101
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Herbet G, Duffau H. Revisiting the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain: Toward a Meta-Networking Theory of Cerebral Functions. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1181-1228. [PMID: 32078778 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than one century, brain processing was mainly thought in a localizationist framework, in which one given function was underpinned by a discrete, isolated cortical area, and with a similar cerebral organization across individuals. However, advances in brain mapping techniques in humans have provided new insights into the organizational principles of anatomo-functional architecture. Here, we review recent findings gained from neuroimaging, electrophysiological, as well as lesion studies. Based on these recent data on brain connectome, we challenge the traditional, outdated localizationist view and propose an alternative meta-networking theory. This model holds that complex cognitions and behaviors arise from the spatiotemporal integration of distributed but relatively specialized networks underlying conation and cognition (e.g., language, spatial cognition). Dynamic interactions between such circuits result in a perpetual succession of new equilibrium states, opening the door to considerable interindividual behavioral variability and to neuroplastic phenomena. Indeed, a meta-networking organization underlies the uniquely human propensity to learn complex abilities, and also explains how postlesional reshaping can lead to some degrees of functional compensation in brain-damaged patients. We discuss the major implications of this approach in fundamental neurosciences as well as for clinical developments, especially in neurology, psychiatry, neurorehabilitation, and restorative neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Herbet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France; Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors," INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France; and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France; Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors," INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France; and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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102
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Branco P, Seixas D, Castro SL. Mapping language with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging: A study on the functional profile of the language network. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:545-560. [PMID: 31609045 PMCID: PMC7268076 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) is a promising technique for language mapping that does not require task-execution. This can be an advantage when language mapping is limited by poor task performance, as is common in clinical settings. Previous studies have shown that language maps extracted with rsfMRI spatially match their task-based homologs, but no study has yet demonstrated the direct participation of the rsfMRI language network in language processes. This demonstration is critically important because spatial similarity can be influenced by the overlap of domain-general regions that are recruited during task-execution. Furthermore, it is unclear which processes are captured by the language network: does it map rather low-level or high-level (e.g., syntactic and lexico-semantic) language processes? We first identified the rsfMRI language network and then investigated task-based responses within its regions when processing stimuli of increasing linguistic content: symbols, pseudowords, words, pseudosentences and sentences. The language network responded only to language stimuli (not to symbols), and higher linguistic content elicited larger brain responses. The left fronto-parietal, the default mode, and the dorsal attention networks were examined and yet none showed language involvement. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the language network extracted through rsfMRI is able to map language in the brain, including regions subtending higher-level syntactic and semantic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Branco
- Centre for PsychologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Daniela Seixas
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - São L. Castro
- Centre for PsychologyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
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103
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Seitzman BA, Gratton C, Marek S, Raut RV, Dosenbach NUF, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE, Greene DJ. A set of functionally-defined brain regions with improved representation of the subcortex and cerebellum. Neuroimage 2020; 206:116290. [PMID: 31634545 PMCID: PMC6981071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of network-based analysis is robust node definition. This issue is critical for functional brain network analyses, as poor node choice can lead to spurious findings and misleading inferences about functional brain organization. Two sets of functional brain nodes from our group are well represented in the literature: (1) 264 volumetric regions of interest (ROIs) reported in Power et al., 2011, and (2) 333 cortical surface parcels reported in Gordon et al., 2016. However, subcortical and cerebellar structures are either incompletely captured or missing from these ROI sets. Therefore, properties of functional network organization involving the subcortex and cerebellum may be underappreciated thus far. Here, we apply a winner-take-all partitioning method to resting-state fMRI data to generate novel functionally-constrained ROIs in the thalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We validate these ROIs in three datasets using several criteria, including agreement with existing literature and anatomical atlases. Further, we demonstrate that combining these ROIs with established cortical ROIs recapitulates and extends previously described functional network organization. This new set of ROIs is made publicly available for general use, including a full list of MNI coordinates and functional network labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Seitzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Scott Marek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Ryan V Raut
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Engineering and Applied Science, One Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Engineering and Applied Science, One Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis- School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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104
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Damage to the shortest structural paths between brain regions is associated with disruptions of resting-state functional connectivity after stroke. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116589. [PMID: 32007498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal brain lesions disrupt resting-state functional connectivity, but the underlying structural mechanisms are unclear. Here, we examined the direct and indirect effects of structural disconnections on resting-state functional connectivity in a large sample of sub-acute stroke patients with heterogeneous brain lesions. We estimated the impact of each patient's lesion on the structural connectome by embedding the lesion in a diffusion MRI streamline tractography atlas constructed using data from healthy individuals. We defined direct disconnections as the loss of direct structural connections between two regions, and indirect disconnections as increases in the shortest structural path length between two regions that lack direct structural connections. We then tested the hypothesis that functional connectivity disruptions would be more severe for disconnected regions than for regions with spared connections. On average, nearly 20% of all region pairs were estimated to be either directly or indirectly disconnected by the lesions in our sample, and extensive disconnections were associated primarily with damage to deep white matter locations. Importantly, both directly and indirectly disconnected region pairs showed more severe functional connectivity disruptions than region pairs with spared direct and indirect connections, respectively, although functional connectivity disruptions tended to be most severe between region pairs that sustained direct structural disconnections. Together, these results emphasize the widespread impacts of focal brain lesions on the structural connectome and show that these impacts are reflected by disruptions of the functional connectome. Further, they indicate that in addition to direct structural disconnections, lesion-induced increases in the structural shortest path lengths between indirectly structurally connected region pairs provide information about the remote functional disruptions caused by focal brain lesions.
