101
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Jones HB, Bigley AL, Pemberton J, Randall KJ. Quantitative histopathological assessment of retardation of islets of langerhans degeneration in rosiglitazone-dosed obese ZDF rats using combined insulin and collagens (I and III) immunohistochemistry with automated image analysis and statistical modeling. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:425-44. [PMID: 23047688 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312460923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans represent a heterogeneous population in insulin resistant and diabetic animals and humans as histological appearances and function vary substantially. Mathematical representation that reflects this morphological diversity will assist in assessment of degeneration and regeneration, enabling comparisons between species, strains, and experimental investigations. Our investigative approach used a model of islet degeneration in diabetic male obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and evaluated its prevention using rosiglitazone treatment. Immunohistochemical staining (insulin and collagens I/III) with automated image analysis reliably measured numbers, area, clustering, and staining intensity of β-cells and degree of islet fibrosis. Finite mixture mathematical modeling for the joint probability distribution of seven islet parameters to represent islet numerical data variation provided an automatic procedure for islet category allocations as normal or abnormal. Allocations for obese ZDF controls and rosiglitazone-treated animals were significantly different, with no significant difference between the latter and lean ZDF controls, indicative of differences within islet populations of individual animals, between lean and obese rat strains and following drug treatment. Islet morphology showed clear association with mathematical characterization. Information on islet morphology obtained by histopathological assessment of single pancreatic tissue sections was confirmed by this method showing drug-induced retardation of islet of Langerhans degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw B Jones
- Pathology Group, Global Safety Assessment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
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102
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Abstract
β-Cell dysfunction is a critical component in the development of type 2 diabetes. Whilst both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of the disease, relatively little is known about the molecular network that is responsible for diet-induced functional changes in pancreatic β-cells. Recent genome-wide association studies for diabetes-related traits have generated a large number of candidate genes that constitute possible links between dietary factors and the genetic susceptibility for β-cell failure. Here, we summarize recent approaches for identifying nutritionally regulated transcripts in islets on a genome-wide scale. Polygenic mouse models for type 2 diabetes have been instrumental for investigating the mechanism of diet-induced β-cell dysfunction. Enhanced oxidative metabolism, triggered by a combination of dietary carbohydrates and fat, appears to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of diet-induced impairment of islets. More systematic studies of gene-diet interactions in β-cells of rodent models in combination with genetic profiling might reveal the regulatory circuits fundamental for the understanding of diet-induced impairments of β-cell function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chadt
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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103
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Effect of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on recovery of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in adult male albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000418062.59636.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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104
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Li N, Gao JQ, Sun H, Chen S. Sustained Delivery of IL-1Ra from Pluronic F127-Based Thermosensitive Gel Prolongs its Therapeutic Potentials. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3475-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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105
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Hull RL, Johnson PY, Braun KR, Day AJ, Wight TN. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan binding proteins are normal components of mouse pancreatic islets and are differentially expressed by islet endocrine cell types. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:749-60. [PMID: 22821669 PMCID: PMC3524560 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412457048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic islet comprises endocrine, vascular, and neuronal cells. Signaling among these cell types is critical for islet function. