101
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Schafer A, Cheng H, Xiong R, Soloveva V, Retterer C, Mo F, Bavari S, Thatcher G, Rong L. Repurposing potential of 1st generation H 1-specific antihistamines as anti-filovirus therapeutics. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:47-56. [PMID: 29981374 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg are filoviruses and biosafety level 4 pathogens responsible for causing severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans with mortality rates up to 90%. The most recent outbreak in West Africa resulted in approximately 11,310 deaths in 28,616 reported cases. Currently there are no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics to treat infections of these deadly viruses. Recently we screened an FDA-approved drug library and identified numerous G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonists including antihistamines possessing anti-filovirus properties. Antihistamines are attractive targets for drug repurposing because of their low cost and ease of access due to wide use. In this report we identify common over the counter antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorcyclizine (Ahist) as potential candidates for repurposing as anti-filovirus agents. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this potential is wide-spread through the 1st generation of H1-specific antihistamines but is not present in newer drugs or drugs targeting H2, H3 and H4 receptors. We showed that the filovirus entry inhibition is not dependent on the classical antagonism of cell surface histamine or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors but occurs in the endosome, like the cathepsin inhibitor CA-074. Finally, using extensive docking studies we showed the potential for these drugs to bind directly to the EBOV-GP at the same site as toremifene. These findings suggest that the 1st generation antihistamines are excellent candidates for repurposing as anti-filovirus therapeutics and can be further optimized for removal of unwanted histamine or muscarinic receptor interactions without loss of anti-filovirus efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Cary Retterer
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Feiyan Mo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gregory Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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102
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Edri A, Shemesh A, Iraqi M, Matalon O, Brusilovsky M, Hadad U, Radinsky O, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Dye JM, Mandelboim O, Barda-Saad M, Lobel L, Porgador A. The Ebola-Glycoprotein Modulates the Function of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1428. [PMID: 30013549 PMCID: PMC6036185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) uses evasion mechanisms that directly interfere with host T-cell antiviral responses. By steric shielding of human leukocyte antigen class-1, the Ebola glycoprotein (GP) blocks interaction with T-cell receptors (TCRs), thus rendering T cells unable to attack virus-infected cells. It is likely that this mechanism could promote increased natural killer (NK) cell activity against GP-expressing cells by preventing the engagement of NK inhibitory receptors; however, we found that primary human NK cells were less reactive to GP-expressing HEK293T cells. This was manifested as reduced cytokine secretion, a reduction in NK degranulation, and decreased lysis of GP-expressing target cells. We also demonstrated reduced recognition of GP-expressing cells by recombinant NKG2D and NKp30 receptors. In accordance, we showed a reduced monoclonal antibody-based staining of NKG2D and NKp30 ligands on GP-expressing target cells. Trypsin digestion of the membrane-associated GP led to a recovery of the recognition of membrane-associated NKG2D and NKp30 ligands. We further showed that membrane-associated GP did not shield recognition by KIR2DL receptors; in accordance, GP expression by target cells significantly perturbed signal transduction through activating, but not through inhibitory, receptors. Our results suggest a novel evasion mechanism employed by the EBOV to specifically avoid the NK cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishai Shemesh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Muhammed Iraqi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Omri Matalon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michael Brusilovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uzi Hadad
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Emerging and Reemerging Diseases and Special Pathogens Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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103
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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104
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Post-Exposure Protection in Mice against Sudan Virus by a Two Antibody Cocktail. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060286. [PMID: 29861435 PMCID: PMC6024315 DOI: 10.3390/v10060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudan virus (SUDV) and Ebola viruses (EBOV) are both members of the Ebolavirus genus and have been sources of epidemics and outbreaks for several decades. We present here the generation and characterization of cross-reactive antibodies to both SUDV and EBOV, which were produced in a cell-free system and protective against SUDV in mice. A non-human primate, cynomolgus macaque, was immunized with viral-replicon particles expressing the glycoprotein of SUDV-Boniface (8A). Two separate antibody fragment phage display libraries were constructed after four immunogen injections. Both libraries were screened first against the SUDV and a second library was cross-selected against EBOV-Kikwit. Sequencing of 288 selected clones from the two distinct libraries identified 58 clones with distinct VH and VL sequences. Many of these clones were cross-reactive to EBOV and SUDV and able to neutralize SUDV. Three of these recombinant antibodies (X10B1, X10F3, and X10H2) were produced in the scFv-Fc format utilizing a cell-free production system. Mice that were challenged with SUDV-Boniface receiving 100µg of the X10B1/X10H2 scFv-Fc combination 6 and 48-h post-exposure demonstrated partial protection individually and complete protection as a combination. The data herein suggests these antibodies may be promising candidates for further therapeutic development.
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105
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Abstract
In 2014, the world witnessed the largest Ebolavirus outbreak in recorded history. The subsequent humanitarian effort spurred extensive research, significantly enhancing our understanding of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. The main functions of each ebolavirus protein have been studied extensively since the discovery of the virus in 1976; however, the recent expansion of ebolavirus research has led to the discovery of new protein functions. These newly discovered roles are revealing new mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenicity, whilst enhancing our understanding of the broad functions of each ebolavirus viral protein (VP). Many of these new functions appear to be unrelated to the protein's primary function during virus replication. Such new functions range from bystander T-lymphocyte death caused by VP40-secreted exosomes to new roles for VP24 in viral particle formation. This review highlights the newly discovered roles of ebolavirus proteins in order to provide a more encompassing view of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S. Rossman
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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106
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Ji Y, Lu Y, Yan Y, Liu X, Su N, Zhang C, Bi S, Xing XH. Design of Fusion Proteins for Efficient and Soluble Production of Immunogenic Ebola Virus Glycoprotein in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700627. [PMID: 29500882 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus is an extremely dangerous disease, and effective therapeutic agents are still lacking. Platforms for the efficient production of vaccines are crucial to ensure quick response against an Ebola virus outbreak. Ebola virus glycoprotein (EbolaGP) on the virion surface is responsible for membrane binding and virus entry, thus becoming the key target for vaccine development. However, heterologous expression of this protein still faces engineering challenges such as low production levels and insoluble aggregation. Here, the authors design and compare various fusion strategies, attaching great importance to the solubility-enhancing effect, and tag removal process. It is found that a C-terminal intein-based tag greatly enhances the solubility of EbolaGP and allows one-step chromatographic purification of the untagged EbolaGP through thiol-catalyzed self-cleavage. The purified untagged EbolaGP alone or with Freund's adjuvant are highly immunogenic, as confirmed in a mouse model. Consequently, the present study puts forward a new strategy for the efficient and soluble expression of untagged immunogenic EbolaGP. The intein-based protein fusion approach may be of importance for the large-scale production of Ebola virus subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yishu Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Bio-Cell Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
| | - Nan Su
- Bio-Cell Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shengli Bi
- Institute of Virology Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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107
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Rai A, Aboumanei MH, Verma SP, Kumar S, Raj V. Molecular Docking, Pharmacophore, and 3D-QSAR Approach: Can Adenine Derivatives Exhibit Significant Inhibitor Towards Ebola Virus? THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2018; 11:127-137. [PMID: 29387271 PMCID: PMC5748831 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is caused by Ebola virus, which is often accompanied by fatal hemorrhagic fever upon infection in humans. This virus has caused the majority of deaths in human. There are no proper vaccinations and medications available for EVD. It is pivoting the attraction of scientist to develop the potent vaccination or novel lead to inhibit Ebola virus. Methods & Materials: In the present study, we developed 3D-QSAR and the pharmacophoric model from the previous reported potent compounds for the Ebola virus. Results & Discussion: Results & Discussion: The pharmacophoric model AAAP.116 was generated with better survival value and selectivity. Moreover, the 3D-QSAR model also showed the best r2 value 0.99 using PLS factor. Thereby, we found the higher F value, which demonstrated the statistical significance of both the models. Furthermore, homological modeling and molecular docking study were performed to analyze the affinity of the potent lead. This showed the best binding energy and bond formation with targeted protein. Conclusion: Finally, all the results of this study concluded that 3D-QSAR and Pharmacophore models may be helpful to search potent lead for EVD treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | | | - Suraj P Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sachidanand Kumar
- Quintiles IMS, II Floor, Etamin Block, Prestige Technology Park II, Sarjapur-Marathahalli Outer Ring Road, Bangalore - 560103, India
