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Eadeh HM, Bourchtein E, Langberg JM, Eddy LD, Oddo L, Molitor SJ, Evans SW. Longitudinal Evaluation of the Role of Academic and Social Impairment and Parent-Adolescent Conflict in the Development of Depression in Adolescents with ADHD. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 26:2374-2385. [PMID: 29713135 PMCID: PMC5916842 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Older adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a significantly increased likelihood of developing comorbid depression. It is important to evaluate factors during the early adolescent period that may contribute to this risk. A predominant theory is that impairment and failure experiences lead to the development of low-self efficacy and depression, and that parent and family factors also play a role. In a sample of 326 young adolescents with ADHD (Mage = 12), the present study evaluated whether parent-adolescent conflict mediated the association between social and academic impairment and the development of depression. This study builds upon prior work by evaluating these associations longitudinally and by using a multi-rater approach, including the parent, adolescent, and teacher perspectives. Social and academic impairment directly predicted depression controlling for baseline levels of depression and change in ADHD symptoms. The association between social impairment and depression was partially mediated by parent-adolescent conflict. Mediation through conflict was not found for academic impairment, and the association between academic impairment and depression was no longer significant when accounting for conflict. These findings highlight the importance of social impairment in the development of depression in adolescents with ADHD. Caregivers may play an important role in determining whether adolescents with ADHD internalize social impairment and failure experiences and develop depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings in terms of the importance of interventions focused on parent-adolescent conflict are discussed.
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102
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Abstract
Understanding predictors of adolescent inpatient length of stay (LOS) is important in informing treatment outcomes for this age group. The current literature on adolescent LOS remains limited and has been characterized by methodological limitations. In the study described here, we examined a wide range of predictors for LOS in a psychiatric unit for adolescents (N=285), including severity of disorder (previous hospitalizations, self-harm, cognitive impairment and thought disorder, severe depression, history of trauma), types of psychotropic medication, and diagnoses. Our results indicated that LOS is associated with predictors that reflect psychiatric severity-most notably prescription of mood stabilizers and youth-reported internalizing symptoms.
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103
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5-HTTLPR moderates the association between attention away from angry faces and prospective depression among youth. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 91:83-89. [PMID: 28325682 PMCID: PMC5473433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention bias to emotion has been studied as a risk factor associated with depression. No study has examined whether attention bias within the context of measured genetic risk leads to increased risk for clinical depressive episodes over time. The current study investigated whether genetic risk, as indexed by the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), moderated the relationship between attention bias to emotional faces and clinical depression onset prospectively across 18-months in a community sample of youth (n = 428; mean age = 11.97, SD = 2.28; 59% girls). Youth who attended away from angry emotional faces and were homozygous for the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were at greater risk for prospective depressive episode onset. The current study's findings highlight the importance of examining risk for depression across multiple levels of analysis and demonstrate attention away from threat as a possible point of intervention related to attention bias modification and depression treatment among youth.
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104
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Evans R, Thirlwall K, Cooper P, Creswell C. Using symptom and interference questionnaires to identify recovery among children with anxiety disorders. Psychol Assess 2017; 29:835-843. [PMID: 27845527 PMCID: PMC5490389 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Questionnaires are widely used in routine clinical practice to assess treatment outcomes for children with anxiety disorders. This study was conducted to determine whether 2 widely used child and parent report questionnaires of child anxiety symptoms and interference (Spence Child Anxiety Scale [SCAS-C/P] and Child Anxiety Impact Scale [CAIS-C/P]) accurately identify recovery from common child anxiety disorder diagnoses as measured by a 'gold-standard' diagnostic interview. Three hundred thirty-seven children (7-12 years, 51% female) and their parents completed the ADIS-IV-C/P diagnostic interview and questionnaire measures (SCAS-C/P and CAIS-C/P) before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) treatment or wait-list. Time 2 parent reported interference (CAIS-P) was found to be a good predictor of absence of any diagnoses (area under the curve [AUC] = .81). In terms of specific diagnoses, Time 2 SCAS-C/P separation anxiety subscale (SCAS-C/P-SA) identified recovery from separation anxiety disorder well (SCAS-C-SA, AUC = .80; SCAS-P-SA, AUC = .82) as did the CAIS-P (AUC = .79). The CAIS-P also successfully identified recovery from social phobia (AUC = .78) and generalized anxiety disorder (AUC = .76). These AUC values were supported by moderate to good sensitivity (.70-.78) and specificity (.70-.73) at the best identified cut-off scores. None of the measures successfully identified recovery from specific phobia. The results suggest that questionnaire measures, particularly the CAIS-P, can be used to identify whether children have recovered from common anxiety disorders, with the exception of specific phobias. Cut-off scores have been identified that can guide the use of routine outcome measures in clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Evans
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading
| | - Kerstin Thirlwall
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading
| | - Peter Cooper
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading
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105
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de Haan A, Ganser HG, Münzer A, Witt A, Goldbeck L. Dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 28652862 PMCID: PMC5483269 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-017-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions correlate highly with chronic stress. Studies on maltreatment-related cognitions and their predictors in children and adolescents are rare. METHODS The study sample consisted of 231 children aged 8-17 years who had experienced maltreatment including domestic violence, emotional abuse, neglect, physical, and sexual abuse. Using multiple linear regression analysis, gender, age, index-event, multi-type maltreatment, out-of-home-care, and migration background were investigated as possible predictors of dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions. Additionally, the associations between dysfunctional cognitions and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as well as further internalizing and externalizing symptoms were calculated. RESULTS Gender emerged as a significant predictor of dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions. Moreover, there was an interaction effect of gender and age, with female adolescents showing most dysfunctional cognitions. Furthermore, experiencing five different maltreatment types had an impact, leading to more dysfunctional cognitions compared to single-type maltreatment. Dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions correlated highly with PTSS and internalizing symptoms, and moderately with externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Dysfunctional maltreatment-related cognitions are associated with psychological symptoms after maltreatment and, therefore, need to be addressed in assessment and treatment. Trial registration DRKS00003979. Registered 03 July 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke de Haan
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Department of Child and Adolescent Health Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.410712.1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helene G. Ganser
- grid.410712.1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Münzer
- grid.410712.1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Witt
- grid.410712.1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Goldbeck
- grid.410712.1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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106
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Valadão Dias F, Campos JADB, Mendes R, Leal I, Marôco J. The factorial structure of the SCARED-R in a Portuguese community sample. PSYCHOLOGY, COMMUNITY & HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.5964/pch.v6i1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim
To evaluate the three-, four-, five- and nine-factor structures of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - revised version (SCARED-R) in a Portuguese sample. We further aimed at assessing the gender and age patterns of anxiety symptoms.
Method
The Portuguese version of the SCARED-R was administered to a community sample of 1,314 children, aged 10-13 years. Confirmatory factorial analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were employed.
Results
The five-, four- and three-factor models presented an acceptable fit to the data. An unacceptable fit to the data was obtained for the one-factor model. The refined nine-factor model presented good fit to the data after the removal of items with low factorial weights. Based on theoretical considerations, this nine-factor model was considered the best model for assessing children’s anxiety symptoms. A hierarchical structure with a second-order factor called "General Anxiety" was proposed. Adequate internal consistency and criterion related validity were demonstrated. Effects of gender and age on the anxiety scores were found.