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key regulator of cell-cell signals, and while some islet ECM components have been identified, much remains unknown regarding its composition. We investigated whether hyaluronan, a common ECM component that may mediate inflammatory events, and molecules that bind hyaluronan such as versican, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), and components of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI), heavy chains 1 and 2 (ITIH1/ITIH2), and bikunin, are normally produced in the pancreatic islet. Mouse pancreata and isolated islets were obtained for microscopy (with both paraformaldehyde and Carnoy's fixation) and mRNA. Hyaluronan was present predominantly in the peri-islet ECM, and hyaluronan synthase isoforms 1 and 3 were also expressed in islets. Versican was produced in α cells; TSG-6 in α and β cells; bikunin in α, β, and δ cells; and ITIH1/ITIH2 predominantly in β cells. Our findings demonstrate that hyaluronan, versican, TSG-6, and IαI are normal islet components and that different islet endocrine cell types contribute these ECM components. Thus, dysfunction of either α or β cells likely alters islet ECM composition and could thereby further disrupt islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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106
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Inaba W, Mizukami H, Kamata K, Takahashi K, Tsuboi K, Yagihashi S. Effects of long-term treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin on islet endocrine cells in non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:297-306. [PMID: 22820107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reduced β cell mass is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes and incretin therapy is expected to prevent this condition. However, it is unknown whether dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors influence β and α cell mass in animal models of diabetes that can be translated to humans. Therefore, we examined the long-term effects of treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin on islet morphology in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a spontaneous, non-obese model of type 2 diabetes, and explored the underlying mechanisms. Four-week-old GK rats were orally administered with vildagliptin (15 mg/kg) twice daily for 18 weeks. Glucose tolerance was monitored during the study. After 18 weeks, β and α cell morphology and the expression of molecules involved in cell proliferation and cell death were examined by immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis. We found that vildagliptin improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, and suppressed hyperglucagonemia by increasing plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. β cell mass was reduced in GK rats to 40% of that in Wistar rats, but was restored to 80% by vildagliptin. Vildagliptin enhanced β and α cell proliferation, and increased the number of small neogenetic islets. Vildagliptin also reduced the number of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine-positive cells and forkhead box protein O1 expression, inhibited macrophage infiltration, and enhanced S6 ribosomal protein, molecule of target of rapamycin, and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 expression. These results indicate that starting vildagliptin treatment from an early age improved glucose tolerance and preserved islet β cell mass in GK rats by facilitating the proliferation of islet endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Inaba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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107
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Chen G, Bentley A, Adeyemo A, Shriner D, Zhou J, Doumatey A, Huang H, Ramos E, Erdos M, Gerry N, Herbert A, Christman M, Rotimi C. Genome-wide association study identifies novel loci association with fasting insulin and insulin resistance in African Americans. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4530-6. [PMID: 22791750 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a key determinant of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic disorders. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) was designed to shed light on the genetic basis of fasting insulin (FI) and IR in 927 non-diabetic African Americans. 5 396 838 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for associations with FI or IR with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension status and first two principal components. Genotyped SNPs (n = 12) with P < 5 × 10(-6) in African Americans were carried forward for de novo genotyping in 570 non-diabetic West Africans. We replicated SNPs in or near SC4MOL and TCERG1L in West Africans. The meta-analysis of 1497 African Americans and West Africans yielded genome-wide significant associations for SNPs in the SC4MOL gene: rs17046216 (P = 1.7 × 10(-8) and 2.9 × 10(-8) for FI and IR, respectively); and near the TCERG1L gene with rs7077836 as the top scoring (P = 7.5 × 10(-9) and 4.9 × 10(-10) for FI and IR, respectively). In silico replication in the MAGIC study (n = 37 037) showed weak but significant association (adjusted P-value of 0.0097) for rs34602777 in the MYO5A gene. In addition, we replicated previous GWAS findings for IR and FI in Europeans for GCKR, and for variants in four T2D loci (FTO, IRS1, KLF14 and PPARG) which exert their action via IR. In summary, variants in/near SC4MOL, and TCERG1L were associated with FI and IR in this cohort of African Americans and were replicated in West Africans. SC4MOL is under-expressed in an animal model of T2D and plays a key role in lipid biosynthesis, with implications for the regulation of energy metabolism, obesity and dyslipidemia. TCERG1L is associated with plasma adiponectin, a key modulator of obesity, inflammation, IR and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8004, USA.
