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Glucose-6-phosphatase-β, implicated in a congenital neutropenia syndrome, is essential for macrophage energy homeostasis and functionality. Blood 2012; 119:4047-55. [PMID: 22246029 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-377820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6Pase-β or G6PC3) deficiency, also known as severe congenital neutropenia syndrome 4, is characterized not only by neutropenia but also by impaired neutrophil energy homeostasis and functionality. We now show the syndrome is also associated with macrophage dysfunction, with murine G6pc3(-/-) macrophages having impairments in their respiratory burst, chemotaxis, calcium flux, and phagocytic activities. Consistent with a glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) metabolism deficiency, G6pc3(-/-) macrophages also have a lower glucose uptake and lower levels of G6P, lactate, and ATP than wild-type macrophages. Furthermore, the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and membrane translocation of p47(phox) are down-regulated, and G6pc3(-/-) macrophages exhibit repressed trafficking in vivo both during an inflammatory response and in pregnancy. During pregnancy, the absence of G6Pase-β activity also leads to impaired energy homeostasis in the uterus and reduced fertility of G6pc3(-/-) mothers. Together these results show that immune deficiencies in this congenital neutropenia syndrome extend beyond neutrophil dysfunction.
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102
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El-Shabrawi MHF, Kamal NM. Medical management of chronic liver diseases in children (part I): focus on curable or potentially curable diseases. Paediatr Drugs 2011; 13:357-70. [PMID: 21999649 DOI: 10.2165/11591610-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The management of children with chronic liver disease (CLD) mandates a multidisciplinary approach. CLDs can be classified into 'potentially' curable, treatable non-curable, and end-stage diseases. Goals pertaining to the management of CLDs can be divided into prevention or minimization of progressive liver damage in curable CLD by treating the primary cause; prevention or control of complications in treatable CLD; and prediction of the outcome in end-stage CLD in order to deliver definitive therapy by surgical procedures, including liver transplantation. Curative, specific therapies aimed at the primary causes of CLDs are, if possible, best considered by a pediatric hepatologist. Medical management of CLDs in children will be reviewed in two parts, with part I (this article) specifically focusing on 'potentially' curable CLDs. Dietary modification is the cornerstone of management for galactosemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, and certain glycogen storage diseases, as well as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. It is also essential in tyrosinemia, in addition to nitisinone [2-(nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione] therapy, as well as in Wilson disease along with copper-chelating agents such as D-penicillamine, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride, and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Zinc and antioxidants are adjuvant drugs in Wilson disease. New advances in chronic viral hepatitis have been made with the advent of oral antivirals. In children, currently available drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection are standard interferon (IFN)-α-2, pegylated IFN-α-2 (PG-IFN), and lamivudine. In adults, adefovir and entecavir have also been licensed, whereas telbivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, clevudine, and thymosin α-1 are currently undergoing clinical testing. For chronic hepatitis C virus infection, the most accepted treatment is PG-IFN plus ribavirin. Corticosteroids, with or without azathioprine, remain the basic strategy for inducing remission in autoimmune hepatitis. Ciclosporin (cyclosporine) and other immune suppressants may be used for patients who do not achieve remission, or who have significant side effects, with corticosteroid/azathioprine therapy. The above therapies can prevent, or at least minimize, progression of liver damage, particularly if started early, leading to an almost normal quality of life in affected children.
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103
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Mutel E, Gautier-Stein A, Abdul-Wahed A, Amigó-Correig M, Zitoun C, Stefanutti A, Houberdon I, Tourette JA, Mithieux G, Rajas F. Control of blood glucose in the absence of hepatic glucose production during prolonged fasting in mice: induction of renal and intestinal gluconeogenesis by glucagon. Diabetes 2011; 60:3121-31. [PMID: 22013018 PMCID: PMC3219939 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the pioneering work of Claude Bernard, the scientific community has considered the liver to be the major source of endogenous glucose production in all postabsorptive situations. Nevertheless, the kidneys and intestine can also produce glucose in blood, particularly during fasting and under protein feeding. The aim of this study was to better define the importance of the three gluconeogenic organs in glucose homeostasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated blood glucose regulation during fasting in a mouse model of inducible liver-specific deletion of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene (L-G6pc(-/-) mice), encoding a mandatory enzyme for glucose production. Furthermore, we characterized molecular mechanisms underlying expression changes of gluconeogenic genes (G6pc, Pck1, and glutaminase) in both the kidneys and intestine. RESULTS We show that the absence of hepatic glucose release had no major effect on the control of fasting plasma glucose concentration. Instead, compensatory induction of gluconeogenesis occurred in the kidneys and intestine, driven by glucagon, glucocorticoids, and acidosis. Moreover, the extrahepatic action of glucagon took place in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a definitive quantitative estimate of the capacity of extrahepatic gluconeogenesis to sustain fasting endogenous glucose production under the control of glucagon, regardless of the contribution of the liver. Thus, the current dogma relating to the respective role of the liver and of extrahepatic gluconeogenic organs in glucose homeostasis requires re-examination.
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104
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Pan CJ, Chen SY, Jun HS, Lin SR, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 are phosphate-linked, glucose-6-phosphate antiporters. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23157. [PMID: 21949678 PMCID: PMC3176764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose homeostasis between meals depends upon production of glucose within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the liver and kidney by hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into glucose and phosphate (Pi). This reaction depends on coupling the G6P transporter (G6PT) with glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α). Only one G6PT, also known as SLC37A4, has been characterized, and it acts as a Pi-linked G6P antiporter. The other three SLC37 family members, predicted to be sugar-phosphate:Pi exchangers, have not been characterized functionally. Using reconstituted proteoliposomes, we examine the antiporter activity of the other SLC37 members along with their ability to couple with G6Pase-α. G6PT- and mock-proteoliposomes are used as positive and negative controls, respectively. We show that SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 are ER-associated, Pi-linked antiporters, that can transport G6P. Unlike G6PT, neither is sensitive to chlorogenic acid, a competitive inhibitor of physiological ER G6P transport, and neither couples to G6Pase-α. We conclude that three of the four SLC37 family members are functional sugar-phosphate antiporters. However, only G6PT/SLC37A4 matches the characteristics of the physiological ER G6P transporter, suggesting the other SLC37 proteins have roles independent of blood glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Su Ru Lin
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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105
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Hicks J, Wartchow E, Mierau G. Glycogen Storage Diseases: A Brief Review and Update on Clinical Features, Genetic Abnormalities, Pathologic Features, and Treatment. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:183-96. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2011.601404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia and Ib are disorders of impaired glucose homeostasis affecting the liver and kidney. GSD-Ib also affects neutrophils. Current dietary therapies cannot prevent long-term complications. In animal studies, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-mediated gene therapy can correct or minimize multiple aspects of the disorders, offering hope for human gene therapy. AREAS COVERED A summary of recent progress in rAAV-mediated gene therapy for GSD-I; strategies to improve rAAV-mediated gene delivery, transduction efficiency and immune avoidance; and vector refinements that improve expression. EXPERT OPINION rAAV-mediated gene delivery to the liver can restore glucose homeostasis in preclinical models of GSD-I, but some long-term complications of the liver and kidney remain. Gene therapy for GSD-Ib is less advanced than for GSD-Ia and only transient correction of myeloid dysfunction has been achieved. A question remains as to whether a single rAAV vector can meet the expression efficiency and tropism required to treat all aspects of GSD-I, or if a multi-pronged approach is needed. An understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of rAAV vectors in the context of strategies to achieve efficient transduction of the liver, kidney and hematopoietic stem cells is required for treating GSD-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Chou
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892 1830, USA.