Conclusion
The SCARED-R is a reliable tool for screening anxiety symptoms, and can be initially administered to identify children at high risk for specific DSM-IV defined anxiety disorders.
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107
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A Multi-Informant Approach to Measuring Depressive Symptoms in Clinical Assessments of Adolescent Social Anxiety Using the Beck Depression Inventory-II: Convergent, Incremental, and Criterion-Related Validity. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-017-9403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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108
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Abstract
Background Previous research suggests that it is important to use parental reports when assessing children’s anxiety, but it remains unclear to what extent there are differences between mothers’ and fathers’ scores and whether these potential differences have any repercussions for the psychometric properties of the scale being used. Objective This study was conducted to investigate parental differences on the Parent version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Revised (SCARED-RP), a rating scale for measuring child anxiety symptoms. The second aim was to re-examine the reliability and validity of the SCARED-RP, in light of these possible differences. Methods The SCARED-RP and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) were administered to parents of clinically anxious children (n = 81), and control children (n = 108). All children (n = 189) completed the SCARED-R. Results Significant correlations between mother and father reports were found within the clinically anxious sample. Mothers showed significantly more correspondence with their children in the control group than fathers. The SCARED-RP internal consistency on total scale was excellent (mothers: .94; fathers: .94) and moderate to good for all subscales (from .66 Situational-Environmental Phobia to .93 Animal Phobia). The SCARED-RP differentiated well between clinically anxious and control children (mother and father data). The concurrent validity was supported by strong correlations with the CBCL anxious-depressed scale. Conclusion Differences between mother and father reports suggest the importance of obtaining information from both parents separately. Furthermore, the SCARED-RP is a useful instrument for assessing children’s anxiety disorder symptoms in clinical and research settings.
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109
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Macleod E, Woolford J, Hobbs L, Gross J, Hayne H, Patterson T. Interviews with children about their mental health problems: The congruence and validity of information that children report. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:229-244. [PMID: 27352797 DOI: 10.1177/1359104516653642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To obtain a child's perspective during a mental health assessment, he or she is usually interviewed. Although researchers and clinicians generally agree that it is beneficial to hear a child's account of his or her presenting issues, there is debate about whether children provide reliable or valid clinical information during these interviews. Here, we examined whether children provide clinically and diagnostically relevant information in a clinical setting. In all, 31 children aged 5-12-years undergoing mental health assessments were asked open-ended questions about their presenting problems during a semi-structured interview. We coded the information that children reported to determine whether it was clinically relevant and could be used to diagnose their problems and to formulate and plan treatment. We also coded children's information to determine whether it was congruent with the children's presenting problems and their eventual clinical diagnoses. Most of the information that children reported was clinically relevant and included information about behaviour, affect, temporal details, thoughts, people, the environment, and the child's physical experiences. The information that children reported was also clinically valid; it was congruent with the problems that were discussed (84%) and also with the eventual diagnosis that the child received after a complete assessment (74%). We conclude that children can contribute relevant, clinically useful, valid information during clinical psychological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Macleod
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Linda Hobbs
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Julien Gross
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Harlene Hayne
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Tess Patterson
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Freidl EK, Stroeh OM, Elkins RM, Steinberg E, Albano AM, Rynn M. Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2017; 15:144-156. [PMID: 31975847 PMCID: PMC6526964 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20160047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Among children and adolescents, anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders that confer risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders and social and academic impairment. This review focuses on the assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents, with attention to separation anxiety disorder, social phobia disorder (social anxiety disorder), panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Comprehensive assessment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders benefits from a multimethod approach to evaluation and diagnosis, including semistructured interviews; child and informant questionnaires; collateral information from parents, teachers, pediatricians, and school psychologists; and behavioral observations. Because anxiety symptoms can include avoidance behaviors, somatic complaints, social difficulties, and sleep disturbances, consideration of a differential diagnosis is important. Among the available psychosocial interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure-based therapies have emerged as the most well-established treatment approaches for addressing anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. Pharmacologically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been established to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of pediatric anxiety and are considered the medications of choice for this population. Research indicates that CBT plus SSRI medication is the most effective treatment of anxiety for youths ages seven to 17, compared with either CBT or medication alone. Medication monotherapy and CBT monotherapy have also been demonstrated to be effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Khlyavich Freidl
- Dr. Freidl, Dr. Stroeh, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are with the Department of Psychiatry and Ms. Steinberg is with the Cognitive Development and Neuroimaging Lab, all at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City. Dr. Freidl, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are also with the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders, where Dr. Elkins is a postdoctoral fellow
| | - Oliver M Stroeh
- Dr. Freidl, Dr. Stroeh, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are with the Department of Psychiatry and Ms. Steinberg is with the Cognitive Development and Neuroimaging Lab, all at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City. Dr. Freidl, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are also with the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders, where Dr. Elkins is a postdoctoral fellow
| | - R Meredith Elkins
- Dr. Freidl, Dr. Stroeh, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are with the Department of Psychiatry and Ms. Steinberg is with the Cognitive Development and Neuroimaging Lab, all at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City. Dr. Freidl, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are also with the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders, where Dr. Elkins is a postdoctoral fellow
| | - Emily Steinberg
- Dr. Freidl, Dr. Stroeh, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are with the Department of Psychiatry and Ms. Steinberg is with the Cognitive Development and Neuroimaging Lab, all at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City. Dr. Freidl, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are also with the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders, where Dr. Elkins is a postdoctoral fellow
| | - Anne Marie Albano
- Dr. Freidl, Dr. Stroeh, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are with the Department of Psychiatry and Ms. Steinberg is with the Cognitive Development and Neuroimaging Lab, all at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City. Dr. Freidl, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are also with the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders, where Dr. Elkins is a postdoctoral fellow
| | - Moira Rynn
- Dr. Freidl, Dr. Stroeh, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are with the Department of Psychiatry and Ms. Steinberg is with the Cognitive Development and Neuroimaging Lab, all at Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City. Dr. Freidl, Dr. Albano, and Dr. Rynn are also with the Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders, where Dr. Elkins is a postdoctoral fellow
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111
