte chemotaxis towards peritonitis following high fat diet due to retention of monocytes in the greater omentum. In vitro assays using human monocytes confirmed neutral lipid vesicle accumulation after exposure to LDL or VLDL. Neutral lipid accumulation did not inhibit phagocytosis, endothelial adhesion, intravascular crawling and transmigration. However, lipid loading led to a migratory defect towards C5a and disruption of cytoskeletal rearrangement, including an inhibition of RHOA signaling. These data demonstrate distinct effects of hyperlipidaemia on the chemotaxis and cytoskeletal regulation of monocyte subpopulations. These data emphasise the functional consequences of blood monocyte lipid accumulation and reveal important implications for treating inflammation, infection and atherosclerosis in the context of dyslipidaemia.
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102
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Milde R, Ritter J, Tennent GA, Loesch A, Martinez FO, Gordon S, Pepys MB, Verschoor A, Helming L. Multinucleated Giant Cells Are Specialized for Complement-Mediated Phagocytosis and Large Target Destruction. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1937-48. [PMID: 26628365 PMCID: PMC4675895 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) form by fusion of macrophages and are presumed to contribute to the removal of debris from tissues. In a systematic in vitro analysis, we show that IL-4-induced MGCs phagocytosed large and complement-opsonized materials more effectively than their unfused M2 macrophage precursors. MGC expression of complement receptor 4 (CR4) was increased, but it functioned primarily as an adhesion integrin. In contrast, although expression of CR3 was not increased, it became functionally activated during fusion and was located on the extensive membrane ruffles created by excess plasma membrane arising from macrophage fusion. The combination of increased membrane area and activated CR3 specifically equips MGCs to engulf large complement-coated targets. Moreover, we demonstrate these features in vivo in the recently described complement-dependent therapeutic elimination of systemic amyloid deposits by MGCs. MGCs are evidently more than the sum of their macrophage parts. MGCs are specialized for phagocytosis of large and complement-opsonized particles MGCs show extensive membrane ruffles containing pre-activated complement receptor 3 Membrane ruffles provide excess membrane for ingestion of large materials MGCs eliminate systemic amyloid deposits after immunotherapeutic targeting
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Milde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Glenys A Tennent
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andrzej Loesch
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mark B Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Laura Helming
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Chen C, Li R, Ross RS, Manso AM. Integrins and integrin-related proteins in cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:162-74. [PMID: 26562414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the major components of the healing mechanism following any injury of the heart and as such may contribute to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in a range of pathophysiologic conditions. Canonically, it can occur as part of the remodeling process that occurs following myocardial infarction or that follows as a response to pressure overload. Integrins are cell surface receptors which act in both cellular adhesion and signaling. Most importantly, in the context of the continuously contracting myocardium, they are recognized as mechanotransducers. They have been implicated in the development of fibrosis in several organs, including the heart. This review will focus on the involvement of integrins and integrin-related proteins, in cardiac fibrosis, outlining the roles of these proteins in the fibrotic responses in specific cardiac pathologies, discuss some of the common end effectors (angiotensin II, transforming growth factor beta 1 and mechanical stress) through which integrins function and finally discuss how manipulation of this set of proteins may lead to new treatments which could prove useful to alter the deleterious effects of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ruixia Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ana Maria Manso
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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104
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Foster GA, Xu L, Chidambaram AA, Soderberg SR, Armstrong EJ, Wu H, Simon SI. CD11c/CD18 Signals Very Late Antigen-4 Activation To Initiate Foamy Monocyte Recruitment during the Onset of Hypercholesterolemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5380-92. [PMID: 26519532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of foamy monocytes to inflamed endothelium expressing VCAM-1 contributes to the development of plaque during atherogenesis. Foamy CD11c(+) monocytes arise in the circulation during the onset of hypercholesterolemia and recruit to nascent plaque, but the mechanism of CD11c/CD18 and very late Ag-4 (VLA-4) activation and cooperation in shear-resistant cell arrest on VCAM-1 are ill defined. Within 1 wk of the onset of a Western high-fat diet (WD) in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, an inflammatory subset of foamy monocytes emerged that made up one fourth of the circulating population. These cells expressed ∼3-fold more CD11c/CD18 and 50% higher chemokine receptors than nonfoamy monocytes. Recruitment from blood to a VCAM-1 substrate under shear stress was assessed ex vivo using a unique artery-on-a-chip microfluidic assay. It revealed that foamy monocytes from mice on a WD increased their adhesiveness over 5 wk, rising to twice that of mice on a normal diet or CD11c(-/-) mice fed a WD. Shear-resistant capture of foamy human or mouse monocytes was initiated by high-affinity CD11c, which directly activated VLA-4 adhesion via phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase and paxillin within focal adhesion complexes. Lipid uptake and activation of CD11c are early and critical events in signaling VLA-4 adhesive function on foamy monocytes competent to recruit to VCAM-1 on inflamed arterial endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Foster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Lu Xu
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alagu A Chidambaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stephanie R Soderberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ehrin J Armstrong
- Division of Cardiology, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220; and
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Section of Leukocyte Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616;
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105
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Oh J, Riek AE, Darwech I, Funai K, Shao J, Chin K, Sierra OL, Carmeliet G, Ostlund RE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Deletion of macrophage Vitamin D receptor promotes insulin resistance and monocyte cholesterol transport to accelerate atherosclerosis in mice. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1872-86. [PMID: 25801026 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense effort has been devoted to understanding predisposition to chronic systemic inflammation because it contributes to cardiometabolic disease. We demonstrate that deletion of the macrophage vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mice (KODMAC) is sufficient to induce insulin resistance by promoting M2 macrophage accumulation in the liver as well as increasing cytokine secretion and hepatic glucose production. Moreover, VDR deletion increases atherosclerosis by enabling lipid-laden M2 monocytes to adhere, migrate, and carry cholesterol into the atherosclerotic plaque and by increasing macrophage cholesterol uptake and esterification. Increased foam cell formation results from lack of VDR-SERCA2b interaction, causing SERCA dysfunction, activation of ER stress-CaMKII-JNKp-PPARγ signaling, and induction of the scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-A1. Bone marrow transplant of VDR-expressing cells into KODMAC mice improved insulin sensitivity, suppressed atherosclerosis, and decreased foam cell formation. The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in macrophages are thus critical in diet-induced insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in mice.
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106
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Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Modulate the Distribution and Extravasation of Ly6C/Gr1(low) Monocytes. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1802-15. [PMID: 26344769 PMCID: PMC4590546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are heterogeneous effector cells involved in the maintenance and restoration of tissue integrity. However, their response to hyperlipidemia remains poorly understood. Here, we report that in the presence of elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, induced by administration of poloxamer 407, the blood numbers of non-classical Ly6C/Gr1(low) monocytes drop, while the number of bone marrow progenitors remains similar. We observed an increased crawling and retention of the Gr1(low) monocytes at the endothelial interface and a marked accumulation of CD68(+) macrophages in several organs. Hypertriglyceridemia was accompanied by an increased expression of tissue, and plasma CCL4 and blood Gr1(low) monocyte depletion involved a pertussis-toxin-sensitive receptor axis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a triglyceride-rich environment can alter blood monocyte distribution, promoting the extravasation of Gr1(low) cells. The behavior of these cells in response to dyslipidemia highlights the significant impact that high levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may have on innate immune cells.