| | - Vinit Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
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108
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Filovirus proteins for antiviral drug discovery: Structure/function of proteins involved in assembly and budding. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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109
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Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00941-17. [PMID: 29212933 PMCID: PMC5790926 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00941-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have produced a new Ebola virus pseudotype, E-S-FLU, that can be handled in biosafety level 1/2 containment for laboratory analysis. The E-S-FLU virus is a single-cycle influenza virus coated with Ebolavirus glycoprotein, and it encodes enhanced green fluorescence protein as a reporter that replaces the influenza virus hemagglutinin. MDCK-SIAT1 cells were transduced to express Ebolavirus glycoprotein as a stable transmembrane protein for E-S-FLU virus production. Infection of cells with the E-S-FLU virus was dependent on the Niemann-Pick C1 protein, which is the well-characterized receptor for Ebola virus entry at the late endosome/lysosome membrane. The E-S-FLU virus was neutralized specifically by an anti-Ebolavirus glycoprotein antibody and a variety of small drug molecules that are known to inhibit the entry of wild-type Ebola virus. To demonstrate the application of this new Ebola virus pseudotype, we show that a single laboratory batch was sufficient to screen a library (LOPAC1280; Sigma) of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds for inhibition of virus entry. A total of 215 compounds inhibited E-S-FLU virus infection, while only 22 inhibited the control H5-S-FLU virus coated in H5 hemagglutinin. These inhibitory compounds have very dispersed targets and mechanisms of action, e.g., calcium channel blockers, estrogen receptor antagonists, antihistamines, serotonin uptake inhibitors, etc., and this correlates with inhibitor screening results obtained with other pseudotypes or wild-type Ebola virus in the literature. The E-S-FLU virus is a new tool for Ebola virus cell entry studies and is easily applied to high-throughput screening assays for small-molecule inhibitors or antibodies. IMPORTANCE Ebola virus is in the Filoviridae family and is a biosafety level 4 pathogen. There are no FDA-approved therapeutics for Ebola virus. These characteristics warrant the development of surrogates for Ebola virus that can be handled in more convenient laboratory containment to study the biology of the virus and screen for inhibitors. Here we characterized a new surrogate, named E-S-FLU virus, that is based on a disabled influenza virus core coated with the Ebola virus surface protein but does not contain any genetic information from the Ebola virus itself. We show that E-S-FLU virus uses the same cell entry pathway as wild-type Ebola virus. As an example of the ease of use of E-S-FLU virus in biosafety level 1/2 containment, we showed that a single production batch could provide enough surrogate virus to screen a standard small-molecule library of 1,280 candidates for inhibitors of viral entry.
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110
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Bergren NA, Miller MR, Monath TP, Kading RC. Assessment of the ability of V920 recombinant vesicular stomatitis-Zaire ebolavirus vaccine to replicate in relevant arthropod cell cultures and vector species. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:994-1002. [PMID: 29206076 PMCID: PMC5893201 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1412898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
V920, rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP, is a recombinant vesicular stomatitis-Zaire ebolavirus vaccine which has shown an acceptable safety profile and provides a protective immune response against Ebola virus disease (EVD) induced by Zaire ebolavirus in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the V920 vaccine is capable of replicating in arthropod cell cultures of relevant vector species and of replicating in live mosquitoes. While the V920 vaccine replicated well in Vero cells, no replication was observed in Anopheles or Aedes mosquito, Culicoides biting midge, or Lutzomyia sand fly cells, nor in live Culex or Aedes mosquitoes following exposure through intrathoracic inoculation or feeding on a high-titer infectious blood meal. The insect taxa selected for use in this study represent actual and potential epidemic vectors of VSV. V920 vaccine inoculated into Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes demonstrated persistence of replication-competent virus following inoculation, consistent with the recognized biological stability of the vaccine, but no evidence for active virus replication in live mosquitoes was observed. Following administration of an infectious blood meal to Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes at a titer several log10 PFU more concentrated than would be observed in vaccinated individuals, no infection or dissemination of V920 was observed in either mosquito species. In vitro and in vivo data gathered during this study support minimal risk of the vector-borne potential of the V920 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Bergren
- a Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Megan R Miller
- a Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Thomas P Monath
- b BioProtection Systems, New Link Genetics Corporation , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- a Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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111
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Proteolytic Processing of Filovirus Glycoproteins. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122482 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses (Marburg virus and Ebola virus) have a single envelope glycoprotein (GP) that initiates infection. GP is a class I fusion protein that forms trimeric spikes composed of heterodimers of the subunits GP1 and GP2. GP1 and GP2 are derived from the precursor pre-GP by furin cleavage during exocytosis. GP1 contains a receptor-binding core topped by a glycan cap and a heavily glycosylated mucin-like domain, while GP2 contains a fusion loop and a membrane anchor. After entering cells by macropinocytosis, the glycan cap and the mucin-like domain are removed from GP1 by endosomal cathepsins B and L exposing the binding site for the Niemann-Pick C1 receptor. It appears that there is no strict requirement for specific proteases involved in GP processing. Thus, furin is not indispensible for GP1-2 cleavage, and GP1 may be trimmed not only by cathepsins B and L but also by other endosomal proteases. Two soluble glycoproteins of Ebola virus are also processed by host proteases. A significant amount of GP1,2 is cleaved by the metalloprotease TACE and shed from the surface of infected cells (GP1,2 delta). The secreted protein sGP is derived from the precursor pre-sGP by furin cleavage.
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112
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Khandia R, Tiwari R, Munjal A, Saminathan M, Sachan S, Desingu PA, Kattoor JJ, Iqbal HMN, Joshi SK. Ebola virus - epidemiology, diagnosis, and control: threat to humans, lessons learnt, and preparedness plans - an update on its 40 year's journey. Vet Q 2017; 37:98-135. [PMID: 28317453 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1309474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an extremely contagious pathogen and causes lethal hemorrhagic fever disease in man and animals. The recently occurred Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in the West African countries have categorized it as an international health concern. For the virus maintenance and transmission, the non-human primates and reservoir hosts like fruit bats have played a vital role. For curbing the disease timely, we need effective therapeutics/prophylactics, however, in the absence of any approved vaccine, timely diagnosis and monitoring of EBOV remains of utmost importance. The technologically advanced vaccines like a viral-vectored vaccine, DNA vaccine and virus-like particles are underway for testing against EBOV. In the absence of any effective control measure, the adaptation of high standards of biosecurity measures, strict sanitary and hygienic practices, strengthening of surveillance and monitoring systems, imposing appropriate quarantine checks and vigilance on trade, transport, and movement of visitors from EVD endemic countries remains the answer of choice for tackling the EBOV spread. Herein, we converse with the current scenario of EBOV giving due emphasis on animal and veterinary perspectives along with advances in diagnosis and control strategies to be adopted, lessons learned from the recent outbreaks and the global preparedness plans. To retrieve the evolutionary information, we have analyzed a total of 56 genome sequences of various EBOV species submitted between 1976 and 2016 in public databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- c Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | | | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- e Divison of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- g Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- h Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | | | - Jobin Jose Kattoor
- c Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- i School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- j Cellular Immunology Lab , Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics , School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA
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113
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Bradley JH, Harrison A, Corey A, Gentry N, Gregg RK. Ebola virus secreted glycoprotein decreases the anti-viral immunity of macrophages in early inflammatory responses. Cell Immunol 2017; 324:24-32. [PMID: 29195741 PMCID: PMC7094302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During Ebola virus (EBOV) infection, secreted glycoprotein (sGP) is found in large quantities in the serum of both patients and infected animal models. It is thought to serve as a decoy for anti-EBOV antibodies. Using an in vitro model incorporating treatment of non-infected human THP-1 macrophages with recombinant EBOV sGP, this study sought to examine the impact of sGP upon key macrophage functions. Macrophage polarization and phagocytic capacity of activated macrophages were found to be unaltered by sGP treatment. However, treatment with sGP inhibited macrophage production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 while the yield of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, remained intact. Interestingly, the migratory ability of macrophages was also diminished by sGP, potentially due to a decrease in expression of CD11b, a vital macrophage integrin. Thus, EBOV sGP may operate to diminish functional contributions of non-infected macrophages to increase the potential viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Bradley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Ametria Harrison
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, SC 29301, United States
| | - Ashley Corey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Nathan Gentry
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Randal K Gregg
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States.
