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Weihe P, Debes F, Halling J, Petersen MS, Muckle G, Odland JØ, Dudarev A, Ayotte P, Dewailly É, Grandjean P, Bonefeld-Jørgensen E. Health effects associated with measured levels of contaminants in the Arctic. Int J Circumpolar Health 2016; 75:33805. [PMID: 27974137 PMCID: PMC5156856 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v75.33805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Health Assessment Group has over the past decade recommended that effect studies be conducted in the circumpolar area. Such studies examine the association between contaminant exposure in the Arctic populations and health effects. Because foetuses and young children are the most vulnerable, effect studies are often prospective child cohort studies. The emphasis in this article is on a description of the effects associated with contaminant exposure in the Arctic. The main topics addressed are neurobehavioural, immunological, reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine and carcinogenic effect. For each topic, the association between exposure and effects is described, and some results are reported for similar studies outside the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands;
| | - Fróði Debes
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Jónrit Halling
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Maria Skaalum Petersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Gina Muckle
- École de psychologie, Université Laval and Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, City, QC, Canada
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Alexey Dudarev
- Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Univerisity of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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102
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Parent AS, Pinson A, Woods N, Chatzi C, Vaaga CE, Bensen A, Gérard A, Thome JP, Bourguignon JP, Westbrook GL. Early exposure to Aroclor 1254 in vivo disrupts the functional synaptic development of newborn hippocampal granule cells. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:3001-3010. [PMID: 27740705 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is sensitive to endogenous and exogenous factors that influence hippocampal function. Ongoing neurogenesis and the integration of these new neurons throughout life thus may provide a sensitive indicator of environmental stress. We examined the effects of Aroclor 1254 (A1254), a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on the development and function of newly generated dentate granule cells. Early exposure to A1254 has been associated with learning impairment in children, suggesting potential impact on the development of hippocampus and/or cortical circuits. Oral A1254 (from the 6th day of gestation to postnatal day 21) produced the expected increase in PCB levels in brain at postnatal day 21, which persisted at lower levels into adulthood. A1254 did not affect the proliferation or survival of newborn neurons in immature animals nor did it cause overt changes in neuronal morphology. However, A1254 occluded the normal developmental increase in sEPSC frequency in the third post-mitotic week without altering the average sEPSC amplitude. Our results suggest that early exposure to PCBs can disrupt excitatory synaptic function during a period of active synaptogenesis, and thus could contribute to the cognitive effects noted in children exposed to PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Parent
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Pinson
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Woods
- Vollum Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C Chatzi
- Vollum Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - A Bensen
- Vollum Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A Gérard
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J P Thome
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J P Bourguignon
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-N, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Mallozzi M, Bordi G, Garo C, Caserta D. The effect of maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on fetal and neonatal development: A review on the major concerns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:224-242. [PMID: 27653964 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a widespread exposure of general population, including pregnant women and developing fetuses, to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals have been reported to be present in urine, blood serum, breast milk, and amniotic fluid. Endocrine disruptions induced by environmental toxicants have placed a heavy burden on society, since environmental exposures during critical periods of development can permanently reprogram normal physiological responses, thereby increasing susceptibility to disease later in life-a process known as developmental reprogramming. During development, organogenesis and tissue differentiation occur through a continuous series of tightly-regulated and precisely-timed molecular, biochemical, and cellular events. Humans may encounter EDCs daily and during all stages of life, from conception and fetal development through adulthood and senescence. Nevertheless, prenatal and early postnatal windows are the most critical for proper development, due to rapid changes in system growth. Although there are still gaps in our knowledge, currently available data support the urgent need for health and environmental policies aimed at protecting the public and, in particular, the developing fetus and women of reproductive age. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:224-242, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Mallozzi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza
| | - Giulia Bordi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza
| | - Chiara Garo
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza
| | - Donatella Caserta
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza.
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104
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Grigoryan R, Petrosyan V, Melkom Melkomian D, Khachadourian V, McCartor A, Crape B. Risk factors for children's blood lead levels in metal mining and smelting communities in Armenia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:945. [PMID: 27604802 PMCID: PMC5015252 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s exposure to lead poses a significant risk for neurobehavioral consequences. Existing studies documented lead contamination in residential soil in mining and smelting communities in Armenia. This study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLL) in children living in three communities in Armenia adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries, and related risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study included 159 children born from 2007 to 2009 and living in Alaverdi and Akhtala communities and Erebuni district in Yerevan - the capital city. The BLL was measured with a portable LeadCare II Blood Lead Analyzer; a survey was conducted with primary caregivers. Results Overall Geometric Mean (GM) of BLL was 6.0 μg/dl: 6.8 for Akhtala, 6.4 for Alaverdi and 5.1 for Yerevan. In the sample 68.6 % of children had BLL above CDC defined reference level of 5 μg/dl: 83.8 % in Akhtala, 72.5 % in Alaverdi, and 52.8 % in Yerevan. Caregiver’s lower education, dusting furniture less than daily, and housing distance from toxic source(s) were risk factors for higher BLL. Additional analysis for separate communities demonstrated interaction between housing distance from toxic source(s) and type of window in Erebuni district of Yerevan. Conclusions The study demonstrated that children in three communities adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries were exposed to lead. Investigation of the risk factors suggested that in addition to promoting safe industrial practices at the national level, community-specific interventions could be implemented in low- and middle-income countries to reduce BLL among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Grigoryan
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
| | - Varduhi Petrosyan
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
| | - Dzovinar Melkom Melkomian
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia.
| | - Vahe Khachadourian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Byron Crape
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
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105
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Caspersen IH, Aase H, Biele G, Brantsæter AL, Haugen M, Kvalem HE, Skogan AH, Zeiner P, Alexander J, Meltzer HM, Knutsen HK. The influence of maternal dietary exposure to dioxins and PCBs during pregnancy on ADHD symptoms and cognitive functions in Norwegian preschool children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:649-660. [PMID: 27424260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (dioxins) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with potentially adverse impact on child neurodevelopment. Whether the potential detrimental effects of dioxins and PCBs on neurodevelopment are of specific or unspecific character is not clear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of maternal dietary exposure to dioxins and PCBs on ADHD symptoms and cognitive functioning in preschoolers. We aimed to investigate a range of functions, in particular IQ, expressive language, and executive functions. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study includes n=1024 children enrolled in a longitudinal prospective study of ADHD (the ADHD Study), with participants recruited from The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Boys and girls aged 3.5years participated in extensive clinical assessments using well-validated tools; The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment interview (PAPA), Stanford-Binet 5th revision (SB-5), Child Development Inventory (CDI), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Preschool version (BRIEF-P). Maternal dietary exposure to dioxins and PCBs was estimated based on a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) answered mid-pregnancy and a database of dioxin and PCB concentrations in Norwegian foods. Exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-compounds) was expressed in total toxic equivalents (TEQ), and PCB-153 was used as marker for non-dioxin-like PCBs (ndl-PCBs). Generalized linear and additive models adjusted for confounders were used to examine exposure-outcome associations. RESULTS Exposure to PCB-153 or dl-compound was not significantly associated with any of the outcome measures when analyses were performed for boys and girls together. After stratifying by sex, adjusted analyses indicated a small inverse association with language in girls. An increase in the exposure variables of 1 SD was associated with a reduction in language score of -0.2 [CI -0.4, -0.1] for PCB-153 and -0.2 [CI -0.5, -0.1] for dl-compounds in girls. For boys, exposure to PCB-153 or dl-compounds was not associated with language skills. The difference between sex-specific associations was not statistically significant (p-value=0.13). No sex-specific effects were observed for ADHD-symptoms, IQ scores, or executive functions. CONCLUSIONS We found no indications that variation in current low-level exposure to PCB-153 or dl-compounds in Norway is associated with variation ADHD-symptoms, verbal/non-verbal IQ, or executive functions including working memory in preschoolers. However, our findings indicated that maternal dietary exposure to PCB-153 or dl-compounds during pregnancy was significantly associated with poorer expressive language skills in preschool girls, although the sex-specific associations were not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Henriette Caspersen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Heidi Aase
- NIPH, Domain for Mental and Physical Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido Biele
- NIPH, Domain for Mental and Physical Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaretha Haugen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Annette Holth Skogan
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 4959, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 800, NO-3004 Drammen, Norway
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 4959, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle K Knutsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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106
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Adversely Associated with Childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070678. [PMID: 27384573 PMCID: PMC4962219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurobehavioral conditions. Evidence of the negative effects of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on mental health has not been convincing, although a few studies have found an association between high SSB levels and attention problems in children. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that SSB consumption is associated with ADHD among children. Doctor-diagnosed ADHD cases (n = 173) and non-ADHD controls (n = 159) between age 4 to 15 were recruited. SSB consumption, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the children, as well as of their mothers' characteristics during pregnancy, were collected using a questionnaire. Blood lead levels and polymorphisms of two commonly verified dopaminergic-related genes (the D4 dopamine receptor gene DRD4 and the dopamine transporter gene DAT1) were also analyzed. There was a dose-response relationship between SSB consumption and ADHD. After covariates were adjusted, children who consumed SSBs at moderate levels and high levels had 1.36 and 3.69 odds, respectively, of having ADHD, compared with those who did not consume SSBs (p for trend < 0.05). Similar results were obtained when females were excluded. Our findings highlighted the adverse correlation between SSB consumption and ADHD and indicated a dose-response effect even after covariates were adjusted.