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105
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Miller TD, Chong TTJ, Aimola Davies AM, Johnson MR, Irani SR, Husain M, Ng TWC, Jacob S, Maddison P, Kennard C, Gowland PA, Rosenthal CR. Human hippocampal CA3 damage disrupts both recent and remote episodic memories. eLife 2020; 9:e41836. [PMID: 31976861 PMCID: PMC6980860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical-hippocampal interactions support new episodic (event) memories, but there is conflicting evidence about the dependence of remote episodic memories on the hippocampus. In line with systems consolidation and computational theories of episodic memory, evidence from model organisms suggests that the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) hippocampal subfield supports recent, but not remote, episodic retrieval. In this study, we demonstrated that recent and remote memories were susceptible to a loss of episodic detail in human participants with focal bilateral damage to CA3. Graph theoretic analyses of 7.0-Tesla resting-state fMRI data revealed that CA3 damage disrupted functional integration across the medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem of the default network. The loss of functional integration in MTL subsystem regions was predictive of autobiographical episodic retrieval performance. We conclude that human CA3 is necessary for the retrieval of episodic memories long after their initial acquisition and functional integration of the default network is important for autobiographical episodic memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Miller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Trevor T-J Chong
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical NeurosciencesMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Anne M Aimola Davies
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Research School of PsychologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Michael R Johnson
- Division of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tammy WC Ng
- Department of AnaesthesticsRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Saiju Jacob
- Neurology Department, Queen Elizabeth Neuroscience CentreUniversity Hospitals of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Maddison
- Neurology DepartmentQueen’s Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher Kennard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Clive R Rosenthal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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106
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Wu K, Liu M, He L, Tan Y. Abnormal degree centrality in delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning: a resting-state fMRI study. Neuroradiology 2020; 62:609-616. [PMID: 31955235 PMCID: PMC7186243 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To explore neuropathologic mechanisms in functional brain regions in patients with delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP) from the perspective of the brain network nodes by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Methods The fMRI and cognitive assessments were performed in 25 patients with DEACMP and 25 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs). Data analysis was performed via the degree centrality (DC) method. Then, the associations between the cognitive assessments and DC in the identified abnormal brain regions were assessed by using a correlation analysis. Results Compared with the HCs, the DEACMP patients displayed significantly decreased DC values in the right superior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right angular gyrus, right marginal gyrus, right hippocampus, and left thalamus but increased DC values in the right inferior frontal gyrus, right cingulate gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left medial temporal gyrus, right lingual gyrus, and right posterior cerebellar lobe, pons, and midbrain (GRF correction, voxel P value < 0.001, cluster P value < 0.01). The correlation analysis in the DEACMP group revealed that there was a negative correlation between the DC values in the right hippocampus and MMSE scores, whereas a positive correlation was observed in the right cingulate gyrus. Conclusions Patients with DEACMP exhibited abnormal degree centrality in the brain network. This finding may provide a new approach for examining the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying DEACMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Laichang He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yongming Tan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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107
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Gupta S, Rajapakse JC, Welsch RE. Ambivert degree identifies crucial brain functional hubs and improves detection of Alzheimer's Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 25:102186. [PMID: 32000101 PMCID: PMC7042673 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional modules in the human brain support its drive for specialization whereas brain hubs act as focal points for information integration. Brain hubs are brain regions that have a large number of both within and between module connections. We argue that weak connections in brain functional networks lead to misclassification of brain regions as hubs. In order to resolve this, we propose a new measure called ambivert degree that considers the node's degree as well as connection weights in order to identify nodes with both high degree and high connection weights as hubs. Using resting-state functional MRI scans from the Human Connectome Project, we show that ambivert degree identifies brain hubs that are not only crucial but also invariable across subjects. We hypothesize that nodal measures based on ambivert degree can be effectively used to classify patients from healthy controls for diseases that are known to have widespread hub disruption. Using patient data for Alzheimer's Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder, we show that the hubs in the patient and healthy groups are very different for both the diseases and deep feedforward neural networks trained on nodal hub features lead to a significantly higher classification accuracy with significantly fewer trainable weights compared to using functional connectivity features. Thus, the ambivert degree improves identification of crucial brain hubs in healthy subjects and can be used as a diagnostic feature to detect neurological diseases characterized by hub disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrit Gupta
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jagath C Rajapakse
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Roy E Welsch
- MIT Center for Statistics and Data Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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108
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Gordon EM, Lynch CJ, Gratton C, Laumann TO, Gilmore AW, Greene DJ, Ortega M, Nguyen AL, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE, Dosenbach NUF, Nelson SM. Three Distinct Sets of Connector Hubs Integrate Human Brain Function. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1687-1695.e4. [PMID: 30110625 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over behavior is enabled by the brain's control networks, which interact with lower-level sensory motor and default networks to regulate their functions. Such interactions are facilitated by specialized "connector hub" regions that interconnect discrete networks. Previous work has treated hubs as a single category of brain regions, although their unitary nature is dubious when examined in individual brains. Here we investigated the nature of hubs by using fMRI to characterize individual-specific hub regions in two independent datasets. We identified three separable sets of connector hubs that integrate information between specific brain networks. These three hub categories occupy different positions within the brain's network structure; they affect networks differently when artificially lesioned, and they are differentially engaged during cognitive and motor task performance. This work suggests a model of brain organization in which different connector hubs integrate control functions and enable top-down control of separate processing streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gordon
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76789, USA.
| | - Charles J Lynch
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrian W Gilmore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mario Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven M Nelson
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76789, USA
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109
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Zhang W, Chen J, Ren G, Tang F, Liu Q, Li H. Negatively Linking Connector Networks in Cognitive Control of Affective Pictures. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1069. [PMID: 31708720 PMCID: PMC6823191 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control of emotions depends on intermodular long-distance communications. However, negative connections between connector hubs are removed by traditional hard-thresholding approach in graph-theoretical research. Using soft-thresholding approach to reserve negative links, we explore time-varying features of connector hubs in intermodular communications during cognitive control of affective pictures. We develop a novel approach to sparse functional networks and construct negatively linking connector networks for positive, negative, and neutral pictures. We find that consisting of flexible hubs, the frontoparietal system dynamically top–down inhibits neural activities through negative connections from the salience subnetwork and visual processing area. Moreover, the shared connectors form functional backbones that dynamically reconfigure according to differently-valenced pictures in order to coordinate both stability and flexibility of cognitive connector networks. These results reveal the necessity of conserving negative links between intermodular communications in chronnectome research and deepen the understanding of how connector networks dynamically evolute during cognitive control of affective processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Zhang
- College of Education Science, The Big Data Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and AI, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China.,Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guofang Ren
- School of Education, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, China
| | - Fanggui Tang
- College of Education Science, The Big Data Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and AI, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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110
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Arbula S, Ambrosini E, Della Puppa A, De Pellegrin S, Anglani M, Denaro L, Piccione F, D'Avella D, Semenza C, Corbetta M, Vallesi A. Focal left prefrontal lesions and cognitive impairment: A multivariate lesion-symptom mapping approach. Neuropsychologia 2019; 136:107253. [PMID: 31706982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite network studies of the human brain have brought consistent evidence of brain regions with diverse functional roles, the neuropsychological approach has mainly focused on the functional specialization of individual brain regions. Relatively few neuropsychological studies try to understand whether the severity of cognitive impairment across multiple cognitive abilities can be related to focal brain injuries. Here we approached this issue by applying a latent variable modeling of the severity of cognitive impairment in brain tumor patients, followed by multivariate lesion-symptom methods identifying brain regions critically involved in multiple cognitive abilities. We observed that lesions in confined left lateral prefrontal areas including the inferior frontal junction produced the most severe cognitive deficits, above and beyond tumor histology. Our findings support the recently suggested integrated albeit modular view of brain functional organization, according to which specific brain regions are highly involved across different sub-networks and subserve a vast range of cognitive abilities. Defining such brain regions is relevant not only theoretically but also clinically, since it may facilitate tailored tumor resections and improve cognitive surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Arbula
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy; Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ettore Ambrosini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy; Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Denaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy; Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova Medical School, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging & Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Domenico D'Avella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy; Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova Medical School, Italy
| | - Carlo Semenza
- Department of Neuroscience & Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience & Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Brain Imaging & Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy; Department of Neuroscience & Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy.