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107
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Xu L, Dai Perrard X, Perrard JL, Yang D, Xiao X, Teng BB, Simon SI, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. Foamy monocytes form early and contribute to nascent atherosclerosis in mice with hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1787-97. [PMID: 26112011 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine infiltration of blood foamy monocytes, containing intracellular lipid droplets, into early atherosclerotic lesions and its contribution to development of nascent atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS In apoE(-/-) mice fed Western high-fat diet (WD), >10% of circulating monocytes became foamy monocytes at 3 days on WD and >20% of monocytes at 1 week. Foamy monocytes also formed early in blood of Ldlr(-/-)Apobec1(-/-) (LDb) mice on WD. Based on CD11c and CD36, mouse monocytes were categorized as CD11c(-)CD36(-), CD11c(-)CD36(+), and CD11c(+)CD36(+). The majority of foamy monocytes were CD11c(+)CD36(+), whereas most nonfoamy monocytes were CD11c(-)CD36(-) or CD11c(-)CD36(+) in apoE(-/-) mice on WD. In wild-type mice, CD11c(+)CD36(+) and CD11c(-)CD36(+), but few CD11c(-)CD36(-), monocytes took up cholesteryl ester-rich very low-density lipoproteins (CE-VLDLs) isolated from apoE(-/-) mice on WD, and CE-VLDL uptake accelerated CD11c(-)CD36(+) to CD11c(+)CD36(+) monocyte differentiation. Ablation of CD36 decreased monocyte uptake of CE-VLDLs. Intravenous injection of DiI-CE-VLDLs in apoE(-/-) mice on WD specifically labeled CD11c(+)CD36(+) foamy monocytes, which infiltrated into nascent atherosclerotic lesions and became CD11c(+) cells that were selectively localized in atherosclerotic lesions. CD11c deficiency reduced foamy monocyte infiltration into atherosclerotic lesions. Specific and consistent depletion of foamy monocytes (for 3 weeks) by daily intravenous injections of low-dose clodrosome reduced development of nascent atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Foamy monocytes, which form early in blood of mice with hypercholesterolemia, infiltrate into early atherosclerotic lesions in a CD11c-dependent manner and play crucial roles in nascent atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Dai Perrard
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Jerry L Perrard
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Donglin Yang
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Scott I Simon
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.)
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- From the Department of Medicine (L.X., X.D.P., J.L.P., D.Y., C.M.B., H.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, TX (C.M.B.); Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (B.-B.T.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (S.I.S.); and Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (L.X., X.X.).
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Myeloid dendritic cells: Development, functions, and role in atherosclerotic inflammation. Immunobiology 2015; 220:833-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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109
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Thomas G, Tacke R, Hedrick CC, Hanna RN. Nonclassical patrolling monocyte function in the vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1306-16. [PMID: 25838429 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonclassical patrolling monocytes are characterized by their unique ability to actively patrol the vascular endothelium under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Patrolling monocyte subsets (CX3CR1(high)Ly6C(-) in mouse and CX3CR1(high)CD14(dim)CD16(+) in humans) are distinct from the classical monocyte subsets (CCR2(high)Ly6C(+) in mouse and CCR2(high)CD14(+)CD16(-) in humans) and exhibit unique functions in the vasculature and inflammatory disease. Patrolling monocytes function in several disease settings to remove damaged cells and debris from the vasculature and have been associated with wound healing and the resolution of inflammation in damaged tissues. This review highlights the unique functions of these patrolling monocytes in the vasculature and during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Thomas
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Robert Tacke
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Richard N Hanna
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA.
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110
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Salvatore G, Bernoud-Hubac N, Bissay N, Debard C, Daira P, Meugnier E, Proamer F, Hanau D, Vidal H, Aricò M, Delprat C, Mahtouk K. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells turn into foamy dendritic cells with IL-17A. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1110-22. [PMID: 25833686 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. In the field of immunometabolism, we have studied the impact of IL-17A on the lipid metabolism of human in vitro-generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Microarrays and lipidomic analysis revealed an intense remodeling of lipid metabolism induced by IL-17A in DCs. IL-17A increased 2-12 times the amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters in DCs. Palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and oleic (18:ln-9c) acid were the main fatty acid chains present in DCs. They were strongly increased in response to IL-17A while their relative proportion remained unchanged. Capture of extracellular lipids was the major mechanism of lipid droplet accumulation, visualized by electron microscopy and Oil Red O staining. Besides this foamy phenotype, IL-17A induced a mixed macrophage-DC phenotype and expression of the nuclear receptor NR1H3/liver X receptor-α, previously identified in the context of atherosclerosis as the master regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages. These IL-17A-treated DCs were as competent as untreated DCs to stimulate allogeneic naive T-cell proliferation. Following this first characterization of lipid-rich DCs, we propose to call these IL-17A-dependent cells "foamy DCs" and discuss the possible existence of foamy DCs in atherosclerosis, a metabolic and inflammatory disorder involving IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Salvatore
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Université de Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bissay
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cyrille Debard
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patricia Daira
- Functional Lipidomics Platform, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides/Carnot Lisa, INSA-Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Proamer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé UMR S949, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 67000 Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Strasbourg, France Histocompatibility Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Hanau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé UMR S949, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 67000 Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Strasbourg, France Histocompatibility Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maurizio Aricò
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (I.T.T), 50139 Florence, Italy Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale 7, 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Christine Delprat
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Karène Mahtouk
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Pelton K, Coticchia CM, Curatolo AS, Schaffner CP, Zurakowski D, Solomon KR, Moses MA. Hypercholesterolemia induces angiogenesis and accelerates growth of breast tumors in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 184:2099-110. [PMID: 24952430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to an increased prevalence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. A common feature of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and a Western diet rich in saturated fat is a high level of circulating cholesterol. Epidemiological reports investigating the relationship between high circulating cholesterol levels, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and breast cancer are conflicting. Here, we modeled this complex condition in a well-controlled, preclinical animal model using innovative isocaloric diets. Female severe combined immunodeficient mice were fed a low-fat/no-cholesterol diet and then randomized to four isocaloric diet groups: low-fat/no-cholesterol diet, with or without ezetimibe (cholesterol-lowering drug), and high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, with or without ezetimibe. Mice were implanted orthotopically with MDA-MB-231 cells. Breast tumors from animals fed the high-fat/high-cholesterol diet exhibited the fastest progression. Significant differences in serum cholesterol level between groups were achieved and maintained throughout the study; however, no differences were observed in intratumoral cholesterol levels. To determine the mechanism of cholesterol-induced tumor progression, we analyzed tumor proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis and found a significantly greater percentage of proliferating cells from mice fed the high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Tumors from hypercholesterolemic animals displayed significantly less apoptosis compared with the other groups. Tumors from high-fat/high-cholesterol mice had significantly higher microvessel density compared with tumors from the other groups. These results demonstrate that hypercholesterolemia induces angiogenesis and accelerates breast tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Pelton
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine M Coticchia
- The Program in Vascular Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam S Curatolo
- The Program in Vascular Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carl P Schaffner
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith R Solomon
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Marsha A Moses
- The Program in Vascular Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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112
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Grandoch M, Feldmann K, Göthert JR, Dick LS, Homann S, Klatt C, Bayer JK, Waldheim JN, Rabausch B, Nagy N, Oberhuber A, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Lehr S, Homey B, Pfeffer K, Fischer JW. Deficiency in lymphotoxin β receptor protects from atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Circ Res 2015; 116:e57-68. [PMID: 25740843 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTbR) regulates immune cell trafficking and communication in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS After 15 weeks of feeding a Western-type diet, mice double-deficient in apolipoprotein E and LTbR (apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-)) exhibited lower aortic plaque burden than did apoE(-/-) littermates. Macrophage content at the aortic root and in the aorta was reduced, as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In line with a decrease in plaque inflammation, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (Ccl5) and other chemokines were transcriptionally downregulated in aortic tissue from apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. Moreover, bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that LTbR deficiency in hematopoietic cells mediated the atheroprotection. Furthermore, during atheroprogression, apoE(-/-) mice exhibited increased concentrations of cytokines, for example, Ccl5, whereas apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice did not. Despite this decreased plaque macrophage content, flow cytometric analysis showed that the numbers of circulating lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly6C)(low) monocytes were markedly elevated in apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. The influx of these cells into atherosclerotic lesions was significantly reduced, whereas apoptosis and macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions were unaffected. Gene array analysis pointed to chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 as the most regulated pathway in isolated CD115(+) cells in apoE(-/-)/LTbR(-/-) mice. Furthermore, stimulating monocytes from apoE(-/-) mice with agonistic anti-LTbR antibody or the natural ligand lymphotoxin-α1β2, increased Ccl5 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LTbR plays a role in macrophage-driven inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, probably by augmenting the Ccl5-mediated recruitment of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grandoch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.).
| | - Kathrin Feldmann
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Lena S Dick
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Susanne Homann
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Christina Klatt
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Julia K Bayer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Jan N Waldheim
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Berit Rabausch
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Nadine Nagy
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - René Deenen
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Karl Köhrer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Stefan Lehr
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Bernhard Homey
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
| | - Jens W Fischer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID) (M.G., K.F., L.S.D., S.H., C.K., J.K.B., J.N.W., B.R., N.N., J.W.F.), Klinik für Gefäß- und Endovaskularchirurgie (A.O.), Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ) (R.D., K.K.), Hautklinik (B.H.), and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene (K.P.), Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum (WTZ), Essen, Germany (J.R.G.); and Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Deutsches Diabetes Zentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany (S.L.)