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107
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Hayee B, Antonopoulos A, Murphy EJ, Rahman FZ, Sewell G, Smith BN, McCartney S, Furman M, Hall G, Bloom SL, Haslam SM, Morris HR, Boztug K, Klein C, Winchester B, Pick E, Linch DC, Gale RE, Smith AM, Dell A, Segal AW. G6PC3 mutations are associated with a major defect of glycosylation: a novel mechanism for neutrophil dysfunction. Glycobiology 2011; 21:914-24. [PMID: 21385794 PMCID: PMC3110488 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to glucose and inorganic phosphate. In humans, there are three differentially expressed glucose-6-phosphatase catabolic genes (G6PC1-3). Recently, it has been shown that mutations in the G6PC3 gene result in a syndrome associating congenital neutropenia and various organ malformations. The enzymatic function of G6PC3 is dependent on G6P transport into the ER, mediated by G6P translocase (G6PT). Mutations in the gene encoding G6PT result in glycogen storage disease type-1b (GSD-1b). Interestingly, GSD-1b patients exhibit a similar neutrophil dysfunction to that observed in G6PC3-deficient patients. To better understand the causes of neutrophil dysfunction in both diseases, we have studied the neutrophil nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase of patients with G6PC3 and G6PT syndromes. Unexpectedly, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments indicated hypo-glycosylation of gp91(phox), the electron-transporting component of the NADPH oxidase, in all of these patients. Rigorous mass spectrometric glycomic profiling showed that most of the complex-type antennae which characterize the neutrophil N-glycome of healthy individuals were severely truncated in the patients' neutrophils. A comparable truncation of the core 2 antenna of the O-glycans was also observed. This aberrant neutrophil glycosylation is predicted to have profound effects on the neutrophil function and merit designation of both syndromes as a new class of congenital disorders of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Bradley N Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Sara McCartney
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark Furman
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Georgina Hall
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Unit, Oxford Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart L Bloom
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Howard R Morris
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bryan Winchester
- Biochemistry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Edgar Pick
- Julius Friedrich Cohnheim Laboratory of Phagocyte Research, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David C Linch
- Department of Gastroenterology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Rosemary E Gale
- Department of Gastroenterology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | | | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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108
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Rescue administration of a helper-dependent adenovirus vector with long-term efficacy in dogs with glycogen storage disease type Ia. Gene Ther 2011; 19:443-52. [PMID: 21654821 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) stems from glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency and causes hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, hypercholesterolemia and lactic acidemia. Three dogs with GSD-Ia were initially treated with a helper-dependent adenovirus encoding a human G6Pase transgene (HDAd-cG6Pase serotype 5) on postnatal day 3. Unlike untreated dogs with GSD-Ia, all three dogs initially maintained normal blood glucose levels. After 6-22 months, vector-treated dogs developed hypoglycemia, anorexia and lethargy, suggesting that the HDAd-cG6Pase serotype 5 vector had lost efficacy. Liver biopsies collected at this time revealed significantly elevated hepatic G6Pase activity and reduced glycogen content, when compared with affected dogs treated only by frequent feeding. Subsequently, the HDAd-cG6Pase serotype 2 vector was administered to two dogs, and hypoglycemia was reversed; however, renal dysfunction and recurrent hypoglycemia complicated their management. Administration of a serotype 2 HDAd vector prolonged survival in one GSD-Ia dog to 12 months of age and 36 months of age in the other, but the persistence of long-term complications limited HDAd vectors in the canine model for GSD-Ia.
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109
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Zielinska AE, Walker EA, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. Biochemistry and physiology of hexose-6-phosphate knockout mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:213-8. [PMID: 21146583 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) has emerged as an important factor in setting the redox status of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. An important role of H6PDH is to generate a high NADPH/NADP(+) ratio which permits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) to act as an oxo-reductase, catalyzing the activation of glucocorticoids (GCs). In H6PDH knockout mice 11β-HSD1 assumes dehydrogenase activity and inactivates GCs, rendering the target cell relatively GC insensitive. Consequently, H6PDHKO mice have a phenotype consistent with defects in the permissive and adaptive actions of GCs upon physiology. H6PDHKO mice have also offered an insight into muscle physiology as they also present with a severe vacuolating myopathy, abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and activation of the unfolded protein response due to ER stress, and a number of mechanisms driving this phenotype are thought to be involved. This article will review what we understand of the redox control of GC hormone metabolism regulated by H6PDH, and how H6PDHKO mice have allowed an in-depth understanding of its potentially novel, GC-independent roles in muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Zielinska
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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110
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Mutel E, Abdul-Wahed A, Ramamonjisoa N, Stefanutti A, Houberdon I, Cavassila S, Pilleul F, Beuf O, Gautier-Stein A, Penhoat A, Mithieux G, Rajas F. Targeted deletion of liver glucose-6 phosphatase mimics glycogen storage disease type 1a including development of multiple adenomas. J Hepatol 2011; 54:529-37. [PMID: 21109326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) is an inherited disease caused by a deficiency in the catalytic subunit of the glucose-6 phosphatase enzyme (G6Pase). GSD1a is characterized by hypoglycaemia, hyperlipidemia, and lactic acidosis with associated hepatic (including hepatocellular adenomas), renal, and intestinal disorders. A total G6pc (catalytic subunit of G6Pase) knock-out mouse model has been generated that mimics the human pathology. However, these mice rarely live longer than 3 months and long-term liver pathogenesis cannot be evaluated. Herein, we report the long-term characterization of a liver-specific G6pc knock-out mouse model (L-G6pc(-/-)). METHODS We generated L-G6pc(-/-) mice using an inducible CRE-lox strategy and followed up the development of hepatic tumours using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS L-G6pc(-/-) mice are viable and exhibit normoglycemia in the fed state. They develop hyperlipidemia, lactic acidosis, and uricemia during the first month after gene deletion. However, these plasmatic parameters improved after 6 months. L-G6pc(-/-) mice develop hepatomegaly with glycogen accumulation and hepatic steatosis. Using an MRI approach, we could detect hepatic nodules with diameters of less than 1 mm, 9 months after induction of deficiency. Hepatic nodules (1 mm) were detected in 30-40% of L-G6pc(-/-) mice at 12 months. After 18 months, all L-G6pc(-/-) mice developed multiple hepatocellular adenomas of 1-10 mm diameter. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a viable animal model of the hepatic pathology of GSD1a, including the late development of hepatocellular adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mutel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon F-69008, France
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111
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Fan Z, Du H, Zhang M, Meng Z, Chen L, Liu Y. Direct regulation of glucose and not insulin on hepatic hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 333:62-9. [PMID: 21163329 PMCID: PMC3741409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal hepatic gluconeogenesis contributes significantly to both fasting and non-fasting hyperglycemia of patients with type 2 diabetes. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) regulates the key hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) through the amplification of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) - mediated tissue glucocorticoid action, and is crucially dependent on hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) - generating NADPH system. Here, we observed that compared with fasting state, H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 expression in livers were all increased under non-fasting state in both normal and diabetic rats, and the non-fasting diabetic group was the highest among the four experimental groups. Moreover, incubation of primary hepatocytes with increasing glucose caused dose-dependent increases in H6PDH, 11β-HSD1, GR, PEPCK and G6Pase expression. Also, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) had a positive regulation on H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 in hepatocytes. In addition, primary hepatocytes treated with different doses of insulin in high glucose induced alteration of H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 while in low glucose there was no significant effect. These findings suggest that glucose instead of insulin directly regulates H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 and suppression of the two enzymes could be considered as an effective target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hongwei Du
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Corresponding author
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112
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G-CSF improves murine G6PC3-deficient neutrophil function by modulating apoptosis and energy homeostasis. Blood 2011; 117:3881-92. [PMID: 21292774 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-302059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
G6PC3 (or glucose-6-phosphatase-β) deficiency underlies a congenital neutropenia syndrome in which neutrophils exhibit enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased apoptosis, impaired energy homeostasis, and impaired functionality. Here we show that murine G6pc3(-/-) neutrophils undergoing ER stress activate protein kinase-like ER kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate/Akt signaling pathways, and that neutrophil apoptosis is mediated in part by the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In G6PC3-deficient patients, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) improves neutropenia, but its impact on neutrophil apoptosis and dysfunction is unknown. We now show that G-CSF delays neutrophil apoptosis in vitro by modulating apoptotic mediators. However, G6pc3(-/-) neutrophils in culture exhibit accelerated apoptosis compared with wild-type neutrophils both in the presence or absence of G-CSF. Limiting glucose (0.6mM) accelerates apoptosis but is more pronounced for wild-type neutrophils, leading to similar survival profiles for both neutrophil populations. In vivo G-CSF therapy completely corrects neutropenia and normalizes levels of p-Akt, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, and active caspase-3. Neutrophils from in vivo G-CSF-treated G6pc3(-/-) mice exhibit increased glucose uptake and elevated intracellular levels of G6P, lactate, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate, leading to improved functionality. Together, the results strongly suggest that G-CSF improves G6pc3(-/-) neutrophil survival by modulating apoptotic mediators and rectifies function by enhancing energy homeostasis.