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107
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Bennett D, Bellinger DC, Birnbaum LS, Bradman A, Chen A, Cory-Slechta DA, Engel SM, Fallin MD, Halladay A, Hauser R, Hertz-Picciotto I, Kwiatkowski CF, Lanphear BP, Marquez E, Marty M, McPartland J, Newschaffer CJ, Payne-Sturges D, Patisaul HB, Perera FP, Ritz B, Sass J, Schantz SL, Webster TF, Whyatt RM, Woodruff TJ, Zoeller RT, Anderko L, Campbell C, Conry JA, DeNicola N, Gould RM, Hirtz D, Huffling K, Landrigan PJ, Lavin A, Miller M, Mitchell MA, Rubin L, Schettler T, Tran HL, Acosta A, Brody C, Miller E, Miller P, Swanson M, Witherspoon NO. Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks The TENDR Consensus Statement. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A118-22. [PMID: 27479987 PMCID: PMC4937840 DOI: 10.1289/ehp358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Summary: Children in America today are at an unacceptably high risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders that affect the brain and nervous system including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, and other learning and behavioral disabilities. These are complex disorders with multiple causes—genetic, social, and environmental. The contribution of toxic chemicals to these disorders can be prevented. Approach: Leading scientific and medical experts, along with children’s health advocates, came together in 2015 under the auspices of Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks to issue a call to action to reduce widespread exposures to chemicals that interfere with fetal and children’s brain development. Based on the available scientific evidence, the TENDR authors have identified prime examples of toxic chemicals and pollutants that increase children’s risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. These include chemicals that are used extensively in consumer products and that have become widespread in the environment. Some are chemicals to which children and pregnant women are regularly exposed, and they are detected in the bodies of virtually all Americans in national surveys conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The vast majority of chemicals in industrial and consumer products undergo almost no testing for developmental neurotoxicity or other health effects. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we assert that the current system in the United States for evaluating scientific evidence and making health-based decisions about environmental chemicals is fundamentally broken. To help reduce the unacceptably high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in our children, we must eliminate or significantly reduce exposures to chemicals that contribute to these conditions. We must adopt a new framework for assessing chemicals that have the potential to disrupt brain development and prevent the use of those that may pose a risk. This consensus statement lays the foundation for developing recommendations to monitor, assess, and reduce exposures to neurotoxic chemicals. These measures are urgently needed if we are to protect healthy brain development so that current and future generations can reach their fullest potential.
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108
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Rebuli ME, Patisaul HB. Assessment of sex specific endocrine disrupting effects in the prenatal and pre-pubertal rodent brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:148-59. [PMID: 26307491 PMCID: PMC4762757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain sex differences are found in nearly every region of the brain and fundamental to sexually dimorphic behaviors as well as disorders of the brain and behavior. These differences are organized during gestation and early adolescence and detectable prior to puberty. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) interfere with hormone action and are thus prenatal exposure is hypothesized to disrupt the formation of sex differences, and contribute to the increased prevalence of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders that present with a sex bias. OBJECTIVE Available evidence for the ability of EDCs to impact the emergence of brain sex differences in the rodent brain was reviewed here, with a focus on effects detected at or before puberty. METHODS The peer-reviewed literature was searched using PubMed, and all relevant papers published by January 31, 2015 were incorporated. Endpoints of interest included molecular cellular and neuroanatomical effects. Studies on behavioral endpoints were not included because numerous reviews of that literature are available. RESULTS The hypothalamus was found to be particularly affected by estrogenic EDCs in a sex, time, and exposure dependent manner. The hippocampus also appears vulnerable to endocrine disruption by BPA and PCBs although there is little evidence from the pre-pubertal literature to make any conclusions about sex-specific effects. Gestational EDC exposure can alter fetal neurogenesis and gene expression throughout the brain including the cortex and cerebellum. The available literature primarily focuses on a few, well characterized EDCs, but little data is available for emerging contaminants. CONCLUSION The developmental EDC exposure literature demonstrates evidence of altered neurodevelopment as early as fetal life, with sex specific effects observed throughout the brain even before puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Rebuli
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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109
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Environmental pollutants and child health-A review of recent concerns. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:331-42. [PMID: 27216159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many new studies have evaluated associations between environmental pollutants and child health. This review aims to provide a broad summary of this literature, comparing the state of epidemiological evidence for the effects of a wide range of environmental contaminants (air pollutants, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, perfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, pesticides, phthalates and bisphenol A) on child health outcomes. The review addresses effects on foetal growth and prematurity, neurodevelopment, respiratory and immune health, and childhood growth and obesity. Findings of recent prospective studies and meta-analyses have corroborated previous good evidence, often at lower exposure levels, for effects on foetal growth of air pollution and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for neurotoxic effects of lead, methylmercury, PCBs and organophosphate pesticides, and for respiratory health effects of air pollution. Moderate evidence has emerged for a potential role of environmental pollutants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism (lead, PCBs, air pollution), respiratory and immune health (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene - DDE - and PCBs), and obesity (DDE). In addition, there is now moderate evidence that certain chemicals of relatively recent concern may be associated with adverse child health outcomes, specifically perfluorooctanoate and foetal growth, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers and neurodevelopment. For other chemicals of recent concern, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, the literature is characterised by large inconsistencies preventing strong conclusions. In conclusion, since most of the recent literature evaluates common exposures in the general population, and not particularly high exposure situations, this accumulating body of evidence suggests that the unborn and young child require more protection than is currently provided. Large, coordinated research efforts are needed to improve understanding of long-term effects of complex chemical mixtures.
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110
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Yu CJ, Du JC, Chiou HC, Chung MY, Yang W, Chen YS, Fuh MR, Chien LC, Hwang B, Chen ML. Increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticide in Taiwanese children. Andrology 2016; 4:695-705. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.-J. Yu
- School of Medicine; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences; National Yang Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - J.-C. Du
- Department of Pediatrics; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - H.-C. Chiou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - M.-Y. Chung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences; National Yang Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - W. Yang
- Department of Pediatrics; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Y.-S. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - M.-R. Fuh
- Department of Chemistry; Soochow University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - L.-C. Chien
- School of Public Health; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - B. Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - M.-L. Chen
- School of Medicine; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences; National Yang Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
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111
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Thimerosal-Preserved Hepatitis B Vaccine and Hyperkinetic Syndrome of Childhood. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6010009. [PMID: 26999226 PMCID: PMC4810179 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) BACKGROUND: Hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood (HKSoC) is an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) category in which the majority of the children are also diagnosed under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), where the umbrella term is "Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders". The diagnostic criteria for HKSoC are developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Some studies have implicated mercury (Hg) exposure as a risk factor. (2) METHODS: This hypothesis testing study; using the Vaccine Safety Datalink; assessed the toxicological effects of bolus exposure to organic-Hg from Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) by examining the relationship between Thimerosal-preserved hepatitis B vaccines (TM-HepB) given at varying levels and at specific intervals in the first six months after birth and the risk of a child being diagnosed with HKSoC. (3) RESULTS: Children diagnosed with HKSoC were significantly more likely to be exposed to increased organic-Hg from TM-HepB doses given within the first month (odds ratio = 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-1.62); within the first two months (odds ratio = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.28-1.59); and within the first six months (odds ratio = 4.51; 95% CI = 3.04-6.71) than controls. (4) CONCLUSION: The results indicate that increasing organic-Hg exposure from TCVs heightens the risk of a HKSoC diagnosis.
