101
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Motedayen M, Kalantarkousheh SM, Scheier LM, Komarc M. Psychometric validation of the Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Test –Adolescents (SKAT-A) in an Iranian sample. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1585505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Motedayen
- Department of Psychology and Education Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lawrence M. Scheier
- LARS Research Institute, Visiting Scholar, UNC Greensboro, Department of Public Health Education, Senior Research Scientist, Prevention Strategies, LLC, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Komarc
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Kinanthropology and Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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102
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Devlin AM, Wight D, Fenton C. Are parenting practices associated with the same child outcomes in sub-Saharan African countries as in high-income countries? A review and synthesis. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000912. [PMID: 30687520 PMCID: PMC6326425 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is increasing interest in the transferability of parenting interventions from high-income countries (HICs) to low-income countries (LICs) in order to improve child development and health outcomes. This is based on the premise that associations between parenting practices and child outcomes are similar in both settings. Many parenting interventions in HICs are evidence-based, but less evidence exists on associations of parenting practices with child outcomes in LICs, in particular, sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review synthesises evidence on the association of parenting practices with child outcomes in SSA in order to compare findings with those from HICs. Methods We searched electronic databases—Web of Science, ASSIA, Embase, IBSS and PsycINFO—to identify studies from SSA that reported quantitative associations between parenting practices and child health or psychosocial outcomes (eg, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), mental health, conduct disorders). Due to inconsistent conceptual framing of parenting across studies, we used a modified version of the international WHO classification of parenting dimensions to guide synthesis of the results. Results Forty-four studies met our inclusion criteria. They were conducted in 13 SSA countries and included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and were predominantly descriptive studies rather than intervention research. Synthesis of results showed that associations between patterns of parenting (‘positive’/‘harsh’) and child outcomes (including SRH, mental health and conduct disorders) in studies from SSA were broadly similar to those found in HICs. Conclusions These findings suggest that the impacts of parenting practices on child outcomes are similar across contrasting global regions and, therefore, parenting interventions from HICs might be successfully transferred to SSA, subject to appropriate adaptation. However, this review also highlights the paucity of evidence in this area and the urgent need for higher quality studies to confirm these findings to help develop effective parenting interventions in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Devlin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Candida Fenton
- Cochrane Vascular, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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103
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Mpondo F, Ruiter RAC, Schaafsma D, van den Borne B, Reddy PS. Understanding the role played by parents, culture and the school curriculum in socializing young women on sexual health issues in rural South African communities. SAHARA J 2018; 15:42-49. [PMID: 29621922 PMCID: PMC5917307 DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2018.1455603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: the decline in South Africa’s HIV infection rates especially among young women is encouraging. However, studies show that the 15–24-year-old cohort remains vulnerable. As they still report early sexual debut, being involved in sexual partnerships with older men as well as having unprotected sex. These risky sexual behaviors may be linked to factors such as the parent–child sexual health communication and the timing of the first talk. The quality of sexual health information received in school may also be important for enhancing healthier sexual behaviors. Aims and Objectives: to investigate the what, when and how sexual health communication occurs in rural South African families and to determine whether such communication patterns have changed over time. We also wanted to get an in-depth understanding of the roles played by culture, sexual health education and peers in the socialization of young women on sexual matters. Methods: a purposive sample of (n = 55) women who were 18–35 years old was selected and interviewed in focus group discussions (FGDs). Results: the FGD findings show that parent–child communication on sexual matters in rural communities is limited to messages that warn against pregnancy. It is also laden with cultural idioms that are not well explained. The school sexual health curriculum also fails to adequately equip adolescents to make informed decisions regarding sexual matters. All this seems to leave room for reception of misguided information from peers. Conclusions: findings highlight a need for designing interventions that can create awareness for parents on the current developmental needs and sexual behavior of adolescents. For adolescents programs would need to focus on providing skills on personal responsibility, and how to change behavior to enhance sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feziwe Mpondo
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands *
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands *
| | - Dilana Schaafsma
- b Fontys University of Applied Sciences , Eindhoven , Netherlands
| | - Bart van den Borne
- c CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Priscilla S Reddy
- d Population Health, Health Systems and Innovation , Human Sciences Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa.,e Child and Family Studies, Social Work Department , University of the Western Cape , Cape Town , South Africa
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104
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Nalukwago J, Alaii J, Borne BVD, Bukuluki PM, Crutzen R. Application of Core Processes for Understanding Multiple Concurrent Sexual Partnerships Among Adolescents in Uganda. Front Public Health 2018; 6:371. [PMID: 30622938 PMCID: PMC6308184 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Adolescents in Uganda, as in other sub-Saharan countries, engage in sex with multiple concurrent partners, thus placing them at risk for HIV and unplanned pregnancies, but it is not clear why. This study explored why adolescents in Uganda engage in multiple concurrent sexual partnerships (MCSP). Methods: This study used a Core Processes methodology. We used the processes of brainstorming, and identification of evidence and theoretical support, in various phases/steps of intervention planning, to provide possible explanations for adolescent MCSP. Results: Adolescents were found to have limited knowledge of the risks associated with MCSP and perceived a low risk for HIV. Peer influence to engage in MCSP exacerbated the problem among adolescents. Poor communication with sexual partners and parents and societal indifference to multiple sexual partnerships increased permissive attitudes toward infidelity. The unclear adolescent sexual and reproductive health policies hampered access to services, and transactional sexual relationships with older (polygamous) sexual partners increased the HIV risk. Adolescents were found to be more concerned about unplanned pregnancies than HIV risk. Discussion: From the empirical evidence, adolescent health programs in Uganda should incorporate comprehensive sexual health education on HIV and teenage pregnancy risk-reduction strategies. Programs should strengthen parental and community support through enhanced collaborative training on communication with and for adolescents. Forming strategic partnerships with various stakeholders for concerted efforts to address the MCSP problem among adolescents is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Nalukwago
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Family Health International 360 (Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Alaii
- Context Factor Solutions, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bart Van Den Borne
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paul Mukisa Bukuluki
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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105
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Lee-Foon N, George C, Gahagan J, Etowa J, Weaver R. Minding the gap: health and social care provider perceptions of parental communication and Black-Canadian youths' sexual health. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2018; 20:1347-1361. [PMID: 29508642 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2018.1435905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Health and social care providers' perceptions of Black-Canadian parent-youth sexual health communication has important implications for addressing knowledge gaps in the provision of services to young people and their parents. Providers' perceptions are crucial as they often act as advisers in tailoring programmes or services to the perceived needs of parents and youth. To understand these perceptions, 17 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with providers who worked with African, Caribbean or Black (ACB) parents and youth in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Critical Race Theory was used to help guide the interpretation of findings. The findings revealed providers believed that many parents were unlikely to explicitly discuss sexual health or HIV prevention with young people. Additionally, providers perceived that the content of and approach to parent-youth sexual health communication differed between African and Caribbean clients. Moreover, providers believed that both parents' and young people's sex and gender impacted the quality, content and style of sexual health communication and had important implications for programme development. Overall, findings suggest a need for understanding the development of providers' perceptions of this communication, ways to address these perceptions and further parent-provider collaboration to promote Black youths' sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakia Lee-Foon
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , ON , Canada
- d Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Clemon George
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , ON , Canada
- e Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of the West Indies , Bridgetown , Barbados
| | - Jacqueline Gahagan
- b School of Health and Human Performance , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Josephine Etowa
- c Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Robert Weaver
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , ON , Canada
- f Department of Health and Exercise Science , Rowan University , Glassboro , NJ , USA
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106
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Harling G, Gumede D, Shahmanesh M, Pillay D, Bärnighausen TW, Tanser F. Sources of social support and sexual behaviour advice for young adults in rural South Africa. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000955. [PMID: 30498588 PMCID: PMC6254751 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction While young people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are at greatest risk of HIV acquisition, uptake of HIV prevention interventions among them has been limited. Interventions delivered through social connections have changed behaviour in many settings, but not to date in SSA. There is little systematic evidence on whom young SSA adults turn to for advice. We therefore conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study from whom young rural South Africans received support and sexual behaviour-specific advice. Methods We asked 119 18–34 year olds in rural KwaZulu-Natal about the important people in their lives who provided emotional, informational, financial, physical, social or other support. We also asked whether they had discussed sex or HIV prevention with each contact named. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to analyse support and advice provision patterns. Results Respondents named 394 important contacts, each providing a mean of 1.7 types of support. Most contacts were relatives, same-gender friends or romantic partners. Relatives provided most informational, financial and physical support; friends and partners more social support and sexual advice. Respondents reported discussing sexual matters with 60% of contacts. Sources of support changed with age, from friends and parents, towards siblings and partners. Discussion Sexual health interventions for young adults in rural South Africa may be able to harness friend and same-generation kin social ties through which sex is already discussed, and parental ties through which other forms of support are transmitted. The gender-segregated nature of social connections may require separate interventions for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Harling
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Dumile Gumede
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Deenan Pillay
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Till W Bärnighausen
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Tanser
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa - CAPRISA, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
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107
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Man Talk: Exploring Sexual Communication Between Fathers and Sons in a Minority South African Community. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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108
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The protective role of family structure for adolescent development in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206197. [PMID: 30372474 PMCID: PMC6205637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the risk factors associated with adolescent developmental outcomes, but the literature on the role of protective factors at the family and community level for positive adolescent development is scarce, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We hypothesize that ensuring a supportive environment for adolescents may result in delayed sexual debut for adolescents in SSA. The relationship between family structure and positive adolescent sexual behaviour, measured as delay in sexual debut, was examined using the bioecological theory framed by a risk and resilience perspective. We used nationally representative data on female and male adolescents (aged 15–17 years) from 12 countries in SSA. We modelled logistic regressions to test for associations between family structure and delayed sexual debut while controlling for other covariates in SSA. The majority (90%) of the young adults delayed sexual debut, and this delay varied by family structure. After controlling for other covariates, adolescents living with neither parent had lower odds of delaying sexual debut although results were only significant for males. Interaction terms with community socio-economic status showed an interaction between community education and males living with neither parent. Future studies must investigate the gender differentials in the relationship between family structure and delayed sexual debut among adolescents in SSA.