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Ingles CJ, Garcia-Fernandez JM, Marzo JC, Martinez-Monteagudo MC, Estevez E. School Anxiety Inventory–Short Version. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0748175615578738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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112
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Joyce C, Honey E, Leekam SR, Barrett SL, Rodgers J. Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviour: Insights Directly from Young People with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3789-3802. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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113
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Chin EC, Williams MW, Taylor JE, Harvey ST. The influence of negative affect on test anxiety and academic performance: An examination of the tripartite model of emotions. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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114
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Burns GL, Becker SP, Servera M, Bernad MDM, García-Banda G. Sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention in the home and school contexts: Parent and teacher invariance and cross-setting validity. Psychol Assess 2017; 29:209-220. [PMID: 27148788 PMCID: PMC6526025 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention (IN) symptoms demonstrated cross-setting invariance and unique associations with symptom and impairment dimensions across settings (i.e., home SCT and ADHD-IN uniquely predicting school symptom and impairment dimensions, and vice versa). Mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and secondary teachers rated SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, academic impairment, social impairment, and peer rejection dimensions for 585 Spanish 3rd-grade children (53% boys). Within-setting (i.e., mothers, fathers; primary, secondary teachers) and cross-settings (i.e., home, school) invariance was found for both SCT and ADHD-IN. From home to school, higher levels of home SCT predicted lower levels of school ADHD-HI and higher levels of school academic impairment after controlling for home ADHD-IN, whereas higher levels of home ADHD-IN predicted higher levels of school ADHD-HI, ODD, anxiety, depression, academic impairment, and peer rejection after controlling for home SCT. From school to home, higher levels of school SCT predicted lower levels of home ADHD-HI and ODD and higher levels of home anxiety, depression, academic impairment, and social impairment after controlling for school ADHD-IN, whereas higher levels of school ADHD-IN predicted higher levels of home ADHD-HI, ODD, and academic impairment after controlling for school SCT. Although SCT at home and school was able to uniquely predict symptom and impairment dimensions in the other setting, SCT at school was a better predictor than ADHD-IN at school of psychopathology and impairment at home. Findings provide additional support for SCT's validity relative to ADHD-IN. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Mateu Servera
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands
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115
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Becker SP, Mehari KR, Langberg JM, Evans SW. Rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with ADHD and associations with internalizing symptoms and self-esteem. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:201-214. [PMID: 27315106 PMCID: PMC6048591 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to: (1) describe rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, (2) evaluate the association between types of peer victimization (i.e., physical, relational, and reputational) and internalizing problems (i.e., anxiety, depression, and self-esteem), and (3) examine whether associations between victimization and internalizing problems differ for males or females. Participants were 131 middle-school students (ages 11-15 years, 73 % male, 76 % White) diagnosed with ADHD who completed ratings of victimization, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Over half of the participants (57 %) reported experiencing at least one victimization behavior at a rate of once per week or more, with higher rates of relational victimization (51 %) than reputational victimization (17 %) or physical victimization (14 %). Males reported experiencing more physical victimization than females, but males and females did not differ in rates of relational or reputational victimization. Whereas relational and physical victimization were both uniquely associated with greater anxiety for both males and females, relational victimization was associated with greater depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem for males but not females. These findings indicate that young adolescents with ADHD frequently experience peer victimization and that the association between victimization and internalizing problems among young adolescents with ADHD differs as a result of victimization type, internalizing domain, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Krista R Mehari
- The Violence Prevention Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua M Langberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven W Evans
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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116
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Martel MM, Markon K, Smith GT. Research Review: Multi-informant integration in child and adolescent psychopathology diagnosis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:116-128. [PMID: 27492280 PMCID: PMC5247337 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An empirically based, clinically usable approach to cross-informant integration in clinical assessment is needed. Although the importance of this ongoing issue is becoming increasingly recognized, little in the way of solid recommendations is currently provided to researchers and clinicians seeking to incorporate multiple informant reports in diagnosis of child psychopathology. The issue is timely because recent developments have created new opportunities for improved handling of this problem. For example, advanced theories of psychopathology and normal and abnormal child development provide theoretical guidance for how integration of multiple informants should be handled for specific disorders and at particular ages. In addition, more sophisticated data analytic approaches are now available, including advanced latent variable models, which allow for complex measurement approaches with consideration of measurement invariance. FINDINGS The increasing availability and mobility of computing devices suggests that it will be increasingly feasible for clinicians to implement more advanced methods rather than being confined to the easily memorized algorithms of the DSM system. CONCLUSIONS Development of models of cross-informant integration for individual disorders based on theory and tests of the incremental validity of more sophisticated cross-informant integration approaches in comparison to external validation criteria (e.g. longitudinal trajectories and outcomes, treatment response, and behavior genetic etiology) should be a focus of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Markon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
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117
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Bernad MDM, Servera M, Becker SP, Burns GL. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention as Predictors of Externalizing, Internalizing, and Impairment Domains: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 44:771-85. [PMID: 26278273 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN), few studies have examined whether SCT longitudinally predicts other symptom or impairment dimensions. This study used 4 sources (mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and secondary teachers) and 3 occasions of measurement (first, second, and third grades) with 758 first grade (55 % boys), 718 second grade (54 % boys), and 585 third grade (53 % boys) children from Spain to determine SCT's and ADHD-IN's unique longitudinal relationships with psychopathology, academic impairment, and social impairment over the 1- and 2-year intervals (i.e., first to third grade, second to third grade). For 1- and 2-year intervals using both mothers' and fathers' ratings, higher levels of SCT uniquely predicted higher levels of anxiety, depression, academic impairment, and social impairment whereas higher levels of ADHD-IN uniquely predicted higher levels of ADHD-HI, ODD, and academic impairment. For 1- and 2-year intervals across different primary and secondary teachers (i.e., first/second and third grade ratings were provided by different teachers), higher scores on ADHD-IN uniquely predicted poorer outcomes across domains whereas higher scores on SCT uniquely predicted lower levels of ADHD-HI and ODD for both intervals in addition to higher levels of depression (for primary teachers only), academic impairment (for 1-year interval only), and peer rejection (2-year interval only for primary teachers). Overall, SCT was significantly associated with important outcomes independent of ADHD-IN over 1- and 2-year intervals and across four different raters. This study provides further evidence for distinguishing between SCT and ADHD-IN in home and school settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Bernad
- University of the Balearic Islands & Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Mateu Servera
- University of the Balearic Islands & Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - G Leonard Burns
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA.