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111
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Wang C, Hu Y, Weng J, Chen F, Liu H. Modular segregation of task-dependent brain networks contributes to the development of executive function in children. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116334. [PMID: 31704295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) refers as to a set of high-level cognitive abilities that are critical to many aspects of daily life. Despite its importance in human daily life, the neural networks responsible for the development of EF in childhood are not well understood. The present study thus aimed to examine the development of task-dependent brain network organization and its relationship to age-related improvements in EF. To address this issue, we recruited eighty-eight Chinese children ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old, and collected their functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data when they performed an EF task. By utilizing graph theory, we found that the task-dependent brain network modules became increasingly segregated with age. Specifically, the intra-module connections within the default-mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal network (FPN) and sensorimotor network (SMN) increased significantly with age. In contrast, the inter-module connections of the visual network to both the FPN/SMN decreased significantly with age. Most importantly, modular segregation of the FPN significantly mediated the relationship between age and EF performance. These findings add to our growing understanding of how development changes in task-dependent brain network organization support vast behavioral improvements in EF observed during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Center of Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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112
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Dressing A, Kaller CP, Nitschke K, Beume LA, Kuemmerer D, Schmidt CS, Bormann T, Umarova RM, Egger K, Rijntjes M, Weiller C, Martin M. Neural correlates of acute apraxia: Evidence from lesion data and functional MRI in stroke patients. Cortex 2019; 120:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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113
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Farooq H, Chen Y, Georgiou TT, Tannenbaum A, Lenglet C. Network curvature as a hallmark of brain structural connectivity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4937. [PMID: 31666510 PMCID: PMC6821808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although brain functionality is often remarkably robust to lesions and other insults, it may be fragile when these take place in specific locations. Previous attempts to quantify robustness and fragility sought to understand how the functional connectivity of brain networks is affected by structural changes, using either model-based predictions or empirical studies of the effects of lesions. We advance a geometric viewpoint relying on a notion of network curvature, the so-called Ollivier-Ricci curvature. This approach has been proposed to assess financial market robustness and to differentiate biological networks of cancer cells from healthy ones. Here, we apply curvature-based measures to brain structural networks to identify robust and fragile brain regions in healthy subjects. We show that curvature can also be used to track changes in brain connectivity related to age and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and we obtain results that are in agreement with previous MRI studies. The brain can often continue to function despite lesions in many areas, but damage to particular locations may have serious effects. Here, the authors use the concept of Ollivier-Ricci curvature to investigate the robustness of brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Farooq
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Yongxin Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tryphon T Georgiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christophe Lenglet
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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114
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Saenger VM, Ponce-Alvarez A, Adhikari M, Hagmann P, Deco G, Corbetta M. Linking Entropy at Rest with the Underlying Structural Connectivity in the Healthy and Lesioned Brain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2948-2958. [PMID: 28981635 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a network that mediates information processing through a wide range of states. The extent of state diversity is a reflection of the entropy of the network. Here we measured the entropy of brain regions (nodes) in empirical and modeled functional networks reconstructed from resting state fMRI to address the connection of entropy at rest with the underlying structure measured through diffusion spectrum imaging. Using 18 empirical and 18 modeled stroke networks, we also investigated the effect that focal lesions have on node entropy and information diffusion. Overall, positive correlations between node entropy and structure were observed, especially between node entropy and node strength in both empirical and modeled data. Although lesions were restricted to one hemisphere in all stroke patients, entropy reduction was not only present in nodes from the damaged hemisphere, but also in nodes from the contralesioned hemisphere, an effect replicated in modeled stroke networks. Globally, information diffusion was also affected in empirical and modeled strokes compared with healthy controls. This is the first study showing that artificial lesions affect local and global network aspects in very similar ways compared with empirical strokes, shedding new light into the functional nature of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Saenger
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Ponce-Alvarez
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit Adhikari
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Signal Processing Laboratory 5 (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituci Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avanats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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115
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Kayser AS. Functional imaging. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 163:61-72. [PMID: 31590748 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional imaging methodology has revolutionized our ability to understand brain-behavior relationships. In contrast with the static images obtained with standard imaging methods, functional images permit us to track brain activity as humans view stimuli, hear sounds, consider choices, and make decisions. The insights now possible because of this technology have not only provided new potential markers for disease but have also permitted questions of neural mechanism to be addressed in living humans. Because of the breadth and depth of research that directly or tangentially touches upon functional imaging, it is impossible to do justice to the various subfields, analysis streams, and methodological complexities in one chapter. Instead, this chapter will provide a brief overview of the underlying conceptual framework, basic analytic techniques, and details of the imaging methodologies available for the acquisition of functional imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Kayser
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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116
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Aben HP, Biessels GJ, Weaver NA, Spikman JM, Visser-Meily JM, de Kort PL, Reijmer YD, Jansen BP. Extent to Which Network Hubs Are Affected by Ischemic Stroke Predicts Cognitive Recovery. Stroke 2019; 50:2768-2774. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
It is uncertain what determines the potential for cognitive recovery after ischemic stroke. The extent to which strategic areas of the brain network, so-called hubs, are affected by the infarct could be a key factor. We developed a lesion impact score, which estimates the damage to network hubs by integrating information on infarct size with healthy brain network topology. We verified whether the lesion impact score indeed reflects global network disturbances in patients and assessed if it could predict cognitive recovery.
Methods—
Seventy-five ischemic stroke patients without signs of a prestroke cognitive disorder were included, all with evidence of a cognitive disorder during hospitalization. A brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological assessment were performed 5 weeks (±1 week) after stroke. Neuropsychological testing was repeated after 1 year to assess cognitive recovery. Brain networks were reconstructed from diffusion-weighted data and consisted of 90 gray matter regions (ie, network nodes). A standard brain network map, indicating the hub-score of each node, was obtained from network data of 44 cognitively healthy adults. For each patient, we calculated the lesion impact score by multiplying the percentage of node volume affected by the infarct with the node’s corresponding hub-score. The patients’ maximum lesion impact score was used as outcome predictor.
Results—
A higher lesion impact score in patients, indicating an increasing infarct size in nodes with a higher hub-score, was related to lower global brain network efficiency (β=−0.528 [−0.776 to −0.277];
P
<0.001), independent of age, brain volume, infarct volume, and white matter hyperintensity severity. A lower lesion impact score, however, was an independent predictor of cognitive recovery 1 year after stroke (odds ratio=0.434 [0.193–0.978];
P
=0.044).