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113
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Wang Y, Nakagawa Y, Liu L, Wang W, Ren X, Anghel A, Lutfy K, Friedman TC, Liu Y. Tissue-specific dysregulation of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate transporter production in db/db mice as a model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:440-50. [PMID: 21052977 PMCID: PMC3795617 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Tissue-specific amplification of glucocorticoid action through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) affects the development of the metabolic syndrome. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) mediates intracellular NADPH availability for 11β-HSD1 and depends on the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT). Little is known about the tissue-specific alterations of H6PDH and G6PT and their contributions to local glucocorticoid action in db/db mice. METHODS We characterised the role of H6PDH and G6PT in pre-receptor metabolism of glucocorticoids by examining the production of the hepatic 11β-HSD1-H6PDH-G6PT system in db/db mice. RESULTS We observed that increased production of hepatic H6PDH in db/db mice was paralleled by upregulation of hepatic G6PT production and responded to elevated circulating levels of corticosterone. Treatment of db/db mice with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 markedly reduced production of both H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 and improved hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. The reduction of H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 production by RU486 was accompanied by RU486-induced suppression of hepatic G6pt (also known as Slc37a4) mRNA. Incubation of mouse primary hepatocytes with corticosterone enhanced G6PT and H6PDH production with corresponding activation of 11β-HSD1 and PEPCK: effects that were blocked by RU486. Knockdown of H6pd by small interfering RNA showed effects comparable with those of RU486 for attenuating the corticosterone-induced H6PDH production and 11ß-HSD1 reductase activity in these intact cells. Addition of the G6PT inhibitor chlorogenic acid to primary hepatocytes suppressed H6PDH production. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that increased hepatic H6PDH and G6PT production contribute to 11β-HSD1 upregulation of local glucocorticoid action that may be related to the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Y. Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - L. Liu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - W. Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - X. Ren
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - A. Anghel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - K. Lutfy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - T. C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Y. Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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Vornanen M, Asikainen J, Haverinen J. Body mass dependence of glycogen stores in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2011; 98:225-32. [PMID: 21279319 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a vital energy substrate for anaerobic organisms, and the size of glycogen stores can be a limiting factor for anoxia tolerance of animals. To this end, glycogen stores in 12 different tissues of the crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.), an anoxia-tolerant fish species, were examined. Glycogen content of different tissues was 2-10 times higher in winter (0.68-18.20% of tissue wet weight) than in summer (0.12-4.23%). In scale, bone and brain glycogen stores were strongly dependent on body mass (range between 0.6 and 785 g), small fish having significantly more glycogen than large fish (p < 0.05). In fin and skin, size dependence was evident in winter, but not in summer, while in other tissues (ventricle, atrium, intestine, liver, muscle, and spleen), no size dependence was found. The liver was much bigger in small than large fish (p < 0.001), and there was a prominent enlargement of the liver in winter irrespective of fish size. As a consequence, the whole body glycogen reserves, measured as a sum of glycogen from different tissues, varied from 6.1% of the body mass in the 1-g fish to 2.0% in the 800-g fish. Since anaerobic metabolic rate scales down with body size, the whole body glycogen reserves could provide energy for approximately 79 and 88 days of anoxia in small and large fish, respectively. There was, however, a drastic difference in tissue distribution of glycogen between large and small fish: in the small fish, the liver was the major glycogen store (68% of the stores), while in the large fish, the white myotomal muscle was the principal deposit of glycogen (57%). Since muscle glycogen is considered to be unavailable for blood glucose regulation, its usefulness in anoxia tolerance of the large crucian carp might be limited, although not excluded. Therefore, mobilization of muscle glycogen under anoxia needs to be rigorously tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vornanen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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115
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Glycogen storage disease type Ia in canines: a model for human metabolic and genetic liver disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:646257. [PMID: 21318173 PMCID: PMC3027000 DOI: 10.1155/2011/646257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A canine model of Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is described. Affected dogs are homozygous for a previously described M121I mutation resulting in a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-α. Metabolic, clinicopathologic, pathologic, and clinical manifestations of GSDIa observed in this model are described and compared to those observed in humans. The canine model shows more complete recapitulation of the clinical manifestations seen in humans including “lactic acidosis”, larger size, and longer lifespan compared to other animal models. Use of this model in preclinical trials of gene therapy is described and briefly compared to the murine model. Although the canine model offers a number of advantages for evaluating potential therapies for GSDIa, there are also some significant challenges involved in its use. Despite these challenges, the canine model of GSDIa should continue to provide valuable information about the potential for generating curative therapies for GSDIa as well as other genetic hepatic diseases.
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Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I) consists of two subtypes: GSD-Ia, a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) and GSD-Ib, which is characterized by an absence of a glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) transporter (G6PT). A third disorder, G6Pase-β deficiency, shares similarities with this group of diseases. G6Pase-α and G6Pase-β are G6P hydrolases in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, which depend on G6PT to transport G6P from the cytoplasm into the lumen. A functional complex of G6PT and G6Pase-α maintains interprandial glucose homeostasis, whereas G6PT and G6Pase-β act in conjunction to maintain neutrophil function and homeostasis. Patients with GSD-Ia and those with GSD-Ib exhibit a common metabolic phenotype of disturbed glucose homeostasis that is not evident in patients with G6Pase-β deficiency. Patients with a deficiency in G6PT and those lacking G6Pase-β display a common myeloid phenotype that is not shared by patients with GSD-Ia. Previous studies have shown that neutrophils express the complex of G6PT and G6Pase-β to produce endogenous glucose. Inactivation of either G6PT or G6Pase-β increases neutrophil apoptosis, which underlies, at least in part, neutrophil loss (neutropenia) and dysfunction in GSD-Ib and G6Pase-β deficiency. Dietary and/or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapies are available; however, many aspects of the diseases are still poorly understood. This Review will address the etiology of GSD-Ia, GSD-Ib and G6Pase-β deficiency and highlight advances in diagnosis and new treatment approaches, including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Building 10, Room 9D42, 10 Center Drive, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA.