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112
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Keil KP, Lein PJ. DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvv012. [PMID: 27158529 PMCID: PMC4856164 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that gene by environment interactions are important in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, the mechanisms by which environmental factors interact with genetic susceptibilities to confer individual risk for ASD remain a significant knowledge gap in the field. The epigenome, and in particular DNA methylation, is a critical gene expression regulatory mechanism in normal and pathogenic brain development. DNA methylation can be influenced by environmental factors such as diet, hormones, stress, drugs, or exposure to environmental chemicals, suggesting that environmental factors may contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes of relevance to ASD via effects on DNA methylation in the developing brain. In this review, we describe epidemiological and experimental evidence implicating altered DNA methylation as a potential mechanism by which environmental chemicals confer risk for ASD, using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, and bisphenol A (BPA) as examples. Understanding how environmental chemical exposures influence DNA methylation and how these epigenetic changes modulate the risk and/or severity of ASD will not only provide mechanistic insight regarding gene-environment interactions of relevance to ASD but may also suggest potential intervention strategies for these and potentially other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P. Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence address. Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel:
(530) 752-1970
; Fax:
(530) 752-7690
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Choi WJ, Kwon HJ, Lim MH, Lim JA, Ha M. Blood lead, parental marital status and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elementary school children: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res 2016; 236:42-46. [PMID: 26774190 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the blood lead level and parental marital status that might influence the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in school-aged children. The participants in the survey included elementary school children, and they were followed up biennially. The participants' parents or caregivers were administered a questionnaire including ADHD rating scale. Among 2967 who were not suspected to have ADHD at baseline survey, 2195 children who took follow-up test for ADHD were evaluated. The incidence rate of suspected ADHD was 5.0% (107 cases) during the two years of the follow-up period. The geometric mean blood lead level was 1.56μg/dL. Relative risk ratio for ADHD was estimated using logistic regression analysis. After adjustment for potential confounders, ADHD developed more frequently in children with blood lead levels of >2.17μg/dL (highest quartile) (RR 1.552, 95% CI 1.002-2.403) and in children with a single parent (RR 1.805, 95% CI 1.002-3.254). The RR was 3.567 (95% CI 1.595-7.980) in children with relatively high blood lead levels (>2.17μg/dL) from single-parent families, compared with those with low blood lead and a two-parent family. The ADHD risk in association with blood lead level was modified by family status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jun Choi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Ho Lim
- Department of Psychology, Dankook University College of Social Sciences, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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114
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Yu CJ, Du JC, Chiou HC, Yang SH, Liao KW, Yang W, Chung MY, Chien LC, Hwang B, Chen ML. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Nonylphenol Levels: A Case-Control Study in Taiwanese Children. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149558. [PMID: 26890918 PMCID: PMC4758720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Nonylphenol (NP) belongs to the family of endocrine disruptors, and it is widely used in industrial applications and is ubiquitous in daily foods. Animal studies have suggested that NP exposure might promote motor hyperactivity, likely by causing deficits in dopaminergic neurons. However, research assessing NP exposure and epidemiology studies on human populations are limited. The aim of this study was to explore the association between child NP exposure and ADHD while considering particular covariants, such as lead levels and dopamine-related gene variations. Methods A case-control study was conducted on patients with clinically diagnosed ADHD; the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, Fourth Revision (SNAP-IV) questionnaire was used to identify normal controls aged 4–15 years. Participants were examined for urinary NP concentrations, blood lead levels, and select single-nucleotide polymorphisms of two dopamine-related genes (D4 dopamine receptor, DRD4, and dopamine transporter, DAT1). Socio-demographic variables, maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy and family medical history were obtained using a questionnaire. Results A total of 97 children with doctor-diagnosed ADHD and 110 normal controls were enrolled. The blood lead levels in both groups were similar (1.57±0.73 vs. 1.73±0.77 μg/dL, p = 0.15). No significant difference in urinary NP concentration was found between the children with ADHD and the control subjects (4.52±3.22 μg/g cr. vs. 4.64±2.95 μg/g cr., p = 0.43). ADHD was significantly more prevalent among males in this study (male to female ratio: 5:1 for the ADHD group and 1.3:1 for the control group, p<0.01). The analysis was repeated after excluding the females, but this had no effect on the association between NP and ADHD. The regression model, including or excluding females, indicated no increased odds of having ADHD in the context of NP exposure after adjusting for covariants. Conclusion This study indicated that NP exposure might not promote ADHD in children, even though children in Taiwan had relatively high levels of NP compared to those reported previously and those in developed nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jung Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chieh Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chih Chiou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Songde branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Han Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winnie Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yangming branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betau Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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115
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Hu F, Ge MM, Chen WH. Effects of lead exposure on dendrite and spine development in hippocampal dentate gyrus areas of rats. Synapse 2016; 70:87-97. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Ge
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Heng Chen
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
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116
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Gonzalez ST, Remick D, Creton R, Colwill RM. Effects of embryonic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on anxiety-related behaviors in larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2015; 53:93-101. [PMID: 26748073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent model system for assessing the effects of toxicant exposure on behavior and neurodevelopment. In the present study, we examined the effects of sub-chronic embryonic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a ubiquitous anthropogenic pollutant, on anxiety-related behaviors. We found that exposure to the PCB mixture, Aroclor (A) 1254, from 2 to 26h post-fertilization (hpf) induced two statistically significant behavioral defects in larvae at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf). First, during 135min of free swimming, larvae that had been exposed to 2ppm, 5ppm or 10ppm A1254 exhibited enhanced thigmotaxis (edge preference) relative to control larvae. Second, during the immediately ensuing 15-min visual startle assay, the 5ppm and 10ppm PCB-exposed larvae reacted differently to a visual threat, a red 'bouncing' disk, relative to control larvae. These results are consistent with the anxiogenic and attention-disrupting effects of PCB exposure documented in children, monkeys and rodents and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Gonzalez
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Dylan Remick
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Robbert Creton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Ruth M Colwill
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States.
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117
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Regional Variation in Human Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the United States, NHANES. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 2015:571839. [PMID: 26839572 PMCID: PMC4709617 DOI: 10.1155/2015/571839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined serum levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) among geographical regions of the United States as defined by the US Census Bureau. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for adults aged 20 years and older are presented for selected survey periods between 1999 and 2010. From NHANES 1999 through 2004, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration levels were consistently higher among people living in the West than in the Midwest, Northeast, or South. In 2003-2010, perfluorinated compound concentrations tended to be highest in the South. The sum of 35 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners was significantly higher in the Northeast [GM: 189; 95% CI: 173-204 ng/g lipid] than the remaining regions. The regional differences in higher body burdens of exposure to particular POPs could be attributed to a variety of activities, including region-specific patterns of land use and industrial and agricultural chemical applications, as well as different levels of regulatory activity.