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Shah PK, Chyu KY, Dimayuga PC, Nilsson J. Vaccine for Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:2779-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mitroulis I, Alexaki VI, Kourtzelis I, Ziogas A, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Leukocyte integrins: role in leukocyte recruitment and as therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:123-135. [PMID: 25448040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection or sterile inflammation triggers site-specific attraction of leukocytes. Leukocyte recruitment is a process comprising several steps orchestrated by adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines and endogenous regulatory molecules. Distinct adhesive interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes and signaling mechanisms contribute to the temporal and spatial fine-tuning of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Central players in the leukocyte adhesion cascade include the leukocyte adhesion receptors of the β2-integrin family, such as the αLβ2 and αMβ2 integrins, or of the β1-integrin family, such as the α4β1-integrin. Given the central involvement of leukocyte recruitment in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, the leukocyte adhesion cascade in general, and leukocyte integrins in particular, represent key therapeutic targets. In this context, the present review focuses on the role of leukocyte integrins in the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Experimental evidence that has implicated leukocyte integrins as targets in animal models of inflammatory disorders, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bone loss and inflammatory bowel disease as well as preclinical and clinical therapeutic applications of antibodies that target leukocyte integrins in various inflammatory disorders are presented. Finally, we review recent findings on endogenous inhibitors that modify leukocyte integrin function, which could emerge as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia I Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Athanassios Ziogas
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Gahmberg CG, Grönholm M, Uotila LM. Regulation of integrin activity by phosphorylation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 819:85-96. [PMID: 25023169 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9153-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric complex type I membrane proteins involved in cellular adhesion and signaling. They exist as inactive molecules in resting cells, and need activation to become adhesive. Although much is known about their structure, and a large number of interacting molecules have been described, we still only partially understand how their activities are regulated. In this review we focus on the leukocyte-specific β2-integrins and, specifically, on the role of integrin phosphorylation in the regulation of activity. Phosphorylation reactions can be fast and reversible, thus enabling strictly directed regulatory activities both time-wise and locally in specific regions of the plasma membrane in different leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Gahmberg
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) relevant to atherosclerosis include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. A decade ago, studies on macrophage behavior in atherosclerotic lesions were often limited to quantification of total macrophage area in cross-sections of plaques. Although technological advances are still needed to examine plaque MP populations in an increasingly dynamic and informative manner, innovative methods to interrogate the biology of MPs in atherosclerotic plaques developed in the past few years point to several mechanisms that regulate the accumulation and function of MPs within plaques. Here, I review the evolution of atherosclerotic plaques with respect to changes in the MP compartment from the initiation of plaque to its progression and regression, discussing the roles that recruitment, proliferation, and retention of MPs play at these different disease stages. Additional work in the future will be needed to better distinguish macrophages and dendritic cells in plaque and to address some basic unknowns in the field, including just how cholesterol drives accumulation of macrophages in lesions to build plaques in the first place and how macrophages as major effectors of innate immunity work together with components of the adaptive immune response to drive atherosclerosis. Answers to these questions are sought with the goal in mind of reversing disease where it exists and preventing its development where it does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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Oral administration of the milk casein-derived tripeptide Val-Pro-Pro attenuates high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation in mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:513-9. [PMID: 24870967 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of adipose tissue triggers the metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and CHD. In the present study, we investigated whether the milk casein-derived tripeptide valine-proline-proline (VPP) has an anti-inflammatory effect on the adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks of age) were fed ad libitum with either a HFD and plain tap water (HFD group) or a HFD and water containing 0·3 mg VPP/ml (HFD+VPP group) for 10 weeks. The results showed that the expression level of CD18 in the peripheral blood monocytes of the HFD+VPP group was significantly decreased compared with the level observed in those of the HFD group. Activated monocytes and pro-inflammatory macrophages were accumulated in the stromal vascular fractions of the adipose tissue from HFD-fed mice, which were significantly decreased in those supplemented with VPP. The formation of crown-like structures rich in pro-inflammatory macrophages was also significantly reduced in the adipose tissue of mice administered with VPP. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and that of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in adipose tissue tend to be lower in the HFD+VPP group than in the HFD group. These observations indicate that oral administration of VPP exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice, which may eventually lead to the primary prevention of chronic inflammation-related diseases.
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Oral administration of baicalin and geniposide induces regression of atherosclerosis via inhibiting dendritic cells in ApoE-knockout mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chen Y, Tian J, Tian X, Tang X, Rui K, Tong J, Lu L, Xu H, Wang S. Adipose tissue dendritic cells enhances inflammation by prompting the generation of Th17 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92450. [PMID: 24642966 PMCID: PMC3958510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a global challenge for public health. It has been reported that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. However, the mechanism for the chronic inflammation contributes to obesity remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In our study, we found a novel CD11c+ dendritic cell subset existed in murine adipose tissues which was immature phenotype. Moreover, as compared to the lean controls, the number of CD11c+ DCs and CD4+IL-17+T cells were higher in adipose tissue of high fat diet (HFD) mice. Adipose tissues derived dendritic cells (ATDCs) displayed lower levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHCI and MHCII expression than splenic DCs (SPDCs). However, ATDCs showed higher levels of IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23 secretion. Moreover, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that ATDCs were capable of promoting Th17 cell generation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate the existence of CD11c+ DCs in adipose tissues, which displays an immature phenotype but possessing pro-inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Taghavie-Moghadam PL, Butcher MJ, Galkina EV. The dynamic lives of macrophage and dendritic cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1319:19-37. [PMID: 24628328 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major pathological process through which arterial plaques are formed, is a dynamic chronic inflammatory disease of large- and medium-sized arteries in which the vasculature, lipid metabolism, and the immune system all play integral roles. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis but myeloid cells represent the major component of the burgeoning atherosclerotic plaque. Various myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages (MΦs), and dendritic cells (DCs) can be found within the healthy and atherosclerotic arterial wall, where they can contribute to or regulate inflammation. However, the precise behaviors and functions of these cells in situ are still active areas of investigation that continue to yield exciting and surprising new data. Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the complex biology of MΦs and DCs, focusing particularly on the dynamic regulation of these subsets in the arterial wall and novel, emerging functions of these cells during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parésa L Taghavie-Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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121
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Fernández-Velasco M, González-Ramos S, Boscá L. Involvement of monocytes/macrophages as key factors in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Biochem J 2014; 458:187-93. [PMID: 24524191 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to the involvement of specialized cells of the immune system as key drivers in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Monocytes are an essential cell component of the innate immune system that rapidly mobilize from the bone marrow to wounded tissues where they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells and trigger an immune response. In the healthy heart a limited, but near-constant, number of resident macrophages have been detected; however, this number significantly increases during cardiac damage. Shortly after initial cardiac injury, e.g. myocardial infarction, a large number of macrophages harbouring a pro-inflammatory profile (M1) are rapidly recruited to the cardiac tissue, where they contribute to cardiac remodelling. After this initial period, resolution takes place in the wound, and the infiltrated macrophages display a predominant deactivation/pro-resolution profile (M2), promoting cardiac repair by mediating pro-fibrotic responses. In the present review we focus on the role of the immune cells, particularly in the monocyte/macrophage population, in the progression of the major cardiac pathologies myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández-Velasco