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109
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Tarantino N, Goodrum NM, Salama C, LeCroix RH, Gaska K, Cook SL, Skinner D, Armistead LP. South African Adolescents' Neighborhood Perceptions Predict Longitudinal Change in Youth and Family Functioning. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2018; 38:1142-1169. [PMID: 30344359 PMCID: PMC6191187 DOI: 10.1177/0272431617725196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined South African early adolescent youth (aged 10 to 14) and their female caregivers (N = 99 dyads) participating in an HIV prevention intervention over a period of eight months. We examined youth perceptions of neighborhood cohesion, safety, and collective monitoring as they related to concurrent and longitudinal associations with youth (externalizing behavior and hope about the future) and family (parent-youth relationship quality, parental involvement, and parental responsiveness to sex communication) functioning while controlling for baseline characteristics. Neighborhood perceptions were significantly associated (p < .05) with short- and longer-term outcomes. Gender differences suggested a greater protective association of perceived neighborhood conditions with changes in functioning for boys versus girls. Unexpected associations were also observed, including short-term associations suggesting a link between better neighborhood quality and poorer family functioning. We account for the culture of this South African community when contextualizing our findings and conclude with recommendations for interventions targeting neighborhood contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tarantino
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nada M. Goodrum
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina Salama
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Karie Gaska
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah L. Cook
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donald Skinner
- Unit for Research on Health & Society, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lisa P. Armistead
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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110
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Neary J, Wagner AD, Mugo C, Mutiti PM, Bukusi D, John-Stewart GC, Wamalwa DC, Kohler PK, Slyker JA. Influence and involvement of support people in adolescent and young adult HIV testing. AIDS Care 2018; 31:105-112. [PMID: 30261747 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1524563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV incidence and mortality are high among adolescents and young adults (AYA) in sub-Saharan Africa, but testing rates are low. Understanding how support people (SP), such as peers, partners, or parents, influence AYA may improve HIV testing uptake. AYA aged 14-24 seeking HIV testing at a referral hospital in Nairobi, Kenya completed a post-test survey assessing the role of SP. Among 1062 AYA, median age was 21. Overall, 12% reported their decision to test was influenced by a parent, 20% by a partner, and 22% by a peer. Young adults (20-24 years old) were more likely than adolescents (14-19 years old) to be influenced to test by partners (23% vs. 12%, p < .001), and less likely by parents (6.6% vs. 27%, p < .001), healthcare workers (11% vs. 16%, p < .05), or counselors (9.4% vs. 19%, p < .001). Half of AYA were accompanied for testing (9.9% with parent, 10% partner, 23% peer, 4.3% others, and 2.1% multiple types). Young adults were more likely than adolescents to present alone (58% vs. 32%, p < .001) or with a partner (12% vs. 6.7%, p < .05), and less likely with a parent (1.6% vs. 31%, p < .001). Similar proportions of adolescents and young adults came with a peer or in a group. Correlates of presenting with SP included: younger age (aRR = 1.55 [95%CI = 1.30-1.85]), female sex (aRR = 1.45 [95%CI = 1.21-1.73]), and school enrollment (aRR = 1.41 [95%CI = 1.05-1.88]). SP play an important role in AYAs' HIV testing and varies with age. Leveraging SP may promote uptake of HIV testing and subsequent linkage care for AYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Neary
- a Department of Epidemiology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Anjuli D Wagner
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Cyrus Mugo
- c Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Peter M Mutiti
- d VCT and HIV Prevention Unit/Youth Centre , Kenyatta National Hospital , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - David Bukusi
- d VCT and HIV Prevention Unit/Youth Centre , Kenyatta National Hospital , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Grace C John-Stewart
- a Department of Epidemiology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,e School of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,f Department of Pediatrics , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Dalton C Wamalwa
- c Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Pamela K Kohler
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,g Department of Psychosocial and Community Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,h International Training and Education Center for Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Jennifer A Slyker
- a Department of Epidemiology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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111
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Eustace RW, Wilson JF, Asiedu GB, Nyamhanga TM, Mkanta WN. Community Stakeholders' Perceptions of the Role of Family in HIV Prevention in Iringa, Tanzania. J Community Health Nurs 2018; 34:10-20. [PMID: 28156144 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2017.1260981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although HIV is identified as a family disease, the overall response to the global HIV epidemic continues to predominantly focus on individuals. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how the role of the family in HIV prevention is perceived by community-based stakeholders. Understanding the role of the family within the context of the HIV/AIDS is essential for community/public health nurses. In total, 34 stakeholders participated in the study. Three major categories were identified namely: fostering positive intra-familial relations, utilizing external resources, and barriers to family roles. The study findings have implications for community-based HIV family interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary W Eustace
- a College of Nursing and Health, Wright State University , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Josephine F Wilson
- b Substance Abuse Resources & Disability Issues (SARDI) Program, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Gladys B Asiedu
- c Mayo Clinic , Department of Health Sciences Research , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Tumaini M Nyamhanga
- d Department of Development Studies, School of Public Health & Social Sciences , Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , Dar Es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - William N Mkanta
- e Department of Public Health , Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green , KY , USA
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112
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Osok J, Kigamwa P, Huang KY, Grote N, Kumar M. Adversities and mental health needs of pregnant adolescents in Kenya: identifying interpersonal, practical, and cultural barriers to care. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:96. [PMID: 29902989 PMCID: PMC6003032 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent pregnancies present a great public health burden in Kenya and Sub-Saharan Africa (UNFPA, Motherhood in Childhood: Facing the challenge of Adolescent Pregnancy, 2013). The disenfranchisement from public institutions and services is further compounded by cultural stigma and gender inequality creating emotional, psychosocial, health, and educational problems in the lives of vulnerable pregnant adolescents (Int J Adolesc Med Health 15(4):321-9, 2003; BMC Public Health 8:83, 2008). In this paper we have applied an engagement interview framework to examine interpersonal, practical, and cultural challenges faced by pregnant adolescents. METHODS Using a qualitative study design, 12 pregnant adolescents (ages 15-19) visiting a health facility's antenatal services in Nairobi were interviewed. All recruited adolescents were pregnant for the first time and screened positive on the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with 16% of 176 participants interviewed in a descriptive survey in the same Kangemi primary health facility found to be severely depressed (Osok et al., Depression and its psychosocial risk factors in pregnant Kenyan adolescents: a cross-sectional study in a community health Centre of Nairobi, BMC Psychiatry, 2018 18:136 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1706-y). An engagement interview approach (Social Work 52(4):295-308, 2007) was applied to elicit various practical, psychological, interpersonal, and cultural barriers to life adjustment, service access, obtaining resources, and psychosocial support related to pregnancy. Grounded theory method was applied for qualitative data sifting and analysis (Strauss and Corbin, Basics of qualitative research, 1990). RESULTS Findings revealed that pregnant adolescents face four major areas of challenges, including depression, anxiety and stress around the pregnancy, denial of the pregnancy, lack of basic needs provisions and care, and restricted educational or livelihood opportunities for personal development post pregnancy. These challenges were related both to existing social and cultural values/norms on gender and traditional family structure, as well as to service structural barriers (including prenatal care, mental health care, newborn care, parenting support services). More importantly, dealing with these challenges has led to negative mental health consequences in adolescent pregnant girls, including feeling insecure about the future, feeling very defeated and sad to be pregnant, and feeling unsupported and disempowered in providing care for the baby. CONCLUSIONS Findings have implications for service planning, including developing more integrated mental health services for pregnant adolescents. Additionally, we felt a need for developing reproductive education and information dissemination strategies to improve community members' knowledge of pregnant adolescent mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Osok
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 20386-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pius Kigamwa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keng-Yen Huang
- Department of Public Health and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Nancy Grote
- Department of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6250 USA
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 47074-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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113
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Visser M, Thurman TR, Spyrelis A, Taylor TM, Nice JK, Finestone M. Development and formative evaluation of a family-centred adolescent HIV prevention programme in South Africa. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2018; 68:124-134. [PMID: 29549782 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Preventing HIV among young people is critical to achieving and sustaining global epidemic control. Evidence from Western settings suggests that family-centred prevention interventions may be associated with greater reductions in risk behaviour than standard adolescent-only models. Despite this, family-centred models for adolescent HIV prevention are nearly non-existent in South Africa - home to more people living with HIV than any other country. This paper describes the development and formative evaluation of one such intervention: an evidence-informed, locally relevant, adolescent prevention intervention engaging caregivers as co-participants. The programme, originally consisting of 19 sessions for caregivers and 14 for adolescents, was piloted with 12 groups of caregiver-adolescent dyads by community-based organizations (CBOs) in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces. Literature and expert reviews were employed in the development process, and evaluation methods included analysis of attendance records, session-level fidelity checklists and facilitator feedback forms collected during the programme pilot. Facilitator focus group discussions and an implementer programme workshop were also held. Results highlighted the need to enhance training content related to cognitive behavioural theory and group management techniques, as well as increase the cultural relevance of activities in the curriculum. Participant attendance challenges were also identified, leading to a shortened and simplified session set. Findings overall were used to finalize materials and guidance for a revised 14-week group programme consisting of individual and joint sessions for adolescents and their caregivers, which may be implemented by community-based facilitators in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maretha Visser
- Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tonya R Thurman
- Tulane University School of Social Work, New Orleans, LA, USA; Highly Vulnerable Children Research Center (HVC-RC), Cape Town, South Africa; Tulane International, LLC, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexandra Spyrelis
- Highly Vulnerable Children Research Center (HVC-RC), Cape Town, South Africa; Tulane International, LLC, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tory M Taylor
- Highly Vulnerable Children Research Center (HVC-RC), Cape Town, South Africa; Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Johanna K Nice
- Tulane University School of Social Work, New Orleans, LA, USA; Highly Vulnerable Children Research Center (HVC-RC), Cape Town, South Africa
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114
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Multi-level Responses to Multi-level Vulnerabilities: Creating an Enabling Environment for HIV Prevention for Girls in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HIV 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63522-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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115
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Mwalabu G, Evans C, Redsell S. Factors influencing the experience of sexual and reproductive healthcare for female adolescents with perinatally-acquired HIV: a qualitative case study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017; 17:125. [PMID: 29216874 PMCID: PMC5721479 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people living with perinatally-acquired HIV require age-appropriate support regarding sex and relationships as they progress towards adulthood. HIV affects both genders but evidence suggests that young women are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse and more prone to engaging in sexual behaviours to meet their daily survival needs. This can result in poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes. HIV services in Malawi provide support for young women's HIV-related clinical needs, but it is unclear whether there is sufficient provision for their SRH needs as they become adults. This paper explores the sex and relationship experiences of young women growing up with perinatally-acquired HIV in order to understand how to improve SRH care and associated outcomes. METHODS A qualitative case study approach was adopted in which each 'case' comprised a young woman (15-19 years) with perinatally acquired HIV, a nominated caregiver and service provider. Participants were purposively selected from three multidisciplinary centres providing specialised paediatric/adolescent HIV care in Malawi. Data was collected for 14 cases through in-depth interviews (i.e. a total of 42 participants) and analysed using within-case and cross-case approaches. The interviews with adolescents were based on an innovative visual method known as 'my story book' which encouraged open discussion on sensitive topics. RESULTS Young women reported becoming sexually active at an early age for different reasons. Some sought a sense of intimacy, love, acceptance and belonging in these relationships, noting that they lacked this at home and/or within their peer groups. For others, their sexual activity was more functional - related to meeting survival needs. Young women reported having little control over negotiating safer sex or contraception. Their priority was preventing unwanted pregnancies yet several of the sample already had babies, and transfer to antenatal services created major disruptions in their HIV care. In contrast, caregivers and nurses regarded sexual activity from a clinical perspective, fearing onward transmission of HIV and advocating abstinence or condoms where possible. In addition, a cultural silence rooted in dominant religious and traditional norms closed down possibilities for discussion about sexual matters and prevented young women from accessing contraception. CONCLUSION The study has shown how young women, caregivers and service providers have contrasting perspectives and priorities around SRH care. Illumination of these differences highlights a need for service improvement. It is suggested that young women themselves are involved in future service improvement initiatives to encourage the development of culturally and socially acceptable pathways of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude Mwalabu
- University Lecturer, Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.