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114
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Coarsey CT, Esiobu N, Narayanan R, Pavlovic M, Shafiee H, Asghar W. Strategies in Ebola virus disease (EVD) diagnostics at the point of care. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:779-798. [PMID: 28440096 PMCID: PMC5653233 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1313814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a devastating, highly infectious illness with a high mortality rate. The disease is endemic to regions of Central and West Africa, where there is limited laboratory infrastructure and trained staff. The recent 2014 West African EVD outbreak has been unprecedented in case numbers and fatalities, and has proven that such regional outbreaks can become a potential threat to global public health, as it became the source for the subsequent transmission events in Spain and the USA. The urgent need for rapid and affordable means of detecting Ebola is crucial to control the spread of EVD and prevent devastating fatalities. Current diagnostic techniques include molecular diagnostics and other serological and antigen detection assays; which can be time-consuming, laboratory-based, often require trained personnel and specialized equipment. In this review, we discuss the various Ebola detection techniques currently in use, and highlight the potential future directions pertinent to the development and adoption of novel point-of-care diagnostic tools. Finally, a case is made for the need to develop novel microfluidic technologies and versatile rapid detection platforms for early detection of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T. Coarsey
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Asghar-Lab: Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Nwadiuto Esiobu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Ramswamy Narayanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Mirjana Pavlovic
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Asghar-Lab: Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
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115
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Dehghani B, Ghasabi F, Hashempoor T, Joulaei H, Hasanshahi Z, Halaji M, Chatrabnous N, Mousavi Z, Moayedi J. Functional and structural characterization of Ebola virus glycoprotein (1976–2015) — Anin silicostudy. INT J BIOMATH 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451750108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever disease associated with high mortality rates in humans. This virus has five strains of which Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) is the first and most important strain. It can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. The genome of EBOV codes one non-structural and seven structural proteins consisting of two forms of glycoprotein (GP): soluble glycoprotein (sGP) and GP (spike). In this paper, we attempted to characterize and predict physicochemical properties, B-cell epitopes, mutation sites, phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites, and different protein structures of EBOV GP to provide comprehensive data about changes of this GP during a 40-years course (1976–2015). GP sequences were obtained from NCBI gene bank from 1976–2015. Expasy’sProtParam, PROTSCALE, immuneepitope, Bepipred, BcePred, ABCpred, VaxiJen, DISPHOS, NetPhos, and numerous programs were used to predict and analyze all sequences. More variety of mutations were found in 2015 sequences and mutations were related to huge changes in B-cell epitopes, phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. In addition, our results determined different sites of disulfide bonds and an important mutation related to IgE epitope as well as four potent B-cell epitopes (380–387, 318–338, 405–438 and 434–475). In this study, we suggested the effect of mutations on GP properties, six positions for disulfide bonds and four phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C enzyme. Selected sequences were shown different sites for O-link and N-link glycosylation. A mutation that changed GP to an allergen protein and has a significant role in vaccine designing as well as four potent B-cell epitopes in GP protein were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Dehghani
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzane Ghasabi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Hashempoor
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Joulaei
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hasanshahi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Nazanin Chatrabnous
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Moayedi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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116
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Qiu S, Leung A, Bo Y, Kozak RA, Anand SP, Warkentin C, Salambanga FDR, Cui J, Kobinger G, Kobasa D, Côté M. Ebola virus requires phosphatidylinositol (3,5) bisphosphate production for efficient viral entry. Virology 2017; 513:17-28. [PMID: 29031163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For entry, Ebola virus (EBOV) requires the interaction of its viral glycoprotein with the cellular protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) which resides in late endosomes and lysosomes. How EBOV is trafficked and delivered to NPC1 and whether this is positively regulated during entry remain unclear. Here, we show that the PIKfyve-ArPIKfyve-Sac3 cellular complex, which is involved in the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol (3,5) bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), is critical for EBOV infection. Although the expression of all subunits of the complex was required for efficient entry, PIKfyve kinase activity was specifically critical for entry by all pathogenic filoviruses. Inhibition of PIKfyve prevented colocalization of EBOV with NPC1 and led to virus accumulation in intracellular vesicles with characteristics of early endosomes. Importantly, genetically-encoded phosphoinositide probes revealed an increase in PtdIns(3,5)P2-positive vesicles in cells during EBOV entry. Taken together, our studies suggest that EBOV requires PtdIns(3,5)P2 production in cells to promote efficient delivery to NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Kozak
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Corina Warkentin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fabiola D R Salambanga
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jennifer Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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117
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Chen Y, Ren R, Pu H, Guo X, Chang J, Zhou G, Mao S, Kron M, Chen J. Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Ebola Antigen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10974. [PMID: 28887479 PMCID: PMC5591202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus transmits a highly contagious, frequently fatal human disease for which there is no specific antiviral treatment. Therefore, rapid, accurate, and early diagnosis of Ebola virus disease (EVD) is critical to public health containment efforts, particularly in developing countries where resources are few and EVD is endemic. We have developed a reduced graphene oxide-based field-effect transistor method for real-time detection of the Ebola virus antigen. This method uses the attractive semiconductor characteristics of graphene-based material, and instantaneously yields highly sensitive and specific detection of Ebola glycoprotein. The feasibility of this method for clinical application in point-of-care technology is evaluated using Ebola glycoprotein suspended in diluted PBS buffer, human serum, and plasma. These results demonstrate the successful fabrication of a promising field-effect transistor biosensor for EVD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.,Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials & Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Haihui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Xiaoru Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Jingbo Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Shun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Michael Kron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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118
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Dutta P, Halder AK, Basu S, Kundu M. A survey on Ebola genome and current trends in computational research on the Ebola virus. Brief Funct Genomics 2017; 17:374-380. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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119
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Cheng H, Schafer A, Soloveva V, Gharaibeh D, Kenny T, Retterer C, Zamani R, Bavari S, Peet NP, Rong L. Identification of a coumarin-based antihistamine-like small molecule as an anti-filoviral entry inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2017. [PMID: 28645623 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses, consisting of Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Cuevavirus, cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans with high mortality rates up to 90%. Currently, there is no approved vaccine or therapy available for the prevention and treatment of filovirus infection in humans. The recent 2013-2015 West African Ebola epidemic underscores the urgency to develop antiviral therapeutics against these infectious diseases. Our previous study showed that GPCR antagonists, particularly histamine receptor antagonists (antihistamines) inhibit Ebola and Marburg virus entry. In this study, we screened a library of 1220 small molecules with predicted antihistamine activity, identified multiple compounds with potent inhibitory activity against entry of both Ebola and Marburg viruses in human cancer cell lines, and confirmed their anti-Ebola activity in human primary cells. These small molecules target a late-stage of Ebola virus entry. Further structure-activity relationship studies around one compound (cp19) reveal the importance of the coumarin fused ring structure, especially the hydrophobic substituents at positions 3 and/or 4, for its antiviral activity, and this identified scaffold represents a favorable starting point for the rapid development of anti-filovirus therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Adam Schafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dima Gharaibeh