- *Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- †Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- †Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Mitra R, Goodman OB, Le TT. Enhanced detection of metastatic prostate cancer cells in human plasma with lipid bodies staining. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:91. [PMID: 24528787 PMCID: PMC3931481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprogramming of energy metabolism of malignant cancer cells confers competitive advantage in growth environments with limited resources. However, not every process of cancer development is associated with competition for resources. During hematogenous transport, cancer cells are exposed to high levels of oxygen and nutrients. Does energy metabolism of cancer cells change as a function of exposure to the bloodstream? Could such changes be exploited to improve the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC)? These questions have clinical significance, but have not yet been sufficiently examined. METHODS The energy metabolism was examined as a function of incubation in nutrient-rich plasma in prostate metastatic cancer cells LNCaP and non-transformed prostate epithelial cells RWPE1. Uptake kinetics of a fluorescent glucose analog (2-NBD) and lipophilic dyes (DiD & Bodipy) were measured in both cell lines, as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS LNCaP cells exhibited hyper-acetylation of low molecular weight proteins compared to RWPE1 cells. Following plasma incubation, protein lysine acetylation profile was unchanged for LNCaP cells while significantly altered for RWPE1 cells. O-linked glycosylated protein profiles were different between LNCaP and RWPE1 cells and varied in both cell lines with plasma incubation. Maximal respiration or glycolytic capacities was unchanged in LNCaP cells and impaired in RWPE1 cells following plasma incubation. However, the uptake rates of 2-NBD and DiD were insufficient for discrimination of LNCaP, or RWPE1 cells from PBMC. On the other hand, both RWPE1 and LNCaP cells exhibited intracellular lipid bodies following plasma incubation; whereas, PBMC did not. The presence of lipid bodies in LNCaP cells permitted retention of Bodipy dye and allowed discrimination of LNCaP cells from PBMC with flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Despite clear differences in energy metabolism, metastatic prostate cancer cells could not be efficiently distinguished from non-transformed prostate epithelial cells using fluorescent glucose or lipid uptake kinetics. However, metastatic prostate cancer cells in plasma could be clearly distinguished from blood nucleated cells due to the presence of intracellular lipid bodies. Fluorescent labeling of lipid bodies permitted a simple and sensitive means for high throughput detection of metastatic prostate cancer cells in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar B Goodman
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, 11 Sunset Way, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.
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Arterial and fat tissue inflammation are highly correlated: a prospective 18F-FDG PET/CT study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:934-45. [PMID: 24442596 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease might relate to inflammation in both fat tissue and the arterial wall. (18)F-FDG uptake on PET is a surrogate marker of vessel wall inflammation. The aim of the study was to measure FDG uptake in both regions using PET and identify links between adipose and arterial inflammation. METHODS Included in the study were 173 cardiovascular patients who were prospectively imaged with FDG PET/CT. Arterial FDG uptake was measured in the carotid arteries and ascending aorta. The same was done in fat tissue in the neck, the presternal region (both subcutaneous) and the pericardium. FDG uptake was quantified as average maximal target-to-background ratio (mean TBR max). Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify significant associations between arterial and adipose tissue FDG uptake and clinical variables as given by the standardized correlation coefficient (β). RESULTS FDG uptake values in all fat tissue regions were highly predictive of vascular FDG uptake in both the carotids (β 0.262, p < 0.0001, in the neck subcutaneous region) and aorta (β 0.22, p = 0.008, in the chest pericardial region; β 0.193, p = 0.019, in the chest subcutaneous region). Obesity was significantly associated with elevated FDG uptake in adipose tissue (β 0.470, p < 0.0001, in the neck subcutaneous region; β 0.619, p = 0.028, in the chest subcutaneous region; β 0.978, p = 0.035, in the chest pericardial region). CONCLUSION FDG uptake in diverse fat tissue regions was significantly associated with arterial FDG uptake, a reasonable surrogate of inflammation. Increasing body weight significantly predicted the level of fatty inflammation. FDG PET therefore provides imaging evidence of an inflammatory link between fat tissue and the vasculature in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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CHEN HAIBIN, WANG LIANG, JIANG JINFA. Transcriptome and miRNA network analysis of familial hypercholesterolemia. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:670-6. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Foks AC, Ran IA, Frodermann V, Bot I, van Santbrink PJ, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GHM. Agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment inhibits T cell responses in LDLr deficient mice without affecting atherosclerotic lesion development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83134. [PMID: 24376654 PMCID: PMC3869776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are mainly expressed on T cells and antigen presenting cells and strongly orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Whereas co-stimulatory molecules enhance immune responses, signaling via co-inhibitory molecules dampens the immune system, thereby showing great therapeutic potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Signaling via co-inhibitory T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) directly inhibits T cell activation and proliferation, and therefore represents a novel therapeutic candidate to specifically dampen pro-atherogenic T cell reactivity. In the present study, we used an agonistic anti-TIGIT antibody to determine the effect of excessive TIGIT-signaling on atherosclerosis. Methods and Results TIGIT was upregulated on CD4+ T cells isolated from mice fed a Western-type diet in comparison with mice fed a chow diet. Agonistic anti-TIGIT suppressed T cell activation and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment of LDLr−/− mice fed a Western-type diet for 4 or 8 weeks did not affect atherosclerotic lesion development in comparison with PBS and Armenian Hamster IgG treatment. Furthermore, elevated percentages of dendritic cells were observed in the blood and spleen of agonistic anti-TIGIT-treated mice. Additionally, these cells showed an increased activation status but decreased IL-10 production. Conclusions Despite the inhibition of splenic T cell responses, agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment does not affect initial atherosclerosis development, possibly due to increased activity of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A. Ran
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Frodermann
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jaipersad AS, Shantsila E, Blann A, Lip GYH. The effect of statin therapy withdrawal on monocyte subsets. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1307-13. [PMID: 24134608 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three functionally distinct monocyte subsets have been identified. Statins are of undoubted effect in atherosclerosis and have numerous pleiotropic effects that contribute to their clinical success, but the effect of these drugs on monocyte subsets is unclear. We hypothesised a beneficial effect of statins on key receptor expression by monocyte subsets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Effects of temporal (2 weeks) cessation of statin therapy by 66 patients with stable coronary artery disease on monocyte subsets [CD14++CD16-CCR2+ (Mon1), CD14++CD16+CCR2+ (Mon2) and CD14+CD16++CCR2- (Mon3)], their aggregates with platelets and their expression of a number of receptors involved in inflammation (IL-6 receptor), adhesion [vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)], angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and repair were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Statin cessation did not lead to any significant changes in absolute numbers of monocyte subsets or the degree of their aggregation with platelets. All monocyte subsets showed significant downregulation of expression of vascular endothelial factor receptor 2, Tie2 and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4; all changes P < 0·01). Expression of CXCR4 was only reduced in Mon1 cells (P = 0·013). There was no significant change in the expression of CD14, CD16, CCR4, IL6 receptor and VCAM (all P = NS). CONCLUSIONS Statin withdrawal does not affect counts of any of monocyte subsets, but leads to downregulation of expression of TLR4 and receptors related to angiogenesis on all subsets, as well as a decrease in density of CXCR4 expression on 'classical' Mon1. These data provide further support of pleiotropic effects of statins and their effects on monocyte pro-angiogenic and proreparative characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Jaipersad
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:456-68. [PMID: 24184800 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to ischemic brain injury. However, translation of experimental findings from animal models into clinical trials is still ineffective, since the majority of human stroke studies mainly focus on acute neuroprotection, thereby neglecting inflammatory mechanisms and inflammation-associated co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, both wildtype and ApoE(-/-) mice that exhibit increased serum plasma cholesterol levels fed with normal or high cholesterol diet were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Analysis of peripheral immune responses revealed an ischemia-induced acute leukocytosis in the blood, which was accompanied by enhanced myeloid cell and specifically granulocyte cell counts in the spleen and blood of ApoE(-/-) mice fed with Western diet. These cellular immune changes were further associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, endogenous stroke-induced endothelial activation as well as CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 expression were increased, thus resulting in accelerated leukocyte, particularly granulocyte accumulation, and enhanced ischemic tissue damage. The latter was revealed by larger infarct volumes and increased local DNA fragmentation in ischemic brains of ApoE(-/-) mice on Western diet. These effects were not observed in wildtype mice on normal or Western diet and in ApoE(-/-) mice on normal diet. Our data demonstrate that the combination of both ApoE knockout and a high cholesterol diet leads to increased ischemia-induced peripheral and cerebral immune responses, which go along with enhanced cerebral tissue injury. Thus, clinically predisposing conditions related to peripheral inflammation such as hypercholesterolemia should be included in up-coming preclinical stroke research.