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118
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Kim HC, Jang TW, Chae HJ, Choi WJ, Ha MN, Ye BJ, Kim BG, Jeon MJ, Kim SY, Hong YS. Evaluation and management of lead exposure. Ann Occup Environ Med 2015; 27:30. [PMID: 26677413 PMCID: PMC4681084 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-015-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead, which is widely used in industry, is a common element found in low concentrations in the Earth's crust. Implementations to reduce environmental lead concentrations have resulted in a considerable reduction of lead levels in the environment (air) and a sustained reduction in the blood lead levels of the average citizen. However, people are still being exposed to lead through a variety of routes in everyday commodities. Lead causes health problems such as toxicity of the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic system, and nervous system. Having a carcinogenic risk as well, the IARC classifies inorganic lead compounds as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Occupational lead poisonings have decreased due to the efforts to reduce the lead concentrations in the working environment. In contrast, health hazards associated with long-term environmental exposure to low concentrations of lead have been reported steadily. In particular, chronic exposure to low concentrations of lead has been reported to induce cognitive behavioral disturbances in children. It is almost impossible to remove lead completely from the human body, and it is not easy to treat health hazards due to lead exposure. Therefore, reduction and prevention of lead exposure are very important. We reviewed the toxicity and health hazards, monitoring and evaluation, and management of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Cheol Kim
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, 27, Inhang-Ro, Jung-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Jang
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong-Jae Chae
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, KS Hospital, 220, Wangbeodeul-ro, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Na Ha
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Byeong-Jin Ye
- />Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, 26, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Man-Joong Jeon
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Young-Nam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeong Kim
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, InJe University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea
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Lovato AK, Creton R, Colwill RM. Effects of embryonic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on larval zebrafish behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 53:1-10. [PMID: 26561944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Developmental disorders such as anxiety, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders have been linked to exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a ubiquitous anthropogenic pollutant. The zebrafish is widely recognized as an excellent model system for assessing the effects of toxicant exposure on behavior and neurodevelopment. In the present study, we examined the effect of sub-chronic embryonic exposure to the PCB mixture, Aroclor (A) 1254 on anxiety-related behaviors in zebrafish larvae at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf). We found that exposure to low concentrations of A1254, from 2 to 26 h post-fertilization (hpf) induced specific behavioral defects in two assays. In one assay with intermittent presentations of a moving visual stimulus, 5 ppm and 10 ppm PCB-exposed larvae displayed decreased avoidance behavior but no significant differences in thigmotaxis or freezing relative to controls. In the other assay with intermittent presentations of a moving visual stimulus and a stationary visual stimulus, 5 ppm and 10 ppm PCB-exposed larvae had elevated baseline levels of thigmotaxis but no significant differences in avoidance behavior relative to controls. The 5 ppm larvae also displayed higher terminal levels of freezing relative to controls. Collectively, our results show that exposure to ecologically valid PCB concentrations during embryonic development can induce functional deficits and alter behavioral responses to a visual threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava K Lovato
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Robbert Creton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Ruth M Colwill
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States.
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120
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Dehpour AR. Potential role of organochlorine pesticides in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neurobehavioral disorders: A review. Life Sci 2015; 145:255-64. [PMID: 26549647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent and bioaccumulative environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic effects. The growing body of evidence has demonstrated that prenatal exposure to organochlorines (OCs) is associated with impairment of neuropsychological development. The hypothesis is consistent with recent studies emphasizing the correlation of environmental as well as genetic factors to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral defects. It has been suggested that maternal exposure to OCPs results in impaired motor and cognitive development in newborns and infants. Moreover, in utero exposure to these compounds contributes to the etiology of autism. Although impaired neurodevelopment occurs through prenatal exposure to OCs, breastfeeding causes postnatal toxicity in the infants. Parkinson's disease (PD) is another neurological disorder, which has been associated with exposure to OCs, leading to α-synuclein accumulation and depletion of dopaminergic neurons. The study aimed to review the potential association between pre- and post-natal exposure to OCs and impaired neurodevelopmental processes during pregnancy and neuropsychological diseases such as PD, behavioral alterations, seizures and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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121
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Šovčíková E, Wimmerová S, Strémy M, Kotianová J, Loffredo CA, Murínová ĽP, Chovancová J, Čonka K, Lancz K, Trnovec T. Simple reaction time in 8-9-year old children environmentally exposed to PCBs. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:138-44. [PMID: 26480857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple reaction time (SRT) has been studied in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with variable results. In the current work we examined SRT in 146 boys and 161 girls, aged 8.53 ± 0.65 years (mean ± SD), exposed to PCBs in the environment of eastern Slovakia. We divided the children into tertiles with regard to increasing PCB serum concentration. The mean ± SEM serum concentration of the sum of 15 PCB congeners was 191.15 ± 5.39, 419.23 ± 8.47, and 1315.12 ± 92.57 ng/g lipids in children of the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively. We created probability distribution plots for each child from their multiple trials of the SRT testing. We fitted response time distributions from all valid trials with the ex-Gaussian function, a convolution of a normal and an additional exponential function, providing estimates of three independent parameters μ, σ, and τ. μ is the mean of the normal component, σ is the standard deviation of the normal component, and τ is the mean of the exponential component. Group response time distributions were calculated using the Vincent averaging technique. A Q-Q plot comparing probability distribution of the first vs. third tertile indicated that deviation of the quantiles of the latter tertile from those of the former begins at the 40th percentile and does not show a positive acceleration. This was confirmed in comparison of the ex-Gaussian parameters of these two tertiles adjusted for sex, age, Raven IQ of the child, mother's and father's education, behavior at home and school, and BMI: the results showed that the parameters μ and τ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased with PCB exposure. Similar increases of the ex-Gaussian parameter τ in children suffering from ADHD have been previously reported and interpreted as intermittent attentional lapses, but were not seen in our cohort. Our study has confirmed that environmental exposure of children to PCBs is associated with prolongation of simple reaction time reflecting impairment of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šovčíková
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Institute of Biophysics, Informatics and Biostatistics, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maximilián Strémy
- Research Centre of Progressive Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hajdóczyho 1, 91724 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Janette Kotianová
- Institute of Applied Informatics, Automatization and Mechatronics, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hajdóczyho 1, 91724 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Department of Oncology & Department of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Jana Chovancová
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Čonka
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kinga Lancz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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122
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Lombardo JP, Berger DF, Hunt A, Carpenter DO. Inhalation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Produces Hyperactivity in Rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1142-1153. [PMID: 26398098 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a serious behavioral syndrome seen in children, and more common in males than females. There is increasing evidence that prenatal and/or early life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) is associated with increased risk of ADHD occurrence. While PCB exposure is usually attributed to ingestion of contaminated food, recent reports of elevated PCB concentrations in indoor air, especially in schools, raised concern regarding inhalation as an important route of exposure to PCB with consequent effects on neurobehavior. The effects of exposure to air contaminated with Aroclor 1248 or contaminated sediment (SED) from the St. Lawrence River were examined on operant behavior of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Data showed that relative to controls, vapor-phase inhalation of PCB, whether from blowing air over Aroclor 1248 or from blowing air over sediment contaminated with PCB, resulted in hyperactivity and impatience in rats, more pronounced in males than females. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhalation of PCB may contribute to behavioral abnormalities in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Lombardo
- a Department of Psychology , SUNY College at Cortland , Cortland , New York , USA
| | - David F Berger
- a Department of Psychology , SUNY College at Cortland , Cortland , New York , USA
| | | | - David O Carpenter
- c Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany , Rensselaer , New York , USA
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123
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Assessing new dimensions of attentional functions in children prenatally exposed to environmental contaminants using an adapted Posner paradigm. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 51:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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124