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tara Kenny
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Cary Retterer
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Rouzbeh Zamani
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Norton P Peet
- Chicago BioSolutions, Inc., 2242 West Harrison Suite 201, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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120
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Yu DS, Weng TH, Wu XX, Wang FXC, Lu XY, Wu HB, Wu NP, Li LJ, Yao HP. The lifecycle of the Ebola virus in host cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55750-55759. [PMID: 28903457 PMCID: PMC5589696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola haemorrhagic fever causes deadly disease in humans and non-human primates resulting from infection with the Ebola virus (EBOV) genus of the family Filoviridae. However, the mechanisms of EBOV lifecycle in host cells, including viral entry, membrane fusion, RNP formation, GP-tetherin interaction, and VP40-inner leaflet association remain poorly understood. This review describes the biological functions of EBOV proteins and their roles in the lifecycle, summarizes the factors related to EBOV proteins or RNA expression throughout the different phases, and reviews advances with regards to the molecular events and mechanisms of the EBOV lifecycle. Furthermore, the review outlines the aspects remain unclear that urgently need to be solved in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Frederick X C Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiang-Yun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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121
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Singh RS, Walia AK, Khattar JS, Singh DP, Kennedy JF. Cyanobacterial lectins characteristics and their role as antiviral agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:475-496. [PMID: 28437766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins/glycoproteins of non-immune origin that bind reversibly to carbohydrates in non-covalent and highly specific manner. These lectin-glycan interactions could be exploited for establishment of novel therapeutics, targeting the adherence stage of viruses and thus helpful in eliminating wide spread viral infections. Here the review focuses on the haemagglutination activity, carbohydrate specificity and characteristics of cyanobacterial lectins. Cyanobacterial lectins exhibiting high specificity towards mannose or complex glycans have potential role as anti-viral agents. Prospective role of cyanobacterial lectins in targeting various diseases of worldwide concern such as HIV, hepatitis, herpes, influenza and ebola viruses has been discussed extensively. The review also lays emphasis on recent studies involving structural analysis of glycan-lectin interactions which in turn influence their mechanism of action. Altogether, the promising approach of these cyanobacterial lectins provides insight into their use as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sarup Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Amandeep Kaur Walia
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | | | - Davinder Pal Singh
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science & Technology Institute, Kyrewood House, Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire WR1 8SG, UK
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122
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Tambunan USF, Alkaff AH, Nasution MAF, Parikesit AA, Kerami D. Screening of commercial cyclic peptide conjugated to HIV-1 Tat peptide as inhibitor of N-terminal heptad repeat glycoprotein-2 ectodomain Ebola virus through in silico analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 74:366-378. [PMID: 28482272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) is a disease caused by viruses from genus Ebolavirus. Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) is the deadliest species which has 76% case fatality rate. Up until now, there is no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs to treat EHF. Antiviral drug based on EBOV N-terminal heptad repeat glycoprotein-2 (NHR GP2) Ectodomain inhibitor is one kind of treatment that has not well developed. NHR GP2 Ectodomain has an important role in the process of EBOV entry into the cell through endocytosis mechanism. In this study, we used in silico methods to investigate the activity of commercial cyclic peptide conjugated to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Trans-activator of the transcription (HIV-1 Tat) peptide as ligands which act as an inhibitor of EBOV NHR GP2 Ectodomain. The commercial cyclic peptides which we used in this study were obtained from the selected chemical companies. Conjugation of the commercial cyclic peptides to HIV-1 Tat peptide was done in order to accumulate it inside the endosome. The ligands which had the best inhibition properties were screened using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Prediction of pharmacological properties of the peptides was done to choose the best drug candidate. The result of screening processes shows that Ligand 023 has the highest potency as the drug lead. The ligand needs to undergo further analysis through in vitro, in vivo, and a clinical trial to ensure that this ligand has a therapeutic ability as an antiviral drug for Ebola virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Ahmad Husein Alkaff
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Arfin Fardiansyah Nasution
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Arli Aditya Parikesit
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Djati Kerami
- Mathematics Computation Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 1624, Indonesia
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123
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Liu Q, Fan C, Li Q, Zhou S, Huang W, Wang L, Sun C, Wang M, Wu X, Ma J, Li B, Xie L, Wang Y. Antibody-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity-inducing antibodies significantly affect the post-exposure treatment of Ebola virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45552. [PMID: 28358050 PMCID: PMC5372081 DOI: 10.1038/srep45552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an efficacious treatment for Ebola virus (EBOV) infections in animal models and humans. Understanding what constitutes a protective response is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. We generated an EBOV-glycoprotein-pseudotyped Human immunodeficiency virus to develop sensitive neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays as well as a bioluminescent-imaging-based mouse infection model that does not require biosafety level 4 containment. The in vivo treatment efficiencies of three novel anti-EBOV mAbs at 12 h post-infection correlated with their in vitro anti-EBOV ADCC activities, without neutralizing activity. When they were treated with these mAbs, natural killer cell (NK)-deficient mice had lower viral clearance than WT mice, indicating that the anti-EBOV mechanism of the ADCC activity of these mAbs is predominantly mediated by NK cells. One potent anti-EBOV mAb (M318) displayed unprecedented neutralizing and ADCC activities (neutralization IC50, 0.018 μg/ml; ADCC EC50, 0.095 μg/ml). These results have important implications for the efficacy of antiviral drugs and vaccines as well as for pathogenicity studies of EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuya Zhou
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | - Meng Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baowen Li
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
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124
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Chahal JS, Fang T, Woodham AW, Khan OF, Ling J, Anderson DG, Ploegh HL. An RNA nanoparticle vaccine against Zika virus elicits antibody and CD8+ T cell responses in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:252. [PMID: 28325910 PMCID: PMC5427874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas and South Pacific poses a significant burden on human health because of ZIKV's neurotropic effects in the course of fetal development. Vaccine candidates against ZIKV are coming online, but immunological tools to study anti-ZIKV responses in preclinical models, particularly T cell responses, remain sparse. We deployed RNA nanoparticle technology to create a vaccine candidate that elicited ZIKV E protein-specific IgG responses in C57BL/6 mice as assayed by ELISA. Using this tool, we identified a unique H-2Db-restricted epitope to which there was a CD8+ T cell response in mice immunized with our modified dendrimer-based RNA nanoparticle vaccine. These results demonstrate that this approach can be used to evaluate new candidate antigens and identify immune correlates without the use of live virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdave S Chahal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Tao Fang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Omar F Khan
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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125
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Dash R, Das R, Junaid M, Akash MFC, Islam A, Hosen SZ. In silico-based vaccine design against Ebola virus glycoprotein. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2017; 10:11-28. [PMID: 28356762 PMCID: PMC5367765 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is one of the lethal viruses, causing more than 24 epidemic outbreaks to date. Despite having available molecular knowledge of this virus, no definite vaccine or other remedial agents have been developed yet for the management and avoidance of EBOV infections in humans. Disclosing this, the present study described an epitope-based peptide vaccine against EBOV, using a combination of B-cell and T-cell epitope predictions, followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach. Here, protein sequences of all glycoproteins of EBOV were collected and examined via in silico methods to determine the most immunogenic protein. From the identified antigenic protein, the peptide region ranging from 186 to 220 and the sequence HKEGAFFLY from the positions of 154-162 were considered the most potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes, correspondingly. Moreover, this peptide (HKEGAFFLY) interacted with HLA-A*32:15 with the highest binding energy and stability, and also a good conservancy of 83.85% with maximum population coverage. The results imply that the designed epitopes could manifest vigorous enduring defensive immunity against EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Dash