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Jiang E, Perrard XD, Yang D, Khan IM, Perrard JL, Smith CW, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. Essential role of CD11a in CD8+ T-cell accumulation and activation in adipose tissue. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:34-43. [PMID: 24158516 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cells, particularly CD8(+) T cells, are major participants in obesity-linked adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. We examined the mechanisms of CD8(+) T-cell accumulation and activation in AT and the role of CD11a, a β2 integrin. APPROACH AND RESULTS CD8(+) T cells in AT of obese mice showed activated phenotypes with increased proliferation and interferon-γ expression. In vitro, CD8(+) T cells from mouse AT displayed increased interferon-γ expression and proliferation to stimulation with interleukin-12 and interleukin-18, which were increased in obese AT. CD11a was upregulated in CD8(+) T cells in obese mice. Ablation of CD11a in obese mice dramatically reduced T-cell accumulation, activation, and proliferation in AT. Adoptive transfer showed that CD8(+) T cells from wild-type mice, but not from CD11a-deficient mice, infiltrated into AT of recipient obese wild-type mice. CD11a deficiency also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α-producing and interleukin-12-producing macrophages in AT and improved insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Combined action of cytokines in obese AT induces proliferative response of CD8(+) T cells locally, which, along with increased infiltration, contributes to CD8(+) T-cell accumulation and activation in AT. CD11a plays a crucial role in AT inflammation by participating in T-cell infiltration and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlie Jiang
- From the Departments of Medicine (E.J., X.D.P., D.Y., I.M.K., J.L.P., C.M.B., H.W.) and Pediatrics (C.W.S., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX (C.M.B.)
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Uotila LM, Aatonen M, Gahmberg CG. Integrin CD11c/CD18 α-chain phosphorylation is functionally important. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33494-9. [PMID: 24129562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.497446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11c/CD18 (αXβ2, p150/95, or complement receptor 4, CR4) is a monocyte/macrophage-enriched integrin that has been reported to bind to a variety of ligands. These include cell surface proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, and soluble ligands. The regulation of ligand binding to CD11c/CD18 has remained poorly understood. Previous work has shown that both α-chain and β-chain phosphorylations of CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18 are needed for activity, but no corresponding studies on CD11c/CD18 have been performed. In this study, we have identified the phosphorylation site of CD11c as Ser-1158 and show that it is pivotal for adherence and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Uotila
- From the Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Koltsova EK, Hedrick CC, Ley K. Myeloid cells in atherosclerosis: a delicate balance of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory mechanisms. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:371-80. [PMID: 24005215 PMCID: PMC4939820 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328363d298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is chronic disease, whose progression is orchestrated by the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Various myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils can be found in normal and atherosclerotic aortas, in which they regulate inflammation and progression of atherosclerosis. The lineage relationship between blood monocyte subsets and the various phenotypes and functions of myeloid cells in diseased aortas is under active investigation. RECENT FINDINGS Various subsets of myeloid cells play diverse roles in atherosclerosis. This review discusses new findings in phenotypic and functional characterization of different subsets of macrophages, in part determined by the transcription factors IRF5 and Trib1, and dendritic cells, characterized by the transcription factor Zbtb46, in atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Improved understanding proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of macrophages and dendritic cell functions is needed for better preventive and therapeutic measures in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Phinikaridou A, Andia ME, Passacquale G, Ferro A, Botnar RM. Noninvasive MRI monitoring of the effect of interventions on endothelial permeability in murine atherosclerosis using an albumin-binding contrast agent. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000402. [PMID: 24072533 PMCID: PMC3835253 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Endothelial dysfunction promotes atherosclerosis. We investigated whether in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using an albumin‐binding contrast agent, gadofosveset, could monitor the efficacy of minocycline and ebselen in reducing endothelial permeability and atherosclerotic burden in the brachiocephalic artery of high‐fat diet (HFD)–fed ApoE−/− mice. Methods and Results ApoE−/− mice were scanned 12 weeks after commencement of either a normal diet (controls) or an HFD. HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice were either untreated or treated with minocycline or ebselen for 12 weeks. Delayed‐enhancement MRI and T1 mapping of the brachiocephalic artery, 30 minutes after injection of gadofosveset, showed increased vessel wall enhancement and relaxation rate (R1, s−1) in untreated HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice (R1=3.8±0.52 s−1) compared with controls (R1=2.15±0.34 s−1, P<0.001). Conversely, minocycline‐treated (R1=2.7±0.17 s−1, P<0.001) and ebselen‐treated (R1=2.7±0.23 s−1, P<0.001) ApoE−/− mice showed less vessel wall enhancement compared with untreated HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice. Mass spectroscopy showed a lower gadolinium concentration in the brachiocephalic artery of treated (minocycline=28.5±3 μmol/L, ebselen=32.4±4 μmol/L) compared with untreated HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice (191±4.8 μmol/L) (P<0.02). Both interventions resulted in a lower plaque burden as measured by delayed‐enhancement MRI (minocycline=0.14±0.02 mm2, ebselen=0.20±0.09 mm2, untreated=0.44±0.01 mm2; P<0.001) and histology (minocycline=0.13±0.05 mm2, ebselen=0.18±0.02 mm2, untreated=0.32±0.04 mm2; P<0.002). Endothelium cells displayed fewer structural changes and smaller gap junction width in treated compared with untreated animals as seen by electron microscopy (minocycline=42.3±8.4 nm, ebselen=56.5±17 nm, untreated=2400±39 nm; P<0.001). Tissue flow cytometry of the brachiocephalic artery showed lower monocyte/macrophage content in both ebselen‐ and minocycline‐treated mice (8.06±3.2% and 7.62±1.73%, respectively) compared with untreated animals (20.1±2.2%) (P=0.03), with significant attenuation of the proinflammatory Ly6Chigh subtype (untreated mice, 42.64±6.1% of total monocytes; ebselen, 14.07±9.5% of total monocytes; minocycline, 26.42±0.6% of total monocytes). Conclusions We demonstrate that contrast‐enhanced MRI with an albumin‐binding contrast agent can be used to noninvasively monitor the effect of interventions on endothelial permeability and plaque burden. Blood albumin leakage could be a surrogate marker for the in vivo evaluation of interventions that aim at restoring endothelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkystis Phinikaridou
- Division of Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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133
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Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 deficiency attenuates oxidative stress and protects against ovariectomy-induced chronic inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72108. [PMID: 23977220 PMCID: PMC3747095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of ovarian function is highly associated with an elevated risk of metabolic disease. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, C-C chemokine ligand 2) plays critical roles in the development of inflammation, but its role in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced metabolic disturbance has not been known. Methodology and Principal Findings We investigated the role of MCP-1 in OVX-induced metabolic perturbation using MCP-1-knockout mice. OVX increased fat mass, serum levels of MCP-1, macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas MCP-1 deficiency attenuated these. OVX-induced increases of visceral fat resulted in elevated levels of highly inflammatory CD11c-expressing cells as well as other immune cells in adipose tissue, whereas a lack of MCP-1 significantly reduced all of these levels. MCP-1 deficiency attenuated activation of phospholipase Cγ2, transforming oncogene from Ak strain, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase as well as generation of ROS, which is required for up-regulating CD11c expression upon M-CSF stimulation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggested that MCP-1 plays a key role in developing metabolic perturbation caused by a loss of ovarian functions through elevating CD11c expression via ROS generation.