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108
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Green AS, Chen X, Macko AR, Anderson MJ, Kelly AC, Hart NJ, Lynch RM, Limesand SW. Chronic pulsatile hyperglycemia reduces insulin secretion and increases accumulation of reactive oxygen species in fetal sheep islets. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:327-42. [PMID: 22182602 PMCID: PMC3516619 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Children from diabetic pregnancies have a greater incidence of type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to determine if exposure to mild-moderate hyperglycemia, by modeling managed diabetic pregnancies, affects fetal β-cell function. In sheep fetuses, β-cell responsiveness was examined after 2 weeks of sustained hyperglycemia with 3 pulses/day, mimicking postprandial excursions, and compared to saline-infused controls (n = 10). Two pulsatile hyperglycemia (PHG) treatments were studied: mild (mPHG, n = 5) with +15% sustained and +55% pulse; and moderate (PHG, n = 10) with +20% sustained and +100% pulse. Fetal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose-potentiated arginine insulin secretion were lower (P < 0.05) in PHG (0.86 ± 0.13 and 2.91 ± 0.39 ng/ml plasma insulin) but not in mPHG fetuses (1.21 ± 0.08 and 4.25 ± 0.56 ng/ml) compared to controls (1.58 ± 0.25 and 4.51 ± 0.56 ng/ml). Islet insulin content was 35% lower in PHG and 35% higher in mPHG vs controls (P < 0.01). Insulin secretion and maximally stimulated insulin release were also reduced (P < 0.05) in PHG islets due to lower islet insulin content. Isolated PHG islets also had 63% greater (P < 0.01) reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation at 11.1 mmol/l glucose than controls (P < 0.01), but oxidative damage was not detected in islet proteins. PHG fetuses showed evidence of oxidative damage to skeletal muscle proteins (P < 0.05) but not insulin resistance. Our findings show that PHG induced dysregulation of islet ROS handling and decreased islet insulin content, but these outcomes are independent. The β-cell outcomes were dependent on the severity of hyperglycemia because mPHG fetuses had no distinguishable impairments in ROS handling or insulin secretion but greater insulin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S. Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Antoni R. Macko
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | | | - Amy C. Kelly
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Nathaniel J. Hart
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Ronald M. Lynch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
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109
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Saito R, Yamada S, Yamamoto Y, Kodera T, Hara A, Tanaka Y, Kimura F, Takei I, Umezawa K, Kojima I. Conophylline suppresses pancreatic stellate cells and improves islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Endocrinology 2012; 153:621-30. [PMID: 22202163 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activin A is a differentiation factor for β-cells and is effective to promote β-cell neogenesis. Activin A is also an autocrine activator of pancreatic stellate cells, which play a critical role in fibrogenesis of the pancreas. Conophylline (CnP) is a natural compound, which reproduces the effect of activin on β-cell differentiation and promotes β-cell neogenesis when administered in vivo. However, its effect on stellate cells is not known. We therefore investigated the effect of CnP on stellate cells both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike activin A, CnP inhibited activation of cultured stellate cells and reduced the production of collagen. We then analyzed the involvement of stellate cells in islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In pancreatic sections obtained from 6-wk-old GK rats, CD68-positive macrophages and glial fibrillary acidic protein- and α-smooth muscle actin-positive stellate cells infiltrated into islets. Later, the number of macrophages was increased, and the α-smooth muscle actin staining of stellate cells became stronger, indicating the involvement of stellate cells in islet fibrosis in GK rats. When CnP was administered orally for 4 wk, starting from 6 wk of age, invasion of stellate cells and macrophages was markedly reduced and islet fibrosis was significantly improved. The insulin content was twice as high in CnP-treated rats. These results indicate that CnP exerts antifibrotic actions both in vitro and in vivo and improves islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Saito
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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110
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Akash MSH, Shen Q, Rehman K, Chen S. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a new therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1647-58. [PMID: 22271340 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various complex mechanisms and their multifactorial pathways decisively provoke low-grade local and systemic inflammation in β-cells of pancreatic islets and peripheral tissues to induce β-cells' dysfunction and apoptosis, insulin resistance, and ultimately, overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Conventional antidiabetic agents are being less popular, as they have some potential adverse effects. Currently, many anti-inflammatory therapeutic modalities are being investigated to abate the infuriating effects of inducers of T2DM and among them, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is the only one that has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration. We have compared IL-1Ra with other anti-inflammatory agents and conventional antidiabetic agents. Although, IL-1Ra has broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory activities, it also has some limitations due to its short half-life. To overcome the problem of short half-life of IL-1Ra, recently, we fused IL-1Ra in recombinant human serum albumin and expressed it in Pichia pastoris. Its bioactivity was also checked by IL-1-induced A375.S2 apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we have also formulated IL-1Ra with Pluronic F-127-based thermosensitive gel and investigated its in vitro characteristics to prolong its therapeutic effects. Further studies are required to investigate its therapeutic effects against diabetes and diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