| | - Catrin Evans
- Associate Professor, School of Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Redsell
- Professor, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The aim of the research was to gain increased knowledge regarding the sexual risk behaviour of school-going young people in South Africa after two decades of HIV-education in schools, to contribute to the development of improved HIV prevention strategies. In collaboration with the Department of Education, a sample of 5305 learners (between 10 and 18 years in Grades 5-12) from high-risk communities were identified. They completed a survey that assessed self-reported sexual risk behaviour and variables that potentially underlie sexual risk, such as attitudes towards preventive behaviour, perceived social norms and self-efficacy (based on the theory of planned behaviour [TPB]) and social factors like caregiver relationships and gender norms (based on the social ecological theory). Lifetime sex was reported by 49.4% of boys and 30.5% of girls in Grades 8-12, while 56% of the sexually active young people reported consistent condom use. Accurate knowledge about HIV transmission was low (37.8%). Regression analysis showed that risk behaviour was more prominent among older male youths, who perceived social norms as encouraging sexual activity, who use alcohol excessively, and who have negative attitudes towards abstinence. Perceived traditional community gender norms and negative relationships with caregivers were also associated with sexual risk behaviour. This research showed that the TPB can be used in planning HIV prevention interventions for young people. It also revealed that HIV-prevention strategies should focus beyond educating the individual, to address community factors such as improving caregiver relationships, the culture of substance abuse, peer group norms and inequality in community gender norms. These community processes influence young people's behaviour and need to be addressed to allow the youth to make healthy behavioural choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maretha Visser
- PhD, is a professor in Psychology at the Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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117
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Doubt J, Bray R, Loening-Voysey H, Cluver L, Byrne J, Nzima D, King B, Shenderovich Y, Steinert J, Medley S. "It Has Changed": Understanding Change in a Parenting Program in South Africa. Ann Glob Health 2017; 83:767-776. [PMID: 29248093 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor parenting that leads to child maltreatment during adolescence presents a major public health burden. Research from high-income countries indicates that evidence-based parenting program interventions can reduce child maltreatment. Much less is known, however, about how beneficiaries of these programs experience this process of change. Understanding the process that brings about change in child maltreatment practices is essential to understanding intervention mechanisms of change. This is particularly important given the current scale-up of parenting programs across low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide insight into how caregivers and adolescents attending a parenting program in South Africa perceived changes associated with abuse reduction. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with caregivers and adolescents (n = 42) after the intervention, as well as observations of sessions (n = 9) and focus group discussions (n = 240 people). Participants were adolescents between the ages of 10-18 and their primary caregiver residing in peri-urban and rural program clusters in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Data were coded in Atlas.ti, and thematic content analysis was conducted. FINDINGS Based on participant perceptions, the Sinovuyo Teen parenting program workshops catalyzed change into practice by creating an environment that was conducive to learning alternatives. It did so through prioritizing a process of mutual respect, openness, and being valued by others, giving legitimacy to a respectful reciprocity and new ways of spending time together that enabled caregivers and teenagers to shift and normalize more positive behaviors. This in turn led to reductions in physical and verbal abuse. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings may be of use to policymakers and practitioners who need to understand how parenting programs support parents and teenagers in increasing positive parenting approaches and changing potentially harmful practices. It additionally highlights the importance of assessing the experiences of both parents and teenagers attending such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Doubt
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rachel Bray
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lucie Cluver
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jasmina Byrne
- UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | - Divane Nzima
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Fort Hare University, Alice, South Africa
| | - Barnaby King
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janina Steinert
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally Medley
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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118
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Chiweshe M, Chiweshe M. 'Not My Child': Parents' Denial About Adolescent Sexuality in Harare, Zimbabwe. J Family Reprod Health 2017; 11:119-127. [PMID: 30018648 PMCID: PMC6045689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To find out adult views on adolescent sexualities in Zimbabwe and how adults construct sexual cultures that deny adolescence access to sex. Materials and methods: The paper uses qualitative methodologies, with purposively selected parents and key informants. A total of ten in depth interviews, four focus groups and six key informant interviews with purposively sampled male and female respondents were conducted. Key informants included a headmaster, teacher, social worker, nurses and a member of traditional healers association. Results: Parents that were interviewed denied that their adolescent children were sexually active. This denial of adolescent sexuality was seen throughout the interviews. The denial of adolescent sexuality was linked to the other themes that emerged including sexual surveillance and sexual communication, school pregnancy, STIs and sexual education, and adult anxiety on adolescent sex. Conclusion: The denial of youth sexuality has serious impacts on youths' access to information and ability to protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. We argue that government policies and lack of comprehensive sex education in schools are based on this denial of adolescent sexuality and should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manase Chiweshe
- Institution of Lifelong Learning, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Malvern Chiweshe
- Critical Studies in Sexualities and Reproduction, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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119
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Rochat TJ, Stein A, Cortina-Borja M, Tanser F, Bland RM. The Amagugu intervention for disclosure of maternal HIV to uninfected primary school-aged children in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV 2017; 4:e566-e576. [PMID: 28843988 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing populations of children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected will face the challenge of disclosure of parental HIV infection status. We aimed to test the efficacy of an intervention to increase maternal HIV-disclosure to primary school-aged HIV-uninfected children. METHODS This randomised controlled trial was done at the Africa Health Research Institute in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Women who had tested HIV positive at least 6 months prior, had initiated HIV treatment or been enrolled in pretreatment HIV care, and had an HIV-uninfected child (aged 6-10 years) were randomly allocated to either the Amagugu intervention or enhanced standard of care, using a computerised algorithm based on simple randomisation and equal probabilities of being assigned to each group. Lay counsellors delivered the Amagugu intervention, which included six home-based counselling sessions of 1-2 h and materials and activities to support HIV disclosure and parent-led health promotion. The enhanced standard of care included one clinic-based counselling session. Outcome measures at 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months post baseline were done by follow-up assessors who were masked to participants' group and counsellor allocation. The primary outcome was maternal HIV disclosure (full [using the word HIV], partial [using the word virus], or none) at 9 months post baseline. We did the analysis in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01922882). FINDINGS Between July 1, 2013, and Dec 31, 2014, we randomly assigned 464 participants to the Amagugu intervention (n=235) or enhanced standard of care (n=229). 428 (92%) participants completed the 9 month assessment by Sept 3, 2015. Disclosure at any level was more common in the Amagugu intervention group (n=204 [87%]) than in the enhanced standard-of-care group (n=128 [56%]; adjusted odds ratio 9·88, 95% CI 5·55-17·57; p<0·0001). Full disclosure was also more common in the Amagugu intervention group (n=150 [64%]) than in the enhanced standard-of-care group (n=98 [43%]; 4·13, 2·80-6·11; p<0·0001). Treatment-unrelated adverse effects were reported for 17 participants in the Amagugu intervention group versus six in the enhanced standard-of-care group; adverse effects included domestic violence (five [2%] in the Amagugu intervention group vs one [<1%] in the enhanced standard-of-care group), sexual assault (four [2%] vs one [<1%]), participant illness or death (four [2%] vs four [2%]), and family member illness or death (four [2%] vs none). No treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION The lay-counsellor-driven Amagugu intervention to aid parental disclosure has potential for wide-scale implementation after further effectiveness research and could be adapted to other target populations and other diseases. Further follow-up and effectiveness research is required. FUNDING National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsen J Rochat
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; Human and Social Development Research Program, Human Science Research Council, Durban, South Africa; MRC/Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alan Stein
- Agincourt MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Frank Tanser
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; CAPRISA Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ruth M Bland
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Royal Hospital for Sick Children, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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120
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Wanje G, Masese L, Avuvika E, Baghazal A, Omoni G, Scott McClelland R. Parents' and teachers' views on sexual health education and screening for sexually transmitted infections among in-school adolescent girls in Kenya: a qualitative study. Reprod Health 2017; 14:95. [PMID: 28806985 PMCID: PMC5557423 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-017-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To successfully develop and implement school-based sexual health interventions for adolescent girls, such as screening for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, it is important to understand parents’ and teachers’ attitudes towards sexual health education and acceptability of sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening interventions. Methods In this qualitative study, we approached parents and teachers from three high schools to participate in in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus-group discussions (FGDs). Parents and teachers were asked about their general knowledge of STIs and sexual health education. In addition, they were asked whether they would support utilizing outreach to schools to facilitate provision of sexual health education and screening for STIs in adolescent girls. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. An initial coding matrix was developed and refined throughout the coding process. Transcripts were coded by two researchers and analyzed using the content analysis approach. Results We conducted 10 IDIs (5 parents and 5 teachers) and 4 FGDs (2 with parents, 2 with teachers, total of 26 participants). Most parents reported few or no discussions regarding STIs with their adolescent girls. Parents were more comfortable discussing consequences of sexual activity including loss of virginity and the potential for pregnancy. Parents tended to place responsibility for sexual health education with teachers. The teachers, in turn, provided basic sexual and reproductive health education including puberty, abstinence, and overview of STIs. Both parents and teachers found the idea of screening for STIs in adolescent girls to be acceptable, and were comfortable with research staff contacting girls through informational meetings at schools. Parents felt that adolescents’ STI screening results should be shared with their parents. Conclusion In this African setting, parents and teachers provide limited sexual health education, with a focus on negative consequences including loss of virginity, pregnancy, and risk for STIs. Nonetheless, both parents and teachers were supportive of STI screening for adolescent girls, beginning with school-based informational meetings for the girls. Research and programs that aim to provide STI screening in this setting must offer treatment and address the issue of whether results will be disclosed to parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Wanje
- From the University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), University of Nairobi, P.O Box 91276 - 80103, Mombasa, Kenya.