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134
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On-chip phenotypic analysis of inflammatory monocytes in atherogenesis and myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13944-9. [PMID: 23918401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300651110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte recruitment to inflamed arterial endothelium initiates plaque formation and drives progression of atherosclerosis. Three distinct monocyte subsets are detected in circulation (CD14(++)CD16(-), CD14(++)CD16(+), and CD14(+)CD16(++)), and each may play distinct roles during atherogenesis and myocardial infarction. We studied a range of subjects that included otherwise healthy patients with elevated serum triglyceride levels to patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Our objective was to correlate an individual's risk with the activation state of each monocyte subset as a function of changes in adhesion receptor expression using flow cytometric quantitation of integrins and l-selectin membrane expression. A microfluidic-based laboratory-on-a-chip was developed to quantify the adhesion efficiency of monocytes sheared in whole blood on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, while characterizing adhesion receptor expression and topography on captured monocytes. CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes adhered with sevenfold higher efficiency than other subsets, and in patients with myocardial infarction the capture efficiency of this subset was double that for healthy subjects. In patients with hypertriglyceridemia, this increase in monocyte adhesion was attributable to CD14(++)CD16(+) uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and subsequent signaling via a Phospholipase C-dependent mechanism to increase CD11c expression, very late antigen-4 function, and integrin coclustering within focal adhesive sites on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. In summary, we introduce a unique laboratory-on-a-chip method for quantifying the activation state of monocyte subsets. These experiments reveal that CD11c/CD18 is an inducible integrin whose expression correlates with a monocyte inflammatory state in subjects at risk for atherogenesis and in patients with myocardial infarction.
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135
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Ge S, Hertel B, Koltsova EK, Sörensen-Zender I, Kielstein JT, Ley K, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S. Increased atherosclerotic lesion formation and vascular leukocyte accumulation in renal impairment are mediated by interleukin-17A. Circ Res 2013; 113:965-74. [PMID: 23908345 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease. Chronic inflammation of the arterial wall including invasion, proliferation, and differentiation of leukocytes is important in atherosclerotic lesion development. How atherosclerotic inflammation is altered in renal impairment is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed leukocytes of the atherosclerotic aorta in mice with impaired and normal renal function and studied a mechanism for the alteration in aortic myeloid leukocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Unilateral nephrectomy significantly decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased atherosclerotic lesion size and aortic leukocyte numbers in 2 murine atherosclerosis models, apolipoprotein E (Apoe(-/-)) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient (LDLr(-/-)) mice. The number of aortic myeloid cells increased significantly. They took-up less oxidized LDL, whereas CD11c expression, interaction with T cells, and aortic T cell proliferation were significantly enhanced in renal impairment. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures, chronic kidney disease serum decreased lipid uptake and increased human leukocyte antigen II (HLA II) expression. Supplementation with interleukin-17A similarly increased HLA II and CD11c expression and impaired oxidized LDL uptake. Interleukin-17A expression was increased in atherosclerotic mice with renal impairment. Ablation of interleukin-17A in LDLr(-/-) mice by lethal irradiation and reconstitution with Il17a(-/-) bone marrow abolished the effect of renal impairment on aortic CD11b(+) myeloid cell accumulation, CD11c expression, and cell proliferation. Atherosclerotic lesion size was decreased to levels observed in normal kidney function. CONCLUSIONS Kidney function modifies arterial myeloid cell accumulation and phenotype in atherosclerosis. Our results suggest a central role for interleukin-17A in aggravation of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwang Ge
- From the Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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136
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in several countries. The underlying process is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing chronic disorder that can lead to intravascular thrombosis. There is overwhelming evidence for the underlying importance of our immune system in atherosclerosis. Monocytes, which comprise part of the innate immune system, can be recruited to inflamed endothelium and this recruitment has been shown to be proportional to the extent of atherosclerotic disease. Monocytes undergo migration into the vasculature, they differentiate into macrophage phenotypes, which are highly phagocytic and can scavenge modified lipids, leading to foam cell formation and development of the lipid-rich atheroma core. This increased influx leads to a highly inflammatory environment and along with other immune cells can increase the risk in the development of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. The present review provides an overview and description of the immunological aspect of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in atherosclerosis, by defining their interaction with the vascular environment, modified lipids and other cellular exchanges. There is a particular focus on monocytes and macrophages, but shorter descriptions of dendritic cells, lymphocyte populations, neutrophils, mast cells and platelets are also included.
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137
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Kong L, Shen X, Lin L, Leitges M, Rosario R, Zou YS, Yan SF. PKCβ promotes vascular inflammation and acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1779-87. [PMID: 23766264 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjects with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for developing atherosclerosis through a variety of mechanisms. Because the metabolism of glucose results in production of activators of protein kinase C (PKC)β, it was logical to investigate the role of PKCβ in modulation of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. APPROACH AND RESULTS ApoE(-/-) and PKCβ(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Quantification of atherosclerosis, gene expression profiling, or analysis of signaling molecules was performed on aortic sinus or aortas from diabetic mice. Diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis increased the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Jun-N-terminus kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases and augmented vascular expression of inflammatory mediators, as well as increased monocyte/macrophage infiltration and CD11c(+) cells accumulation in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice, processes that were diminished in diabetic PKCβ(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of PKCβ reduced atherosclerotic lesion size in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice. In vitro, the inhibitors of PKCβ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, as well as small interfering RNA to Egr-1, significantly decreased high-glucose-induced expression of CD11c (integrin, alpha X 9 complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit]), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and interleukin-1β in U937 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These data link enhanced activation of PKCβ to accelerated diabetic atherosclerosis via a mechanism that includes modulation of gene transcription and signal transduction in the vascular wall, processes that contribute to acceleration of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Our results uncover a novel role for PKCβ in modulating CD11c expression and inflammatory response of macrophages in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis. These findings support PKCβ activation as a potential therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Kong
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Alberts-Grill N, Denning TL, Rezvan A, Jo H. The role of the vascular dendritic cell network in atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1-21. [PMID: 23552284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A complex role has been described for dendritic cells (DCs) in the potentiation and control of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Resident vascular DCs are found in the intima of atherosclerosis-prone vascular regions exposed to disturbed blood flow patterns. Several phenotypically and functionally distinct vascular DC subsets have been described. The functional heterogeneity of these cells and their contributions to vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis are only recently beginning to emerge. Here, we review the available literature, characterizing the origin and function of known vascular DC subsets and their important role contributing to the balance of immune activation and immune tolerance governing vascular homeostasis under healthy conditions. We then discuss how homeostatic DC functions are disrupted during atherogenesis, leading to atherosclerosis. The effectiveness of DC-based "atherosclerosis vaccine" therapies in the treatment of atherosclerosis is also reviewed. We further provide suggestions for distinguishing DCs from macrophages and discuss important future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Alberts-Grill
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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139