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118
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Oar EL, McLellan LF, Rapee RM. Adapting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children and Adolescents. J Cogn Psychother 2017; 31:23-40. [PMID: 32755916 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.31.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses considerations for adapting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques and processes with anxious children and adolescents. To successfully deliver CBT with this population, the therapist must take into consideration the child's developmental level and other contextual factors that may affect treatment outcome. Suggested adaptions to CBT include the use of rewards, technology, and interactive activities to increase child motivation and engagement. Moreover, dependent on the child's or adolescent's cognitive capacity, cognitive techniques will need to be simplified and concrete examples provided to increase children's understanding. It may be beneficial to have parents and/or schools involved in children's treatment to assist them to implement CBT strategies outside of the therapy setting. A case example is presented to illustrate the implementation of CBT with a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella L Oar
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren F McLellan
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Muris P, Simon E, Lijphart H, Bos A, Hale W, Schmeitz K. The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5): Development and First Psychometric Evidence of a New Scale for Assessing Anxiety Disorders Symptoms of Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:1-17. [PMID: 27179521 PMCID: PMC5243875 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5) is a new self- and parent-report questionnaire to assess anxiety disorder symptoms in children and adolescents in terms of the contemporary classification system. International panels of childhood anxiety researchers and clinicians were used to construct a scale consisting of two parts: part one consists of 28 items and measures the major anxiety disorders including separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, whereas part two contains 22 items that focus on specific phobias and (given its overlap with situational phobias) agoraphobia. In general, the face validity of the new scale was good; most of its items were successfully linked to the intended anxiety disorders. Notable exceptions were the selective mutism items, which were frequently considered as symptoms of social anxiety disorder, and some specific phobia items especially of the natural environment, situational and other type, that were regularly assigned to an incorrect category. A preliminary investigation of the YAM-5 in non-clinical (N = 132) and clinically referred (N = 64) children and adolescents indicated that the measure was easy to complete by youngsters. In addition, support was found for the psychometric qualities of the measure: that is, the internal consistency was good for both parts, as well as for most of the subscales, the parent-child agreement appeared satisfactory, and there was also evidence for the validity of the scale. The YAM-5 holds promise as a tool for assessing anxiety disorder symptoms in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- Virenze-RIAGG Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Arjan Bos
- Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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120
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Cwik JC, Papen F, Lemke JE, Margraf J. An Investigation of Diagnostic Accuracy and Confidence Associated with Diagnostic Checklists as Well as Gender Biases in Relation to Mental Disorders. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1813. [PMID: 27920738 PMCID: PMC5118628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the utility of checklists in attaining more accurate diagnoses in the context of diagnostic decision-making for mental disorders. The study also aimed to replicate results from a meta-analysis indicating that there is no association between patients’ gender and misdiagnoses. To this end, 475 psychotherapists were asked to judge three case vignettes describing patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder. Therapists were randomly assigned to experimental conditions in a 2 (diagnostic method: with using diagnostic checklists vs. without using diagnostic checklists) × 2 (gender: male vs. female case vignettes) between-subjects design. Multinomial logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the association between the usage of diagnostic checklists as well as patients’ gender and diagnostic decisions. The results showed that when checklists were used, fewer incorrect co-morbid diagnoses were made, but clinicians were less likely to diagnose MDD even when the criteria were met. Additionally, checklists improved therapists’ confidence with diagnostic decisions, but were not associated with estimations of patients’ characteristics. As expected, there were no significant associations between gender and diagnostic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Cwik
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabienne Papen
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Lemke
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bochum, Germany
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121
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Wang M, Meng Q, Liu L, Liu J. Reliability and Validity of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale for Parents in Mainland Chinese Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:830-9. [PMID: 26667807 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale for Parents (SCAS-P) in 1943 father-mother dyads and 1785 students. Results of confirmatory factor analyses for SCAS-P were in favour of the original model with six correlated factors. The internal consistency of SCAS-P was acceptable (α = .63-.91), and the test-retest reliability was acceptable (r = .46-.72). The convergent and divergent validity of SCAS-P was supported by significant correlations with an internalizing subscale to a greater extent than with an externalizing subscale. Congruent validity was supported by significant correlations between father and mother reports (r = .60-.71) and child and parent reports (r = .25-.42). Significant differences between community and clinical samples supported the discriminant validity. Adolescents showed higher anxiety levels than children, and girls showed higher anxiety levels than boys. Our findings suggest that the SCAS-P is a suitable parent instrument to measure child anxiety symptoms in Mainland Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingxiao Meng
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintong Liu
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 49 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
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Van Meter AR, You DS, Halverson T, Youngstrom EA, Birmaher B, Fristad MA, Kowatch RA, Storfer-Isser A, Horwitz SM, Frazier TW, Arnold LE, Findling RL, Lams Group T. Diagnostic Efficiency of Caregiver Report on the SCARED for Identifying Youth Anxiety Disorders in Outpatient Settings. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 47:S161-S175. [PMID: 27485325 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1188698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the diagnostic and clinical utility of the parent-rated Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-P) for detecting youth anxiety disorders. Youth ages 6 to 12 years, 11 months were recruited from 9 outpatient mental health clinics (N = 707). Consensus diagnoses were based on semistructured interviews (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children) with youth and caregivers; 31% were diagnosed with at least one anxiety disorder. Caregivers completed the SCARED-P to describe youth anxiety levels. SCARED-P scores were not considered during the consensus diagnoses. Areas under the curve (AUCs) from receiver operating characteristic analyses and diagnostic likelihood ratios (DLRs) quantified performance of the SCARED-P total score and subscale scores (generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder). SCARED-P total scores had variable efficiency (AUCs = .69-.88), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Separation Anxiety subscale scores were excellent (AUCs = .86-.89) for identifying specific anxiety disorders. Optimal subscale cutoff scores were computed to help rule in (DLRs = 2.7-5.4) or rule out (DLRs < 1.0) anxiety disorders among youth. Results suggest that the Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Separation Anxiety SCARED-P subscales accurately identify their respective matched diagnoses. DLRs may aid clinicians in screening for youth anxiety disorders and improve accuracy of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tate Halverson
- c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill
| | - Eric A Youngstrom
- c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill
| | | | - Mary A Fristad
- e Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University
| | | | | | | | | | - L Eugene Arnold
- e Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University
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123
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Creswell C, Waite P. Recent developments in the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2016; 19:65-8. [PMID: 27402874 PMCID: PMC10699454 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2016-102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most common emotional difficulties experienced by children and young people. They cause significant disturbance to the lives of young people and their families and present a risk for lifelong psychological disturbance. Effective psychological (ie, cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT)) and pharmacological interventions (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)) have been established. However, the risk of adverse effects and unknown long-term effects of using SSRIs has led to recommendations that CBT is delivered as a first-line intervention. Recent innovations have included the development of low-intensity CBT programmes, delivered briefly via parents or online. These hold promise to increase access to psychological therapies for children and young people with these common and severe difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Polly Waite
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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124
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Primary Versus Secondary Diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Youth: Is the Distinction an Important One? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:548-53. [PMID: 26386700 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Examine whether children with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) differ from children with a secondary diagnosis of GAD on clinician, parent, teacher, and youth-report measures. Based on consensus diagnoses, 64 youth referred to a general outpatient assessment clinic were categorized as having either a primary or secondary diagnosis of GAD. A semi-structured diagnostic interview was used to guide diagnostic decisions and assign primary versus secondary diagnostic status. We predicted that youth with a primary GAD diagnosis would present with greater anxiety symptomatology and symptom impairment on a variety of anxiety-related measures than youth with a secondary GAD diagnosis. Contrary to our hypotheses, no differences were found between those with primary versus secondary GAD diagnoses on measures of symptom severity and clinical impairment, comorbid diagnoses, or youth and teacher-report measures. Our findings have potential implications for the current practice of requiring primary anxiety diagnostic status as an inclusion criterion in clinical research and treatment outcome studies. Assuming our findings are confirmed in larger samples and with other anxiety disorders, future clinical trials and basic psychopathology research might not exclude youth based on absence of a particular anxiety disorder as the primary disorder but rather include individuals for whom that anxiety disorder is secondary as well.
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125
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Lipton MF, Weeks JW, De Los Reyes A. Individual differences in fears of negative versus positive evaluation: Frequencies and clinical correlates. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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126
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Melendez R, Bechor M, Rey Y, Pettit JW, Silverman WK. Attentional Control Scale for Children: Factor Structure and Concurrent Validity Among Children and Adolescents Referred for Anxiety Disorders. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:489-499. [PMID: 27459398 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Attentional Control Scale for Children (ACS-C; Muris, de Jong, & Engelen, 2004), a youth self-rating scale of attentional control. METHOD A multisource assessment approach was used with 186 children and adolescents referred to an anxiety disorders specialty clinic. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis yielded a 2-factor structure with internally consistent and moderately correlated subscales of Attentional Focusing and Attentional Shifting. Total ACS-C and subscale scores demonstrated significant associations with youth and parent ratings of youth anxiety symptoms, youth self ratings of depressive symptoms, and youth diagnosis of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSIONS These findings support use of the ACS-C as a self-rating scale of attentional control among referred youth. Future research is encouraged to examine retest reliability of the ACS-C and to evaluate whether its internal structure could be enhanced by removing or modifying items that performed poorly.