Conclusions—
We introduced a lesion impact score that combines information on infarct size and network topology to predict long-term recovery after stroke. This score can potentially be used in a clinical setting, also without availability of high-resolution diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo P. Aben
- From the Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands (H.P.A., P.L.M.d.K.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.P.A., G.J.B., N.A.W., Y.D.R.), UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.P.A., G.J.B., N.A.W., Y.D.R.), UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
| | - Nick A. Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.P.A., G.J.B., N.A.W., Y.D.R.), UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M. Spikman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (J.M.S.)
| | - Johanna M.A. Visser-Meily
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports (J.M.A.V.-M.), UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
| | - Paul L.M. de Kort
- From the Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands (H.P.A., P.L.M.d.K.)
| | - Yael D. Reijmer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.P.A., G.J.B., N.A.W., Y.D.R.), UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands
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117
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Faci-Lázaro S, Soriano J, Gómez-Gardeñes J. Impact of targeted attack on the spontaneous activity in spatial and biologically-inspired neuronal networks. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:083126. [PMID: 31472487 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the structural and dynamical consequences of damage in spatial neuronal networks. Inspired by real in vitro networks, we construct directed networks embedded in a two-dimensional space and follow biological rules for designing the wiring of the system. As a result, synthetic cultures display strong metric correlations similar to those observed in real experiments. In its turn, neuronal dynamics is incorporated through the Izhikevich model adopting the parameters derived from observation in real cultures. We consider two scenarios for damage, targeted attacks on those neurons with the highest out-degree and random failures. By analyzing the evolution of both the giant connected component and the dynamical patterns of the neurons as nodes are removed, we observe that network activity halts for a removal of 50% of the nodes in targeted attacks, much lower than the 70% node removal required in the case of random failures. Notably, the decrease of neuronal activity is not gradual. Both damage scenarios portray "boosts" of activity just before full silencing that are not present in equivalent random (Erdös-Rényi) graphs. These boosts correspond to small, spatially compact subnetworks that are able to maintain high levels of activity. Since these subnetworks are absent in the equivalent random graphs, we hypothesize that metric correlations facilitate the existence of local circuits sufficiently integrated to maintain activity, shaping an intrinsic mechanism for resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Faci-Lázaro
- GOTHAM Lab, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Gardeñes
- GOTHAM Lab, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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118
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Bayrak Ş, Khalil AA, Villringer K, Fiebach JB, Villringer A, Margulies DS, Ovadia-Caro S. The impact of ischemic stroke on connectivity gradients. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:101947. [PMID: 31376644 PMCID: PMC6676042 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional organization of the brain can be represented as a low-dimensional space that reflects its macroscale hierarchy. The dimensions of this space, described as connectivity gradients, capture the similarity of areas' connections along a continuous space. Studying how pathological perturbations with known effects on functional connectivity affect these connectivity gradients provides support for their biological relevance. Previous work has shown that localized lesions cause widespread functional connectivity alterations in structurally intact areas, affecting a network of interconnected regions. By using acute stroke as a model of the effects of focal lesions on the connectome, we apply the connectivity gradient framework to depict how functional reorganization occurs throughout the brain, unrestricted by traditional definitions of functional network boundaries. We define a three-dimensional connectivity space template based on functional connectivity data from healthy controls. By projecting lesion locations into this space, we demonstrate that ischemic strokes result in dimension-specific alterations in functional connectivity over the first week after symptom onset. Specifically, changes in functional connectivity were captured along connectivity Gradients 1 and 3. The degree of functional connectivity change was associated with the distance from the lesion along these connectivity gradients (a measure of functional similarity) regardless of the anatomical distance from the lesion. Together, these results provide support for the biological validity of connectivity gradients and suggest a novel framework to characterize connectivity alterations after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Bayrak
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kersten Villringer
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen B Fiebach
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.
| | - Smadar Ovadia-Caro
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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119
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Gratton C, Laumann TO, Nielsen AN, Greene DJ, Gordon EM, Gilmore AW, Nelson SM, Coalson RS, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Dosenbach NUF, Petersen SE. Functional Brain Networks Are Dominated by Stable Group and Individual Factors, Not Cognitive or Daily Variation. Neuron 2019; 98:439-452.e5. [PMID: 29673485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The organization of human brain networks can be measured by capturing correlated brain activity with fMRI. There is considerable interest in understanding how brain networks vary across individuals or neuropsychiatric populations or are altered during the performance of specific behaviors. However, the plausibility and validity of such measurements is dependent on the extent to which functional networks are stable over time or are state dependent. We analyzed data from nine high-quality, highly sampled individuals to parse the magnitude and anatomical distribution of network variability across subjects, sessions, and tasks. Critically, we find that functional networks are dominated by common organizational principles and stable individual features, with substantially more modest contributions from task-state and day-to-day variability. Sources of variation were differentially distributed across the brain and differentially linked to intrinsic and task-evoked sources. We conclude that functional networks are suited to measuring stable individual characteristics, suggesting utility in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ashley N Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Adrian W Gilmore
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven M Nelson
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Rebecca S Coalson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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120
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Differences in structural and functional networks between young adult and aged rat brains before and after stroke lesion simulations. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 126:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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121
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Baniqued PL, Gallen CL, Kranz MB, Kramer AF, D'Esposito M. Brain network modularity predicts cognitive training-related gains in young adults. Neuropsychologia 2019; 131:205-215. [PMID: 31132420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain operates via networked activity in separable groups of regions called modules. The quantification of modularity compares the number of connections within and between modules, with high modularity indicating greater segregation, or dense connections within sub-networks and sparse connections between sub-networks. Previous work has demonstrated that baseline brain network modularity predicts executive function outcomes in older adults and patients with traumatic brain injury after cognitive and exercise interventions. In healthy young adults, however, the functional significance of brain modularity in predicting training-related cognitive improvements is not fully understood. Here, we quantified brain network modularity in young adults who underwent cognitive training with casual video games that engaged working memory and reasoning processes. Network modularity assessed at baseline was positively correlated with training-related improvements on untrained tasks. The relationship between baseline modularity and training gain was especially evident in initially lower performing individuals and was not present in a group of control participants that did not show training-related gains. These results suggest that a more modular brain network organization may allow for greater training responsiveness. On a broader scale, these findings suggest that, particularly in low-performing individuals, global network properties can capture aspects of brain function that are important in understanding individual differences in learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Baniqued
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801.