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Hilgendorf I, Swirski FK. Making a difference: monocyte heterogeneity in cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 14:450-9. [PMID: 22847772 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are frequently described as bone marrow-derived precursors of macrophages. Although many studies support this view, we now appreciate that monocytes neither develop exclusively in the bone marrow nor give rise to all macrophages and dendritic cells. In addition to differentiating to specific leukocyte populations, monocytes, as monocytes, are functionally and ontogenically heterogeneous. In this review we will focus on the development and activity of monocytes and their subsets in mice (Ly-6 C(high/low)) and humans (CD14(+/dim/-) CD16(+/-)) in the context of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hilgendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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140
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Mitra R, Chao O, Urasaki Y, Goodman OB, Le TT. Detection of lipid-rich prostate circulating tumour cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:540. [PMID: 23171028 PMCID: PMC3519750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating tumour cells (CTC) are an important indicator of metastasis and associated with a poor prognosis. Detection sensitivity and specificity of CTC in the peripheral blood of metastatic cancer patient remain a technical challenge. Methods Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy was employed to examine the lipid content of CTC isolated from the peripheral blood of metastatic prostate cancer patients. CARS microscopy was also employed to evaluate lipid uptake and mobilization kinetics of a metastatic human prostate cancer cell line. Results One hundred CTC from eight metastatic prostate cancer patients exhibited strong CARS signal which arose from intracellular lipid. In contrast, leukocytes exhibited weak CARS signal which arose mostly from cellular membrane. On average, CARS signal intensity of prostate CTC was 7-fold higher than that of leukocytes (P<0.0000001). When incubated with human plasma, C4-2 metastatic human prostate cancer cells exhibited rapid lipid uptake kinetics and slow lipid mobilization kinetics. Higher expression of lipid transport proteins in C4-2 cells compared to non-transformed RWPE-1 and non-malignant BPH-1 prostate epithelial cells further indicated strong affinity for lipid of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Conclusions Intracellular lipid could serve as a biomarker for prostate CTC which could be sensitively detected with CARS microscopy in a label-free manner. Strong affinity for lipid by metastatic prostate cancer cells could be used to improve detection sensitivity and therapeutic targeting of prostate CTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Mitra
- Nevada Cancer Institute, One Breakthrough Way, Las Vegas, NV 89135, USA
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141
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Gargiulo S, Gamba P, Testa G, Sottero B, Maina M, Guina T, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Molecular signaling involved in oxysterol-induced β₁-integrin over-expression in human macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203064 PMCID: PMC3509580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypercholesterolemia-atherosclerosis association is now established; hypercholesterolemia may induce vascular-cell activation, subsequently increasing expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other key inflammatory molecules. Among inflammatory molecules expressed by vascular cells, integrins play a critical role in regulating macrophage activation and migration to the site of inflammation, by mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The main lipid oxidation products present in oxidized LDL that may be responsible for inflammatory processes in atherogenesis, are cholesterol oxidation products, known as oxysterols. This study demonstrates the effect of an oxysterol mixture, compatible with that detectable in human hypercholesterolemic plasma, on the expression and synthesis of β1-integrin in cells of the macrophage lineage. The molecular signaling whereby oxysterols induce β1-integrin up-regulation is also comprehensively investigated. Over-expression of β1-integrin depends on activation of classic and novel members of protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, as well as of the up-stream G-protein (Gq and G13), c-Src, and phospholipase C. In addition, the localization of β1-integrin in advanced human carotid plaques is highlighted, marking its importance in atherosclerotic plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy.
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142
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Cutini PH, Campelo AE, Agriello E, Sandoval MJ, Rauschemberger MB, Massheimer VL. The role of sex steroids on cellular events involved in vascular disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:322-30. [PMID: 22903158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work we checked the hypothesis whether estrone, progesterone, and testosterone are able to modulate the interactions between platelets, monocytes, and endothelial cells either under basal or inflammatory conditions. Using adhesion assays we demonstrated that pretreatment of endothelial cells with estrone, progesterone, or testosterone prevented monocytes and platelets adhesion induced by the proinflammatory agent bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The hormones reduced the expression of mRNA of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin, endothelial surface proteins that mediate monocytes and platelets adhesion respectively. Integrins are the main leukocyte proteins that allow firm adhesion. Using flow cytometry we showed that estrone treatment of monocytes reduced CD11b and CD11c expression, either under basal or injury (lipopolysaccharide) conditions. The three steroids inhibited platelet aggregation in a nitric oxide dependent manner. Platelet function was not affected by the steroid treatment. The molecular mechanisms of action exerted by the steroids included the participation of the intracellular signaling pathways PKC, MAPK, and PI3K, which selectively and differentially mediate the stimulation of nitric oxide release. We evidence that estrone, progesterone, and testosterone modulate monocyte and platelet adhesion to endothelial cells, events that play a major role in the initiation and progression of vascular lesions. The steroid action was evidenced under basal or inflammatory conditions. The mechanisms of action exerted by the steroids included stimulation of nitric oxide production and the participation of PKC, MAPK, and PI3K systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Cutini
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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143
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Tao T, Li S, Zhao A, Zhang Y, Liu W. Expression of the CD11c gene in subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with cytokine level and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:705-13. [PMID: 22945299 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in the phenotypes of macrophages in adipose tissue play a key role in inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). The phenotypes of macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and the relationship between proinflammation markers and IR in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain unclear. The objectives of this study are to characterize the gene expression of macrophage markers and cytokines in the SAT of PCOS women and to estimate their relationships with circulating levels of cytokines and IR. METHODS The cross-sectional study involves 16 PCOS women and 18 normal control women. Cytokines and macrophage markers in the circulation and SAT were determined using ELISA, quantitative PCR, or immunofluorescence staining. IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). RESULTS The gene expression levels of CD11c along with TNF α and leptin in SAT remained significantly higher in PCOS women than in normal women (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were found in CD68 mRNA expression in SAT between women with and without PCOS (P>0.05). Furthermore, CD11c mRNA abundance provided a stronger contribution to models predicting serum levels of TNFα (sTNFα) than did CD68 mRNA abundance. Lastly, increased sTNFα was associated with increased HOMA-IR in PCOS women, and this association was independent of both overall and visceral adiposity. CONCLUSION The high expression level of CD11c mRNA in SAT was proved to be an important feature in PCOS women. Furthermore, CD11c mRNA abundance made a stronger contribution to models predicting sTNFα in which existing proinflammatory properties might significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of IR in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Pudong, People's Republic of China
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144
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Welling TH, Fu S, Wan S, Zou W, Marrero JA. Elevated serum IL-8 is associated with the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma and independently predicts survival. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:689-97. [PMID: 23072563 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.732161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immune responses have prognostic importance to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum cytokines may differentiate HCC patients from cirrhotic patients or have prognostic significance. Serum IL-8 was elevated in 90 HCC patients compared to 180 cirrhotic controls, whereas IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-21, and VEGF were similar. IL-8 predicted HCC presence with an area under the receiver-operator curve (ROC) of 0.68. HCC patients with highest IL-8 had worse survival. Multivariate analysis showed that high IL-8 (HR 2.15; 95%CI:1.21-3.74) and stage (HR 1.92; 95%CI:1.22-3.97) independently predicted mortality; while viral etiology was protective (HR 0.69; 95%CI:0.41-0.98). Therefore, HCC IL-8 mediated events may be worthy of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore H Welling
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Sections of Transplantation and Hepatology, University of Michigan Health System, MI 48109, USA.