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111
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Calderari S, Chougnet C, Clemessy M, Kempf H, Corvol P, Larger E. Angiopoietin 2 alters pancreatic vascularization in diabetic conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29438. [PMID: 22272235 PMCID: PMC3260141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/hypothesis Islet vascularization, by controlling beta-cell mass expansion in response to increased insulin demand, is implicated in the progression to glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. We investigated how hyperglycaemia impairs expansion and differentiation of the growing pancreas. We have grafted xenogenic (avian) embryonic pancreas in severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mouse and analyzed endocrine and endothelial development in hyperglycaemic compared to normoglycaemic conditions. Methods 14 dpi chicken pancreases were grafted under the kidney capsule of normoglycaemic or hyperglycaemic, streptozotocin-induced, SCID mice and analyzed two weeks later. Vascularization was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using either in situ hybridization with both mouse- and chick-specific RNA probes for VEGFR2 or immunohistochemistry with an antibody to nestin, a marker of endothelial cells that is specific for murine cells. To inhibit angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), SCID mice were treated with 4 mg/kg IP L1–10 twice/week. Results In normoglycaemic condition, chicken-derived endocrine and exocrine cells developed well and intragraft vessels were lined with mouse endothelial cells. When pancreases were grafted in hyperglycaemic mice, growth and differentiation of the graft were altered and we observed endothelial discontinuities, large blood-filled spaces. Vessel density was decreased. These major vascular anomalies were associated with strong over-expression of chick-Ang2. To explore the possibility that Ang2 over-expression could be a key step in vascular disorganization induced by hyperglycaemia, we treated mice with L1–10, an Ang-2 specific inhibitor. Inhibition of Ang2 improved vascularization and beta-cell density. Conclusions This work highlighted an important role of Ang2 in pancreatic vascular defects induced by hyperglycaemia.
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112
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Riccillo FL, Bracamonte MI, Montenegro S, Martínez SM, Ronderos JR. Progressive histopathological changes and β-cell loss in the pancreas of a new spontaneous rat model of type 2 diabetes. Tissue Cell 2012; 44:101-10. [PMID: 22244242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The eSMT rat is a new spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes that develops a progressive diabetic syndrome with a stronger incidence in males than in females. We decide to investigate the progression of the pancreatic histopathological changes during the lifespan of the eSMT rat, especially those associated with islet cell populations. Besides that, some plasmatic parameters were evaluated in order to correlate them with the morphological findings. Male eSMT and Sprague-Dawley control rats were used. The results showed a dramatic decrease of the volume density (VD) of endocrine tissue in the eSMT rats without evidence of insulitis. Islets became fragmented structures with strong presence of interstitial fibrosis. Consequently, plasma insulin levels showed a significant decrease, while plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were increased. Normal rats showed no significant changes in the VD of endocrine tissue, except for the older animals, where the VD of β-cell population was increased. Early derangements observed in islets, together with the progressive decrease of endocrine tissue and the metabolic disorders described, would be responsible for an irreversible pathologic condition which avoids the animal survival beyond about 18 months of age. However, there is still a need to investigate the causes of endocrine tissue decrease and its possible association with an inflammatory process that it could be associated with the development and progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Riccillo
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, (FCNyM-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
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113
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Portha B, Giroix MH, Tourrel-Cuzin C, Le-Stunff H, Movassat J. The GK rat: a prototype for the study of non-overweight type 2 diabetes. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 933:125-59. [PMID: 22893405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-068-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with the metabolic demand because of β-cell secretory dysfunction and/or decreased β-cell mass. Defining the nature of the pancreatic islet defects present in T2D has been difficult, in part because human islets are inaccessible for direct study. This review is aimed to illustrate to what extent the Goto Kakizaki rat, one of the best characterized animal models of spontaneous T2D, has proved to be a valuable tool offering sufficient commonalities to study this aspect. A comprehensive compendium of the multiple functional GK abnormalities so far identified is proposed in this perspective, together with their time-course and interactions. A special focus is given toward the pathogenesis of defective β-cell number and function in the GK model. It is proposed that the development of T2D in the GK model results from the complex interaction of multiple events: (1) several susceptibility loci containing genes responsible for some diabetic traits; (2) gestational metabolic impairment inducing an epigenetic programming of the offspring pancreas and the major insulin target tissues; and (3) environmentally induced loss of β-cell differentiation due to chronic exposure to hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Portha
- Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS EAC 4413, Paris, France.