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Sykes LK, Geier MR, Deth RC. Are ASD and ADHD a Continuum? A Comparison of Pathophysiological Similarities Between the Disorders. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:805-27. [PMID: 23074304 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712459886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review and compare the similarities between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD with regard to symptomatology, neurological deficits, metabolic and endocrine-related conditions, and brain pathology. METHOD A comprehensive review of the relevant research literature was carried out. RESULTS A number of important similarities between ASD and ADHD were identified, including recent increases in prevalence, male-biased incidence, shared involvement of sensory processing, motor and impulse control, abnormal patterns of neural connectivity, and sleep disturbances. Studies suggest involvement of androgen metabolism, impaired methylation, and heavy metal toxicity as possible contributing factors for both disorders. CONCLUSION ASD and ADHD share a number of features and pathophysiological conditions, which suggests that the two disorders may be a continuum and have a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Verner MA, Hart JE, Sagiv SK, Bellinger DC, Altshul LM, Korrick SA. Measured Prenatal and Estimated Postnatal Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and ADHD-Related Behaviors in 8-Year-Old Children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:888-94. [PMID: 25769180 PMCID: PMC4559949 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies of postnatal PCB exposure and behavior have not reported consistent evidence of adverse associations, possibly because of challenges in exposure estimation. We previously developed a pharmacokinetic model to improve estimation of children's PCB exposure. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess whether estimated serum PCB levels in infancy are associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behaviors at 8 years of age among children whose cord serum PCB levels were previously shown to be associated with ADHD-related behaviors. METHODS We used a pharmacokinetic model to estimate monthly serum polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-153 levels in 441 infants (ages 1-12 months) based on parameters such as breastfeeding and cord serum PCB-153 levels. Behavior was evaluated at age 8 using the Conners' Rating Scale for Teachers (CRS-T). Associations between PCB-153 levels and ADHD-related CRS-T indices were assessed using multivariable quantile regression at the 50th and 75th percentiles of CRS-T scores, where higher percentiles reflect more adverse behaviors. RESULTS Cord serum PCB-153 levels (median, 38 ng/g lipids) were associated with ADHD-related behaviors, although statistical significance was observed with quantile regression models only at the 75th percentile. Associations with postnatal exposure estimates were attenuated. For example, hyperactive-impulsive behavior scores at age 8 years were 0.9 points (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5), 0.5 points (95% CI: 0.3, 2.3), and 0.3 points (95% CI: -0.2, 1.5) higher in association with interquartile range increases in serum PCB-153 at birth, 2 months, and 12 months of age, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Associations between estimated postnatal PCB-153 exposures and ADHD-related behaviors at 8 years of age were weaker than associations with PCB-153 concentrations measured in cord serum at birth. CITATION Verner MA, Hart JE, Sagiv SK, Bellinger DC, Altshul LM, Korrick SA. 2015. Measured prenatal and estimated postnatal levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and ADHD-related behaviors in 8-year-old children. Environ Health Perspect 123:888-894; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408084.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Verner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhou R, Xia Q, Shen H, Yang X, Zhang Y, Xu J. Diagnosis of children's attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its association with cytomegalovirus infection with ADHD: a historical review. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:13969-13975. [PMID: 26550354 PMCID: PMC4613039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As the most common mental disorder identified in children and teenagers, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects millions of children and their families, making it a critical health issue worldwide. This article reviewed the historical opinions about the diagnosis of ADHD and defined different subtypes of this disorder. It also summarized the current diagnostic criteria and available medications. After re-visiting the etiology of ADHD in the sense of both genetic and environment factors, it was further hypothesized that viral infection might be involved in ADHD pathogenesis. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may be associated with ADHD, although both clinical observations and animal studies need to be performed for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qun Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huaiyun Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
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127
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Prenatal and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and attention and executive function at 9-12 years of age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:151-61. [PMID: 26271888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest measured worldwide. We previously reported associations for prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures with decrements in attention, processing speed, fine motor coordination, and cognition in children at ages 5 and 7 years. Here, we investigate associations of PBDEs with attention and executive function at ages 9 to 12 years in the expanded CHAMACOS cohort. METHODS We measured PBDEs in prenatal and child age 9 year serum samples for families enrolled in the study since pregnancy ("CHAM1", N=321). In a subsequent cohort for which families were enrolled at child age 9 ("CHAM2", N=301), we measured PBDEs in maternal and child samples collected at child age 9, and used predictive modeling to estimate prenatal exposure levels. We examined associations of measured and estimated PBDE concentrations on children's attention and executive functioning at ages 9, 10½, and 12 years. RESULTS Geometric means for prenatal and childhood ΣPBDE levels (sum of PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153) for the expanded CHAMACOS cohort were 26.3 and 63.2 ng/g lipid, respectively, and did not differ significantly between CHAM1 and CHAM2 families. We found consistent associations of prenatal exposure to PBDEs with poorer attention and executive function, measured with parent report and direct neuropsychological testing of the child. For example, using GEE models of repeated outcome measures at ages 9 and 12, a 10-fold increase in prenatal ΣPBDE was associated with poorer response consistency on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (β=2.9; 95% CI: 0.9, 4.8) and poorer working memory on the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (β=2.5; 95% CI: 0.5, 4.4). Child age 9 ΣPBDE levels were associated with poorer parent-reported attention and executive function for girls but not boys. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the prefrontal cortex may be a potential target for PBDE exposure and add to a growing literature showing that these ubiquitous toxicants may adversely affect neurodevelopment.
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128
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Dreser N, Zimmer B, Dietz C, Sügis E, Pallocca G, Nyffeler J, Meisig J, Blüthgen N, Berthold MR, Waldmann T, Leist M. Grouping of histone deacetylase inhibitors and other toxicants disturbing neural crest migration by transcriptional profiling. Neurotoxicology 2015; 50:56-70. [PMID: 26238599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional assays, such as the "migration inhibition of neural crest cells" (MINC) developmental toxicity test, can identify toxicants without requiring knowledge on their mode of action (MoA). Here, we were interested, whether (i) inhibition of migration by structurally diverse toxicants resulted in a unified signature of transcriptional changes; (ii) whether statistically-identified transcript patterns would inform on compound grouping even though individual genes were little regulated, and (iii) whether analysis of a small group of biologically-relevant transcripts would allow the grouping of compounds according to their MoA. We analyzed transcripts of 35 'migration genes' after treatment with 16 migration-inhibiting toxicants. Clustering, principal component analysis and correlation analyses of the data showed that mechanistically related compounds (e.g. histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), PCBs) triggered similar transcriptional changes, but groups of structurally diverse toxicants largely differed in their transcriptional effects. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed the specific clustering of HDACi across multiple separate experiments. Similarity of the signatures of the HDACi trichostatin A and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid to the one of valproic acid (VPA), suggested that the latter compound acts as HDACi when impairing neural crest migration. In conclusion, the data suggest that (i) a given functional effect (e.g. inhibition of migration) can be associated with highly diverse signatures of transcript changes; (ii) statistically significant grouping of mechanistically-related compounds can be achieved on the basis of few genes with small regulations. Thus, incorporation of mechanistic markers in functional in vitro tests may support read-across procedures, also for structurally un-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dreser
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bastian Zimmer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York City, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Christian Dietz
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik und Information Mining, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elena Sügis
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giorgia Pallocca
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johanna Nyffeler
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Meisig
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute for the Life Sciences and Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute for the Life Sciences and Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R Berthold
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik und Information Mining, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Oliveira-Pinto J, Paes-Branco D, Cristina-Rodrigues F, Krahe TE, Manhães AC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Filgueiras CC. GABAA overactivation potentiates the effects of NMDA blockade during the brain growth spurt in eliciting locomotor hyperactivity in juvenile mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 50:43-52. [PMID: 26056730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Both NMDA receptor blockade and GABAA receptor overactivation during the brain growth spurt may contribute to the hyperactivity phenotype reminiscent of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we evaluated the effects of exposure to MK801 (a NMDA antagonist) and/or to muscimol (a GABAA agonist) during the brain growth spurt on locomotor activity of juvenile Swiss mice. This study was carried out in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, pups received a single i.p. injection of either saline solution (SAL), MK801 (MK, 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg) or muscimol (MU, 0.02, 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg) at the second postnatal day (PND2), and PNDs 4, 6 and 8. In the second experiment, we investigated the effects of a combined injection of MK (0.1 mg/kg) and MU (doses: 0.02, 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg) following the same injection schedule of the first experiment. In both experiments, locomotor activity was assessed for 15 min at PND25. While MK promoted a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity, exposure to MU failed to elicit significant effects. The combined exposure to the highest dose of MU and the lowest dose of MK induced marked hyperactivity. Moreover, the combination of the low dose of MK and the high dose of MU resulted in a reduced activity in the center of the open field, suggesting an increased anxiety-like behavior. These findings suggest that, during the brain growth spurt, the blockade of NMDA receptors induces juvenile locomotor hyperactivity whereas hyperactivation of GABAA receptors does not. However, GABAA overactivation during this period potentiates the effects of NMDA blockade in inducing locomotor hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Oliveira-Pinto
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Danielle Paes-Branco
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cristina-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Thomas E Krahe
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Cláudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil.