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127
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Popp L, Fuths S, Seehagen S, Bolten M, Gross-Hemmi M, Wolke D, Schneider S. Inter-rater reliability and acceptance of the structured diagnostic interview for regulatory problems in infancy. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:21. [PMID: 27382412 PMCID: PMC4932761 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory problems such as excessive crying, sleeping-and feeding difficulties in infancy are some of the earliest precursors of later mental health difficulties emerging throughout the lifespan. In the present study, the inter-rater reliability and acceptance of a structured computer-assisted diagnostic interview for regulatory problems (Baby-DIPS) was investigated. METHODS Using a community sample, 132 mothers of infants aged between 3 and 18 months (mean age = 10 months) were interviewed with the Baby-DIPS regarding current and former (combined = lifetime) regulatory problems. Severity of the symptoms was also rated. The interviews were conducted face-to-face at a psychology department at the university (51.5 %), the mother's home (23.5 %), or via telephone (25.0 %). Inter-rater reliability was assessed with Cohen's kappa (k). A sample of 48 mothers and their interviewers filled in acceptance questionnaires after the interview. RESULTS Good to excellent inter-rater reliability on the levels of current and lifetime regulatory problems (k = 0.77-0.98) were found. High inter-rater agreement was also found for ratings of severity (ICC = 0.86-0.97). Participants and interviewers' overall acceptance ratings of the computer-assisted interview were favourable. Acceptance scores did not differ between interviews that revealed one or more clinically relevant regulatory problem(s) compared to those that revealed no regulatory problems. CONCLUSIONS The Baby-DIPS was found to be a reliable instrument for the assessment of current and lifetime problems in crying and sleeping behaviours. The computer-assisted version of the Baby-DIPS was well accepted by interviewers and mothers. The Baby-DIPS appears to be well-suited for research and clinical use to identify infant regulatory problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukka Popp
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Fuths
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Seehagen
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Margarete Bolten
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Child and Adolescents Psychiatric Clinic, University Basel, Schanzenstrasse 13, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirja Gross-Hemmi
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Child and Adolescents Psychiatric Clinic, University Basel, Schanzenstrasse 13, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology and Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL UK
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany
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128
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Jarrett MA, Wolff JC, Davis TE, Cowart MJ, Ollendick TH. Characteristics of Children With ADHD and Comorbid Anxiety. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:636-44. [PMID: 22863769 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712452914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The following comorbid subgroups of ADHD have been proposed: ADHD Only, ADHD + anxiety disorders (ANX), ADHD + oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), and ADHD + ODD/CD + ANX. The current study examined a subset of these groups. METHOD A total of 134 children and adolescents (M age = 9.92; range = 6-17) from a clinic-referred sample (n = 407) were grouped based on a semistructured diagnostic interview: ADHD only (n = 41), ADHD + ANX (n = 31), and ANX Only (n = 62). RESULTS Findings supported greater parent-reported anxiety symptoms in anxiety groups, and greater parent- and teacher-reported attention problems in ADHD groups. ADHD groups performed worse on a continuous performance test, whereas ADHD + ANX performed worse on working memory than ADHD Only. ADHD + ANX reported more physical anxiety symptoms than ADHD Only. CONCLUSION Comorbid anxiety should be considered in ADHD assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer C Wolff
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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129
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Smith ZR, Becker SP, Garner AA, Rudolph CW, Molitor SJ, Oddo LE, Langberg JM. Evaluating the Structure of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Using Confirmatory Factor Analytic and Bifactor Modeling With Parent and Youth Ratings. Assessment 2016; 25:99-111. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191116653471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary goals of this study were to evaluate the dimensionality of the Penny et al. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale and to compare model fits for parent- and youth self-report versions. Participants were 262 young adolescents (ages 10-15) comprehensively diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Both confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor modeling were used to determine if the proposed three-factor structure previously identified through exploratory factor analysis could be confirmed. Results showed that although the three-factor CFA had better fit statistics than a one- or two-factor CFA, the bifactor model was the best-fitting model for both parent report and self-report. This implies that Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale is best conceptualized as having an underlying general factor, with three specific factors that may represent different etiologies. Importantly, results also showed low-to-moderate correlations between raters and equivalent or better fit statistics for self-report in comparison with parent report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R. Smith
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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130
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Roberts MC, Blossom JB, Evans SC, Amaro CM, Kanine RM. Advancing the Scientific Foundation for Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 46:915-928. [PMID: 27218141 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1152554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become a central focus in clinical child and adolescent psychology. As originally defined, EBP in psychology is the integration of the best available research evidence, patient characteristics, and clinical expertise. Although evidence-based perspectives have garnered widespread acceptance in recent years, there has also been some confusion and disagreement about the 3-part definition of EBP, particularly the role of research. In this article, we first provide a brief review of the development of EBP in clinical child and adolescent psychology. Next, we outline the following 4 points to help clarify the understanding of EBP: (a) knowledge should not be confused with epistemic processes, (b) research on clinician and client factors is needed for EBP, (c) research on assessment is needed for EBP, and (d) the 3-part conceptualization of EBP can serve as a useful framework to guide research. Based on these principles, we put forth a slightly revised conceptualization of EBP, in which the role of research is expanded and more clearly operationalized. Finally, based on our review of the literature, we offer illustrative examples of specific directions for future research to advance the evidence base for EBP in clinical child and adolescent psychology.