| | - Linnet Masese
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, HMC Box 359909, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA
| | - Ethel Avuvika
- From the University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), University of Nairobi, P.O Box 91276 - 80103, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Anisa Baghazal
- Ministry of Medical Services, Mombasa County Department of Health, P.O Box 90441 - 80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Grace Omoni
- School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O Box 20804 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R Scott McClelland
- From the University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), University of Nairobi, P.O Box 91276 - 80103, Mombasa, Kenya.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, HMC Box 359909, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, HMC Box 359909, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, HMC Box 359909, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA
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121
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Conserve DF, Teti M, Shin G, Iwelunmor J, Handler L, Maman S. A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Interventions for Parental Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disclosure. Front Public Health 2017; 5:187. [PMID: 28824896 PMCID: PMC5545755 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disclosure of parental human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to their children remains a difficult process for parents living with HIV (PLWH). In order to identify the best strategies to facilitate parental HIV disclosure, it is necessary to examine the efficacy of existing interventions designed to help PLWH parents with the disclosure process to their children. OBJECTIVES To systematically review the efficacy of interventions designed to assist PLWH disclose their HIV status to their children. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of interventions designed to assist PLWH disclose their HIV status to their children. MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science were searched. RESULTS Studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated an intervention for parental HIV disclosure. Five studies published between 2001 and 2015 met the inclusion criteria. The interventions were conducted in South Africa, China, and the United States. Three of the studies used two-arm randomized controlled trials, in which the intervention group was given enhanced care while the control group received standard care. Four of the five studies included a theoretically informed intervention and three were limited to mothers. Results showed that four of the interventions increased parental HIV disclosure. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that parental HIV disclosure interventions are successful in assisting parents with the disclosure process and can be adapted in different cultural context. Future parental HIV disclosure interventions should include fathers in order to assist men with parental HIV disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donaldson F Conserve
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michelle Teti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Grace Shin
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Juliet Iwelunmor
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lara Handler
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Giusto AM, Green EP, Puffer ES. Associations Between Fathers' and Sons' Sexual Risk in Rural Kenya: The Potential for Intergenerational Transmission. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:219-225. [PMID: 28391964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite high rates of HIV in areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and men's role in driving the epidemic, little is known about whether or how sexual risk-both behaviors and beliefs-may be passed down through generations of males. This study examined associations between sexual risk behaviors and sex-related beliefs of adolescent males and those of their male caregivers in Kenya, as well as the potential moderating effects of parenting characteristics and father-son relationship quality. METHODS Cross-sectional linear regression analysis was applied to baseline data from a trial of a family- and church-based intervention for families in rural Kenya that followed a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design. Our subsample consisted of 79 male caregiver and son (aged 10-16 years) dyads. RESULTS Results demonstrated a direct relationship between fathers' and sons' sex-related beliefs that was not moderated by parenting or quality of father-son relationship. Parenting/relationship characteristics did moderate the relationship between fathers' and sons' sexual behavior; if fathers did not engage in high-risk sex and exhibited more positive parenting/higher relationship quality, their sons were less likely to be sexually active. Among fathers having high-risk sex, parenting was unrelated to sons' behavior except at very high levels of positive parenting/relationship quality; at these levels, sons were actually more likely to have had sex. CONCLUSIONS Findings support recommendations to include male caregivers in youth HIV prevention efforts, potentially by targeting fathers' parenting strategies and their individual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Giusto
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Eric P Green
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eve S Puffer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Seif SA, Kohi TW, Moshiro CS. Caretaker-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health: a cross-sectional study in Unguja-Tanzania Zanzibar. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:31. [PMID: 28720106 PMCID: PMC5516316 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caretakers/parents/caregivers/guardians play important roles in improving Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) of adolescents. Caretaker-adolescent sexual communication suggested to influence young people’s sexual behaviours. Despite this significance, the communication is believed to be low in Unguja due to the increase of risky sexual behaviours among adolescents. This study assessed the pattern of such communication using IMB model as a framework. Methods This is a cross-sectional study targeted caretakers of adolescents aged 15–19. One thousand caretakers of adolescents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Comparison between male and female caretakers on discussing different SRH topics to both sexes of adolescents was made. The mean-score difference of overall communication was examined using Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Bivariate correlation and simple path analysis via regression was conducted to determine the association of IMB variables in relation to communication practice. Results This study finds 40.7% of caretakers had ever communicated with their adolescents on SRH matters and 9.2% reported to have had communicated in the past 30 days. The weighted topic measure revealed only 26.5% of caretakers communicated with their adolescents. Both caretakers communicated more with their female adolescents. The communication was more common between same sex and between caretakers and their biological adolescents (p < 0.000). Both male and female caretakers mostly discussed sexual abstinence to female adolescents while to male adolescents, HIV/STIs was mostly discussed by female caretakers and pregnancy by male caretakers. The least discussed topics to both sexes are safer sex and other contraceptives use. The bivariate correlations suggested that IMB constructs were inter-related and associated with communication practice. Conclusion Caretakers-adolescents communication on SRH in Unguja is low and it is not comprehensive. Caretakers fail to communicate with their adolescents on sensitive issues but do so on less sensitive ones. The pattern of communication found to vary across gender of caretaker and that of adolescent and depends on the nature of relationship between caretaker and adolescent. There is gender differences in selecting SRH topics of discussion. Interventions programmes have to include strategies that enhance caretaker’s information, motivation and skills so as to improve SRH communication between caretakers and adolescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saada A Seif
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Thecla W Kohi
- Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box, 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Candida S Moshiro
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box, 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Dávila SPE, Champion JD, Monsiváis MGM, Tovar M, Arias MLF. Mexican Adolescents' Self-Reports of Parental Monitoring and Sexual Communication for Prevention of Sexual Risk Behavior. J Pediatr Nurs 2017; 35:83-89. [PMID: 28728775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess perceptions of parental monitoring and sexual communication for sexual health promotion among adolescents who are Mexican. DESIGN AND METHODS Adolescents (N=153, n=85 females, n=68 males) between 14years (n=80) and 15 years (n=73) were recruited at a public high school in Monterrey in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. All participants were living with a parent(s). Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to assess sociodemographic characteristics of the group. Chi-square analyses were conducted to identify potential group differences among the adolescents by age, gender and sexual activity regarding responses to each item of the Spanish Version Parental Monitoring and Sexual Communication Scale (a=0.88). RESULTS Eleven percent of adolescents self-reported sexual activity. Significant group differences by age, gender and sexual activity were identified concerning parental monitoring and sexual communication including: less parental monitoring with older age (14 versus 15 year olds); more parental monitoring for females than males; less monitoring for sexually active adolescents; greater sexual communication for males than females, and among adolescents who were sexually active. CONCLUSIONS An assessment of adolescents' perceptions of parental monitoring and sexual communication is useful for development of strategies concerning sexual health promotion in Mexico. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The Spanish Version Parental Monitoring and Sexual Communication Scale can be used for assessment and modification of interventions for adolescent populations in Mexico. Information obtained from this assessment can be used to assist parents to enhance positive outcomes for parental monitoring and sexual communication with their children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Dimmitt Champion
- Lee and Joseph D. Jamail Endowed Professorship in Nursing, School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | | | - Marlene Tovar
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Flores Arias
- Facultad de enfermería, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lascurain de Retana 5, Centro Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico
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Falb KL, Asghar K, Laird B, Tanner S, Graybill E, Mallinga P, Stark L. Caregiver parenting and gender attitudes: Associations with violence against adolescent girls in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:278-284. [PMID: 28500924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Violence against adolescent girls occurs at alarmingly high rates in conflict-affected settings, in part due to their increased vulnerability from their age and gender. However, humanitarian programming efforts have historically focused either on child abuse prevention or intimate partner violence prevention and have not fully addressed the specific needs of adolescent girls, including engagement of caregivers to reduce risk of violence against adolescent girls. Thus, the objectives of this analysis are to examine the whether gendered and parental attitudes of caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were associated with their adolescent girls' experiences of violence and girls' attitudes towards IPV. Cross-sectional data from 869 girls (10-14 years) and their caregivers (n=764) were drawn from a baseline assessment of a violence prevention evaluation conducted in 2015. Findings suggest that female caregiver's gender equitable attitudes for adults may be associated with reduced odds of sexual abuse and less acceptance of IPV for adolescent girl children. Parenting attitudes and beliefs and gender equity for girl children were not associated with violence risk for girls, while increased accepting attitudes of negative discipline were only associated with lowered odds of sexual abuse. Understanding of caregivers' attitudes may provide potential insight into how to more effectively engage and develop programming for caregivers to promote the safety and well-being of adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Falb
- International Rescue Committee, 122 E 42nd St, New York City, NY, 10168 USA.