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Weinstein DA, Correia CE, Conlon T, Specht A, Verstegen J, Onclin-Verstegen K, Campbell-Thompson M, Dhaliwal G, Mirian L, Cossette H, Falk DJ, Germain S, Clement N, Porvasnik S, Fiske L, Struck M, Ramirez HE, Jordan J, Andrutis K, Chou JY, Byrne BJ, Mah CS. Adeno-associated virus-mediated correction of a canine model of glycogen storage disease type Ia. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:903-10. [PMID: 20163245 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa; von Gierke disease; MIM 232200) is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha. Patients with GSDIa are unable to maintain glucose homeostasis and suffer from severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and lactic acidosis. The canine model of GSDIa is naturally occurring and recapitulates almost all aspects of the human form of disease. We investigated the potential of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-based therapy to treat the canine model of GSDIa. After delivery of a therapeutic rAAV2/8 vector to a 1-day-old GSDIa dog, improvement was noted as early as 2 weeks posttreatment. Correction was transient, however, and by 2 months posttreatment the rAAV2/8-treated dog could no longer sustain normal blood glucose levels after 1 hr of fasting. The same animal was then dosed with a therapeutic rAAV2/1 vector delivered via the portal vein. Two months after rAAV2/1 dosing, both blood glucose and lactate levels were normal at 4 hr postfasting. With more prolonged fasting, the dog still maintained near-normal glucose concentrations, but lactate levels were elevated by 9 hr, indicating that partial correction was achieved. Dietary glucose supplementation was discontinued starting 1 month after rAAV2/1 delivery and the dog continues to thrive with minimal laboratory abnormalities at 23 months of age (18 months after rAAV2/1 treatment). These results demonstrate that delivery of rAAV vectors can mediate significant correction of the GSDIa phenotype and that gene transfer may be a promising alternative therapy for this disease and other genetic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Weinstein
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Zappu A, Lilliu F, Podda RA, Loudianos G. Molecular analysis of glycogen storage disease type Ib in Sardinian population: evidence for a founder effect. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:399-403. [PMID: 20578944 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe epidemiological, genetic, and clinical data of the 1124-2del mutation in the G6PT gene, detected in homozygosity in three glycogen storage disease type Ib patients of Sardinian origin. This mutation was found to be associated with four sequence variations: c.593 A>T (p.N198I), c.625+19 C>T, c.1062 C>T (N354N), and c.1224 G>A (p.T408T) in the G6PT gene. RNA studies were performed for c.1124-2del and c.625+19 C>T. The c.1124-1del2 acceptor splicing mutation showed skipping of 31 nucleotides of exon 9 due to the activation of a downstream cryptic acceptor splice site in 1154-1155 nucleotide positions, resulting in a downstream stop codon at aa position 402. RNA analysis of c.625+19 C>T variation showed a small amount of alternative splicing with skipping of exon 4, resulting in a stop codon at aa position 211. Our cases present most of features of the severe form of disease, including early onset with chronic neutropenia, frequent infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. Our results suggest a founder effect for glycogen storage disease type Ib that facilitates diagnosis using mutation analysis, sparing patients from liver biopsy. DNA-based diagnosis will enable us to make accurate determination of carrier status and prenatal diagnosis, thus improving genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Zappu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, USC, Cagliari, Italy
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119
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Tahanian E, Lord-Dufour S, Das A, Khosla C, Roy R, Annabi B. Inhibition of tubulogenesis and of carcinogen-mediated signaling in brain endothelial cells highlight the antiangiogenic properties of a mumbaistatin analog. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:481-8. [PMID: 20486934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the metabolic adaptations of the vascular endothelial cells (EC) that mediate tumor vascularization would help the development of new drugs and therapies. Novel roles in cell survival and metabolic adaptation to hypoxia have been ascribed to the microsomal glucose-6-phosphate translocase (G6PT). While antitumorigenic properties of G6PT inhibitors such as chlorogenic acid (CHL) have been documented, those of the G6PT inhibitor and semi-synthetic analog AD4-015 of the polyketide mumbaistatin are not understood. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro antiangiogenic impact of AD4-015 on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which play an essential role as structural and functional components in tumor angiogenesis. We found that in vitro HBMEC migration and tubulogenesis were reduced by AD4-015 but not by CHL. The mumbaistatin analog significantly inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion and gene expression as assessed by zymography and RT-PCR. PMA-mediated cell signaling leading to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and IkappaB downregulation was also inhibited, further confirming AD4-015 as a cell signaling inhibitor in tumor promoting conditions. G6PT functions may therefore account for the metabolic flexibility that enables EC-mediated neovascularization. This process could be specifically targeted within the vasculature of developing brain tumors by G6PT inhibitors.
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Abstract
The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum constitutes a separate intracellular compartment with a special proteome and metabolome. The redox conditions of the organelle are also characteristically different from those of the other subcellular compartments. The luminal environment has been considered more oxidizing than the cytosol due to the presence of oxidative protein folding. However, recent observations suggest that redox systems in reduced and oxidized states are present simultaneously. The concerted action of membrane transporters and oxidoreductase enzymes maintains the oxidized state of the thiol-disulfide and the reduced state of the pyridine nucleotide redox systems, which are prerequisites for the normal redox reactions localized in the organelle. The powerful thiol-oxidizing machinery of oxidative protein folding continuously challenges the local antioxidant defense. Alterations of the luminal redox conditions, either in oxidizing or reducing direction, affect protein processing, are sensed by the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins, and may induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. The activated signaling pathways attempt to restore the balance between protein loading and processing and induce programmed cell death if these attempts fail. Recent findings strongly support the involvement of redox-based endoplasmic reticulum stress in a plethora of human diseases, either as causative agents or as complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Csala
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Lack of glucose recycling between endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm underlies cellular dysfunction in glucose-6-phosphatase-beta-deficient neutrophils in a congenital neutropenia syndrome. Blood 2010; 116:2783-92. [PMID: 20498302 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-258491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
G6PC3 deficiency, characterized by neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction, is caused by deficiencies in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6Pase-β or G6PC3) that converts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into glucose, the primary energy source of neutrophils. Enhanced neutrophil ER stress and apoptosis underlie neutropenia in G6PC3 deficiency, but the exact functional role of G6Pase-β in neutrophils remains unknown. We hypothesized that the ER recycles G6Pase-β-generated glucose to the cytoplasm, thus regulating the amount of available cytoplasmic glucose/G6P in neutrophils. Accordingly, a G6Pase-β deficiency would impair glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt activities leading to reductions in lactate production, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) production, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. Using annexin V-depleted neutrophils, we show that glucose transporter-1 translocation is impaired in neutrophils from G6pc3(-/-) mice and G6PC3-deficient patients along with impaired glucose uptake in G6pc3(-/-) neutrophils. Moreover, levels of G6P, lactate, and ATP are markedly lower in murine and human G6PC3-deficient neutrophils, compared with their respective controls. In parallel, the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and membrane translocation of p47(phox) are down-regulated in murine and human G6PC3-deficient neutrophils. The results establish that in nonapoptotic neutrophils, G6Pase-β is essential for normal energy homeostasis. A G6Pase-β deficiency prevents recycling of ER glucose to the cytoplasm, leading to neutrophil dysfunction.