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131
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Cooper-Vince CE, Chou T, Furr JM, Puliafico AC, Comer JS. Videoteleconferencing Early Child Anxiety Treatment: A Case Study of the Internet-Delivered PCIT CALM (I-CALM) Program. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2016; 1:24-39. [PMID: 29104931 PMCID: PMC5669061 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2016.1191976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent and impairing classes of mental health difficulties affecting young children. Though the vast majority of supported programs for child anxiety focus on youth ages 7 years and up, preliminary support has emerged for exposure-based adaptations of parent-coaching interventions, i.e., the Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) CALM Program, to address anxiety disorders in early childhood. Despite these advances, low rates of community service use and accessibility persist. The increased ubiquity of Internet access has positioned videoteleconferencing (VTC) as a powerful tool to overcome traditional barriers to care. The present case study details the VTC delivery of the PCIT CALM Program in the treatment of a 6 year-old boy presenting with generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder. This case provides qualitative support for the feasibility of delivering integrated real-time parent coaching and exposure therapy to address early childhood anxiety disorders via VTC. The remission of the patient's anxiety across treatment sessions suggests that the telehealth format may be a useful modality for the delivery of early childhood anxiety treatment. The technical considerations for the delivery of VTC therapy as well as the implications for treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommy Chou
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jami M Furr
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Comer
- Mental Health Interventions and Technology (MINT) Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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132
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Kaurin A, Egloff B, Stringaris A, Wessa M. Only complementary voices tell the truth: a reevaluation of validity in multi-informant approaches of child and adolescent clinical assessments. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:981-90. [PMID: 27118025 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-informant approaches are thought to be key to clinical assessment. Classical theories of psychological measurements assume that only convergence among different informants' reports allows for an estimate of the true nature and causes of clinical presentations. However, the integration of multiple accounts is fraught with problems because findings in child and adolescent psychiatry do not conform to the fundamental expectation of convergence. Indeed, reports provided by different sources (self, parents, teachers, peers) share little variance. Moreover, in some cases informant divergence may be meaningful and not error variance. In this review, we give an overview of conceptual and theoretical foundations of valid multi-informant assessment and discuss why our common concepts of validity need revaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaurin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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133
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Acharya A, Vankar GK, De Sousa A. An exploratory study of fears among adolescent students from an urban cohort in India. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2016; 30:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2016-0003/ijamh-2016-0003.xml. [PMID: 27089402 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal fear is an adaptive response to a real or imagined threat. Fears occur in children and adolescents at varying levels while they negotiate different developmental phases. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed at assessing the types of fears in children and adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19 years. Age and gender based differences in these fears were also studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 2010 adolescents from an urban setting between the ages of 11 and 19 who filled in a proforma questionnaire for socio-demographic details and also filled in the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Statistical analysis of the data was done along with the use of descriptive statistics. RESULTS The prevalence of fears among adolescents was found to be 85.17% in the total sample. Girls reported a significantly greater number of fears (p<0.0001) and greater levels of fear (p<0.0001) than boys. Age however, did not affect the number of fears reported. Girls scored significantly higher on all the subscales of the FSSC-R. 'Failing a test' emerged as the most common fear expressed by the sample. Girls expressed a greater fear for snakes and earthquakes than boys. CONCLUSION Girls expressed fears to a greater extent than boys and adolescents demonstrated a high level of fears in general. There is a need for further studies in this direction to elucidate the nature of fears in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Acharya
- Department of Psychiatry, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ganpat K Vankar
- Department of Psychiatry, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Avinash De Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
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134
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Whiteside SPH, Sattler AF, Hathaway J, Douglas KV. Use of evidence-based assessment for childhood anxiety disorders in community practice. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 39:65-70. [PMID: 26962996 PMCID: PMC4811724 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-quality assessment is essential to the delivery of effective treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. However, relatively little is known about how frequently child clinicians utilize evidence-based assessment (EBA) techniques in practice, and even less is known about the factors that influence EBA use in such settings. Thus, the current study presents data from a survey of 339 clinicians from a variety of professional backgrounds concerning their use of EBA for childhood anxiety disorders and explores issues preventing EBA implementation. Results indicated infrequent EBA use with clinicians citing practical barriers (i.e., time, access, knowledge, cost) and negative beliefs about EBA techniques (i.e., unhelpful) as issues preventing implementation. Implications for future EBA dissemination and implementation efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristin Vickers Douglas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic,Office of Patient Education, Mayo Clinic
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135
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Kerns KA, Koehn AJ, van Dulmen MHM, Stuart-Parrigon KL, Coifman KG. Preadolescents' Relationships with Pet Dogs: Relationship Continuity and Associations with Adjustment. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2016; 21:67-80. [PMID: 29422765 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1160781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on human-animal interaction in children has been studied in isolation rather than integrated with core theories of children's relationships. This study is one of the first to examine how children's relationships with pet dogs are related to their human relationships (parent-child attachments, friendships) and to child adjustment, and to include observational assessment of children's interactions with their pet dog. Children (9 to 11 years old, n = 99) completed questionnaires regarding relationships with pet dogs, parents, and friends. Half the children were observed interacting with their pet dog. Children and teachers reported children's adjustment. Children who felt closer to their dogs were more securely attached to mothers and fathers, and reported more positive qualities and less conflict with friends. Children with more secure attachments to mothers, and greater companionship with dogs, interacted more with their dogs. Parental attachment and friendship quality, but not the pet dog relationship, were related to child adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Koehn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University
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136
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Lebowitz ER, Leckman JF, Feldman R, Zagoory-Sharon O, McDonald N, Silverman WK. Salivary oxytocin in clinically anxious youth: Associations with separation anxiety and family accommodation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 65:35-43. [PMID: 26716876 PMCID: PMC4895196 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical anxiety disorders in youth are common and associated with interpersonal behaviors including reliance on parents for family accommodation, or changes that parents make to their own behaviors to help the youth avoid anxiety related distress. The neuropeptide oxytocin is associated with the regulation of anxiety and of close interpersonal behavior leading to the hypothesis that oxytocinergic functioning plays a role in youth anxiety and its disorders, and the resulting family accommodation. To test this hypothesis salivary OT from 50 youth with primary DSM-5 anxiety disorders was assayed. A multi-source/multi-method anxiety assessment including semistructured interviews with youth and mothers, rating scales, and behavioral observations was used to assess anxiety disorders and symptoms, and family accommodation. Youth with separation anxiety disorder had significantly lower salivary OT levels than clinically anxious youth not diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder. Salivary OT levels were significantly negatively correlated with separation anxiety symptoms based on both youth- and mother-ratings. Anxious behavior displayed by youth during interactions with their mothers was associated with lower salivary OT levels in youth. Maternal ratings of family accommodation were negatively associated with salivary OT levels in youth. Results support the role of the oxytocinergic system in youth anxiety and its disorders and in parental involvement in youth anxiety through family accommodation. OT may be particularly important for diagnoses and symptoms of separation anxiety, which is inherently interpersonal in nature. Findings have potentially important implications for assessment and treatment of anxiety in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli R. Lebowitz
- Yale Child Study Center, United States,Corresponding author at: Yale Child Study Center, 230 S. Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06515, United States. Fax: +1 203 737 6994. (E.R. Lebowitz)
| | | | - Ruth Feldman
- Gonda Brain Research, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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137
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Elkins RM, Gallo KP, Pincus DB, Comer JS. Moderators of intensive CBT for adolescent panic disorder: the of fear and avoidance. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 21:30-36. [PMID: 26929742 PMCID: PMC4768300 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research supports the efficacy of intensive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of adolescent panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PDA). However, little is known about the conditions under which intensive treatment is most effective. The current investigation examined the moderating roles of baseline fear and avoidance in the intensive treatment of adolescent PDA. METHODS Adolescents with PDA (ages 11-17; N = 54) were randomized to either an intensive CBT treatment (n = 37) or a waitlist control condition (n = 17). PDA diagnosis, symptom severity, and number of feared and avoided situations were assessed at baseline and 6-week post-treatment/post-waitlist. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the relative contributions of treatment condition, number of baseline feared or avoided situations, and their interactions in the prediction of post-treatment/waitlist PDA symptoms. RESULTS The main effect of intensive CBT on post-treatment PDA symptoms was not uniform across participants, with larger treatment effects found among participants with lower, relative to higher, baseline levels of fear and avoidance. CONCLUSIONS Findings help clarify which adolescents suffering with PDA may benefit most from an intensive treatment format.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlin P. Gallo
- NYU Child Study Center, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Donna B. Pincus
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Comer
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, FL, USA
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138
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Profiles of Social Anxiety and Impulsivity Among College Students: A Close Examination of Profile Differences in Externalizing Behavior. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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139
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Abnormalities of white matter integrity in the corpus callosum of adolescents with PTSD after childhood sexual abuse: a DTI study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:869-78. [PMID: 26700102 PMCID: PMC4967100 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study seeks to determine whether white matter integrity in the brain differs between adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and matched healthy adolescents and whether there is a relationship between white matter integrity and symptom severity in the patient group. Using 3T diffusion tensor imaging, we examined fractional anisotropy (FA) in a group of adolescents with CSA-related PTSD (n = 20) and matched healthy controls (n = 20), in a region of interest consisting of the bilateral uncinate fasciculus (UF), the genu, splenium and body of the corpus callosum (CC), and the bilateral cingulum. In addition, we performed an exploratory whole brain analysis. Trauma symptomatology was measured with the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) to enable correlational analyses between FA differences and trauma symptomatology. The PTSD group had significantly lower FA values in the genu, midbody and splenium of the CC in comparison with controls (p < 0.05, tfce corrected). Post hoc analyses of the eigenvalues of the DTI scan showed increased radial and mean diffusivity in the patient group. In addition, we found a significant negative correlation between scores on the anger subscale of the TSCC and FA values in the left body of the CC in patients (p < 0.05). Adolescents with CSA-related PTSD show decreased FA in the CC, with abnormalities in the integrity of the left body of the CC being related to anger symptoms. These findings suggest that early trauma exposure affects the development of the CC, which may play a role in the pathophysiology of PTSD in adolescents.