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145
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Kaur S, Archer KJ, Devi MG, Kriplani A, Strauss JF, Singh R. Differential gene expression in granulosa cells from polycystic ovary syndrome patients with and without insulin resistance: identification of susceptibility gene sets through network analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2016-21. [PMID: 22904171 PMCID: PMC3674289 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous, genetically complex, endocrine disorder of uncertain etiology in women. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare the gene expression profiles in stimulated granulosa cells of PCOS women with and without insulin resistance vs. matched controls. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study included 12 normal ovulatory women (controls), 12 women with PCOS without evidence for insulin resistance (PCOS non-IR), and 16 women with insulin resistance (PCOS-IR) undergoing in vitro fertilization. Granulosa cell gene expression profiling was accomplished using Affymetrix Human Genome-U133 arrays. Differentially expressed genes were classified according to gene ontology using ingenuity pathway analysis tools. Microarray results for selected genes were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS A total of 211 genes were differentially expressed in PCOS non-IR and PCOS-IR granulosa cells (fold change≥1.5; P≤0.001) vs. matched controls. Diabetes mellitus and inflammation genes were significantly increased in PCOS-IR patients. Real-time quantitative PCR confirmed higher expression of NCF2 (2.13-fold), TCF7L2 (1.92-fold), and SERPINA1 (5.35-fold). Increased expression of inflammation genes ITGAX (3.68-fold) and TAB2 (1.86-fold) was confirmed in PCOS non-IR. Different cardiometabolic disease genes were differentially expressed in the two groups. Decreased expression of CAV1 (-3.58-fold) in PCOS non-IR and SPARC (-1.88-fold) in PCOS-IR was confirmed. Differential expression of genes involved in TGF-β signaling (IGF2R, increased; and HAS2, decreased), and oxidative stress (TXNIP, increased) was confirmed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Microarray analysis demonstrated differential expression of genes linked to diabetes mellitus, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and infertility in the granulosa cells of PCOS women with and without insulin resistance. Because these dysregulated genes are also involved in oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling, we hypothesize that these genes may be involved in follicular growth arrest and metabolic disorders associated with the different phenotypes of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surleen Kaur
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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146
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Koltsova EK, Garcia Z, Chodaczek G, Landau M, McArdle S, Scott SR, von Vietinghoff S, Galkina E, Miller YI, Acton ST, Ley K. Dynamic T cell-APC interactions sustain chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3114-26. [PMID: 22886300 DOI: 10.1172/jci61758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries characterized by leukocyte accumulation in the vessel wall. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to atherogenesis, but the identity of atherosclerosis-relevant antigens and the role of antigen presentation in this disease remain poorly characterized. We developed live-cell imaging of explanted aortas to compare the behavior and role of APCs in normal and atherosclerotic mice. We found that CD4+ T cells were capable of interacting with fluorescently labeled (CD11c-YFP+) APCs in the aortic wall in the presence, but not the absence, of cognate antigen. In atherosclerosis-prone Apoe-/-CD11c-YFP+ mice, APCs extensively interacted with CD4+ T cells in the aorta, leading to cell activation and proliferation as well as secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α. These cytokines enhanced uptake of oxidized and minimally modified LDL by macrophages. We conclude that antigen presentation by APCs to CD4+ T cells in the arterial wall causes local T cell activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines, which promote atherosclerosis by maintaining chronic inflammation and inducing foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LIAI), La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Chua GL, Tang XY, Patra AT, Tan SM, Bhattacharjya S. Structure and binding interface of the cytosolic tails of αXβ2 integrin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41924. [PMID: 22844534 PMCID: PMC3406025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrins are signal transducer proteins involved in a number of vital physiological processes including cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. Integrin molecules are hetero-dimers composed of two distinct subunits, α and β. In humans, 18 α and 8 β subunits are combined into 24 different integrin molecules. Each of the subunit comprises a large extracellular domain, a single pass transmembrane segment and a cytosolic tail (CT). The CTs of integrins are vital for bidirectional signal transduction and in maintaining the resting state of the receptors. A large number of intracellular proteins have been found to interact with the CTs of integrins linking integrins to the cytoskeleton. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we have investigated structure and interactions of CTs of the leukocyte specific integrin αXβ2. We determined the atomic resolution structure of a myristoylated CT of αX in perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) by NMR spectroscopy. Our results reveal that the 35-residue long CT of αX adopts an α-helical conformation for residues F4-N17 at the N-terminal region. The remaining residues located at the C-terminal segment of αX delineate a long loop of irregular conformations. A segment of the loop maintains packing interactions with the helical structure by an extended non-polar surface of the αX CT. Interactions between αX and β2 CTs are demonstrated by (15)N-(1)H HSQC NMR experiments. We find that residues constituting the polar face of the helical conformation of αX are involved in interactions with the N-terminal residues of β2 CT. A docked structure of the CT complex indicates that a network of polar and/or salt-bridge interactions may sustain the heteromeric interactions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current study provides important insights into the conservation of interactions and structures among different CTs of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geok-Lin Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alok Tanala Patra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suet-Mien Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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148
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DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Foster GA, Mittal V, Altman SM, Simon SI, Passerini AG. On-chip endothelial inflammatory phenotyping. J Vis Exp 2012:e4169. [PMID: 22847646 DOI: 10.3791/4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis is potentiated by metabolic abnormalities that contribute to a heightened state of systemic inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction. However, early functional changes in endothelium that signify an individual's level of risk are not directly assessed clinically to help guide therapeutic strategy. Moreover, the regulation of inflammation by local hemodynamics contributes to the non-random spatial distribution of atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms are difficult to delineate in vivo. We describe a lab-on-a-chip based approach to quantitatively assay metabolic perturbation of inflammatory events in human endothelial cells (EC) and monocytes under precise flow conditions. Standard methods of soft lithography are used to microfabricate vascular mimetic microfluidic chambers (VMMC), which are bound directly to cultured EC monolayers. These devices have the advantage of using small volumes of reagents while providing a platform for directly imaging the inflammatory events at the membrane of EC exposed to a well-defined shear field. We have successfully applied these devices to investigate cytokine-, lipid- and RAGE-induced inflammation in human aortic EC (HAEC). Here we document the use of the VMMC to assay monocytic cell (THP-1) rolling and arrest on HAEC monolayers that are conditioned under differential shear characteristics and activated by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Studies such as these are providing mechanistic insight into atherosusceptibility under metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
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149
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Brown AL, Zhu X, Rong S, Shewale S, Seo J, Boudyguina E, Gebre AK, Alexander-Miller MA, Parks JS. Omega-3 fatty acids ameliorate atherosclerosis by favorably altering monocyte subsets and limiting monocyte recruitment to aortic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2122-30. [PMID: 22814747 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fish oil, containing omega-3 fatty acids, attenuates atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acid-enriched oils are atheroprotective through alteration of monocyte subsets and their trafficking into atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout and apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice were fed diets containing 10% (calories) palm oil and 0.2% cholesterol, supplemented with an additional 10% palm oil, echium oil (containing 18:4 n-3), or fish oil. Compared with palm oil-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice, echium oil and fish oil significantly reduced plasma cholesterol, splenic Ly6C(hi) monocytosis by ≈50%, atherosclerosis by 40% to 70%, monocyte trafficking into the aortic root by ≈50%, and atherosclerotic lesion macrophage content by 30% to 44%. In contrast, atherosclerosis and monocyte trafficking into the artery wall was not altered by omega-3 fatty acids in apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice; however, Ly6C(hi) splenic monocytes positively correlated with aortic root intimal area across all diet groups. In apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice, fish oil reduced the percentage of blood Ly6C(hi) monocytes, despite an average 2-fold higher plasma cholesterol relative to palm oil. CONCLUSIONS The presence of splenic Ly6C(hi) monocytes parallels the appearance of atherosclerotic disease in both low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout and apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids favorably alter monocyte subsets independently from effects on plasma cholesterol and reduce monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
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150
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The leucocyte β2 (CD18) integrins: the structure, functional regulation and signalling properties. Biosci Rep 2012; 32:241-69. [PMID: 22458844 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocytes are highly motile cells. Their ability to migrate into tissues and organs is dependent on cell adhesion molecules. The integrins are a family of heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that are also signalling receptors. They are involved in many biological processes, including the development of metazoans, immunity, haemostasis, wound healing and cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. The leucocyte-restricted β2 integrins comprise four members, namely αLβ2, αMβ2, αXβ2 and αDβ2, which are required for a functional immune system. In this paper, the structure, functional regulation and signalling properties of these integrins are reviewed.
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