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Bault ZA, Peterson SM, Freeman JL. Directional and color preference in adult zebrafish: Implications in behavioral and learning assays in neurotoxicology studies. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1502-10. [PMID: 25993913 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Bault
- School of Health Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
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Kim JW, Sharma V, Ryan ND. Predicting Methylphenidate Response in ADHD Using Machine Learning Approaches. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv052. [PMID: 25964505 PMCID: PMC4756719 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no objective, biological markers that can robustly predict methylphenidate response in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study aimed to examine whether applying machine learning approaches to pretreatment demographic, clinical questionnaire, environmental, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and genetic information can predict therapeutic response following methylphenidate administration. METHODS The present study included 83 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth. At baseline, parents completed the ADHD Rating Scale-IV and Disruptive Behavior Disorder rating scale, and participants undertook the continuous performance test, Stroop color word test, and resting-state functional MRI scans. The dopamine transporter gene, dopamine D4 receptor gene, alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) and norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms, and blood lead and urine cotinine levels were also measured. The participants were enrolled in an 8-week, open-label trial of methylphenidate. Four different machine learning algorithms were used for data analysis. RESULTS Support vector machine classification accuracy was 84.6% (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.84) for predicting methylphenidate response. The age, weight, ADRA2A MspI and DraI polymorphisms, lead level, Stroop color word test performance, and oppositional symptoms of Disruptive Behavior Disorder rating scale were identified as the most differentiating subset of features. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide preliminary support to the translational development of support vector machine as an informative method that can assist in predicting treatment response in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, though further work is required to provide enhanced levels of classification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Dr Kim); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA (Drs Sharma and Ryan)
| | - Vinod Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Dr Kim); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA (Drs Sharma and Ryan)
| | - Neal D Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Dr Kim); Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA (Drs Sharma and Ryan).
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132
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Xu Y, Chen XT, Luo M, Tang Y, Zhang G, Wu D, Yang B, Ruan DY, Wang HL. Multiple epigenetic factors predict the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among the Chinese Han children. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 64:40-50. [PMID: 25840828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood. Despite its prevalence, the critical factors involved in its development remain to be identified. It was recently suggested that epigenetic mechanisms probably contribute to the etiology of ADHD. The present study was designed to examine the associations of epigenetic markers with ADHD among Chinese Han children, aiming to establish the prediction model for this syndrome from the epigenetic perspective. We conducted a pair-matching case-control study, and the ADHD children were systematically evaluated via structured diagnostic interviews, including caregiver interviews, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, revised criteria (DSM-IV-R). The expression levels of risk genes DAT1, DRD4, DRD5, as well as their promoter methylation, were determined respectively, followed by the expression profiles of histone-modifying genes p300, MYST4, HDAC1, MeCP2. The multivariate logistic regressions were performed to establish ADHD prediction models. All of the seven genes tested were identified as risk factors for ADHD. The methylation of one critical CpG site located upstream of DRD4 was shown to affect its transcription, suggesting a role in ADHD's development. Aberrant DNA methylation and histone acetylation were indicated in ADHD patients. In addition, a prediction model was established using the combination of p300, MYST4 and HDAC1, with the accuracy of 0.9338. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to clearly demonstrate the associations between epigenetic markers and ADHD, shedding light on the preliminary diagnosis and etiological studies of this widespread disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Tao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, PR China.
| | - Man Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, PR China.
| | - Yuqing Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, PR China.
| | - Guangxiang Zhang
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - De Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, PR China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Child Neurology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, PR China.
| | - Di-Yun Ruan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China.
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, PR China.
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Verner MA, Plusquellec P, Desjardins JL, Cartier C, Haddad S, Ayotte P, Dewailly É, Muckle G. Prenatal and early-life polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels and behavior in Inuit preschoolers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:90-94. [PMID: 25796081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas it is well established that prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can disrupt children's behavior, early postnatal exposure has received relatively little attention in environmental epidemiology. OBJECTIVES To evaluate prenatal and postnatal exposures to PCB-153, a proxy of total PCB exposure, and their relation to inattention and activity in 5-year-old Inuits from the Cord Blood Monitoring Program. METHODS Prenatal exposure to PCBs was informed by cord plasma PCB-153 levels. We used a validated pharmacokinetic model to estimate monthly infants' levels across the first year of life. Inattention and activity were assessed by coding of video recordings of children undergoing fine motor testing. We used multivariable linear regression to evaluate the association between prenatal and postnatal PCB-153 levels and inattention (n=97) and activity (n=98) at 5years of age. RESULTS Cord plasma PCB-153 was not associated with inattention and activity. Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in estimated infant PCB-153 levels at 2months was associated with a 1.02% increase in the duration of inattention (95% CI: 0.04, 2.00). Statistical adjustment for the duration of breastfeeding slightly increased regression coefficients for postnatal level estimates, some of which became statistically significant for inattention (months: 2-4) and activity (months: 2-5). CONCLUSIONS Our study adds to the growing evidence of postnatal windows of development during which children are more susceptible to neurotoxicants like PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Verner
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, HSPH-BWH-301W, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Nobelsväg 13, Solna 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Center of the Mental Health Institute, 7401 Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, Quebec, H1N 3M5, Canada; Etholabs, School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Justine Laura Desjardins
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Center of the Mental Health Institute, 7401 Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, Quebec, H1N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Chloé Cartier
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 320 Sainte-Catherine Est Pavillon J.A. De Sève, local DS5775, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1L7, Canada; INSERM U1085, Université Rennes I, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, 2375 ch. de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1A8, Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute, Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, office 3187-03, Montreal, Quebec, H3N 1X9, Canada.
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2875 Laurier, Quebec, Quebec G1V 2M2, Canada.
| | - Éric Dewailly
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2875 Laurier, Quebec, Quebec G1V 2M2, Canada.
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2875 Laurier, Quebec, Quebec G1V 2M2, Canada.
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Lead excretion in spanish children with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Sci 2015; 5:58-68. [PMID: 25692508 PMCID: PMC4390791 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among epigenetic factors leading to increased prevalence of juvenile neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, exposure to metals, such as lead (Pb) have led to conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of Pb in the urine of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with typically developing children (TD) age- and sex-matched, and to analyze any association between core symptoms of ASD, special diets, supplements intake or prescription drugs and the concentration of Pb. The study was performed in a group of children with ASD (n = 35, average age 7.4 ± 0.5 years) and TD (n = 34, average age 7.7 ± 0.9 years). Measurement of lead in urine was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry; symptoms of ASD were analyzed by diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DMS-IV) using the questionnary ADI-R. Careful clinical evaluation was also undertaken and statistical analysis was done taking into account any possible confounding factor.