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122
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Karnsakul W, Gillespie S, Skitarelic K, Hummel M. Obesity and reversed growth retardation in a child with type Ia glycogen storage disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:507-12. [PMID: 20662351 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Type Ia Glycogen storage disease is an autosomal recessive hepatic metabolic disease due to a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity presenting with growth retardation, lactic acidosis, fasting hypoglycemia with hypoinsulinemia, hyperuricemia, hepatomegaly, and hepatic adenoma with a risk of malignancy. The gene that encodes G-6-Pase was mapped to 17q21. There are some genotype-phenotype correlations. We report a case with delF327 mutation which is devoid of G-6-Pase activity; however clinical presentation in this case differs somewhat. Although correction of hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis with nocturnal intragastric feeding and uncooked starch therapy improves growth failure, mean height of the patients is often less than the target. Normal height and obesity in this case with hepatic steatosis and low hepatic glycogen storage requires clinical reevaluation since there are some overlapping phenotypes between type Ia GSD and metabolic syndrome. The phenomenon may be related to insulin resistance as a consequence of early aggressive nutrition therapy with frequent low glycemic index meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikrom Karnsakul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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123
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Yiu WH, Lee YM, Peng WT, Pan CJ, Mead PA, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Complete normalization of hepatic G6PC deficiency in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia using gene therapy. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1076-84. [PMID: 20389290 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) patients deficient in glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha (G6Pase-alpha or G6PC) manifest disturbed glucose homeostasis. We examined the efficacy of liver G6Pase-alpha delivery mediated by AAV-GPE, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 8 vector expressing human G6Pase-alpha directed by the human G6PC promoter/enhancer (GPE), and compared it to AAV-CBA, that directed murine G6Pase-alpha expression using a hybrid chicken beta-actin (CBA) promoter/cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer. The AAV-GPE directed hepatic G6Pase-alpha expression in the infused G6pc(-/-) mice declined 12-fold from age 2 to 6 weeks but stabilized at wild-type levels from age 6 to 24 weeks. In contrast, the expression directed by AAV-CBA declined 95-fold over 24 weeks, demonstrating that the GPE is more effective in directing persistent in vivo hepatic transgene expression. We further show that the rapid decline in transgene expression directed by AAV-CBA results from an inflammatory immune response elicited by the AAV-CBA vector. The AAV-GPE-treated G6pc(-/-) mice exhibit normal levels of blood glucose, blood metabolites, hepatic glycogen, and hepatic fat. Moreover, the mice maintained normal blood glucose levels even after 6 hours of fasting. The complete normalization of hepatic G6Pase-alpha deficiency by the G6PC promoter/enhancer holds promise for the future of gene therapy in human GSD-Ia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Han Yiu
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA
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Melis D, Pivonello R, Parenti G, Della Casa R, Salerno M, Balivo F, Piccolo P, Di Somma C, Colao A, Andria G. The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in glycogen storage disease type 1: evidence of different growth patterns and insulin-like growth factor levels in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1a and 1b. J Pediatr 2010; 156:663-70.e1. [PMID: 20022338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD1). STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective, case-control study. Ten patients with GSD1a and 7 patients with GSD1b who were given dietary treatment and 34 sex-, age-, body mass index-, and pubertal stage-matched control subjects entered the study. Auxological parameters were correlated with circulating GH, either at basal or after growth hormone releasing hormone plus arginine test, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), and anti-pituitary antibodies (APA). RESULTS Short stature was detected in 10.0% of patients with GSD1a, 42.9% of patients with GSD1b (P = .02), and none of the control subjects. Serum IGF-I levels were lower in patients with GSD1b (P = .0001). An impaired GH secretion was found in 40% of patients with GSD1a (P = .008), 57.1% of patients with GSD1b (P = .006), and none of the control subjects. Short stature was demonstrated in 3 of 4 patients with GSD1b and GH deficiency. The prevalence of APA was significantly higher in patients with GSD1b than in patients with GSD1a (P = .02) and control subjects (P = .03). The GH response to the provocative test inversely correlated with the presence of APA (P = .003). Compared with levels in control subjects, serum IGF-II and insulin levels were higher in both groups of patients, in whom IGF-II levels directly correlated with height SD scores (P = .003). CONCLUSION Patients with GSD1a have an impaired GH secretion associated with reference range serum IGF-I levels and normal stature, whereas in patients with GSD1b, the impaired GH secretion, probably because of the presence of APA, was associated with reduced IGF-I levels and increased prevalence of short stature. The increased IGF-II levels, probably caused by increased insulin levels, in patients with GSD1 are presumably responsible for the improved growth pattern observed in patients receiving strict dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melis
- Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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125
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Yiu WH, Mead PA, Jun HS, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Oxidative stress mediates nephropathy in type Ia glycogen storage disease. J Transl Med 2010; 90:620-9. [PMID: 20195241 PMCID: PMC3078689 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) patients, deficient in glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha, manifest disturbed glucose homeostasis with long-term renal disease. We have previously shown that renal fibrosis in GSD-Ia is mediated by the angiotensin/transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) pathway, which also elicits renal damage through oxidative stress. In this study, we further elucidate the mechanism of renal disease by showing that renal expression of Nox-2, p22(phox), and p47(phox), components of NADPH oxidase, are upregulated in GSD-Ia mice compared with controls. Akt/protein kinase B, a downstream mediator of angiotensin II and TGF-beta1, is also activated, leading to phosphorylation and inactivation of the Forkhead box O family of transcription factors. This in turn triggers downregulation of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities that have essential roles in oxidative detoxification in mammals. Renal oxidative stress in GSD-Ia mice is shown by increased oxidation of dihydroethidium and by oxidative damage of DNA. Importantly, renal dysfunction, reflected by elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, reduced renal CAT activity, and increased renal fibrosis, is improved in GSD-Ia mice treated with the antioxidant drug tempol. These data provide the first evidence that oxidative stress is one mechanism that underlies GSD-Ia nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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126
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Peng WT, Pan CJ, Lee EJ, Westphal H, Chou JY. Generation of mice with a conditional allele for G6pc. Genesis 2010; 47:590-4. [PMID: 19548314 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha (G6Pase-alpha or G6PC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and is a key enzyme in interprandial glucose homeostasis. Mutations in the human G6PC gene, expressed primarily in the liver, kidney, and intestine, cause glycogen storage disease Type Ia (GSD-Ia), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a disturbed glucose homeostasis. For better understanding of the roles of G6Pase-alpha in different tissues and in pathological conditions, we have generated mice harboring a conditional null allele for G6pc by flanking Exon 3 of the G6pc gene with loxP sites. We confirmed the null phenotype by using the EIIa-Cre transgenic approach to generate mice lacking Exon 3 of the G6pc gene. The resulting homozygous Cre-recombined null mice manifest a phenotype mimicking G6Pase-alpha-deficient mice and human GSD-Ia patients. This G6pc conditional null allele will be valuable to examine the consequence of tissue-specific G6Pase-alpha deficiency and the mechanisms of long-term complications in GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Peng
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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127
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycogen storage disease type Ib, characterized by disturbed glucose homeostasis, neutropenia, and neutrophil dysfunction, is caused by a deficiency in a ubiquitously expressed glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT). G6PT translocates glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) from the cytoplasm into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, in which it is hydrolyzed to glucose either by a liver/kidney/intestine-restricted glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha (G6Pase-alpha) or by a ubiquitously expressed G6Pase-beta. The role of the G6PT/G6Pase-alpha complex is well established and readily explains why G6PT disruptions disturb interprandial blood glucose homeostasis. However, the basis for neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction in glycogen storage disease type Ib is poorly understood. Recent studies that are now starting to unveil the mechanisms are presented in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Characterization of G6Pase-beta and generation of mice lacking either G6PT or G6Pase-beta have shown that neutrophils express the G6PT/G6Pase-beta complex capable of producing endogenous glucose. Loss of G6PT activity leads to enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that underlie neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction in glycogen storage disease type Ib. SUMMARY Neutrophil function is intimately linked to the regulation of glucose and G6P metabolism by the G6PT/G6Pase-beta complex. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern energy homeostasis in neutrophils has revealed a previously unrecognized pathway of intracellular G6P metabolism in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Chou
- aProgram on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Cellular Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA.