| | - Khudejha Asghar
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-4, Suite 432, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Betsy Laird
- International Rescue Committee, 122 E 42nd St, New York City, NY, 10168 USA
| | - Sophie Tanner
- International Rescue Committee,3 Bloomsbury Place, London, WC1A 2QL, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth Graybill
- International Rescue Committee, Bukavu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Pamela Mallinga
- International Rescue Committee, Bukavu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Lindsay Stark
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-4, Suite 432, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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126
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Pfeiffer C, Ahorlu CK, Alba S, Obrist B. Understanding resilience of female adolescents towards teenage pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Reprod Health 2017; 14:77. [PMID: 28651643 PMCID: PMC5485691 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-017-0338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Tanzania, teenage pregnancy rates are still high despite the efforts being made to reduce them. Not enough is known about how adolescents experience and cope with sexuality and teenage pregnancy. Over the past few decades, most studies have focused on vulnerability and risk among youth. The concept of 'reproductive resilience' is a new way of looking at teenage pregnancy. It shifts the perspective from a deficit-based to a strength-based approach. The study presented here aimed to identify factors that could contribute to strengthening the reproductive resilience of girls in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS Using a cross-sectional cluster sampling approach, 750 female adolescents aged 15-19 years were interviewed about how they mobilize resources to avoid or deal with teenage pregnancy. The main focus of the study was to examine how social capital (relations with significant others), economic capital (command over economic resources), cultural capital (personal dispositions and habits), and symbolic capital (recognition and prestige) contribute to the development of adolescent competencies for avoiding or dealing with teenage pregnancy and childbirth. RESULTS A cumulative competence scale was developed to assess reproductive resilience. The cumulative score was computed based on 10 competence indicators that refer to the re- and pro-active mobilization of resources. About half of the women who had never been pregnant fell into the category, 'high competence' (50.9%), meaning they could get the information and support needed to avoid pregnancies. Among pregnant women and young mothers, most were categorized as 'high competence' (70.5%) and stated that they know how to avoid or deal with health problems that might affect them or their babies, and could get the information and support required to do so. Cultural capital, in particular, contributed to the competence of never-pregnant girls [OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.07, p = 0.029], pregnant adolescents and young mothers [OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 1.15 to 9.60, p = 0.026]. CONCLUSIONS The reproductive resilience framework provides new insights into the reproductive health realities of adolescent girls from a strength-based perspective. While acknowledging that teenage pregnancy has serious negative implications for many female adolescents, the findings presented here highlight the importance of considering girls' capacities to prevent or deal with teenage pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pfeiffer
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health (EPH), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Collins K Ahorlu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG581, Legon, Ghana
| | - Sandra Alba
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health (EPH), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.,KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Brigit Obrist
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health (EPH), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Basel, Münsterplatz 19, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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127
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Titiloye MA, Ajuwon AJ. Knowledge and quality of adolescents reproductive health communication between parents and their adolescents children in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Public Health Afr 2017; 8:688. [PMID: 29109856 PMCID: PMC5651450 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2017.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between parents and adolescents on Adolescent Reproductive Health (ARH) issues are emerging public health concerns in Nigeria; yet they can be tackled through parents’ intervention. This study was designed to document the parents’ knowledge and quality of communication relating to ARH between parents and their adolescents in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two Local Government Areas in the state. Interviewer-administered instruments were used to collect data from the parents and adolescents pair. Both instruments included a 28-point knowledge scale and questions on ARH practices. The instrument for adolescents contained an additional 15-point Perceived Quality of ARH Communication (PQARHC). Knowledge scores ≤9, ≤10-18 and ≥20 were categorized as poor, fair and good, respectively for both parents and adolescents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chisquare tests at P=0.05. Ages of adolescents were 13.9±2.4 years while parents’ ages was 42.6±8.5 years. Parent’s and adolescents knowledge scores 22.6±3.4 and 19.4±5.9, respectively with no significant difference. Adolescents whose parents ever discussed ARH issues with them were 20.9% as against 72.1% by the parents. The proportion of parents and adolescents with good knowledge of ARH were 89.4% and 64.7% with no significant difference while the proportion of Adolescents’ PQARHC with their parents was adjudged to be of good quality communication was 82.2% with P>0.05. Both the parents and adolescents had good knowledge of adolescent reproductive health but practice and quality of communication was poor. Therefore, training intervention to improve the adolescent- parent communication is recommended for the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musibau A. Titiloye
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ademola J. Ajuwon
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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128
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Sommer M, Munoz-Laboy M, Wilkinson Salamea E, Arp J, Falb KL, Rudahindwa N, Stark L. How Narratives of Fear Shape Girls' Participation in Community Life in Two Conflict-Affected Populations. Violence Against Women 2017; 24:565-585. [PMID: 29332551 DOI: 10.1177/1077801217710000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous social factors shape girls' lives in conflict-affected settings, affecting their vulnerability to gender-based violence (GBV). Qualitative research methods were used to examine spaces of perceived safety and risk for girls living in two conflict-affected populations: camps in Ethiopia hosting primarily South Sudanese and Sudanese refugees and communities in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Three major themes emerged: (a) challenges around caregiver-child communication regarding development, sex, and sexual violence; (b) a typology of safe/risky spaces; and (c) the influence of male-dominated spaces on experiences and fear of GBV. The findings have implications for programs focused on reducing adolescent girls' vulnerability to violence within conflict-affected contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni Sommer
- 1 Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Johanna Arp
- 3 International Rescue Committee, Community Wellbeing Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kathryn L Falb
- 4 International Rescue Committee, Research, Evaluation, and Learning, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadine Rudahindwa
- 5 International Rescue Committee, Women's Protection and Empowerment, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Lindsay Stark
- 1 Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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129
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Mobredi K, Hasanpoor Azgahdy SB, Amiri Farahani L. Knowledge and Attitude of Mothers toward Preschool Sexual Education. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijn.30.106.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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130
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What Messages are Adolescent Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) Clients Getting and How? Findings From an Observational Study in Tanzania. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1383-1393. [PMID: 27557986 PMCID: PMC5378739 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Uncircumcised adolescent males in sub-Saharan Africa are an important group to reach with voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) services due to high HIV burden occurring among this age group. Appropriateness of the content and delivery of sexual health and HIV prevention messages to adolescent VMMC clients has not been extensively described. A study was conducted in Tanzania to examine quality, delivery and content of messages provided to adolescent (aged 15-19) and adult (aged 20+) VMMC clients (n = 320). Results show that counseling of mixed age groups during group education lacked selected key messages, compared to more age-homogeneous groups. Additionally, adolescents received more comprehensive information in individual counseling compared to group education. We recommend that health care providers are provided with skills and job aides to assist them to segment VMMC clients by age; provide age-appropriate messages; and increase use of individual counseling as a means to communicate with adolescent clients.