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Laboratory (MMDDL), Pharmacology Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rasel Das
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Junaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ashekul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sm Zahid Hosen
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Laboratory (MMDDL), Pharmacology Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong, Bangladesh
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126
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Nieto-Gómez R, Angulo C. A Perspective on the Development of Plant-Made Vaccines in the Fight against Ebola Virus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:252. [PMID: 28344580 PMCID: PMC5344899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. The use of plants for the production of biopharmaceuticals is a concept being adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, with an enzyme for human use currently commercialized since 2012 and some plant-based vaccines close to being commercialized. Although plant-based antibodies against EBOV are under clinical evaluation, the development of plant-based vaccines against EBOV essentially remains an unexplored area. The current technologies for the production of plant-based vaccines include stable nuclear expression, transient expression mediated by viral vectors, and chloroplast expression. Specific perspectives on how these technologies can be applied for developing anti-EBOV vaccines are provided, including possibilities for the design of immunogens as well as the potential of the distinct expression modalities to produce the most relevant EBOV antigens in plants considering yields, posttranslational modifications, production time, and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. , La Paz, Baja California Sur , Mexico
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127
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Liang J, Jangra RK, Bollinger L, Wada J, Radoshitzky SR, Chandran K, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH, Jensen KS. Candidate medical countermeasures targeting Ebola virus cell entry. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Medical countermeasures (MCMs) against virus infections ideally prevent the adsorption or entry of virions into target cells, thereby circumventing infection. Recent significant advances in elucidating the mechanism of Ebola virus (EBOV) host-cell penetration include the involvement of two-pore channels at the early stage of entry, and identification of cellular proteases for EBOV spike glycoprotein maturation and the intracellular EBOV receptor, Niemann–Pick type C1. This improved understanding of the initial steps of EBOV infection is now increasingly applied to rapid development of candidate MCMs, some of which have already entered the clinic. Candidate MCMs discussed include antibodies, small molecules and peptides that target various stages of the described EBOV cell-entry pathway. In this review, we summarize the currently known spectrum of EBOV cell-entry inhibitors, describe their mechanism of action and evaluate their potential for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth S Jensen
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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128
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in immunopathogenesis of Ebola virus disease should be unraveled to provoke possible prophylactic or therapeutic implications of TLRs for EVD. Areas covered: The Ebola virus (EBOV) infection virtually paralyses all the main mechanisms responsible for induction of type I interferon (IFN-I) response. To summarize, EBOV infection interferes with: a) the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) pathway that is mediated by TLR3 and TLR4 signaling; b) the interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) pathway that is stimulated by TLR7 and TLR9; c) the intracellular signaling that is induced by retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs); and d) the autocrine/paracrine feedback loop that is mediated by the IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex. Upon infection with EBOV infection, TLR4 plays a key role in production of proinflammatory mediators. Expert opinion: It is theoretically possible that use of TLRs 3, 4, 7, and 9 agonists would be beneficial to improve the IFN-I response, despite their systemic side effects. Also, antagonist of TLR4 can be utilized to prevent production of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, it is highly recommended to design future investigations aimed at determining if the utilization of IFN-I would be beneficial for prophylactic/therapeutic programs of Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Sheffield , UK
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129
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Ríos-Huerta R, Monreal-Escalante E, Govea-Alonso DO, Angulo C, Rosales-Mendoza S. Expression of an immunogenic LTB-based chimeric protein targeting Zaire ebolavirus epitopes from GP1 in plant cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:355-365. [PMID: 27942840 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE An antigenic protein targeting two epitopes from the Zaire ebolavirus GP1 protein was expressed in plant cells rendering an antigen capable of inducing humoral responses in mouse when administered subcutaneously or orally. The 2014 Ebola outbreak made clear that new treatments and prophylactic strategies to fight this disease are needed. Since vaccination is an intervention that could achieve the control of this epidemic disease, exploring the production of new low-cost vaccines is a key path to consider; especially in developing countries. In this context, plants are attractive organisms for the synthesis and delivery of subunit vaccines. This study aimed at producing a chimeric protein named LTB-EBOV, based on the B subunit of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as an immunogenic carrier and two epitopes from the Zaire ebolavirus GP1 protein recognized by neutralizing antibodies. The LTB-EBOV protein was expressed in plant tissues at levels up to 14.7 µg/g fresh leaf tissue and proven to be immunogenic in BALB/c mice when administered by either subcutaneous or oral routes. Importantly, IgA and IgG responses were induced following the oral immunization. The potential use of the plant-made LTB-EBOV protein against EBOV is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ríos-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología [Academic stay at UASLP], Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC., Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.
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130
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González-González E, Alvarez MM, Márquez-Ipiña AR, Santiago GTD, Rodríguez-Martínez LM, Annabi N, Khademhosseini A. Anti-Ebola therapies based on monoclonal antibodies: current state and challenges ahead. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:53-68. [PMID: 26611830 PMCID: PMC5568563 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1114465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 2014 Ebola outbreak, the largest recorded, took us largely unprepared, with no available vaccine or specific treatment. In this context, the World Health Organization declared that the humanitarian use of experimental therapies against Ebola Virus (EBOV) is ethical. In particular, an experimental treatment consisting of a cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced in tobacco plants and specifically directed to the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) was tested in humans, apparently with good results. Several mAbs with high affinity to the GP have been described. This review discusses our current knowledge on this topic. Particular emphasis is devoted to those mAbs that have been assayed in animal models or humans as possible therapies against Ebola. Engineering aspects and challenges for the production of anti-Ebola mAbs are also briefly discussed; current platforms for the design and production of full-length mAbs are cumbersome and costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E González-González
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - MM Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - AR Márquez-Ipiña
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - G Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - LM Rodríguez-Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - N Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - A Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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131
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Selective inhibition of Ebola entry with selective estrogen receptor modulators by disrupting the endolysosomal calcium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41226. [PMID: 28117364 PMCID: PMC5259750 DOI: 10.1038/srep41226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola crisis occurred in West-Africa highlights the urgency for its clinical treatments. Currently, no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics are available. Several FDA-approved drugs, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), possess selective anti-Ebola activities. However, the inhibitory mechanisms of these drugs remain elusive. By analyzing the structures of SERMs and their incidental biological activity (cholesterol accumulation), we hypothesized that this incidental biological activity induced by SERMs could be a plausible mechanism as to their inhibitory effects on Ebola infection. Herein, we demonstrated that the same dosages of SERMs which induced cholesterol accumulation also inhibited Ebola infection. SERMs reduced the cellular sphingosine and subsequently caused endolysosomal calcium accumulation, which in turn led to blocking the Ebola entry. Our study clarified the specific anti-Ebola mechanism of SERMs, even the cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs), this mechanism led to the endolysosomal calcium as a critical target for development of anti-Ebola drugs.