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Ode A, Rylander L, Gustafsson P, Lundh T, Källén K, Olofsson P, Ivarsson SA, Rignell-Hydbom A. Manganese and selenium concentrations in umbilical cord serum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:373-381. [PMID: 25601741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence on the effects of manganese and selenium during fetal life on neurodevelopmental disorders is inadequate. This study aims to investigate the hypothesized relationship between fetal exposure to manganese and selenium and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in childhood. Children born between 1978 and 2000 with ADHD (n=166) were identified at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Malmö, Sweden. Controls from the same region (n=166) were selected from the Medical Birth Register and were matched for year of birth and maternal country of birth. Manganese and selenium were measured in umbilical cord serum. The median cord serum concentrations of manganese were 4.3μg/L in the cases and 4.1μg/L in the controls. The corresponding concentrations of selenium were 47 and 48μg/L. When the exposures were analyzed as continuous variables no associations between cord manganese or selenium concentration and ADHD were observed. However, children with selenium concentrations above the 90th percentile had 2.5 times higher odds (95% confidence interval 1.3-5.1) of having ADHD compared to those with concentrations between the 10th and 90th percentiles. There was no significant interaction between manganese and selenium exposure (p=0.08). This study showed no association between manganese concentrations in umbilical cord serum and ADHD. The association between ADHD diagnoses in children with relatively high cord selenium was unexpected and should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ode
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lars Rylander
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Källén
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Olofsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sten A Ivarsson
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Rignell-Hydbom
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
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Richardson JR, Taylor MM, Shalat SL, Guillot TS, Caudle WM, Hossain MM, Mathews TA, Jones SR, Cory-Slechta DA, Miller GW. Developmental pesticide exposure reproduces features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. FASEB J 2015; 29:1960-72. [PMID: 25630971 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect 8-12% of school-age children worldwide. ADHD is a complex disorder with significant genetic contributions. However, no single gene has been linked to a significant percentage of cases, suggesting that environmental factors may contribute to ADHD. Here, we used behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical techniques to characterize the effects of developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin. We also used epidemiologic methods to determine whether there is an association between pyrethroid exposure and diagnosis of ADHD. Mice exposed to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin during development exhibit several features reminiscent of ADHD, including elevated dopamine transporter (DAT) levels, hyperactivity, working memory and attention deficits, and impulsive-like behavior. Increased DAT and D1 dopamine receptor levels appear to be responsible for the behavioral deficits. Epidemiologic data reveal that children aged 6-15 with detectable levels of pyrethroid metabolites in their urine were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. Our epidemiologic finding, combined with the recapitulation of ADHD behavior in pesticide-treated mice, provides a mechanistic basis to suggest that developmental pyrethroid exposure is a risk factor for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michele M Taylor
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stuart L Shalat
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas S Guillot
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hossain
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany A Mathews
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sara R Jones
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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137
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Abstract
The impact of toxins on the developing brain is usually subtle for an individual child, but the damage can be substantial at the population level. Numerous challenges must be addressed to definitively test the impact of toxins on brain development in children: We must quantify exposure using a biologic marker or pollutant; account for an ever-expanding set of potential confounders; identify critical windows of vulnerability; and repeatedly examine the association of biologic markers of toxins with intellectual abilities, behaviors, and brain function in distinct cohorts. Despite these challenges, numerous toxins have been implicated in the development of intellectual deficits and mental disorders in children. Yet, too little has been done to protect children from these ubiquitous but insidious toxins. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the population impact of toxins on the developing brain and describe implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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138
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Liu W, Huo X, Liu D, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Xu X. S100β in heavy metal-related child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in an informal e-waste recycling area. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:185-91. [PMID: 25451971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lead even at low levels correlates with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, lead-contaminated environments are often contaminated with other heavy metals that could exacerbate lead-induced ADHD. We conducted this study to evaluate the relationship between multiple heavy metals and child behaviors, and the involvement of S100 calcium-binding protein β (S100β) expression in child ADHD in Guiyu, an internationally-known e-waste contaminated recycling town. Two hundred and forty kindergarten children, 3- to 7-years of age, who lived in Guiyu, were recruited for this study. Child behavioral assessment was derived from parent and teacher ratings. Serum S100β was assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) levels in whole blood were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The prevalence of children with ADHD symptoms in Guiyu was 18.6%, with the percentage of children suspected to have behavior problems being 46.2% or 46.5%, based on the Rutter parents' or teachers' scale scores, respectively. Child blood levels of Pb, Cd, and Mn correlated with certain behavioral abnormalities, such as conduct problems and antisocial behavior. Serum S100β levels were associated with heavy metal levels in blood, and certain behavioral abnormalities. These findings suggest that exposure to various environmental heavy metals in Guiyu might result in child behavior disorders. Results also indicate that S100β may provide information for laboratory evaluation of neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Daichun Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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139
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Chacko A, Carpenter DO, Callaway L, Sly PD. Early-life risk factors for chronic nonrespiratory diseases. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:244-59. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have witnessed a change in disease patterns contributing to the global burden of disease, with a shift from early childhood deaths due to the classic infectious communicable diseases to years lived with disability from chronic noncommunicable diseases. In both developing and developed countries, the years lived with disability attributable to chronic disease have increased: cardiovascular diseases by 17.7%; chronic respiratory disease by 8.5%; neurological conditions by 12.2%; diabetes by 30.0%; and mental and behavioural disorders by 5.0% over the past 20 years. Recognition of the contribution made by adverse environmental exposures in early life to noncommunicable diseases in later life is increasing. These early-life exposures appear to contribute to both chronic respiratory and chronic nonrespiratory diseases. In this State of the Art article, we aim to examine early-life environmental exposures that have an epidemiological association with chronic nonrespiratory diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive and behavioural problems. We will highlight the potential overlap in environmental risks with respiratory diseases, and point out knowledge gaps and research opportunities.
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140
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Orton F, Tyler CR. Do hormone-modulating chemicals impact on reproduction and development of wild amphibians? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1100-17. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Orton
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter; Stocker Road Exeter EX4 4QD U.K
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter; Stocker Road Exeter EX4 4QD U.K
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141
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LaRocca J, Binder AM, McElrath TF, Michels KB. The impact of first trimester phthalate and phenol exposure on IGF2/H19 genomic imprinting and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:396-406. [PMID: 24972507 PMCID: PMC4155603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting leads to parent-of-origin specific gene expression and is determined by epigenetic modification of genes. The paternally expressed gene insulin-like growth-factor 2 (IGF2) is located about ~100kb from the maternally expressed non-coding gene H19 on human chromosome 11, and both genes play major roles in embryonic and placental growth. Given adverse gestational environments can influence DNA methylation patterns in extra-embryonic tissues, we hypothesized that prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) alters H19 and IGF2 methylation in placenta. Our study was restricted to a total of 196 women co-enrolled in the Predictors of Preeclampsia Study and the Harvard Epigenetic Birth Cohort. First trimester urine concentrations of 8 phenols and 11 phthalate metabolites were measured and used to characterize EDC exposure profiles. We assessed methylation of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) by pyrosequencing of H19, IGF2DMR0, and IGF2DMR2 and correlated values with phenol and phthalate metabolites. We also assessed overall expression and allele-specific expression of H19 and IGF2. We found several significant associations between DNA methylation and additive biomarker measurements. A significant decrease in H19 methylation was associated with high levels of the sum (Σ) of phthalate metabolites and metabolites of low molecular weight (LMW) phthalates. Σphthalate and LMW phthalate concentrations were inversely associated with IGF2DMR0 methylation values. Variation in methylation was not associated with changes in allele-specific expression. However increased deviation of allele-specific expression of H19 was associated with Σdi(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites and high molecular weight phthalates. Neither methylation nor expression of these imprinted regions had a significant impact on birth length or birth weight. Overall, our study provides new insight into an epigenetic mechanism that occurs following EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica LaRocca
- Harvard University Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra M Binder
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin B Michels
- Harvard University Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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142
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Hu F, Xu L, Liu ZH, Ge MM, Ruan DY, Wang HL. Developmental lead exposure alters synaptogenesis through inhibiting canonical Wnt pathway in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101894. [PMID: 24999626 PMCID: PMC4084981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure has been implicated in the impairment of synaptic plasticity in the developing hippocampus, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether developmental lead exposure affects the dendritic spine formation through Wnt signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to lead throughout the lactation period and Golgi-Cox staining method was used to examine the spine density of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area of rats. We found that lead exposure significantly decreased the spine density in both 14 and 21 days-old pups, accompanied by a significant age-dependent decline of the Wnt7a expression and stability of its downstream protein (β-catenin). Furthermore, in cultured hippocampal neurons, lead (0.1 and 1 µM lead acetate) significantly decreased the spine density in a dose-dependent manner. Exogenous Wnt7a application attenuated the decrease of spine density and increased the stability of the downstream molecules in Wnt signaling pathway. Together, our results suggest that lead has a negative impact on spine outgrowth in the developing hippocampus through altering the canonical Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Meng Ge
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Di-Yun Ruan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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143
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Strøm M, Hansen S, Olsen SF, Haug LS, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Halldorsson TI. Persistent organic pollutants measured in maternal serum and offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes--a prospective study with long-term follow-up. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:41-8. [PMID: 24704638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been linked to adverse neurodevelopment, but few studies have had follow-up beyond childhood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of maternal serum concentrations of two perfluoroalkyl acids (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) with offspring behavioural and affective disorders and scholastic achievement in a prebirth cohort study with 20 years of follow up. Between 1988 and 1989 pregnant women (n=965) were recruited for the prebirth Danish Fetal Origins 1988 (DaFO88) Cohort in Aarhus, Denmark. Perfluoroalkyl acids, PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and HCB were quantified in serum from week 30 of gestation (n=876 for perfluoroalkyl acids/872 for PCBs, p,p'-DDE, HCB). Offspring were followed up through national registries until 2011. We evaluated associations between maternal serum concentrations of these POPs and offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes, defined as: first admission diagnosis or prescription of medication until age >20 for (1) ADHD; (2) depression; and (3) scholastic achievement defined as mean grade on a standardized written examination given in the 9th grade (final exams of compulsory school in Denmark). Maternal concentrations of organochlorine substances and perfluoroalkyl acids were higher than present day levels. During the follow-up period there were 27 (3.1%) cases of ADHD and 104 (11.9%) cases of depression; the mean scholastic achievement was 6.7 (SD 2.3). Overall we found no association for maternal levels of any of the measured pollutants with offspring behavioural and affective disorders or with scholastic achievement. Our analyses based on biomarkers from a cohort of over 800 pregnant women with long-term close to complete follow-up through national registries showed little evidence of a programming effect of PFOA, PFOS, PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and HCB in relation to clinically and functionally relevant offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Strøm
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Sjúrður Fróði Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0406 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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144
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Yolton K, Cornelius M, Ornoy A, McGough J, Makris S, Schantz S. Exposure to neurotoxicants and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related behaviors in childhood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 44:30-45. [PMID: 24846602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature to determine evidence of associations between exposure to prenatal and postnatal environmental agents and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related behaviors. A review of published research literature was conducted on associations between exposures to prenatal and postnatal cigarette smoke, prenatal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, childhood exposure to lead, and prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and outcomes of ADHD or behaviors related to ADHD. Review of the literature in these areas provides some evidence of associations between each of the exposures and ADHD-related behaviors, with the strongest evidence from prenatal cigarette and alcohol exposure and postnatal lead exposure. However, research on each exposure also produced evidence of weaknesses in these hypothesized links due to imprecise research methodologies and issues of confounding and inaccurate covariate adjustment. More rigorous studies are needed to provide definitive evidence of associations between each of these prenatal or postnatal exposures and the development of ADHD or symptoms of ADHD. Future studies need to clarify the underlying mechanisms between these exposures and the increased risk for ADHD and associated behaviors. More research is also needed utilizing study designs that include genetic information, as ADHD is highly heritable and there appear to be some protective mechanisms offered by certain genetic characteristics as evidenced in gene by environmental studies. Finally, while studies focusing on individual drugs and chemicals are an important first step, we cannot ignore the fact that children are exposed to combinations of drugs and chemicals, which can interact in complex ways with each other, as well as with the child's genetic makeup and psychosocial environment to influence ADHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Yolton
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7035, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States.