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128
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Yiu WH, Pan CJ, Mead PA, Starost MF, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Normoglycemia alone is insufficient to prevent long-term complications of hepatocellular adenoma in glycogen storage disease type Ib mice. J Hepatol 2009; 51:909-17. [PMID: 19376605 PMCID: PMC2762018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD-Ib) patients deficient in a glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) manifest disturbed glucose homeostasis, myeloid dysfunctions, and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). This study was conducted to evaluate whether maintaining normoglycemia in GSD-Ib could prevent HCA. METHODS We infused neonatal GSD-Ib mice with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying G6PT and examined their metabolic and myeloid phenotypes for the 72-week study. RESULTS The AAV vector delivered the G6PT transgene to the liver and bone marrow. Long-term metabolic correction was achieved alongside a transient myeloid correction. Hepatic G6PT activity was 50% of wild-type levels at 2 weeks post-infusion but declined rapidly thereafter to reach 3% of wild-type levels by age 6 to 72 weeks. Despite this, the infused mice maintained normoglycemia throughout the study, exhibited near normal growth and normalized serum metabolite profiles. However, all five AAV-treated GSD-Ib mice that lived over 50 weeks accumulated excessive hepatic glycogen and fat. Two mice developed steatohepatitis and multiple HCAs with one undergoing malignant transformation. CONCLUSIONS Normoglycemia alone cannot prevent hepatic steatosis and glycogen accumulation or the development of HCAs in GSD-Ib, providing one explanation why GSD-Ib patients maintaining normoglycemia under intense dietary therapy continue at risk for this long-term complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Han Yiu
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul A Mead
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew F. Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Freedman ND, Everhart JE, Lindsay KL, Ghany MG, Curto TM, Shiffman ML, Lee WM, Lok AS, Di Bisceglie AM, Bonkovsky HL, Hoefs JC, Dienstag JL, Morishima C, Abnet CC, Sinha R. Coffee intake is associated with lower rates of liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2009; 50:1360-9. [PMID: 19676128 PMCID: PMC2783828 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Higher coffee consumption has been associated inversely with the incidence of chronic liver disease in population studies. We examined the relationship of coffee consumption with liver disease progression in individuals with advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease. Baseline coffee and tea intake were assessed in 766 participants of the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial who had hepatitis C-related bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis on liver biopsy and failed to achieve a sustained virological response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment. Participants were followed for 3.8 years for clinical outcomes and, for those without cirrhosis, a 2-point increase in Ishak fibrosis score on protocol biopsies. At baseline, higher coffee consumption was associated with less severe steatosis on biopsy, lower serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, alpha-fetoprotein, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA2) score, and higher albumin (P < 0.05 for all). Two hundred thirty patients had outcomes. Outcome rates declined with increasing coffee intake: 11.1/100 person-years for none, 12.1 for less than 1 cup/day, 8.2 for 1 to fewer than 3 cups/day, and 6.3 for 3 or more cups/day (P-trend = 0.0011). Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) were 1.11 (0.76-1.61) for less than 1 cup/day; 0.70 (0.48-1.02) for 1 to fewer than 3 cups/day; and 0.47 (0.27-0.85) for 3 or more cups/day (P-trend = 0.0003) versus not drinking. Risk estimates did not vary by treatment assignment or cirrhosis status at baseline. Tea intake was not associated with outcomes. CONCLUSION In a large prospective study of participants with advanced hepatitis C-related liver disease, regular coffee consumption was associated with lower rates of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D. Freedman
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James E. Everhart
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen L. Lindsay
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc G. Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mitchell L. Shiffman
- Hepatology Section, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - William M. Lee
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anna S. Lok
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adrian M. Di Bisceglie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- Departmentsof Medicine and Molecular & Structural Biology and The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT. (Dr Bonkovsky’s current address is Carolinas medical Center, Charlotte, NC)
| | - John C. Hoefs
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jules L. Dienstag
- Gastrointestinal Unit (Medical Services), Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chihiro Morishima
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
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130
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Lonard DM, Kumar R, O'Malley BW. Minireview: the SRC family of coactivators: an entrée to understanding a subset of polygenic diseases? Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:279-85. [PMID: 19846539 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, we present the idea that SRC family coactivators are likely agents in human polygenic disease states based upon a number of interlocking aspects of their biology. We argue that their role as key integrators of environmental signals and their ability to regulate the expression of myriad downstream genes makes them likely candidates for strong positive evolutionary selection pressures. Based on the fact that they work as part of multiprotein coactivator complexes, we predict that individual coactivator alleles exist as weakly penetrant disease alleles, each contributing only a fraction of transcriptional activity to the whole coactivator complex. In this way, individual coactivator alleles are free to evolve in the absence of strong negative selection. Emerging genomic and proteomic approaches promise to advance the characterization of coactivator proteins and their physiological functions, allowing us to have a greater appreciation of their roles as master regulators at the nexus between genetics, reproduction, metabolism, cancer, other human diseases, and our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030.
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131
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Rezaei N, Moazzami K, Aghamohammadi A, Klein C. Neutropenia and Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:335-66. [DOI: 10.1080/08830180902995645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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132
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Chava SP, Singh B, Pal S, Dhawan A, Heaton ND. Indications for combined liver and kidney transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13:661-9. [PMID: 19566856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of patients awaiting liver transplantation have associated renal failure and renal dysfunction is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after LT. There has been a recent increase in the number of CLKT in adults. The common indications for CLKT in children are different from those of adults and include metabolic diseases affecting the kidney with or without liver dysfunction and congenital developmental abnormalities affecting both organs. The results are generally encouraging among these groups of patients. Early evaluation and listing of patients before they become severely ill or have major systemic manifestations of their metabolic problem are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas P Chava
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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133
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Melis D, Della Casa R, Parini R, Rigoldi M, Cacciapuoti C, Marcolongo P, Benedetti A, Gaudieri V, Andria G, Parenti G. Vitamin E supplementation improves neutropenia and reduces the frequency of infections in patients with glycogen storage disease type 1b. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:1069-74. [PMID: 19066956 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutropenia and/or neutrophil dysfunction are part of glycogen storage disease type 1b (GSD1b) phenotype. Recent studies indicated that activation of apoptosis and increased reactive oxygen species are implicated in the pathogenesis of neutropenia in GSD1b. METHODS We studied seven GSD1b patients over a 2-year-period to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin E, a known antioxidant, in preventing or improving the clinical manifestations associated with neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction. Frequency and severity of infections, neutrophil counts and function, ileocolonoscopy and intestinal histology, were monitored. During the first year, patients did not assume vitamin E; during the second year of the study, vitamin E supplementation was added to their therapeutic regimens. RESULTS During vitamin E supplementation, the mean values of neutrophil counts were significantly higher (p < 0.05) and neutrophil counts lower than 500/mm(3) were found less frequently (p < 0.05); the frequency and severity of infections, mouth ulcers and perianal lesions, was reduced (p < 0.05); ileocolonoscopy and histology showed a mild improvement. Vitamin E supplementation did not result in changes in neutrophil function. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that vitamin E supplementation might be beneficial in GSD1b patients and may alleviate disease manifestations associated with neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Melis
- Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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134
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Kim SY, Bae YS. Cell death and stress signaling in glycogen storage disease type I. Mol Cells 2009; 28:139-48. [PMID: 19756389 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death has been traditionally classified in apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis, known as programmed cell death, is an active form of cell death mechanism that is tightly regulated by multiple cellular signaling pathways and requires ATP for its appropriate process. Apoptotic death plays essential roles for successful development and maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis in mammalian. In contrast to apoptosis, necrosis is classically considered as a passive cell death process that occurs rather by accident in disastrous conditions, is not required for energy and eventually induces inflammation. Regardless of different characteristics between apoptosis and necrosis, it has been well defined that both are responsible for a wide range of human diseases. Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I) is a kind of human genetic disorders and is caused by the deficiency of a microsomal protein, glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) or glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) responsible for glucose homeostasis, leading to GSD-Ia or GSD-Ib, respectively. This review summarizes cell deaths in GSD-I and mostly focuses on current knowledge of the neutrophil apoptosis in GSD-Ib based upon ER stress and redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Kim
- Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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135