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132
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Adlam F. Welcome to Volume 12 of the journal Future Virology. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Adlam
- FutureScience Group, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, London N3 1QB, UK
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133
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Davey RA, Shtanko O, Anantpadma M, Sakurai Y, Chandran K, Maury W. Mechanisms of Filovirus Entry. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:323-352. [PMID: 28601947 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Filovirus entry into cells is complex, perhaps as complex as any viral entry mechanism identified to date. However, over the past 10 years, the important events required for filoviruses to enter into the endosomal compartment and fuse with vesicular membranes have been elucidated (Fig. 1). Here, we highlight the important steps that are required for productive entry of filoviruses into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - O Shtanko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - K Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - W Maury
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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134
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Abstract
Out of the five members of the Ebolavirus family, four cause life-threatening disease, whereas the fifth, Reston virus (RESTV), is nonpathogenic in humans. Out of the five members of the Ebolavirus family, four cause life-threatening disease, whereas the fifth, Reston virus (RESTV), is nonpathogenic in humans. The reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear. In this review, we analyze the currently available information to provide a state-of-the-art summary of the factors that determine the human pathogenicity of Ebolaviruses. RESTV causes sporadic infections in cynomolgus monkeys and is found in domestic pigs throughout the Philippines and China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that RESTV is most closely related to the Sudan virus, which causes a high mortality rate in humans. Amino acid sequence differences between RESTV and the other Ebolaviruses are found in all nine Ebolavirus proteins, though no one residue appears sufficient to confer pathogenicity. Changes in the glycoprotein contribute to differences in Ebolavirus pathogenicity but are not sufficient to confer pathogenicity on their own. Similarly, differences in VP24 and VP35 affect viral immune evasion and are associated with changes in human pathogenicity. A recent in silico analysis systematically determined the functional consequences of sequence variations between RESTV and human-pathogenic Ebolaviruses. Multiple positions in VP24 were differently conserved between RESTV and the other Ebolaviruses and may alter human pathogenicity. In conclusion, the factors that determine the pathogenicity of Ebolaviruses in humans remain insufficiently understood. An improved understanding of these pathogenicity-determining factors is of crucial importance for disease prevention and for the early detection of emergent and potentially human-pathogenic RESTVs.
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135
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Zai J, Yi Y, Xia H, Zhang B, Yuan Z. A new strategy for full-length Ebola virus glycoprotein expression in E.coli. Virol Sin 2016; 31:500-508. [PMID: 28000060 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with high rates of fatality. Glycoprotein (GP) is the only envelope protein of EBOV, which may play a critical role in virus attachment and entry as well as stimulating host protective immune responses. However, the lack of expression of full-length GP in Escherichia coli hinders the further study of its function in viral pathogenesis. In this study, the vp40 gene was fused to the full-length gp gene and cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector. We showed that the VP40-GP and GP-VP40 fusion proteins could be expressed in E.coli at 16 °C. In addition, it was shown that the position of vp40 in the fusion proteins affected the yields of the fusion proteins, with a higher level of production of the fusion protein when vp40 was upstream of gp compared to when it was downstream. The results provide a strategy for the expression of a large quantity of EBOV full-length GP, which is of importance for further analyzing the relationship between the structure and function of GP and developing an antibody for the treatment of EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinhua Yi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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136
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Collar AL, Clarke EC, Anaya E, Merrill D, Yarborough S, Anthony SM, Kuhn JH, Merle C, Theisen M, Bradfute SB. Comparison of N- and O-linked glycosylation patterns of ebolavirus glycoproteins. Virology 2016; 502:39-47. [PMID: 27984785 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are emerging pathogens that cause severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fevers. Four distinct ebolaviruses are known to cause Ebola virus disease in humans. The ebolavirus envelope glycoprotein (GP1,2) is heavily glycosylated, but the precise glycosylation patterns of ebolaviruses are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that approximately 50 different N-glycan structures are present in GP1,2 derived from the four pathogenic ebolaviruses, including high mannose, hybrid, and bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary complex glycans with and without fucose and sialic acid. The overall N-glycan composition is similar between the different ebolavirus GP1,2s. In contrast, the amount and type of O-glycan structures varies widely between ebolavirus GP1,2s. Notably, this O-glycan dissimilarity is also present between two variants of Ebola virus, the original Yambuku variant and the Makona variant responsible for the most recent Western African epidemic. The data presented here should serve as the foundation for future ebolaviral entry and immunogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Collar
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Clarke
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eduardo Anaya
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Denise Merrill
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sarah Yarborough
- Undergraduate Pipeline Network, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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137
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Ning YJ, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. The roles of ebolavirus glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27853993 PMCID: PMC6791933 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are highly dangerous pathogens exhibiting extreme virulence in humans and nonhuman primates. The majority of ebolavirus species, most notably Zaire ebolavirus, can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, in humans. EVD is associated with case-fatality rates as high as 90%, and there is currently no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available against EVD. Understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of ebolaviruses is important for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Ebolavirus encodes several forms of glycoproteins (GPs), which have some interesting characteristics, including the transcriptional editing coding strategy and extensive O-glycosylation modification, clustered in the mucin-like domain of GP1, full-length GP (GP1,2), and shed GP. In addition to the canonical role of the spike protein, GP1,2, in viral entry, ebolavirus GPs appear to have multiple additional functions, likely contributing to the complex pathogenesis of the virus. Here, we review the roles of ebolavirus GPs in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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138
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Pleet ML, Mathiesen A, DeMarino C, Akpamagbo YA, Barclay RA, Schwab A, Iordanskiy S, Sampey GC, Lepene B, Nekhai S, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1765. [PMID: 27872619 PMCID: PMC5098130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, ssRNA virus from the family Filoviridae capable of causing severe hemorrhagic fever with up to 80–90% mortality rates. The most recent outbreak of EBOV in West Africa starting in 2014 resulted in over 11,300 deaths; however, long-lasting persistence and recurrence in survivors has been documented, potentially leading to further transmission of the virus. We have previously shown that exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1, HTLV-1 and Rift Valley Fever virus are able to transfer viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to naïve recipient cells, resulting in an altered cellular activity. In the current manuscript, we examined the effect of Ebola structural proteins VP40, GP, NP and VLPs on recipient immune cells, as well as the effect of exosomes containing these proteins on naïve immune cells. We found that VP40-transfected cells packaged VP40 into exosomes, and that these exosomes were capable of inducing apoptosis in recipient immune cells. Additionally, we show that presence of VP40 within parental cells or in exosomes delivered to naïve cells could result in the regulation of RNAi machinery including Dicer, Drosha, and Ago 1, which may play a role in the induction of cell death in recipient immune cells. Exosome biogenesis was regulated by VP40 in transfected cells by increasing levels of ESCRT-II proteins EAP20 and EAP45, and exosomal marker proteins CD63 and Alix. VP40 was phosphorylated by Cdk2/Cyclin complexes at Serine 233 which could be reversed with r-Roscovitine treatment. The level of VP40-containing exosomes could also be regulated by treated cells with FDA-approved Oxytetracycline. Additionally, we utilized novel nanoparticles to safely capture VP40 and other viral proteins from Ebola VLPs spiked into human samples using SDS/reducing agents, thus minimizing the need for BSL-4 conditions for most downstream assays. Collectively, our data indicates that VP40 packaged into exosomes may be responsible for the deregulation and eventual destruction of the T-cell and myeloid arms of the immune system (bystander lymphocyte apoptosis), allowing the virus to replicate to high titers in the immunocompromised host. Moreover, our results suggest that the use of drugs such as Oxytetracycline to modulate the levels of exosomes exiting EBOV-infected cells may be able to prevent the devastation of the adaptive immune system and allow for an improved rate of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Allison Mathiesen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk VA, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Yao A Akpamagbo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Angela Schwab