| | - Marie Cornelius
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - James McGough
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 1524C, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 1524C, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 1524C, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Susan Makris
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Mailcode 8623P, Washington, DC 20460, United States
| | - Susan Schantz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
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145
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The Role of Heavy Metal Pollution in Neurobehavioral Disorders: a Focus on Autism. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-014-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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146
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Ghorbanzadeh M, van Ede KI, Larsson M, van Duursen MBM, Poellinger L, Lücke-Johansson S, Machala M, Pěnčíková K, Vondráček J, van den Berg M, Denison MS, Ringsted T, Andersson PL. In Vitro and in Silico Derived Relative Effect Potencies of Ah-Receptor-Mediated Effects by PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Rat, Mouse, and Guinea Pig CALUX Cell Lines. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1120-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin I. van Ede
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Larsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Majorie B. M. van Duursen
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lücke-Johansson
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tine Ringsted
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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147
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Braun JM, Wright RJ, Just AC, Power MC, Tamayo y Ortiz M, Schnaas L, Hu H, Wright RO, Tellez-Rojo MM. Relationships between lead biomarkers and diurnal salivary cortisol indices in pregnant women from Mexico City: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2014; 13:50. [PMID: 24916609 PMCID: PMC4068833 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse maternal, infant, or childhood health outcomes by interfering with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function. We examined relationships between maternal blood or bone Pb concentrations and features of diurnal cortisol profiles in 936 pregnant women from Mexico City. METHODS From 2007-11 we recruited women from hospitals/clinics affiliated with the Mexican Social Security System. Pb was measured in blood (BPb) during the second trimester and in mothers' tibia and patella 1-month postpartum. We characterized maternal HPA-axis function using 10 timed salivary cortisol measurements collected over 2-days (mean: 19.7, range: 14-35 weeks gestation). We used linear mixed models to examine the relationship between Pb biomarkers and cortisol area under the curve (AUC), awakening response (CAR), and diurnal slope. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, women in the highest quintile of BPb concentrations had a reduced CAR (Ratio: -13%; Confidence Interval [CI]: -24, 1, p-value for trend < 0.05) compared to women in the lowest quintile. Tibia/patella Pb concentrations were not associated with CAR, but diurnal cortisol slopes were suggestively flatter among women in the highest patella Pb quantile compared to women in the lowest quantile (Ratio: 14%; CI: -2, 33). BPb and bone Pb concentrations were not associated with cortisol AUC. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent blood Pb levels were associated with cortisol awakening response in these pregnant women and this might explain adverse health outcomes associated with Pb. Further research is needed to confirm these results and determine if other environmental chemicals disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, 121 S. Main St, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Pediatrics Kravis Children’s Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melinda C Power
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcela Tamayo y Ortiz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert O Wright
- Pediatrics Kravis Children’s Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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148
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Braun JM, Kalkbrenner AE, Just AC, Yolton K, Calafat AM, Sjödin A, Hauser R, Webster GM, Chen A, Lanphear BP. Gestational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and reciprocal social, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviors in 4- and 5-year-old children: the HOME study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:513-20. [PMID: 24622245 PMCID: PMC4014765 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be involved in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders, but identifying relevant chemicals within mixtures of EDCs is difficult. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to identify gestational EDC exposures associated with autistic behaviors. METHODS We measured the concentrations of 8 phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, 25 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 organochlorine pesticides, 8 brominated flame retardants, and 4 perfluoroalkyl substances in blood or urine samples from 175 pregnant women in the HOME (Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment) Study (Cincinnati, OH). When children were 4 and 5 years old, mothers completed the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a measure of autistic behaviors. We examined confounder-adjusted associations between 52 EDCs and SRS scores using a two-stage hierarchical analysis to account for repeated measures and confounding by correlated EDCs. RESULTS Most of the EDCs were associated with negligible absolute differences in SRS scores (≤ 1.5). Each 2-SD increase in serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ether-28 (PBDE-28) (β = 2.5; 95% CI: -0.6, 5.6) or trans-nonachlor (β = 4.1; 95% CI: 0.8-7.3) was associated with more autistic behaviors. In contrast, fewer autistic behaviors were observed among children born to women with detectable versus nondetectable concentrations of PCB-178 (β = -3.0; 95% CI: -6.3, 0.2), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β = -3.3; 95% CI: -6.1, -0.5), or PBDE-85 (β = -3.2; 95% CI: -5.9, -0.5). Increasing perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations were also associated with fewer autistic behaviors (β = -2.0; 95% CI: -4.4, 0.4). CONCLUSIONS Some EDCs were associated with autistic behaviors in this cohort, but our modest sample size precludes us from dismissing chemicals with null associations. PFOA, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, PCB-178, PBDE-28, PBDE-85, and trans-nonachlor deserve additional scrutiny as factors that may be associated with childhood autistic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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149
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Ode A, Källén K, Gustafsson P, Rylander L, Jönsson BAG, Olofsson P, Ivarsson SA, Lindh CH, Rignell-Hydbom A. Fetal exposure to perfluorinated compounds and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95891. [PMID: 24760015 PMCID: PMC3997434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis has been sparsely investigated in humans and the findings are inconsistent. Objectives A matched case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between fetal exposure to PFCs and ADHD diagnosis in childhood. Methods The study base comprised children born in Malmö, Sweden, between 1978 and 2000 that were followed up until 2005. Children with ADHD (n = 206) were identified at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Controls (n = 206) were selected from the study base and were matched for year of birth and maternal country of birth. PFC concentrations were measured in umbilical cord serum samples. The differences of the PFC concentrations between cases and controls were investigated using Wilcoxon's paired test. Possible threshold effects (above the upper quartile for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and above limit of detection [LOD] for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) were evaluated by conditional logistic regression. Results The median umbilical cord serum concentrations of PFOS were 6.92 ng/ml in the cases and 6.77 ng/ml in the controls. The corresponding concentrations of PFOA were 1.80 and 1.83 ng/ml. No associations between PFCs and ADHD were observed. Odds ratios adjusted for smoking status, parity, and gestational age were 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50 to 1.32) for PFOS, 1.07 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.7) for PFOA, and 1.1 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.7) for PFNA. Conclusions The current study revealed no support for an association between fetal exposure to PFOS, PFOA, or PFNA and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ode
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Källén
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rylander
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo A. G. Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Olofsson
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sten A. Ivarsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rignell-Hydbom
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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150
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Body mass index in young school-age children in relation to organochlorine compounds in early life: a prospective study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:919-25. [PMID: 24718355 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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