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Lord-Dufour S, Copland IB, Levros LC, Post M, Das A, Khosla C, Galipeau J, Rassart E, Annabi B. Evidence for transcriptional regulation of the glucose-6-phosphate transporter by HIF-1alpha: Targeting G6PT with mumbaistatin analogs in hypoxic mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:489-97. [PMID: 19074414 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) markers are expressed on brain tumor-initiating cells involved in the development of hypoxic glioblastoma. Given that MSCs can survive hypoxia and that the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) provides metabolic control that contributes to MSC mobilization and survival, we investigated the effects of low oxygen (1.2% O(2)) exposure on G6PT gene expression. We found that MSCs significantly expressed G6PT and the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit beta, whereas expression of the glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit alpha and the islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein was low to undetectable. Analysis of the G6PT promoter sequence revealed potential binding sites for hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its dimerization partner, the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT), AhR:ARNT. In agreement with this, hypoxia and the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride induced the expression of G6PT, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and HIF-1alpha. Gene silencing of HIF-1alpha prevented G6PT and VEGF induction in hypoxic MSCs whereas generation of cells stably expressing HIF-1alpha resulted in increased endogenous G6PT gene expression. A semisynthetic analog of the polyketide mumbaistatin, a potent G6PT inhibitor, specifically reduced MSC-HIF-1alpha cell survival. Collectively, our data suggest that G6PT may account for the metabolic flexibility that enables MSCs to survive under conditions characterized by hypoxia and could be specifically targeted within developing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lord-Dufour
- Département de Chimie, Centre BIOMED, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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136
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Chava SP, Singh B, Zaman MB, Rela M, Heaton ND. Current indications for combined liver and kidney transplantation in adults. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2009; 23:111-9. [PMID: 19298942 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A significant number of patients awaiting liver transplantation have associated renal failure. Combined Liver and Kidney Transplantation (CLKT) is increasingly offered especially since the introduction of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD). Decision to perform CLKT is straightforward when both organs suffer end-stage failure. However, the indications for CLKT are not well defined and there is controversy concerning some. We reviewed available data on PUBMED, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), Organ Procurement Transplantation Network (OPTN), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT) and discuss all current indications for CLKT. CONCLUSION Overall long-term outcome following CLKT is acceptable. There is an urgent need to further refine our ability to identify the cases with reversible renal injury in the setting of end-stage liver disease to avoid unnecessary CLKT. Liver protects the kidney from disease recurrence and allograft loss in metabolic diseases. However, the use of liver allograft for immunological protection of kidneys in highly sensitised patients with positive cross-match and previously failed renal transplants is still experimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas P Chava
- King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Institute of Liver Studies, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, SE5 9RS London, UK
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137
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Hamden K, Allouche N, Damak M, Elfeki A. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of phenolic extracts and purified hydroxytyrosol from olive mill waste in vitro and in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:421-32. [PMID: 19393637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phenolic extract and purified hydroxytyrosol (HT) from olive mill waste (OMW) on oxidative stress and hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The OMW biophenols were extracted using ethyl acetate. The obtained extract was fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE) experimentation to generate two fractions: (F1) and (F2). HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS analysis showed that (F1) was made of known OMW monomeric phenolics mainly hydroxytyrosol (HT) while (F2) contained oligomeric and polymeric phenols such as verbascosid and ligstrosid. (HT) was purified from (F1) using silica gel-column chromatography and silica gel-TLC techniques. In incubated pancreas, supplementation of OMW fractions enhanced insulin secretion. The administration of OMW extract fractions (F1) and (F2) as well as purified (HT) in diabetic rats caused a decrease in glucose level in plasma and an increase in renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in liver and kidney. Furthermore, a protective action against hepatic and renal toxicity in diabetic rats was clearly observed. Furthermore, a significant decrease in hepatic and renal indices toxicity was observed, i.e. alkalines phosphatases (ALP), aspartate and lactate transaminases (AST and ALT) activities and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs), total and direct bilirubin, creatinine and urea levels. In addition, (F1), (F2) and especially (HT) decreased triglycerides (TG), total-cholesterol (T-Ch) and higher HDL-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) in serum. These beneficial effects of OMW biophenols were confirmed by histological findings in hepatic, renal and pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats. This study demonstrates for the first time that OMW polyphenols and especially (HT) are efficient in inhibiting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by diabetes and suggests that administration of HT may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Hamden
- Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax, Tunisia.
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138
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Dzyakanchuk AA, Balázs Z, Nashev LG, Amrein KE, Odermatt A. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 reductase activity is dependent on a high ratio of NADPH/NADP(+) and is stimulated by extracellular glucose. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:137-41. [PMID: 18778749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the impact of the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio and the influence of extracellular glucose on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1) activity, we applied microsomal preparations and intact HEK-293 cells expressing 11beta-HSD1 in the presence or absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). A NADPH/NADP(+) ratio of ten or higher was required for efficient microsomal 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity. Measurements in intact cells suggested that the ER-luminal NADPH concentration is highly sensitive to fluctuating extracellular glucose levels. Lowering glucose in the culture medium dose-dependently decreased 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity and diminished the cortisol/cortisone ratio measured after 24h of incubation. Coexpression with H6PDH potentiated 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity at high glucose. This effect was significantly decreased at low glucose, with concomitantly increased 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity. In contrast, 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity in H4IIE liver cells and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was less sensitive to changes in the medium. 11beta-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity was observed in H4IIE cells only at subphysiological glucose levels, indicating a highly efficient supply of substrate for H6PDH and NADPH generation in the ER-lumen. Our results suggest significant cell type-specific differences in ER-luminal NADPH generation that might allow a fine-tuned regulation of glucocorticoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Dzyakanchuk
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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139
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140
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Park JM, Lee KH, Jung CW. Anesthesia for synchronous liver and kidney transplantation in a child: A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 57:381-386. [PMID: 30625892 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2009.57.3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronous liver and kidney transplantation (SLK) is considered a treatment of choice for an end-stage liver disease patient with irreversible kidney disease. Several perioperative renal supportive treatments, especially continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), have contributed to the effective control of hypervolemia and electrolytes and acid-base disturbances leading to high success rate in adults. However, anesthesia for SLK in children is frequently difficult since the CRRT is seldom available because of difficulty in securing large venous lines. In addition, conventional techniques such as venovenous bypass and side-clamping of the inferior vena cava are less applicable in small children causing difficult volume control. Herein, we report a case of SLK in a child with glycogen storage disease type I with a review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mi Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kook Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Chul Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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141
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Pan CJ, Chen SY, Lee S, Chou JY. Structure-function study of the glucose-6-phosphate transporter, an eukaryotic antiporter deficient in glycogen storage disease type Ib. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 96:32-7. [PMID: 19008136 PMCID: PMC3099254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ib is caused by deficiencies in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT), a phosphate (P(i))-linked antiporter capable of homologous (P(i):P(i)) and heterologous (G6P:P(i)) exchanges similar to the bacterial hexose-6-phosphate transporter, UhpT. Protease protection and glycosylation scanning assays have suggested that G6PT is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum by 10 transmembrane domains. However, recent homology modeling proposed that G6PT may contain 12 helices and that amino acids essential for the functions of UhpT also play important roles in G6PT. Site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro expression assays demonstrated that only one of the four residues critical for UhpT activity is essential in G6PT. Furthermore, glycosylation scanning and protease sensitivity assays showed that the 10-domain model of G6PT is more probable than the 12-domain UhpT-like model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Soojung Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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142
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Kim MS, Park JB, Ki CS, Kim JK. A case of glycogen storage disease type Ib. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.12.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Bok Park
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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143
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Chen SY, Pan CJ, Lee S, Peng W, Chou JY. Functional analysis of mutations in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter that cause glycogen storage disease type Ib. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 95:220-3. [PMID: 18835800 PMCID: PMC3422630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) deficient in glycogen storage disease type Ib is a phosphate (P(i))-linked antiporter capable of G6P: P(i) and P(i):P(i) exchanges. We previously characterized G6PT mutations by measuring G6P uptake activities in microsomes co-expressing G6PT and glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha. Here we report a new assay, based on reconstituted proteoliposomes carrying only G6PT, and characterize G6P and P(i) uptake activities of 23 G6PT mutations. We show that co-expression and G6PT-only assays are equivalent in measuring G6PT activity. However, the p.Q133P mutation exhibits differential G6P and P(i) transport activities, suggesting that characterizing G6P and P(i) transport activities of G6PT mutations may yield insights to this genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Soojung Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wentao Peng