| | - Courtney L Gallen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158; Neuroscape, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158
| | - Michael B Kranz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801; Psychology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720
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122
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Tao Y, Rapp B. The effects of lesion and treatment-related recovery on functional network modularity in post-stroke dysgraphia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101865. [PMID: 31146116 PMCID: PMC6538967 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the neural network properties that support cognitive recovery after a brain lesion is important for our understanding of human neuroplasticity and may have valuable clinical implications. In fifteen individuals with chronic, acquired written language deficits subsequent to left-hemisphere stroke, we used task-based functional connectivity to evaluate the relationship between the graph-theoretic measures (modularity, participation coefficient and within-module degree z-score) and written language production accuracy before and after behavioral treatment. A reference modular structure and local and global hubs identified from healthy controls formed the basis of the analyses. Overall, the investigation revealed that less modular networks with greater global and lower local integration were associated with greater deficit severity and lower response to treatment. Furthermore, we found treatment-induced increases in modularity and local integration measures. In particular, local integration within intact ventral occipital-temporal regions of the spelling network showed the greatest increase in local integration following treatment. This investigation significantly extends previous research by using task-based (rather than resting-state) functional connectivity to examine a larger set of network characteristics in the evaluation of treatment-induced recovery and by including comparisons with control participants. The findings demonstrate the relevance of network modularity for understanding the neuroplasticity supporting functional neural reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tao
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
| | - Brenda Rapp
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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123
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Ovadia-Caro S, Khalil AA, Sehm B, Villringer A, Nikulin VV, Nazarova M. Predicting the Response to Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:302. [PMID: 31001190 PMCID: PMC6454031 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Ovadia-Caro
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vadim V. Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Nazarova
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, The Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Federal State Budget Institution, Moscow, Russia
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124
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Gallen CL, D'Esposito M. Brain Modularity: A Biomarker of Intervention-related Plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:293-304. [PMID: 30827796 PMCID: PMC6750199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interventions using methods such as cognitive training and aerobic exercise have shown potential to enhance cognitive abilities. However, there is often pronounced individual variability in the magnitude of these gains. Here, we propose that brain network modularity, a measure of brain subnetwork segregation, is a unifying biomarker of intervention-related plasticity. We present work from multiple independent studies demonstrating that individual differences in baseline brain modularity predict gains in cognitive control functions across several populations and interventions, spanning healthy adults to patients with clinical deficits and cognitive training to aerobic exercise. We believe that this predictive framework provides a foundation for developing targeted, personalized interventions to improve cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Gallen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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125
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Hilger K, Fiebach CJ. ADHD symptoms are associated with the modular structure of intrinsic brain networks in a representative sample of healthy adults. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:567-588. [PMID: 31089485 PMCID: PMC6497005 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders with significant and often lifelong effects on social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Influential neurocognitive models of ADHD link behavioral symptoms to altered connections between and within functional brain networks. Here, we investigate whether network-based theories of ADHD can be generalized to understanding variations in ADHD-related behaviors within the normal (i.e., clinically unaffected) adult population. In a large and representative sample, self-rated presence of ADHD symptoms varied widely; only 8 out of 291 participants scored in the clinical range. Subject-specific brain network graphs were modeled from functional MRI resting-state data and revealed significant associations between (nonclinical) ADHD symptoms and region-specific profiles of between-module and within-module connectivity. Effects were located in brain regions associated with multiple neuronal systems including the default-mode network, the salience network, and the central executive system. Our results are consistent with network perspectives of ADHD and provide further evidence for the relevance of an appropriate information transfer between task-negative (default-mode) and task-positive brain regions. More generally, our findings support a dimensional conceptualization of ADHD and contribute to a growing understanding of cognition as an emerging property of functional brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian J. Fiebach
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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126
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Ptak R, Lazeyras F. Functional connectivity and the failure to retrieve meaning from shape in visual object agnosia. Brain Cogn 2019; 131:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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127
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Jonker F, Weeda W, Rauwerda K, Scherder E. The bridge between cognition and behavior in acquired brain injury: A graph theoretical approach. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01208. [PMID: 30729721 PMCID: PMC6422716 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assumption is that executive dysfunctions (EF), associated with frontal lobe injury, are responsible for behavioral disturbances. Some studies do not find a relationship between EF and behavior following frontal lobe lesions. Our main goal of this study was to use a novel statistical method, graph theory, to analyze this relationship in different brain injury groups; frontal lobe damage, non-frontal lobe damage, and controls. Within the frontal group, we expect to find a pattern of executive nodes that are highly interconnected. METHODS For each group, we modeled the relationship between executive functions and behavior as a network of interdependent variables. The cognitive tests and the behavioral questionnaire are the "nodes" in the network, while the relationships between the nodes were modeled as the correlations between two nodes corrected for the correlation with all other nodes in the network. Sparse networks were estimated within each group using graphical LASSO. We analyzed the relative importance of the nodes within a network (centrality) and the clustering (modularity) of the different nodes. RESULTS Network analysis showed distinct patterns of relationships between EF and behavior in the three subgroups. The performance on the verbal learning test is the most central node in all the networks. In the frontal group, verbal memory forms a community with working memory and fluency. The behavioral nodes do not differentiate between groups or form clusters with cognitive nodes. No other communities were found for cognitive and behavioral nodes. CONCLUSION The cognitive phenotype of the frontal lobe damaged group, with its stability and proportion, might be theoretically interpreted as a potential "buffer" for possible cognitive executive deficits. This might explain some of the ambiguity found in the literature. This alternative approach on cognitive test scores provides a different and possibly complimentary perspective of the neuropsychology of brain-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jonker
- Vesalius, Centre for NeuropsychiatryGGZ AltrechtWoerdenThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical NeuropsychologyVU Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Weeda
- Department of Methodology and StatisticsLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kim Rauwerda
- Vesalius, Centre for NeuropsychiatryGGZ AltrechtWoerdenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik Scherder
- Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Section Clinical NeuropsychologyVU Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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128
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Thalamocortical network: a core structure for integrative multimodal vestibular functions. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:154-164. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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129
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Modular architecture of metabolic brain network and its effects on the spread of perturbation impact. Neuroimage 2019; 186:146-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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130
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Faskhodi MM, Einalou Z, Dadgostar M. Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using resting-state fMRI and graph theory. Technol Health Care 2018; 26:921-931. [DOI: 10.3233/thc-181312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Einalou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Dadgostar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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131
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Alderson TH, Bokde ALW, Kelso JAS, Maguire L, Coyle D. Metastable neural dynamics in Alzheimer's disease are disrupted by lesions to the structural connectome. Neuroimage 2018; 183:438-455. [PMID: 30130642 PMCID: PMC6374703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theory suggests brain regions interact to reconcile the competing demands of integration and segregation by leveraging metastable dynamics. An emerging consensus recognises the importance of metastability in healthy neural dynamics where the transition between network states over time is dependent upon the structural connectivity between brain regions. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) - the most common form of dementia - these couplings are progressively weakened, metastability of neural dynamics are reduced and cognitive ability is impaired. Accordingly, we use a joint empirical and computational approach to reveal how behaviourally relevant changes in neural metastability are contingent on the structural integrity of the anatomical connectome. We estimate the metastability of fMRI BOLD signal in subjects from across the AD spectrum and in healthy controls and demonstrate the dissociable effects of structural disconnection on synchrony versus metastability. In addition, we reveal the critical role of metastability in general cognition by demonstrating the link between an individuals cognitive performance and their metastable neural dynamic. Finally, using whole-brain computer modelling, we demonstrate how a healthy neural dynamic is conditioned upon the topological integrity of the structural connectome. Overall, the results of our joint computational and empirical analysis suggest an important causal relationship between metastable neural dynamics, cognition, and the structural efficiency of the anatomical connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J A Scott Kelso