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gavin C Sampey
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, ManassasVA, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | | | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - M J Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg MD, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas VA, USA
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139
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Abstract
The recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa has led to more than 11,000 deaths, with a peak in mortality from August through December of 2014. A meeting convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in September 2014, concluded that an urgent unmet need exists for efficacy and safety testing of the Ebola virus vaccine candidates and that clinical trials should be expedited. These vaccines could be used both in an outbreak setting and to provide long-term protection in populations at risk of sporadic outbreaks. A number of vaccines have been evaluated in phase 1 trials, but the two most advanced first-generation Ebola vaccine candidates are the live replicating vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) and the replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3). This review focuses on these two vaccines in clinical development and discusses the future opportunities and challenges faced in the licensure and deployment of Ebola virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pavot
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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140
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Li X, Zai J, Liu H, Feng Y, Li F, Wei J, Zou S, Yuan Z, Shao Y. The 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa highlights no evidence of rapid evolution or adaptation to humans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35822. [PMID: 27767073 PMCID: PMC5073338 DOI: 10.1038/srep35822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following its immergence in December 2013, the recent Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa has spread and persisted for more than two years, making it the largest EBOV epidemic in both scale and geographical region to date. In this study, a total of 726 glycoprotein (GP) gene sequences of the EBOV full-length genome obtained from West Africa from the 2014 outbreak, combined with 30 from earlier outbreaks between 1976 and 2008 were used to investigate the genetic divergence, evolutionary history, population dynamics, and selection pressure of EBOV among distinct epidemic waves. Results from our dataset showed that no non-synonymous substitutions occurred on the GP gene coding sequences of EBOV that were likely to have affected protein structure or function in any way. Furthermore, the significantly different dN/dS ratios observed between the 2014 West African outbreak and earlier outbreaks were more likely due to the confounding presence of segregating polymorphisms. Our results highlight no robust evidence that the 2014 EBOV outbreak is fast-evolving and adapting to humans. Therefore, the unprecedented nature of the 2014 EBOV outbreak might be more likely related to non-virological elements, such as environmental and sociological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Zai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sen Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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141
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Filovirus proteins for antiviral drug discovery: A structure/function analysis of surface glycoproteins and virus entry. Antiviral Res 2016; 135:1-14. [PMID: 27640102 PMCID: PMC7113884 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent progress in our understanding of filovirus protein structure/function and its impact on antiviral research. Here we focus on the surface glycoprotein GP1,2 and its different roles in filovirus entry. We first describe the latest advances on the characterization of GP gene-overlapping proteins sGP, ssGP and Δ-peptide. Then, we compare filovirus surface GP1,2 proteins in terms of structure, synthesis and function. As they bear potential in drug-design, the discovery of small organic compounds inhibiting filovirus entry is a currently very active field. Although it is at an early stage, the development of antiviral drugs against Ebola and Marburg virus entry might prove essential to reduce outbreak-associated fatality rates through post-exposure treatment of both suspected and confirmed cases. The filovirus surface glycoprotein is the key player protein responsible for viral entry. Secreted forms of the glycoprotein have been suggested to participate to filovirus virus pathogenicity. Recent structural insights of the filovirus surface glycoprotein highlight new antiviral perspectives. Interesting compounds and innovative antiviral strategies emerge from research and development to inhibit filovirus entry.
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142
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Structures of Ebola virus GP and sGP in complex with therapeutic antibodies. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16128. [PMID: 27562261 PMCID: PMC5003320 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) GP gene encodes two glycoproteins. The major product is a soluble, dimeric glycoprotein termed sGP that is secreted abundantly. Despite the abundance of sGP during infection, little is known regarding its structure or functional role. A minor product, resulting from transcriptional editing, is the transmembrane-anchored, trimeric viral surface glycoprotein termed GP. GP mediates attachment to and entry into host cells, and is the intended target of antibody therapeutics. Because large portions of sequence are shared between GP and sGP, it has been hypothesized that sGP may potentially subvert the immune response or may contribute to pathogenicity. In this study, we present cryo-EM structures of GP and sGP in complex with GP-specific and GP/sGP cross-reactive antibodies undergoing human clinical trials. The structure of the sGP dimer presented here, in complex with both an sGP-specific antibody and a GP/sGP cross-reactive antibody, permits us to unambiguously assign the oligomeric arrangement of sGP and compare its structure and epitope presentation to those of GP. Further, we provide biophysical evaluation of naturally occurring GP/sGP mutations that fall within the footprints identified by our high-resolution structures. Taken together, our data provide a detailed and more complete picture of the accessible Ebolavirus glycoprotein landscape and a structural basis to evaluate patient and vaccine antibody responses toward differently structured products of the GP gene.
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143
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Brown CJ, Quates CJ, Mirabzadeh CA, Miller CR, Wichman HA, Miura TA, Ytreberg FM. New Perspectives on Ebola Virus Evolution. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160410. [PMID: 27479005 PMCID: PMC4968807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the recent devastating outbreak of Ebola virus disease in western Africa, there has been significant effort to understand the evolution of the deadly virus that caused the outbreak. There has been a considerable investment in sequencing Ebola virus (EBOV) isolates, and the results paint an important picture of how the virus has spread in western Africa. EBOV evolution cannot be understood outside the context of previous outbreaks, however. We have focused this study on the evolution of the EBOV glycoprotein gene (GP) because one of its products, the spike glycoprotein (GP1,2), is central to the host immune response and because it contains a large amount of the phylogenetic signal for this virus. We inferred the maximum likelihood phylogeny of 96 nonredundant GP gene sequences representing each of the outbreaks since 1976 up to the end of 2014. We tested for positive selection and considered the placement of adaptive amino acid substitutions along the phylogeny and within the protein structure of GP1,2. We conclude that: 1) the common practice of rooting the phylogeny of EBOV between the first known outbreak in 1976 and the next outbreak in 1995 provides a misleading view of EBOV evolution that ignores the fact that there is a non-human EBOV host between outbreaks; 2) the N-terminus of GP1 may be constrained from evolving in response to the host immune system by the highly expressed, secreted glycoprotein, which is encoded by the same region of the GP gene; 3) although the mucin-like domain of GP1 is essential for EBOV in vivo, it evolves rapidly without losing its twin functions: providing O-linked glycosylation sites and a flexible surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste J Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Caleb J Quates
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Mirabzadeh
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Craig R Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Holly A Wichman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tanya A Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - F Marty Ytreberg
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.,Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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144
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Analysis of Ebola virus polymerase domains to find strain-specific differences and to gain insight on their pathogenicity. Virusdisease 2016; 27:242-250. [PMID: 28466035 PMCID: PMC5394698 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus, a member of the family Filoviridae has caused immense morbidity and mortality in recent times, especially in West Africa. The infection characterized by chills, fever, diarrhea, and myalgia can progress to hemorrhage and death. Hence, it is a high priority area to better understand its biology in order to expedite vaccine development pipelines. In this regard, this study analyzes the domains in RNA polymerase of fifteen publicly-available Ebola isolates belonging to three strains (Zaire, Sudan and Reston). The protein FASTA sequences of the isolates belonging Zaire, Sudan and Reston strains were extracted from UniProt database and submitted to the interactive web tool SMART for the polymerase domain profiles. Subsequent in silico investigation furnished interesting results that sure can contribute to the understanding of Ebola pathogenesis. The key findings and patterns have been presented, and based on them hypotheses have been formulated for further empirical validation.