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140
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Cornacchio D, Crum KI, Coxe S, Pincus DB, Comer JS. Irritability and Severity of Anxious Symptomatology Among Youth With Anxiety Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:54-61. [PMID: 26703910 PMCID: PMC5340317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most research on irritability and child psychopathology has focused on depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, and/or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Less is known about relationships between child anxiety and irritability and moderators of such associations. METHOD Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine associations between anxiety severity and irritability in a large sample of treatment-seeking youth with anxiety disorders (N = 663, aged 7-19 years, mean = 12.25 years), after accounting for comorbid depressive disorders and ODD. Additional analyses examined whether associations were moderated by child gender, age, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) status. RESULTS There was a direct link between child anxiety and irritability even after accounting for comorbid depressive disorders and ODD. Links between child anxiety and irritability were robust across child gender and age. Furthermore, relationships between child anxiety and irritability were comparable across youth with and without GAD, suggesting that the anxiety-irritability link is relevant across child anxiety disorders and not confined to youth with GAD. CONCLUSION Findings add to an increasing body of evidence linking child irritability to a range of internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies, and suggest that child anxiety assessment should systematically incorporate irritability evaluations. Moreover, youth in clinical settings displaying irritability should be assessed for the presence of anxiety. Treatments for childhood anxiety may do well to incorporate new treatment modules as needed that specifically target problems of irritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cornacchio
- Mental Health Interventions and Technology (MINT) Program, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Kathleen I. Crum
- Mental Health Interventions and Technology (MINT) Program, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Stefany Coxe
- Mental Health Interventions and Technology (MINT) Program, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Donna B. Pincus
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders (CARD), Boston University, Boston
| | - Jonathan S. Comer
- Mental Health Interventions and Technology (MINT) Program, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami
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141
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Peer relations, parental social coaching, and young adolescent social anxiety. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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142
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Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Sonnby K, Furmark T, Nilsson KW. Anxiety Disorders among Adolescents referred to General Psychiatry for Multiple Causes: Clinical Presentation, Prevalence, and Comorbidity. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2016. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2016-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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143
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Thomas SA, Weeks JW, Dougherty LR, Lipton MF, Daruwala SE, Kline K, De Los Reyes A. Allelic Variation of Risk for Anxiety Symptoms Moderates the Relation Between Adolescent Safety Behaviors and Social Anxiety Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2015; 37:597-610. [PMID: 26692635 PMCID: PMC4675354 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety often develops in adolescence, and precedes the onset of depression and substance use disorders. The link between social anxiety and use of behaviors to minimize distress in social situations (i.e., safety behaviors) is strong and for some patients, this link poses difficulty for engaging in, and benefiting from, exposure-based treatment. Yet, little is known about whether individual differences may moderate links between social anxiety and safety behaviors, namely variations in genetic alleles germane to anxiety. We examined the relation between adolescent social anxiety and expressions of safety behaviors, and whether allelic variation for anxiety moderates this relation. Adolescents (n=75; ages 14-17) were recruited from two larger studies investigating measurement of family relationships or adolescent social anxiety. Adolescents completed self-report measures about social anxiety symptoms and use of safety behaviors. They also provided saliva samples to assess allelic variations for anxiety from two genetic polymorphisms (BDNF rs6265; TAQ1A rs1800497). Controlling for adolescent age and gender, we observed a significant interaction between social anxiety symptoms and allelic variation (β=0.37, t=2.41, p=.02). Specifically, adolescents carrying allelic variations for anxiety evidenced a statistically significant and relatively strong positive relation between social anxiety symptoms and safety behaviors (β=0.73), whereas adolescents not carrying allelic variation evidenced a statistically non-significant and relatively weak relation (β=0.22). These findings have important implications for treating adolescent social anxiety, in that we identified an individual difference variable that can be used to identify people who evidence a particularly strong link between use of safety behaviors and expressing social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Thomas
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Biology/Psychology Building, Room 3123H, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Lea R. Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Melanie F. Lipton
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Biology/Psychology Building, Room 3123H, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Samantha E. Daruwala
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Biology/Psychology Building, Room 3123H, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn Kline
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Biology/Psychology Building, Room 3123H, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Andres De Los Reyes
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Biology/Psychology Building, Room 3123H, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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144
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Bartelink C, van Yperen TA, ten Berge IJ. Deciding on child maltreatment: A literature review on methods that improve decision-making. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 49:142-53. [PMID: 26190191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Assessment and decision-making in child maltreatment cases is difficult. Practitioners face many uncertainties and obstacles during their assessment and decision-making process. Research exhibits shortcomings in this decision-making process. The purpose of this literature review is to identify and discuss methods to overcome these shortcomings. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on decision-making using PsychINFO and MEDLINE from 2000 through May 2014. We included reviews and quantitative research studies that investigated methods aimed at improving professional decision-making on child abuse and neglect in child welfare and child protection. Although many researchers have published articles on decision-making including ideas and theories to improve professional decision-making, empirical research on these improvements is scarce. Available studies have shown promising results. Structured decision-making has created a greater child-centred and holistic approach that takes the child's family and environment into account, which has made practitioners work more systematically and improved the analysis of complex situations. However, this approach has not improved inter-rater agreement on decisions made. Shared decision-making may improve the participation of parents and children and the quality of decisions by taking client treatment preferences into account in addition to scientific evidence and clinical experience. A number of interesting developments appear in recent research literature; however, child welfare and child protection must find additional inspiration from other areas, e.g., mental health services, because research on decision-making processes in child welfare and child protection is still rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Bartelink
- Netherlands Youth Institute, Catharijnesingel 47, Postbox 19221, 3501 DE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A van Yperen
- Netherlands Youth Institute, Catharijnesingel 47, Postbox 19221, 3501 DE Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Pedagogy & Educational Sciences, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid J ten Berge
- Netherlands Youth Institute, Catharijnesingel 47, Postbox 19221, 3501 DE Utrecht, The Netherlands
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145
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Puklek Levpušček M, Inglés CJ, Marzo JC, García-Fernández JM. SCHOOL ANXIETY INVENTORY: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY EVIDENCE IN A SAMPLE OF SLOVENIAN ADOLESCENTS. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.21862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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146