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, UK; Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
| | - Liam Maguire
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, UK
| | - Damien Coyle
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, UK
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132
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Yin LK, Zheng JJ, Tian JQ, Hao XZ, Li CC, Ye JD, Zhang YX, Yu H, Yang YM. Abnormal Gray Matter Structural Networks in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:356. [PMID: 30498441 PMCID: PMC6249342 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is known as a treatable form of dementia. Network analysis is emerging as a useful method to study neurological disorder diseases. No study has examined changes of structural brain networks of iNPH patients. We aimed to investigate alterations in the gray matter (GM) structural network of iNPH patients compared with normal elderly volunteers. Materials and Methods: Structural networks were reconstructed using covariance between regional GM volumes extracted from three-dimensional T1-weighted images of 29 possible iNPH patients and 30 demographically similar normal-control (NC) participants and compared with each other. Results: Global network modularity was significantly larger in the iNPH network (P < 0.05). Global network measures were not significantly different between the two networks (P > 0.05). Regional network analysis demonstrated eight nodes with significantly decreased betweenness located in the bilateral frontal, right temporal, right insula and right posterior cingulate regions, whereas only the left anterior cingulate was detected with significantly larger betweenness. The hubs of the iNPH network were mostly located in temporal areas and the limbic lobe, those of the NC network were mainly located in frontal areas. Conclusions: Network analysis was a promising method to study iNPH. Increased network modularity of the iNPH group was detected here, and modularity analysis should be paid much attention to explore the biomarker to select shunting-responsive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Kang Yin
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jun Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Tian
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Zhu Hao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan-Chan Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ding Ye
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Zhang
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Mei Yang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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133
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Bertolero MA, Yeo BTT, Bassett DS, D'Esposito M. A mechanistic model of connector hubs, modularity and cognition. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:765-777. [PMID: 30631825 PMCID: PMC6322416 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human brain network is modular-comprised of communities of tightly interconnected nodes1. This network contains local hubs, which have many connections within their own communities, and connector hubs, which have connections diversely distributed across communities2,3. A mechanistic understanding of these hubs and how they support cognition has not been demonstrated. Here, we leveraged individual differences in hub connectivity and cognition. We show that a model of hub connectivity accurately predicts the cognitive performance of 476 individuals in four distinct tasks. Moreover, there is a general optimal network structure for cognitive performance-individuals with diversely connected hubs and consequent modular brain networks exhibit increased cognitive performance, regardless of the task. Critically, we find evidence consistent with a mechanistic model in which connector hubs tune the connectivity of their neighbors to be more modular while allowing for task appropriate information integration across communities, which increases global modularity and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Bertolero
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, ASTAR-NUS Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology and Memory Networks Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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134
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Nilakantan AS, Bridge DJ, VanHaerents S, Voss JL. Distinguishing the precision of spatial recollection from its success: Evidence from healthy aging and unilateral mesial temporal lobe resection. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:101-106. [PMID: 30086364 PMCID: PMC6191347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful episodic recollection can vary in the precision of the information recalled. The hypothesis that recollection precision requires functional neuroanatomical contributions distinct from those required for recollection success remains controversial. Some findings in individuals with hippocampal lesions have indicated that precision is dependent on the hippocampus. However, other neuroimaging and lesion studies have implicated regions outside of the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) in precision, such as parietal cortex. To further elucidate distinctions of recollection precision versus success, we examined whether they were differentially sensitive to aging and to unilateral MTL lesions. Precision and success were measured using a novel task that required memory for item-location associations across different spatial contexts. We found impairments in recollection precision, but not success, in older adults (59-80 years) relative to younger adults (18-33 years). Recollection precision was also selectively impaired in individuals with unilateral MTL resections made to treat refractory epilepsy. Moreover, recollection precision was significantly worse when resections included the hippocampus compared to when only non-hippocampal MTL tissue was resected. These findings suggest that the MTL is critically involved in the high-resolution binding required to support spatial recollection precision, and thus provide evidence for functional neuroanatomical differences between recollection success and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesha S Nilakantan
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Donna J Bridge
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen VanHaerents
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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135
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Sinke MR, Otte WM, van Meer MP, van der Toorn A, Dijkhuizen RM. Modified structural network backbone in the contralesional hemisphere chronically after stroke in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1642-1653. [PMID: 28604153 PMCID: PMC6120129 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17713901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional outcome after stroke depends on the local site of ischemic injury and on remote effects within connected networks, frequently extending into the contralesional hemisphere. However, the pattern of large-scale contralesional network remodeling remains largely unresolved. In this study, we applied diffusion-based tractography and graph-based network analysis to measure structural connectivity in the contralesional hemisphere chronically after experimental stroke in rats. We used the minimum spanning tree method, which accounts for variations in network density, for unbiased characterization of network backbones that form the strongest connections in a network. Ultrahigh-resolution diffusion MRI scans of eight post-mortem rat brains collected 70 days after right-sided stroke were compared against scans from 10 control brains. Structural network backbones of the left (contralesional) hemisphere, derived from 42 atlas-based anatomical regions, were found to be relatively stable across stroke and control animals. However, several sensorimotor regions showed increased connection strength after stroke. Sensorimotor function correlated with specific contralesional sensorimotor network backbone measures of global integration and efficiency. Our findings point toward post-stroke adaptive reorganization of the contralesional sensorimotor network with recruitment of distinct sensorimotor regions, possibly through strengthening of connections, which may contribute to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rt Sinke
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M Otte
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits Pa van Meer
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette van der Toorn
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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136
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Kim S, Nilakantan AS, Hermiller MS, Palumbo RT, VanHaerents S, Voss JL. Selective and coherent activity increases due to stimulation indicate functional distinctions between episodic memory networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2768. [PMID: 30140737 PMCID: PMC6105230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Posterior-medial and anterior-temporal cortical networks interact with the hippocampus and are thought to distinctly support episodic memory. We causally tested this putative distinction by determining whether targeted noninvasive stimulation could selectively affect neural signals of memory formation within the posterior-medial network. Stimulation enhanced the posterior-medial network's evoked response to stimuli during memory formation, and this activity increase was coherent throughout the network. In contrast, there was no increase in anterior-temporal network activity due to stimulation. In addition, control stimulation of an out-of-network prefrontal cortex location in a separate group of subjects did not influence memory-related activity in either network. The posterior-medial network is therefore a functional unit for memory processing that is distinct from the anterior-temporal network. These findings suggest that targeted stimulation can lead to network-specific increases in excitability during memory formation and hold promise for efforts to fine-tune network involvement in episodic memory via brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshin Kim
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aneesha S. Nilakantan
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Molly S. Hermiller
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert T. Palumbo
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen VanHaerents
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joel L. Voss
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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137
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Solo V, Poline JB, Lindquist MA, Simpson SL, Bowman FD, Chung MK, Cassidy B. Connectivity in fMRI: Blind Spots and Breakthroughs. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2018; 37:1537-1550. [PMID: 29969406 PMCID: PMC6291757 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2831261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, driven by scientific and clinical concerns, there has been an increased interest in the analysis of functional brain networks. The goal of these analyses is to better understand how brain regions interact, how this depends upon experimental conditions and behavioral measures and how anomalies (disease) can be recognized. In this paper, we provide, first, a brief review of some of the main existing methods of functional brain network analysis. But rather than compare them, as a traditional review would do, instead, we draw attention to their significant limitations and blind spots. Then, second, relevant experts, sketch a number of emerging methods, which can break through these limitations. In particular we discuss five such methods. The first two, stochastic block models and exponential random graph models, provide an inferential basis for network analysis lacking in the exploratory graph analysis methods. The other three addresses: network comparison via persistent homology, time-varying connectivity that distinguishes sample fluctuations from neural fluctuations, and network system identification that draws inferential strength from temporal autocorrelation.