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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144
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Ben Chehida A, Tebib N, Cherif W, Ben Turkia H, Abdelmoula S, Azzouz H, Ben Dridi MF. Glycogen storage disease type I in Tunisia: an epidemiological analysis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S199-204. [PMID: 18679824 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of epidemiological data concerning GSD I in Tunisia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS All the cases diagnosed as GSD I between 1992 and 2005 in a paediatric department recruiting all the metabolic diseases referred from the North of Tunisia were reviewed. Individual data (sex, socioeconomic and educational background, geographic origins, insurance coverage) were collected and pedigrees were reconstituted. RESULTS Twenty-two cases (9 boys and 13 girls from 20 homes) were identified. Fourteen belonged to 11 families originating from the North of Tunisia; ten of them are still alive. Both parents in 4 homes (21%) and one parent in 9 homes (47%) were illiterate. Most of the homes (60%) had a low income and 45% comprised at least 3 children. Only 7 homes (35%) had health insurance. Pedigrees indicated 44 infant deaths and at least 10 other cases fulfilling the clinical features of GSD I but not diagnosed. CONCLUSION The paediatric prevalence of GSD I in the North of Tunisia can be estimated to 7.93 cases per one million inhabitants and its incidence to 1/100,000 births. However, it is likely to be more frequent because of underreporting or underdiagnosis leading to precocious deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben Chehida
- Paediatric Department, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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Melis D, Balivo F, Della Casa R, Romano A, Taurisano R, Capaldo B, Riccardi G, Monsurrò MR, Parenti G, Andria G. Myasthenia gravis in a patient affected by glycogen storage disease type Ib: a further manifestation of an increased risk for autoimmune disorders? J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S227-31. [PMID: 18437526 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib, OMIM 232220) is an inborn disorder of glucose metabolism, caused by mutations in the G6PT gene, encoding a glucose 6-phosphate transporter (G6PT). GSD Ib is mainly associated with fasting hypoglycaemia and hepatomegaly. Most GSD Ib patients also show neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction and therefore are at risk of developing severe infections and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An increased risk for autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid autoimmunity and Crohn-like disease, has also been demonstrated, but no systematic study on the prevalence of autoimmune disorders in GSD Ib patients has ever been performed. We describe a 25-year-old patient affected by GSD Ib who developed 'seronegative' myasthenia gravis (MG), presenting with bilateral eyelid ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, severe dysphagia, dyspnoea and fatigue. The repetitive stimulation of peripheral nerves test showed signs of exhaustion of neuromuscular transmission, particularly evident in the cranial area. Even in the absence of identifiable anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies, seronegative MG is considered an autoimmune disorder and may be related to the disturbed immune function observed in GSD Ib patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Melis
- Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Palsamy P, Subramanian S. Modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 179:356-62. [PMID: 19059388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a ubiquitous stress-induced phytoalexin, has demonstrated a wide variety of biological activities which make it a good candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was aimed to evaluate its therapeutic potential by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The daily oral treatment of resveratrol (5 mg/kg body weight) to diabetic rats for 30 days demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) decline in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma insulin level. The altered activities of the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were significantly (p<0.05) reverted to near normal levels by the administration of resveratrol. Further, resveratrol administration to diabetic rats improved hepatic glycogen content suggesting the antihyperglycemic potential of resveratrol in diabetic rats. The obtained results were compared with glyclazide, a standard oral hypoglycemic drug. Thus, the modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating these enzymes activities afford a promise for widespread use for treatment of diabetes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Palsamy
- Research Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India
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147
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Chou JY, Mansfield BC. Mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha (G6PC) gene that cause type Ia glycogen storage disease. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:921-30. [PMID: 18449899 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha (G6PC) is a key enzyme in glucose homeostasis that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and phosphate in the terminal step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Mutations in the G6PC gene, located on chromosome 17q21, result in glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia), an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. GSD-Ia patients manifest a disturbed glucose homeostasis, characterized by fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, nephromegaly, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, lactic acidemia, and growth retardation. G6PC is a highly hydrophobic glycoprotein, anchored in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum with the active center facing into the lumen. To date, 54 missense, 10 nonsense, 17 insertion/deletion, and three splicing mutations in the G6PC gene have been identified in more than 550 patients. Of these, 50 missense, two nonsense, and two insertion/deletion mutations have been functionally characterized for their effects on enzymatic activity and stability. While GSD-Ia is not more prevalent in any ethnic group, mutations unique to Caucasian, Oriental, and Jewish populations have been described. Despite this, GSD-Ia patients exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity and a stringent genotype-phenotype relationship does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA.
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148
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Liu Y, Nakagawa Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Du H, Wang W, Ren X, Lutfy K, Friedman TC. Reduction of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2008; 41:53-64. [PMID: 18524870 PMCID: PMC2954685 DOI: 10.1677/jme-08-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) function determines tissue sensitivity to GCs and strongly affects the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) mediates intracellular steroid exposure to mouse liver GR by prereceptor reactivation of GCs and is crucially dependent on hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH)-generating NADPH system. Pharmacological inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 improves insulin intolerance and obesity. Here, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) in diet-induced obese (DIO) and insulin-resistant mice by examining the possible influence of CBX on the expression of GR, 11beta-HSD1, and H6PDH in vivo and in vitro in hepatocytes. Treatment of DIO mice with CBX markedly reduced hepatic GR mRNA levels and reduced weight gain, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. The reduction of hepatic GR gene expression was accompanied by CBX-induced inhibition of both 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH activity and mRNA in the liver. Moreover, CBX treatment also suppressed the expression of both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6Pase) mRNA and improved hepatic [1, 2-(3)H] deoxy-d-glucose uptake in DIO mice. In addition, the treatment of primary cultures of hepatocytes with increasing concentrations of CBX led to a dose-dependent downregulation of GR mRNA levels, which correlated with the suppression of both 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH activity and their gene expression. Addition of CBX to primary hepatocytes also resulted in suppression of both PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA levels. These findings suggest that CBX exerts some of its beneficial effects, at least in part, by inhibiting hepatic GR and H6PDH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, The Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
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149
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Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are a group of inherited disorders characterized by enzyme defects that affect the glycogen synthesis and degradation cycle, classified according to the enzyme deficiency and the affected tissue. The understanding of GSD has increased in recent decades, and nutritional management of some GSDs has allowed better control of hypoglycemia and metabolic complications. However, growth failure and liver, renal, and other complications are frequent problems in the long-term outcome. Hypoglycemia is the main biochemical consequence of GSD type I and some of the other GSDs. The basis of dietary therapy is nutritional manipulation to prevent hypoglycemia and improve metabolic dysfunction, with the use of continuous nocturnal intragastric feeding or cornstarch therapy at night and foods rich in starches with low concentrations of galactose and fructose during the day and to prevent hypoglycemia during the night.
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150
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Schilling MM, Oeser JK, Chandy JK, Flemming BP, Allen SR, O’Brien RM. Sequence variation between the mouse and human glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit gene promoters results in differential activation by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha. Diabetologia 2008; 51:1505-14. [PMID: 18563384 PMCID: PMC2590337 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) plays a key role in hepatic glucose production by catalysing the final step in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) stimulates mouse G6pc-luciferase fusion gene expression through hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha), which binds an element located between -76 and -64 in the promoter. The aim of this study was to compare the regulation of mouse G6pc and human G6PC gene expression by PGC-1alpha. METHODS PGC-1alpha action was analysed by transient transfection and gel retardation assays. RESULTS In H4IIE cells, PGC-1alpha alone failed to stimulate human G6PC-luciferase fusion gene expression even though the sequence of the -76 to -64 HNF-4alpha binding site is perfectly conserved in the human promoter. This difference could be explained, in part, by a 3 bp sequence variation between the mouse and human promoters. Introducing the human sequence into the mouse G6pc promoter reduced PGC-1alpha-stimulated fusion gene expression, whereas the inverse experiment, in which the mouse sequence was introduced into the human G6PC promoter, resulted in the generation of a G6PC-luciferase fusion gene that was now induced by PGC-1alpha. This critical 3 bp region is located immediately adjacent to a consensus nuclear hormone receptor half-site that is perfectly conserved between the mouse G6pc and human G6PC promoters. Gel retardation experiments revealed that this 3 bp region influences the affinity of HNF-4alpha binding to the half-site. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These observations suggest that PGC-1alpha may be more important in the control of mouse G6pc than human G6PC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M. Schilling
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - James K. Oeser
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Joshua K. Chandy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Brian P. Flemming
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Shelley R. Allen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Richard M. O’Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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