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Matuschek T, Jaeger S, Stadelmann S, Dölling K, Weis S, Von Klitzing K, Grunewald M, Hiemisch A, Döhnert M. The acceptance of the K-SADS-PL - potential predictors for the overall satisfaction of parents and interviewers. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2015; 24:226-34. [PMID: 26099991 PMCID: PMC6878286 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented study investigated the interviewee (parents) and interviewer acceptance of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children Present Lifetime version (KSADS-PL; German version). Seventeen certified interviewers conducted 231 interviews (interviewers conducted several interviews; interviewees were only questioned once). Interviewees and interviewers anonymously rated their acceptance right after the interview was finished. The nested data structure was analysed regarding an individual interviewer bias and potential predictors of overall satisfaction. Therefore, factors improvable by interviewer training were included, as well as fixed factors which cannot be improved by professional training. The overall satisfaction was evaluated as highly positive with significant higher interviewee and interviewer ratings in the research as compared to the clinical recruitment setting. An individual bias of the interviewer on his or her own acceptance over time, but not on the evaluation of the corresponding interviewee was found. Neither the professional background nor the gender of the interviewer had a significant contribution in predicting these differences. The interviewer model showed no significant change over time and only the interview duration and the interviewee acceptance were significant predictors for interviewer overall satisfaction. Regarding the interviewee model, just the interviewer acceptance was a significant predictor. Copyright Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Matuschek
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonia Jaeger
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stadelmann
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Dölling
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi Weis
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Von Klitzing
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madlen Grunewald
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirko Döhnert
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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147
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Kuijpers RCWM, Otten R, Vermulst AA, Pez O, Bitfoi A, Carta M, Goelitz D, Keyes K, Koç C, Lesinskiene S, Mihova Z, Engels RCME, Kovess V. Reliability, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the Dominic Interactive across European countries: Cross-country utility of a child mental health self-report. Psychol Assess 2015; 28:539-48. [PMID: 26237209 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale international surveys are important to globally evaluate, monitor, and promote children's mental health. However, use of young children's self-reports in these studies is still controversial. The Dominic Interactive, a computerized DSM-IV-based child mental health self-report questionnaire, has unique characteristics that may make it preeminently appropriate for usage in cross-country comparisons. This study aimed to determine scale score reliabilities (omega) of the Dominic Interactive in a sample of 8,135 primary school children, ages 6-11 years old, in 7 European countries, to confirm the proposed 7-scale factor structure, and to test for measurement invariance of scale and item scores across countries. Omega reliability values for scale scores were good to high in every country, and the factor structure was confirmed for all countries. A thorough examination of measurement invariance provided evidence for cross-country test score comparability of 5 of the 7 scales and partial scale score invariance of 2 anxiety scales. Possible explanations for this partial invariance include cross-country differences in conceptualizing items and defining what is socially and culturally acceptable anxiety. The convincing evidence for validity of score interpretation makes the Dominic Interactive an indispensable tool for cross-country screening purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | - Ad A Vermulst
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | - Ondine Pez
- École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Paris Descartes University
| | | | - Mauro Carta
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Cagliari
| | - Dietmar Goelitz
- Center for Applied Sciences of Health, Leuphana University of Lueneburg
| | | | - Ceren Koç
- Yeniden Health and Education Society
| | | | | | | | - Viviane Kovess
- École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Paris Descartes University
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148
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Becker SP, Langberg JM, Evans SW. Sleep problems predict comorbid externalizing behaviors and depression in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:897-907. [PMID: 25359419 PMCID: PMC6526027 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience high rates of sleep problems and are also at increased risk for experiencing comorbid mental health problems. This study provides an initial examination of the 1-year prospective association between sleep problems and comorbid symptoms in youth diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were 81 young adolescents (75 % male) carefully diagnosed with ADHD and their parents. Parents completed measures of their child's sleep problems and ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and general externalizing behavior problems at baseline (M age = 12.2) and externalizing behaviors were assessed again 1 year later. Adolescents completed measures of anxiety and depression at both time-points. Medication use was not associated with sleep problems or comorbid psychopathology symptoms. Regression analyses indicated that, above and beyond demographic characteristics, ADHD symptom severity, and initial levels of comorbidity, sleep problems significantly predicted greater ODD symptoms, general externalizing behavior problems, and depressive symptoms 1 year later. Sleep problems were not concurrently or prospectively associated with anxiety. Although this study precludes making causal inferences, it does nonetheless provide initial evidence of sleep problems predicting later comorbid externalizing behaviors and depression symptoms in youth with ADHD. Additional research is needed with larger samples and multiple time-points to further examine the interrelations of sleep problems and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA,
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149
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De Los Reyes A, Augenstein TM, Wang M, Thomas SA, Drabick DAG, Burgers DE, Rabinowitz J. The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychol Bull 2015; 141:858-900. [PMID: 25915035 DOI: 10.1037/a0038498n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Child and adolescent patients may display mental health concerns within some contexts and not others (e.g., home vs. school). Thus, understanding the specific contexts in which patients display concerns may assist mental health professionals in tailoring treatments to patients' needs. Consequently, clinical assessments often include reports from multiple informants who vary in the contexts in which they observe patients' behavior (e.g., patients, parents, teachers). Previous meta-analyses indicate that informants' reports correlate at low-to-moderate magnitudes. However, is it valid to interpret low correspondence among reports as indicating that patients display concerns in some contexts and not others? We meta-analyzed 341 studies published between 1989 and 2014 that reported cross-informant correspondence estimates, and observed low-to-moderate correspondence (mean internalizing: r = .25; mean externalizing: r = .30; mean overall: r = .28). Informant pair, mental health domain, and measurement method moderated magnitudes of correspondence. These robust findings have informed the development of concepts for interpreting multi-informant assessments, allowing researchers to draw specific predictions about the incremental and construct validity of these assessments. In turn, we critically evaluated research on the incremental and construct validity of the multi-informant approach to clinical child and adolescent assessment. In so doing, we identify crucial gaps in knowledge for future research, and provide recommendations for "best practices" in using and interpreting multi-informant assessments in clinical work and research. This article has important implications for developing personalized approaches to clinical assessment, with the goal of informing techniques for tailoring treatments to target the specific contexts where patients display concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres De Los Reyes
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland
| | - Tara M Augenstein
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Management, University of Florida
| | - Sarah A Thomas
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland
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Kane EJ, Braunstein K, Ollendick TH, Muris P. Relations of Anxiety Sensitivity, Control Beliefs, and Maternal Over-Control to Fears in Clinic-Referred Children with Specific Phobia. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2015; 24:2127-2134. [PMID: 26273182 PMCID: PMC4528981 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The relations of fear to anxiety sensitivity, control beliefs, and maternal overprotection were examined in 126 7- to 13-year-old clinically referred children with specific phobias. Results indicated that anxiety sensitivity and control beliefs were significant predictors of children's fear levels, accounting for approximately 48% of the total variance. Unexpectedly, age, gender, and maternal overprotection did not emerge as significant predictors of fear in the overall sample. In subsequent analyses, anxiety sensitivity was found to be a consistent, significant predictor for both girls and boys, for both younger and older children, and for children with and without an additional anxiety disorder diagnosis. Control beliefs were only a significant predictor for girls, younger children, and children with an additional anxiety diagnosis. Maternal overprotection was not a significant predictor for any group. Children with an additional anxiety disorder diagnosis had higher levels of fear, anxiety sensitivity, and maternal overprotection, as well as lower levels of control beliefs than the non-additional anxiety disorder subgroup. Future directions and clinical implications are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Kane
- Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Kara Braunstein
- Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Thomas H. Ollendick
- Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Peter Muris
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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