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138
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Alteration and Role of Interhemispheric and Intrahemispheric Connectivity in Motor Network After Stroke. Brain Topogr 2018; 31:708-719. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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139
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Neural signatures of Trail Making Test performance: Evidence from lesion-mapping and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2018; 115:78-87. [PMID: 29596856 PMCID: PMC6018614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Trail Making Test (TMT) is an extensively used neuropsychological instrument for the assessment of set-switching ability across a wide range of neurological conditions. However, the exact nature of the cognitive processes and associated brain regions contributing to the performance on the TMT remains unclear. In this review, we first introduce the TMT by discussing its administration and scoring approaches. We then examine converging evidence and divergent findings concerning the brain regions related to TMT performance, as identified by lesion-symptom mapping studies conducted in brain-injured patients and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies conducted in healthy participants. After addressing factors that may account for the heterogeneity in the brain regions reported by these studies, we identify future research endeavours that may permit disentangling the different processes contributing to TMT performance and relating them to specific brain circuits.
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140
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Dennis EL, Babikian T, Giza CC, Thompson PM, Asarnow RF. Neuroimaging of the Injured Pediatric Brain: Methods and New Lessons. Neuroscientist 2018; 24:652-670. [PMID: 29488436 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418759489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health problem in the United States, especially for children and adolescents. Current epidemiological data estimate over 600,000 patients younger than 20 years are treated for TBI in emergency rooms annually. While many patients experience a full recovery, for others there can be long-lasting cognitive, neurological, psychological, and behavioral disruptions. TBI in youth can disrupt ongoing brain development and create added family stress during a formative period. The neuroimaging methods used to assess brain injury improve each year, providing researchers a more detailed characterization of the injury and recovery process. In this review, we cover current imaging methods used to quantify brain disruption post-injury, including structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion MRI, functional MRI, resting state fMRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), with brief coverage of other methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). We include studies focusing on pediatric moderate-severe TBI from 2 months post-injury and beyond. While the morbidity of pediatric TBI is considerable, continuing advances in imaging methods have the potential to identify new treatment targets that can lead to significant improvements in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Dennis
- 1 Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Talin Babikian
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,3 UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,4 UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Giza
- 3 UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,4 UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,5 Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- 1 Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.,6 Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Asarnow
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,4 UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,5 Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,7 Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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141
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Eldaief MC, McMains S, Hutchison RM, Halko MA, Pascual-Leone A. Reconfiguration of Intrinsic Functional Coupling Patterns Following Circumscribed Network Lesions. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2894-2910. [PMID: 27226439 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between cortical regions is necessary for optimal cognitive processing. Functional relationships between cortical regions can be inferred through measurements of temporal synchrony in spontaneous activity patterns. These relationships can be further elaborated by surveying effects of cortical lesions upon inter-regional connectivity. Lesions to cortical hubs and heteromodal association regions are expected to induce distributed connectivity changes and higher-order cognitive deficits, yet their functional consequences remain relatively unexplored. Here, we used resting-state fMRI to investigate intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) and graph theoretical metrics in 12 patients with circumscribed lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) portion of the Default Network (DN), and compared these metrics with those observed in healthy matched comparison participants and a sample of 1139 healthy individuals. Despite significant mPFC destruction, patients did not demonstrate weakened intrinsic FC among undamaged DN nodes. Instead, network-specific changes were manifested as weaker negative correlations between the DN and attentional and somatomotor networks. These findings conflict with the DN being a homogenous system functionally anchored at mPFC. Rather, they implicate a role for mPFC in mediating cross-network functional interactions. More broadly, our data suggest that lesions to association cortical hubs might induce clinical deficits by disrupting communication between interacting large-scale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Eldaief
- Center for Brain Science Neuroimaging Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie McMains
- Center for Brain Science Neuroimaging Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R Matthew Hutchison
- Center for Brain Science Neuroimaging Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mark A Halko
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
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142
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Siegel JS, Seitzman BA, Ramsey LE, Ortega M, Gordon EM, Dosenbach NUF, Petersen SE, Shulman GL, Corbetta M. Re-emergence of modular brain networks in stroke recovery. Cortex 2018; 101:44-59. [PMID: 29414460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies of stroke have identified local reorganization in perilesional tissue. However, because the brain is highly networked, strokes also broadly alter the brain's global network organization. Here, we assess brain network structure longitudinally in adult stroke patients using resting state fMRI. The topology and boundaries of cortical regions remain grossly unchanged across recovery. In contrast, the modularity of brain systems i.e. the degree of integration within and segregation between networks, was significantly reduced sub-acutely (n = 107), but partially recovered by 3 months (n = 85), and 1 year (n = 67). Importantly, network recovery correlated with recovery from language, spatial memory, and attention deficits, but not motor or visual deficits. Finally, in-depth single subject analyses were conducted using tools for visualization of changes in brain networks over time. This exploration indicated that changes in modularity during successful recovery reflect specific alterations in the relationships between different networks. For example, in a patient with left temporo-parietal stroke and severe aphasia, sub-acute loss of modularity reflected loss of association between frontal and temporo-parietal regions bi-hemispherically across multiple modules. These long-distance connections then returned over time, paralleling aphasia recovery. This work establishes the potential importance of normalization of large-scale modular brain systems in stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Siegel
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Seitzman
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Lenny E Ramsey
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Mario Ortega
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Gordon L Shulman
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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143
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Baniqued PL, Gallen CL, Voss MW, Burzynska AZ, Wong CN, Cooke GE, Duffy K, Fanning J, Ehlers DK, Salerno EA, Aguiñaga S, McAuley E, Kramer AF, D'Esposito M. Brain Network Modularity Predicts Exercise-Related Executive Function Gains in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29354050 PMCID: PMC5758542 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggests that the brain can be conceptualized as a network comprised of groups of sub-networks or modules. The extent of segregation between modules can be quantified with a modularity metric, where networks with high modularity have dense connections within modules and sparser connections between modules. Previous work has shown that higher modularity predicts greater improvements after cognitive training in patients with traumatic brain injury and in healthy older and young adults. It is not known, however, whether modularity can also predict cognitive gains after a physical exercise intervention. Here, we quantified modularity in older adults (N = 128, mean age = 64.74) who underwent one of the following interventions for 6 months (NCT01472744 on ClinicalTrials.gov): (1) aerobic exercise in the form of brisk walking (Walk), (2) aerobic exercise in the form of brisk walking plus nutritional supplement (Walk+), (3) stretching, strengthening and stability (SSS), or (4) dance instruction. After the intervention, the Walk, Walk+ and SSS groups showed gains in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), with larger effects in both walking groups compared to the SSS and Dance groups. The Walk, Walk+ and SSS groups also improved in executive function (EF) as measured by reasoning, working memory, and task-switching tests. In the Walk, Walk+, and SSS groups that improved in EF, higher baseline modularity was positively related to EF gains, even after controlling for age, in-scanner motion and baseline EF. No relationship between modularity and EF gains was observed in the Dance group, which did not show training-related gains in CRF or EF control. These results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that individuals with a more modular brain network organization are more responsive to cognitive training. These findings suggest that the predictive power of modularity may be generalizable across interventions aimed to enhance aspects of cognition and that, especially in low-performing individuals, global network properties can capture individual differences in neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L. Baniqued