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131
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Blake S, Boone M, Yenew Kassa A, Sommer M. Teaching Girls About Puberty and Menstrual Hygiene Management in Rural Ethiopia: Findings From a Pilot Evaluation. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558417701246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Educational interventions on menstruation and puberty have emerged as an important element of efforts to improve girls’ knowledge and confidence related to puberty, menstruation, and menstrual hygiene management (MHM). We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the Ethiopia Growth and Changes puberty book, developed through research with Ethiopian girls to present scientifically accurate content on MHM in a format appropriate to girls’ lives. Deploying a cluster-randomized approach, we conducted quantitative surveys with girls enrolled in Grades 6 and 7 ( n = 636) in 10 intervention and 10 control schools in two rural districts of the West Shewa Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia. We collected qualitative data from girls in intervention schools. We found that the book was associated with a statistically significant improvement in knowledge, and evidence of improvements in attitudes around menstruation. Qualitative evidence underscored a strong interest in interventions that present information on menstruation and puberty in accurate and supportive terms. Consistent with an ecological framework for adolescent health, we conclude that puberty books offer a useful individual-level intervention, whose impact would be magnified if combined with investments aimed at creating more gender equitable physical and social school environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Blake
- University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, USA
| | - Melissa Boone
- Methodology Center at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | | | - Marni Sommer
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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132
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Vilanculos E, Nduna M. “The child can remember your voice”: parent–child communication about sexuality in the South African context. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2017; 16:81-89. [DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2017.1302486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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133
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Bankole OM, Onasote AO. Awareness and sources of contraception information among female university students in Nigeria. INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0266666916652185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Female university students are at the age of active sexual life, but desire to delay becoming mothers, thus making the provision to them of correct and timely information on contraception crucial. This study aims to investigate the level of awareness and information behaviour on contraception among Nigerian female university students. Using simple random sampling to select participants from the university’s nine colleges at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, a total of 800 questionnaires were administered, of which 91.6% were duly completed. The findings showed that awareness of contraception among respondents was 95.2%; the most known contraceptive methods were the male condom, oral pills and injectables; most respondents (80.7%) first learnt of contraception at secondary school. Respondents’ most frequent sources of contraception information were friends, television and magazines/newspapers, but their most preferred sources were physicians/health workers, parents and university lectures/lecturers. The major barriers faced in seeking information on contraception were inability to get reliable and accurate information, lack of time and fear of embarrassment. Measures to increase the adoption of contraception among female students must take cognizance of their preferred sources of information to deliver correct and adequate information about contraceptive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. O. Onasote
- Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
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134
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Krugu JK, Mevissen F, Münkel M, Ruiter R. Beyond love: a qualitative analysis of factors associated with teenage pregnancy among young women with pregnancy experience in Bolgatanga, Ghana. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2017; 19:293-307. [PMID: 27685083 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1216167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Globally, an estimated 16 million young women aged 15 to 19 years give birth every year. Most teenage pregnancies are unintended and being pregnant or delivering a baby as a teenager can have serious adverse consequences. Knowledge of the environmental factors and social cognitive determinants influencing young women's failure to protect against unintended pregnancy is necessary to address the high rate of teenage pregnancies. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 21 young women, who had experience of pregnancy, in Bolgatanga, Ghana. The interview protocol included themes (relationships, sex, pregnancy, family planning) and determinants (knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, norms, risk perceptions) derived from empirical studies and theories related to sexuality behaviour. Findings show that young women's motivations for sexual relationships are mostly 'beyond love' and seem to focus on economic factors. The main means of sexual protection seems to be condom use. Other forms of contraception were believed to be linked to infertility. Sexuality remains a largely taboo topic for open discussion and sex education in schools seems limited to abstinence-only messages. The need for more open communication on matters of sexuality with young people and the provision of a more comprehensive sexuality education in school to address teenage pregnancies in Ghana, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kingsley Krugu
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- b Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Unit , Youth Harvest Foundation , Bolgatanga , Ghana
| | - Fraukje Mevissen
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Meret Münkel
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Ruiter
- a Department of Work and Social Psychology , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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135
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Opawale OA, Animasahun VJ, Chapman HJ. Prevalence of communication between mothers and daughters on sexuality and associated factors in Sagamu, southwest Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 30:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0102/ijamh-2016-0102.xml. [PMID: 28063260 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As adolescents transition from childhood to adulthood, effective mother-daughter communication on sexuality plays a role in reducing high-risk behaviours linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and early pregnancy and childbirth. The objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of mother-daughter communication on sexuality and associated factors in Sagamu, southwest Nigeria. METHODS Using multistage sampling, surveys were conducted using 234 female youth enrolled at a secondary school. The chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to examine associations between categorical variables. The independent sample t-test was used to compare mean values of variables with reported evidence of mother-daughter communication on sexuality. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 16+1.56 years. The majority (89.7%) had engaged in mother-daughter communication on sexuality, but three-quarters (80.8%) of the respondents could not freely discuss sexuality with their mothers. About one-third (31.6%) of the respondents reported at least one sexual encounter with the mean age of sexual debut of 14.23±2.12 years. Mother-daughter communication on sexuality was significantly associated with religion (p=0.047), mother's age (p=0.019), who the respondents live with (p=0.029), mother's highest educational status (p<0.001), age of sexual debut (p=0.030), and condom use (p<0.001), but not with freedom to discuss sexuality with their mother (p=0.552) or freedom to introduce male friends to their mother (p=0.077). CONCLUSION Despite the high prevalence of mother-daughter communication on sexuality, mothers' approach appeared unfriendly, as most girls could not freely discuss topics concerning sexuality with their mothers. Poor communication on sexuality was associated with sexual risk behaviours. Mothers should engage in adolescent-friendly transferring of knowledge on sexuality in order to reduce pregnancy rates and HIV transmission in female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadamilola A Opawale
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria.,St. Nicholas Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victor J Animasahun
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria.,Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, Phone: +2348053354024
| | - Helena J Chapman
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,USA
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136
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Avuvika E, Masese LN, Wanje G, Wanyonyi J, Nyaribo B, Omoni G, Baghazal A, McClelland RS. Barriers and Facilitators of Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Mombasa, Kenya: A Qualitative Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169388. [PMID: 28046104 PMCID: PMC5207488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Young women bear the greatest burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to identify and address barriers to STI screening in this population. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the feasibility of STI screening among adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya. METHODS We conducted 17 in-depth interviews (IDIs) (8 with adolescent girls and 9 with young women) and 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) (4 with adolescent girls and 2 with young women, total 55 participants). The audio recordings for the IDIs and FGDs were translated and transcribed into English. Transcripts were independently reviewed by two researchers, and a set of codes was designed to help analyze the data using the content analysis approach. Data content was then analyzed manually and digitally using ATLAS.ti, and consensus was reached on central and specific emergent themes discussed by the research team. RESULTS Adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya expressed willingness to participate in STI screening. A major incentive for screening was participants' desire to know their STI status, especially following perceived high-risk sexual behavior. Lack of symptoms and fear of positive test results were identified as barriers to STI screening at the individual level, while parental notification and stigmatization from parents, family members and the community were identified as barriers at the community level. Uncomfortable or embarrassing methods of specimen collection were an additional barrier. Thus, urine-based screening was felt to be the most acceptable. CONCLUSION Kenyan adolescent girls and young women seem willing to participate in screening for STIs using urine testing. Addressing stigmatization by parents, health care workers and the community could further facilitate STI screening in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Avuvika
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical & Infectious Diseases (UNITID), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet N. Masese
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - George Wanje
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical & Infectious Diseases (UNITID), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliet Wanyonyi
- Student Services, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Grace Omoni
- School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - R. Scott McClelland
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical & Infectious Diseases (UNITID), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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137
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Motsomi K, Makanjee C, Basera T, Nyasulu P. Factors affecting effective communication about sexual and reproductive health issues between parents and adolescents in zandspruit informal settlement, Johannesburg, South Africa. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 25:120. [PMID: 28292083 PMCID: PMC5325495 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.25.120.9208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Communication between parents and adolescents regarding sexuality is an important reproductive health topic. Due to complexities associated with adolescent's physiological development, sexuality should be dealt with holistically. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting effective communication between parents and adolescents concerning sexual and reproductive health issues. METHODS An exploratory qualitative study using the focus group discussions method was done to explore amongst other things; social, cultural and religious barriers to communication. Thematic content analysis was done. RESULTS Factors identified included: embarrassment when discussing sexual topics; adolescent misperceptions that guardians want to engage in sexual activities with them; strong belief amongst guardians that reproductive health discussions with adolescents encourages sexual experimentation; belief that adolescents were too young to understand; non-conducive environment for open discussions of sexual and reproductive health matters; cultural and religious beliefs. CONCLUSION In view of these findings, there are still barriers in terms of parent-adolescent engagement on issues related to risks associated with sexual behaviours and erroneous reproductive health choices among adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to encourage engagement by creating neutral platforms facilitated by community healthcare providers and/ or social workers. This will help create awareness and bridge the communication and interaction gap by emphasising the importance of effective engagement among adolescents and their parents on matters related to risks associated with sexual behaviours and erroneous reproductive health choices. Post implantation intervention studies are needed to inform on the outcomes of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegaugetswe Motsomi
- School of Health Sciences, Monash South Africa, Ruimsig, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Perth Road, Helen Joseph Hospital, Themba Lethu Wing, Westdene
| | - Chandra Makanjee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, South Africa
| | - Tariro Basera
- School of Health Sciences, Monash South Africa, Ruimsig, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter Nyasulu
- School of Health Sciences, Monash South Africa, Ruimsig, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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138
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Madiba S, Mokgatle M. Parents Support Implementation of HIV Testing and Counseling at School: Cross-Sectional Study with Parents of Adolescent Attending High School in Gauteng and North West Provinces, South Africa. AIDS Res Treat 2016; 2016:4842814. [PMID: 27807481 PMCID: PMC5078638 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4842814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. A formative assessment of the implementation of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) at school showed high acceptability and willingness to test among learners. However, the success of the proposed HTC depends on the support and acceptability of key stakeholders, including the parents. The aim of the study was to assess the opinions and acceptability of the implementation of HTC at school among parents of adolescents in high school. Methods. This was a cross-sectional household survey conducted with parents of adolescents attending high schools in educational districts in North West and Gauteng provinces, South Africa. Results. A total of 804 parents participated, and 548 (68.3%) were biological mothers, 85 (10.6%) were fathers, and the remaining were other relatives including grandmothers. Almost all (n = 742, 92.9%) parents were in support of implementation and provision of HTC at school, 701 (87.7%) would allow their children to be tested at school, 365 (46%) felt that parental consent was not needed to test at school, and 39.4% preferred to receive the HIV test results with their children. Conclusion. Parents accept the roll-out of an HTC program at school and have a role to play in supporting children who test positive for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphiwe Madiba
- School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mathildah Mokgatle
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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139
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Manu A, Kotoh AM, Asante RKO, Ankomah A. Factors associated with parental communication with young people about sexual and reproductive health. HEALTH EDUCATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/he-09-2015-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Available studies on parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health in Ghana have largely focused on assessing communication frequency, barriers, and who communicates with whom within the family. The purpose of this paper is to examine parental and family contextual factors that predict parental communication with young people about sexual and reproductive health.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey was conducted among 790 parents selected through a multistage sampling technique. The Cronbach’s α statistic was used to assess various parental and family contextual constructs on parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health. Separate hierarchical multiple regression models for mothers and fathers were constructed to assess predictors of parental communication about sexual and reproductive health.
Findings
Nearly the same factors predicted mothers’ and fathers’ communication with young people about sexual and reproductive health matters. The predictors for both mothers and fathers included high socioeconomic status (SES), family religiousity, parent discipline, perceived parent sexual knowledge and parent trustworthiness. Parent permissiveness predicted only for fathers.
Social implications
Parental communication on sexual and reproductive health is influenced by high SES, family religiousity, parent sexual knowledge, parent discipline and trustworthiness. Interventional programmes on communication about sexual and reproductive health need to take cognisance of these factors to improve parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health.
Originality/value
This paper adds to the limited evidence on parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health in Ghana, by examining parental and family contextual factors that influence parental communication with young people about sexual and reproductive health.