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145
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Wang H, Shi Y, Song J, Qi J, Lu G, Yan J, Gao GF. Ebola Viral Glycoprotein Bound to Its Endosomal Receptor Niemann-Pick C1. Cell 2016; 164:258-268. [PMID: 26771495 PMCID: PMC7111281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg, cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and primates. Understanding how these viruses enter host cells could help to develop effective therapeutics. An endosomal protein, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), has been identified as a necessary entry receptor for this process, and priming of the viral glycoprotein (GP) to a fusion-competent state is a prerequisite for NPC1 binding. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of the primed GP (GPcl) of Ebola virus bound to domain C of NPC1 (NPC1-C) at a resolution of 2.3 Å. NPC1-C utilizes two protruding loops to engage a hydrophobic cavity on head of GPcl. Upon enzymatic cleavage and NPC1-C binding, conformational change in the GPcl further affects the state of the internal fusion loop, triggering membrane fusion. Our data therefore provide structural insights into filovirus entry in the late endosome and the molecular basis for design of therapeutic inhibitors of viral entry. Structural basis of Ebola virus endosomal-receptor binding NPC1 domain C (NPC1-C) displays a helical core structure with two protruding loops NPC1-C binds to the primed Ebola virus GP (GPcl) protein with a low affinity NPC1-C utilizes two protruding loops to engage a hydrophobic cavity on head of GPcl
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiology and Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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146
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Both Epistasis and Diversifying Selection Drive the Structural Evolution of the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Mucin-Like Domain. J Virol 2016; 90:5475-5484. [PMID: 27009964 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00322-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Throughout the last 3 decades, Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks have been confined to isolated areas within Central Africa; however, the 2014 variant reached unprecedented transmission and mortality rates. While the outbreak was still under way, it was reported that the variant leading up to this outbreak evolved faster than previous EBOV variants, but evidence for diversifying selection was undetermined. Here, we test this selection hypothesis and show that while previous EBOV outbreaks were preceded by bursts of diversification, evidence for site-specific diversifying selection during the emergence of the 2014 EBOV clade is weak. However, we show strong evidence supporting an interplay between selection and correlated evolution (epistasis), particularly in the mucin-like domain (MLD) of the EBOV glycoprotein. By reconstructing ancestral structures of the MLD, we further propose a structural mechanism explaining how the substitutions that accumulated between 1918 and 1969 distorted the MLD, while more recent epistatic substitutions restored part of the structure, with the most recent substitution being adaptive. We suggest that it is this complex interplay between weak selection, epistasis, and structural constraints that has shaped the evolution of the 2014 EBOV variant. IMPORTANCE The role that selection plays in the emergence of viral epidemics remains debated, particularly in the context of the 2014 EBOV outbreak. Most critically, should such evidence exist, it is generally unclear how this relates to function and increased virulence. Here, we show that the viral lineage leading up to the 2014 outbreak underwent a complex interplay between selection and correlated evolution (epistasis) in a protein region that is critical for immune evasion. We then reconstructed the three-dimensional structure of this domain and showed that the initial mutations in this lineage deformed the structure, while subsequent mutations restored part of the structure. Along this mutational path, the first and last mutations were adaptive, while the intervening ones were epistatic. Altogether, we provide a mechanistic model that explains how selection and epistasis acted on the structural constraints that materialized during the 2014 EBOV outbreak.
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147
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Duy J, Koehler JW, Honko AN, Schoepp RJ, Wauquier N, Gonzalez JP, Pitt ML, Mucker EM, Johnson JC, O’Hearn A, Bangura J, Coomber M, Minogue TD. Circulating microRNA profiles of Ebola virus infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24496. [PMID: 27098369 PMCID: PMC4838880 DOI: 10.1038/srep24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is essential to halting transmission and adjudicating appropriate treatment. However, current methods rely on viral identification, and this approach can misdiagnose presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. In contrast, disease-driven alterations in the host transcriptome can be exploited for pathogen-specific diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we present for the first time EBOV-induced changes in circulating miRNA populations of nonhuman primates (NHPs) and humans. We retrospectively profiled longitudinally-collected plasma samples from rhesus macaques challenged via intramuscular and aerosol routes and found 36 miRNAs differentially present in both groups. Comparison of miRNA abundances to viral loads uncovered 15 highly correlated miRNAs common to EBOV-infected NHPs and humans. As proof of principle, we developed an eight-miRNA classifier that correctly categorized infection status in 64/74 (86%) human and NHP samples. The classifier identified acute infections in 27/29 (93.1%) samples and in 6/12 (50%) presymptomatic NHPs. These findings showed applicability of NHP-derived miRNAs to a human cohort, and with additional research the resulting classifiers could impact the current capability to diagnose presymptomatic and asymptomatic EBOV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Duy
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Randal J. Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - M. Louise Pitt
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eric M. Mucker
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Aileen O’Hearn
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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148
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Furuyama W, Marzi A, Nanbo A, Haddock E, Maruyama J, Miyamoto H, Igarashi M, Yoshida R, Noyori O, Feldmann H, Takada A. Discovery of an antibody for pan-ebolavirus therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20514. [PMID: 26861827 PMCID: PMC4748290 DOI: 10.1038/srep20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the latest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, monoclonal antibody therapy (e.g., ZMapp) was utilized to treat patients. However, due to the antigenic differences among the five ebolavirus species, the current therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are only effective against viruses of the species Zaire ebolavirus. Although this particular species has indeed caused the majority of human infections in Central and, recently, West Africa, other ebolavirus species (e.g., Sudan ebolavirus and Bundibugyo ebolavirus) have also repeatedly caused outbreaks in Central Africa and thus should not be neglected in the development of countermeasures against ebolaviruses. Here we report the generation of an ebolavirus glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody that effectively inhibits cellular entry of representative isolates of all known ebolavirus species in vitro and show its protective efficacy in mouse models of ebolavirus infections. This novel neutralizing monoclonal antibody targets a highly conserved internal fusion loop in the glycoprotein molecule and prevents membrane fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. The discovery of this highly cross-neutralizing antibody provides a promising option for broad-acting ebolavirus antibody therapy and will accelerate the design of improved vaccines that can selectively elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies against multiple species of ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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149
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Frei JC, Nyakatura EK, Zak SE, Bakken RR, Chandran K, Dye JM, Lai JR. Bispecific Antibody Affords Complete Post-Exposure Protection of Mice from Both Ebola (Zaire) and Sudan Viruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19193. [PMID: 26758505 PMCID: PMC4725817 DOI: 10.1038/srep19193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg) cause severe hemorrhagic fever. There are five species of ebolavirus; among these, the Ebola (Zaire) and Sudan viruses (EBOV and SUDV, respectively) are highly pathogenic and have both caused recurring, large outbreaks. However, the EBOV and SUDV glycoprotein (GP) sequences are 45% divergent and thus antigenically distinct. Few antibodies with cross-neutralizing properties have been described to date. We used antibody engineering to develop novel bispecific antibodies (Bis-mAbs) that are cross-reactive toward base epitopes on GP from EBOV and SUDV. These Bis-mAbs exhibit potent neutralization against EBOV and SUDV GP pseudotyped viruses as well as authentic pathogens, and confer a high degree (in one case 100%) post-exposure protection of mice from both viruses. Our studies show that a single agent that targets the GP base epitopes is sufficient for protection in mice; such agents could be included in panfilovirus therapeutic antibody cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Samantha E Zak
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Russell R Bakken
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461
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150
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Abstract
The past year has marked the most devastating Ebola outbreak the world has ever witnessed, with over 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths. Ebola virus (EBOV) has now been around for almost 50 years. In this review, we discuss past and present outbreaks of EBOV and how those variants evolved over time. We explore and discuss selective pressures that drive the evolution of different Ebola variants, and how they may modify the efficacy of therapeutic treatments and vaccines currently being developed. Finally, given the unprecedented size and spread of the outbreak, as well as the extended period of replication in human hosts, specific attention is given to the 2014-2015 West African outbreak variant (Makona).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derek Stein
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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