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtney L. Gallen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michelle W. Voss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Agnieszka Z. Burzynska
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Chelsea N. Wong
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gillian E. Cooke
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kristin Duffy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Diane K. Ehlers
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Salerno
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Susan Aguiñaga
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Edward McAuley
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Psychology Department and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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144
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Yuan B, Fang Y, Han Z, Song L, He Y, Bi Y. Brain hubs in lesion models: Predicting functional network topology with lesion patterns in patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17908. [PMID: 29263390 PMCID: PMC5738424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Various important topological properties of healthy brain connectome have recently been identified. However, the manner in which brain lesion changes the functional network topology is unknown. We examined how critical specific brain areas are in the maintenance of network topology using multivariate support vector regression analysis on brain structural and resting-state functional imaging data in 96 patients with brain damages. Patients’ cortical lesion distribution patterns could significantly predict the functional network topology and a set of regions with significant weights in the prediction models were identified as “lesion hubs”. Intriguingly, we found two different types of lesion hubs, whose lesions associated with changes of network topology towards relatively different directions, being either more integrated (global) or more segregated (local), and correspond to hubs identified in healthy functional network in complex manners. Our results pose further important questions about the potential dynamics of the functional brain network after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binke Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuxing Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zaizhu Han
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Luping Song
- Department of Neurology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Yong He
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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145
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Ekstrom AD, Huffman DJ, Starrett M. Interacting networks of brain regions underlie human spatial navigation: a review and novel synthesis of the literature. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3328-3344. [PMID: 28931613 PMCID: PMC5814720 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00531.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigation is an inherently dynamic and multimodal process, making isolation of the unique cognitive components underlying it challenging. The assumptions of much of the literature on human spatial navigation are that 1) spatial navigation involves modality independent, discrete metric representations (i.e., egocentric vs. allocentric), 2) such representations can be further distilled to elemental cognitive processes, and 3) these cognitive processes can be ascribed to unique brain regions. We argue that modality-independent spatial representations, instead of providing exact metrics about our surrounding environment, more often involve heuristics for estimating spatial topology useful to the current task at hand. We also argue that egocentric (body centered) and allocentric (world centered) representations are better conceptualized as involving a continuum rather than as discrete. We propose a neural model to accommodate these ideas, arguing that such representations also involve a continuum of network interactions centered on retrosplenial and posterior parietal cortex, respectively. Our model thus helps explain both behavioral and neural findings otherwise difficult to account for with classic models of spatial navigation and memory, providing a testable framework for novel experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Psychology, University of California , Davis, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Derek J Huffman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Michael Starrett
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Psychology, University of California , Davis, California
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146
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Wig GS. Segregated Systems of Human Brain Networks. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:981-996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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147
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Gratton C, Sun H, Petersen SE. Control networks and hubs. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 29193146 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Executive control functions are associated with frontal, parietal, cingulate, and insular brain regions that interact through distributed large-scale networks. Here, we discuss how fMRI functional connectivity can shed light on the organization of control networks and how they interact with other parts of the brain. In the first section of our review, we present convergent evidence from fMRI functional connectivity, activation, and lesion studies that there are multiple dissociable control networks in the brain with distinct functional properties. In the second section, we discuss how graph theoretical concepts can help illuminate the mechanisms by which control networks interact with other brain regions to carry out goal-directed functions, focusing on the role of specialized hub regions for mediating cross-network interactions. Again, we use a combination of functional connectivity, lesion, and task activation studies to bolster this claim. We conclude that a large-scale network perspective provides important neurobiological constraints on the neural underpinnings of executive control, which will guide future basic and translational research into executive function and its disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haoxin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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148
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Hilger K, Ekman M, Fiebach CJ, Basten U. Intelligence is associated with the modular structure of intrinsic brain networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16088. [PMID: 29167455 PMCID: PMC5700184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
General intelligence is a psychological construct that captures in a single metric the overall level of behavioural and cognitive performance in an individual. While previous research has attempted to localise intelligence in circumscribed brain regions, more recent work focuses on functional interactions between regions. However, even though brain networks are characterised by substantial modularity, it is unclear whether and how the brain's modular organisation is associated with general intelligence. Modelling subject-specific brain network graphs from functional MRI resting-state data (N = 309), we found that intelligence was not associated with global modularity features (e.g., number or size of modules) or the whole-brain proportions of different node types (e.g., connector hubs or provincial hubs). In contrast, we observed characteristic associations between intelligence and node-specific measures of within- and between-module connectivity, particularly in frontal and parietal brain regions that have previously been linked to intelligence. We propose that the connectivity profile of these regions may shape intelligence-relevant aspects of information processing. Our data demonstrate that not only region-specific differences in brain structure and function, but also the network-topological embedding of fronto-parietal as well as other cortical and subcortical brain regions is related to individual differences in higher cognitive abilities, i.e., intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hilger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Matthias Ekman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J Fiebach
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Basten
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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149
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Gratton C, Laumann TO, Gordon EM, Adeyemo B, Petersen SE. Evidence for Two Independent Factors that Modify Brain Networks to Meet Task Goals. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1276-1288. [PMID: 27783943 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans easily and flexibly complete a wide variety of tasks. To accomplish this feat, the brain appears to subtly adjust stable brain networks. Here, we investigate what regional factors underlie these modifications, asking whether networks are either altered at (1) regions activated by a given task or (2) hubs that interconnect different networks. We used fMRI "functional connectivity" (FC) to compare networks during rest and three distinct tasks requiring semantic judgments, mental rotation, and visual coherence. We found that network modifications during these tasks were independently associated with both regional activation and network hubs. Furthermore, active and hub regions were associated with distinct patterns of network modification (differing in their localization, topography of FC changes, and variability across tasks), with activated hubs exhibiting patterns consistent with task control. These findings indicate that task goals modify brain networks through two separate processes linked to local brain function and network hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX 76711, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Babatunde Adeyemo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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150
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Sha Z, Xia M, Lin Q, Cao M, Tang Y, Xu K, Song H, Wang Z, Wang F, Fox PT, Evans AC, He Y. Meta-Connectomic Analysis Reveals Commonly Disrupted Functional Architectures in Network Modules and Connectors across Brain Disorders. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:4179-4194. [PMID: 29136110 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Sha
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingrui Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiqing Song
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System at San Antonio, TX, USA
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yong He
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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