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Rochat TJ, Mitchell J, Stein A, Mkwanazi NB, Bland RM. The Amagugu Intervention: A Conceptual Framework for Increasing HIV Disclosure and Parent-Led Communication about Health among HIV-Infected Parents with HIV-Uninfected Primary School-Aged Children. Front Public Health 2016; 4:183. [PMID: 27630981 PMCID: PMC5005419 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in access to HIV prevention and treatment have reduced vertical transmission of HIV, with most children born to HIV-infected parents being HIV-uninfected themselves. A major challenge that HIV-infected parents face is disclosure of their HIV status to their predominantly HIV-uninfected children. Their children enter middle childhood and early adolescence facing many challenges associated with parental illness and hospitalization, often exacerbated by stigma and a lack of access to health education and support. Increasingly, evidence suggests that primary school-aged children have the developmental capacity to grasp concepts of health and illness, including HIV, and that in the absence of parent-led communication and education about these issues, HIV-exposed children may be at increased risk of psychological and social problems. The Amagugu intervention is a six-session home-based intervention, delivered by lay counselors, which aims to increase parenting capacity to disclose their HIV status and offer health education to their primary school-aged children. The intervention includes information and activities on disclosure, health care engagement, and custody planning. An uncontrolled pre-post-evaluation study with 281 families showed that the intervention was feasible, acceptable, and effective in increasing maternal disclosure. The aim of this paper is to describe the conceptual model of the Amagugu intervention, as developed post-evaluation, showing the proposed pathways of risk that Amagugu aims to disrupt through its intervention targets, mechanisms, and activities; and to present a summary of results from the large-scale evaluation study of Amagugu to demonstrate the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention model. This relatively low-intensity home-based intervention led to: increased HIV disclosure to children, improvements in mental health for mother and child, and improved health care engagement and custody planning for the child. The intervention model demonstrates the potential for disclosure interventions to include pre-adolescent HIV education and prevention for primary school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsen J. Rochat
- Human and Social Development, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Centre for Population Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
- MRC/Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanie Mitchell
- Africa Centre for Population Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
| | - Alan Stein
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntombizodumo Brilliant Mkwanazi
- Africa Centre for Population Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth M. Bland
- Africa Centre for Population Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing and Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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van Rooyen H, Essack Z, Rochat T, Wight D, Knight L, Bland R, Celum C. Taking HIV Testing to Families: Designing a Family-Based Intervention to Facilitate HIV Testing, Disclosure, and Intergenerational Communication. Front Public Health 2016; 4:154. [PMID: 27547750 PMCID: PMC4974258 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facility-based HIV testing does not capture many adults and children who are at risk of HIV in South Africa. This underscores the need to provide targeted, age-appropriate HIV testing for children, adolescents, and adults who are not accessing health facilities. While home-based counseling and testing has been successfully delivered in multiple settings, it also often fails to engage adolescents. To date, the full potential for testing entire families and linking them to treatment has not been evaluated. METHODS The steps to expand a successful home-based counseling and testing model to a family-based counseling and testing approach in a high HIV prevalence context in rural South Africa are described. The primary aim of this family-based model is to increase uptake of HIV testing and linkage to care for all family members, through promoting family cohesion and intergenerational communication, increasing HIV disclosure in the family, and improving antiretroviral treatment uptake, adherence, and retention. We discuss the three-phased research approach that led to the development of the family-based counseling and testing intervention. RESULTS The family-based intervention is designed with a maximum of five sessions, depending on the configuration of the family (young, mixed, and older families). There is an optional additional session for high-risk or vulnerable family situations. These sessions encourage HIV testing of adults, children, and adolescents and disclosure of HIV status. Families with adolescents receive an intensive training session on intergenerational communication, identified as the key causal pathway to improve testing, linkage to care, disclosure, and reduced stigma for this group. The rationale for the focus on intergenerational communication is described in relation to our formative work as well as previous literature, and potential challenges with pilot testing the intervention are explored. CONCLUSION This paper maps the process for adapting a novel and largely successful home-based counseling and testing intervention for use with families. Expanding the successful home-based counseling and testing model to capture children, adolescents, and men could have significant impact, if the pilot is successful and scaled-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi van Rooyen
- Human and Social Development Program, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Zaynab Essack
- Human and Social Development Program, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Tamsen Rochat
- Human and Social Development Program, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Section of Child of Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lucia Knight
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruth Bland
- Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Puffer ES, Green EP, Sikkema KJ, Broverman SA, Ogwang-Odhiambo RA, Pian J. A church-based intervention for families to promote mental health and prevent HIV among adolescents in rural Kenya: Results of a randomized trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2016; 84:511-525. [PMID: 26985727 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a family- and church-based intervention for adolescents and caregivers in rural Kenya to improve family relationships, reduce HIV risk, and promote mental health. METHOD The intervention was developed using community-based participatory methods and focused on strengthening family communication. Modules addressed economic, relationship, and HIV-related topics using evidence-based behavioral strategies alongside culturally grounded content. A stepped wedge cluster randomized trial was conducted with 124 families (237 adolescents ages 10 to 16; 203 caregivers) from 4 churches. Participants completed interviewer-administered surveys over 5 rounds. Primary outcomes included family communication, HIV risk knowledge, self-efficacy, and beliefs. Secondary outcomes included parenting, social support, mental health, and adolescent sexual behavior. We estimated intent-to-treat effects via ordinary least squares regression with clustered standard errors. RESULTS Relative to controls, the intervention group reported better family communication across domains at 1- and 3-months postintervention and higher self-efficacy for risk reduction skills and HIV-related knowledge at 1-month postintervention. Sexually active youth in the intervention reported fewer high-risk behaviors at 1-month postintervention, including unprotected sex or multiple partners. Male caregivers in the intervention reported higher parental involvement at both time points, and youth reported more social support from male caregivers at 3-months postintervention. No effects on secondary outcomes of parenting, social support, and mental health were detected. CONCLUSIONS This intervention holds promise for strengthening positive family processes to protect against negative future outcomes for adolescents. Implementation with religious congregations may be a promising strategy for improving sustainability and scalability of interventions in low-resource settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve S Puffer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
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Sooki Z, Shariati M, Chaman R, Khosravi A, Effatpanah M, Keramat A. The Role of Mother in Informing Girls About Puberty: A Meta-Analysis Study. Nurs Midwifery Stud 2016; 5:e30360. [PMID: 27331056 PMCID: PMC4915208 DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal30360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Family, especially the mother, has the most important role in the education, transformation of information, and health behaviors of girls in order for them to have a healthy transition from the critical stage of puberty, but there are different views in this regard. OBJECTIVES Considering the various findings about the source of information about puberty, a meta-analysis study was conducted to investigate the extent of the mother's role in informing girls about puberty. DATA SOURCES This meta-analysis study was based on English articles published from 2000 to February 2015 in the Scopus, PubMed, and Science direct databases and on Persian articles in the SID, Magiran, and Iran Medex databases with determined key words and their MeSH equivalent. STUDY SELECTION Quantitative cross-sectional articles were extracted by two independent researchers and finally 46 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. STROBE list were used for evaluation of studies. DATA EXTRACTION The percent of mothers as the current and preferred source of gaining information about the process of puberty, menarche, and menstruation from the perspective of adolescent girls was extracted from the articles. The results of studies were analyzed using meta-analysis (random effects model) and the studies' heterogeneity was analyzed using the I(2) calculation index. Variance between studies was analyzed using tau squared (Tau(2)) and review manager 5 software. RESULTS The results showed that, from the perspective of teenage girls in Iran and other countries, in 56% of cases, the mother was the current source of information about the process of puberty, menarche, and menstruation. The preferred source of information about the process of puberty, menarche, and menstruation was the mother in all studies at 60% (Iran 57%, and other countries 66%). CONCLUSIONS According to the findings of this study, it is essential that health professionals and officials of the ministry of health train mothers about the time, trends, and factors affecting the start of puberty using a multi-dimensional approach that involves religious organizations, community groups, and peer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sooki
- Department of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Shariati
- Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Chaman
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Effatpanah
- School Of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Afsaneh Keramat
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
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Seif SA, Kohi TW, Mselle LT. Caretaker’s Perceptions on Caretaker-Adolescent Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health in Unguja-Zanzibar: Implication for Intervention. Health (London) 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.86055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ahorlu CK, Pfeiffer C, Obrist B. Socio-cultural and economic factors influencing adolescents' resilience against the threat of teenage pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey in Accra, Ghana. Reprod Health 2015; 12:117. [PMID: 26700638 PMCID: PMC4690282 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-015-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent pregnancy exposes female adolescents to medical, social and economic risks. In Ghana, adolescent mothers are more likely to experience complications during pregnancy and delivery as compared to older mothers. This study examined the competencies of adolescent girls to either proactively prevent teenage pregnancy or reactively cope effectively with it. METHODS A cross-sectional survey approach was used to interview 820 adolescent girls aged 15-19 years in Accra, Ghana. The main focus of the study was to examine how social capital (various kinds of valued relations with significant others), economic capital (command over economic resources, mainly cash and assets), cultural capital (personal dispositions and habits; knowledge and tradition stored in material forms and institutionalized) and symbolic capital (honour, recognition and prestige) contribute to the development of competencies of adolescents to deal with the threat of teenage pregnancy and childbirth. RESULTS Out of 820 adolescents interviewed, 128 (16%) were pregnant or mothers. Adolescents in both groups (62% never pregnant girls and 68% pregnant/young mothers) have access to social support, especially from their parents. Parents are taking the place of aunts and grandmothers in providing sexual education to their adolescent girls due to changing social structures where extended families no longer reside together in most cases. More (79%) pregnant girls and young mothers compared to never pregnant girls (38%) have access to economic support (P = <0.001). Access to social, economic and cultural capitals was associated with high competence to either prevent or deal with pregnancy among adolescent girls. CONCLUSION Findings showed that adolescent girls, especially those that get pregnant should not be viewed as weak and vulnerable because many of them have developed competencies to cope with pregnancy and childbirth effectively. Thus, focusing on developing the competencies of girls to access social, economic and cultural capitals may be an effective way of tackling the threat of teenage pregnancy than focusing only on their vulnerability and associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins K Ahorlu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Constanze Pfeiffer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Brigit Obrist
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Muhwezi WW, Katahoire AR, Banura C, Mugooda H, Kwesiga D, Bastien S, Klepp KI. Perceptions and experiences of adolescents, parents and school administrators regarding adolescent-parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues in urban and rural Uganda. Reprod Health 2015; 12:110. [PMID: 26621129 PMCID: PMC4665849 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-015-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that in spite of some adolescents being sexually active, many parents do not discuss sex-related issues with them due to lack of age-appropriate respectful vocabulary and skills. The likelihood of parent-adolescent communication improving sexual and reproductive health outcomes appears plausible. The desire to understand parent-adolescent communication and how to improve it for promotion of healthy sexual behaviours inspired this research. The paper is meant to describe perceptions of adolescents, parents and school administrators about parent-adolescent communication on sexual issues; describe the content of such communication and identify factors that influence this communication. METHODS The study was done among two urban and two rural secondary school students in their second year of education. Data were collected from 11 focus group discussions and 10 key Informants Interviews. Data management, analysis and interpretation followed thematic analysis principles. Illuminating verbatim quotations are used to illustrate findings. RESULTS Parental warmth and acceptability of children was perceived by parents to be foundational for a healthy adolescent- parent communication. Perceptions of adolescents tended to point to more open and frequent communication with mothers than fathers and to cordial relationships with mothers. Fathers were perceived by adolescents to be strict, intimidating, unapproachable and unavailable. While adolescents tended to generally discuss sexual issues with mothers, male adolescents communicated less with anyone on sex, relationships and condoms. Much of the parent-adolescent communication was perceived to focus on sexually transmitted infections and body changes. Discussions of sex and dating with adolescents were perceived to be rare. Common triggers of sexuality discussions with female adolescents were; onset of menstruation and perceived abortion in the neighbourhood. Discussion with male adolescents, if it occurred was perceived to be triggered by parental suspicion of having female 'friends' or coming home late. Peers at school and mass media were perceived to the main source of sexuality information. CONCLUSIONS Communication on sexuality issues between parents and their adolescent children was infrequent and critical elements like sex and specifics of protection against undesirable sexual behaviour consequences were avoided. Peers, schools and mass media should be creatively harnessed to improve parent-adolescent communication about sexuality issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Winstons Muhwezi
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Anne Ruhweza Katahoire
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Cecily Banura
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Herbert Mugooda
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Doris Kwesiga
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Sheri Bastien
- University of Calgary, Global Health & International Partnerships, Faculty of Medicine, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada.
| | - Knut-Inge Klepp
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Noubiap JJN, Nansseu JRN, Ndoula ST, Wang B, Jingi AM, Bigna JJR, Aminde LN, Youmbi RA, Fokom-Domgue J. Prevalence and correlates of HIV-risky sexual behaviors among students attending the Medical and Social Welfare Center of the University of Maroua, Cameroon. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:635. [PMID: 26526854 PMCID: PMC4630846 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on sexual behaviors in Cameroonian youths are needed to design and implement effective preventive strategies against HIV/AIDS. This study aimed at assessing sociodemographic and religious factors associated with sexual behaviors among university students in Cameroon. METHODS In 2011, 411 university students were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire at the Medical and Social Welfare Center of the University of Maroua. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine correlates of sexual behaviors. RESULTS 80.8 % of students were sexually active. The mean age at sexual debut was 18.1 years (SD = 3.1). The frequency of premarital sex was 92.8 %. Pornography viewing [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.0, 95 % CI 2.1-7.6; p < 0.0001] and an increased age of 1 year (aOR: 1.3, 95 % CI 2.0-7.6; p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with having previously had sex. The likelihood to have a lower (<18) age at sexual debut was increased by male gender (aOR: 2.5, 95 % CI 1.7-5; p < 0.001), and urban origin (aOR: 2.9, 95 % CI 1.5-5.7; p < 0.01). The probability to have a high number (#3) of lifetime sexual partners was increased by age (aOR: 1.1, 95 % CI 1.0-1.2; p < 0.001), pornography viewing (aOR: 4.3, 95 % CI 1.9-9.5; p < 0.001), an early sexual debut (aOR: 2.8, 95 % CI 1.6-5.0; p < 0.001), having had occasional sexual partners (aOR: 7.0, 95 % CI 3.7-13.1; p < 0.0001), and was decreased by Muslim religious affiliation (aOR: 0.2, 95 % CI 0.1-0.9; p < 0.05). Having had casual sexual partners was associated with less inconsistent condom use (aOR: 0.5, 95 % CI 0.2-0.9; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that there is an alarming level of risky sexual behaviors among the study population. Strong and efficient measures should be undertaken to handle such harmful behaviors, this for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and other STIs in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jacques N Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | | | - Shalom Tchokfe Ndoula
- , Guidiguis Health District, Guidiguis, Cameroon. .,Medical and Social Welfare Center of the University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon.
| | - Binhuan Wang
- Department of Population Health, Division of Biostatistics, New York School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Ahmadou M Jingi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Joel R Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pasteur Center of Cameroon, PO Box 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Leopold N Aminde
- Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy (CRENC), Douala, Cameroon.
| | | | - Joël Fokom-Domgue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Atienzo EE, Ortiz-Panozo E, Campero L. Congruence in reported frequency of parent-adolescent sexual health communication: A study from Mexico. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2015; 27:275-283. [PMID: 25153551 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2014-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on parent-adolescent sexual health communication come from developed countries and are based on either parents' or children's reports. In developing countries, there is little evidence about the agreement among reports of all parties involved in parent-adolescent sexual health communication. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to explore the congruence (agreement) between adolescents and their parents about how frequently they discuss on selected sexual health topics. SUBJECTS A total of 1606 parent-adolescent dyads of adolescents attending the first year in public high schools and their parents, in Morelos, Mexico were sampled in this study. METHODS The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that included the frequency of parent-adolescent communication about eight sexual health topics. An ordinal logistic threshold model was used to estimate intra-class correlation coefficients within parent-adolescent dyads (as a measure of congruence) and to test if thresholds were equal between parents and adolescents. RESULTS Congruence in reported frequency of parent-adolescent sexual health communication ranged from 0.205 (menstruation) to 0.307 (condoms) for mother-adolescent dyads, and from 0.103 (ejaculation) to 0.380 (condoms) for father-adolescent dyads. The thresholds (i.e., the cutoff points that define the categories in the observed ordinal variable) differed between parents and adolescents for each of the sexual health topics explored (p<0.05 for father-adolescent dyads and p<0.001 for mother-adolescent dyads). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a low congruence between parents' and adolescents' reports on parent-adolescent sexual health communication. This might be due to interpretation of frequency and intensity of sexual health communication which differs between parents and adolescents.
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Parent-Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Communication Is Very Limited and Associated with Adolescent Poor Behavioral Beliefs and Subjective Norms: Evidence from a Community Based Cross-Sectional Study in Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129941. [PMID: 26167860 PMCID: PMC4500400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction While parent-adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) communication is one potential source of SRH information for adolescents, it appears to be inadequately practiced in Ethiopia. This study was designed to investigate the factors that limit or improve parent-adolescent SRH communication in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was done on 4,559 adolescents of age 13–18. SRH communication was measured using a nine-item scale whose response ranged from “not at all” to “always.” Summated composite score ranging from 0–36 was generated; higher score indicates high SRH communication. A median value of the composite score was 4 out of the possible 36 with an Interquartile Range (IQR) of 7. Respondents were ranked as very poor, poor and satisfactory communicators based on 33rd and 67th percentiles values. Generalized ordered logit model was applied to investigate the factors associated with SRH communication. Results Results showed that the adolescents who were more likely to practice poor-very poor/very poor SRH communication were those who had poor behavioral beliefs on and poor subjective norms of communicating sexual issues with parents and those who perceived their parents’ reproductive health (RH) knowledge as poor. Nonetheless, the probability of poor-very poor/very poor SRH communication was less with high adolescent-parent communication quality, television co-viewing and discussions, and self-disclosure. Conclusions Curtailing the adolescents’ underlying poor beliefs and norms, and improving adolescent-parent communication quality, self-disclosure, and television co-viewing and discussions are essential to engage the parents in sexual and reproductive health education of the adolescents.
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Manu AA, Mba CJ, Asare GQ, Odoi-Agyarko K, Asante RKO. Parent-child communication about sexual and reproductive health: evidence from the Brong Ahafo region, Ghana. Reprod Health 2015; 12:16. [PMID: 25889521 PMCID: PMC4359389 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-015-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young people aged 10–24 years represent one-third of the Ghanaian population. Many are sexually active and are at considerable risk of negative health outcomes due to inadequate sexual and reproductive health knowledge. Although growing international evidence suggests that parent–child sexual communication has positive influence on young people’s sexual behaviours, this subject has been poorly studied among Ghanaian families. This study explored the extent and patterns of parent–child sexual communication, and the topics commonly discussed by parents. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to sample 790 parent–child dyads through a two-stage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size. Interviewer-administered questionnaire method was used to gather quantitative data on parent–child communication about sex. Twenty sexual topics were investigated to describe the patterns and frequency of communication. The Pearson’s chi-square and z-test for two-sample proportions were used to assess sexual communication differences between parents and young people. Qualitative data were used to flesh-out relevant issues which standard questionnaire could not cover satisfactorily. Results About 82.3% of parents had at some point in time discussed sexual and reproductive health issues with their children; nonetheless, the discussions centered on a few topics. Whereas child-report indicated that 78.8% of mothers had discussed sexual communication with their children, 53.5% of fathers had done so. Parental discussions on the 20 sexual topics ranged from 5.2%-73.6%. Conversely, young people’s report indicates that mother-discussed topics ranged between 1.9%-69.5%, while father-discussed topics ranged from 0.4% to 46.0%. Sexual abstinence was the most frequently discussed topic (73.6%), followed by menstruation 63.3% and HIV/AIDS 61.5%; while condom (5.2%) and other contraceptive use (9.3%) were hardly discussed. The most common trigger of communication cited by parent–child dyads was parent’s own initiation (59.1% vs. 62.6% p = 0.22). Conclusions Parents in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana do talk to children about sex, but their conversations cover limited topics. While abstinence is the most widely discussed sexual topic, condoms and contraception were rarely discussed. Sex educational programmes ought to encourage parents to expand sexual communication to cover more topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar A Manu
- Department of Population, Family, & Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Gloria Quansah Asare
- Family Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Private Mail Bag, Ministries, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Kwasi Odoi-Agyarko
- RHI Medical Centre, Amanokrom, P.O. Box 134, Mampong-Akuapem, Eastern Region, Ghana.
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