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114
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Lee E, Ryu GR, Ko SH, Ahn YB, Yoon KH, Ha H, Song KH. Antioxidant treatment may protect pancreatic beta cells through the attenuation of islet fibrosis in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:397-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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115
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Giroix MH, Irminger JC, Lacraz G, Noll C, Calderari S, Ehses JA, Coulaud J, Cornut M, Kassis N, Schmidlin F, Paul JL, Kergoat M, Janel N, Halban PA, Homo-Delarche F. Hypercholesterolaemia, signs of islet microangiopathy and altered angiogenesis precede onset of type 2 diabetes in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2451-62. [PMID: 21744291 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The adult non-obese Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model of type 2 diabetes, particularly females, carries in addition to hyperglycaemia a genetic predisposition towards dyslipidaemia, including hypercholesterolaemia. As cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis may be programmed in utero, we looked for signs of perinatal lipid alterations and islet microangiopathy. We hypothesise that such alterations contribute towards defective pancreas/islet vascularisation that might, in turn, lead to decreased beta cell mass. Accordingly, we also evaluated islet inflammation and endothelial activation in both prediabetic and diabetic animals. METHODS Blood, liver and pancreas were collected from embryonic day (E)21 fetuses, 7-day-old prediabetic neonates and 2.5-month-old diabetic GK rats and Wistar controls for analysis/quantification of: (1) systemic variables, particularly lipids; (2) cholesterol-linked hepatic enzyme mRNA expression and/or activity; (3) pancreas (fetuses) or collagenase-isolated islet (neonates/adults) gene expression using Oligo GEArray microarrays targeted at rat endothelium, cardiovascular disease biomarkers and angiogenesis, and/or RT-PCR; and (4) pancreas endothelial immunochemistry: nestin (fetuses) or von Willebrand factor (neonates). RESULTS Systemic and hepatic cholesterol anomalies already exist in GK fetuses and neonates. Hyperglycaemic GK fetuses exhibit a similar percentage decrease in total pancreas and islet vascularisation and beta cell mass. Normoglycaemic GK neonates show systemic inflammation, signs of islet pre-microangiopathy, disturbed angiogenesis, collapsed vascularisation and altered pancreas development. Concomitantly, GK neonates exhibit elevated defence mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest an autoinflammatory disease, triggered by in utero programming of cholesterol-induced islet microangiopathy interacting with chronic hyperglycaemia in GK rats. During the perinatal period, GK rats show also a marked deficient islet vascularisation in conjunction with decreased beta cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Giroix
- Laboratoire B2PE, Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative-EAC CNRS 4413, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lamarck, Case 7104, 5 rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.
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116
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Seaward AVC, Burke SD, Ramshaw H, Smith GN, Croy BA. Circulating CD56+ cells of diabetic women show deviated homing potential for specific tissues during and following pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1675-84. [PMID: 21489978 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, the dominant lymphocytes in early pregnancy decidua, are important for spiral arterial remodelling. uNK cells are thought to arise from circulating CD56(bright) NK cells that egress into decidualizing endometrium. Both incomplete spiral arterial modification and aberrant NK cell function have been linked with pre-eclampsia, a syndrome that is more prevalent in diabetic women. Since previous in vitro studies have shown that changes in decidual endothelium induced by type 1 diabetes (T1D) reduce its interactions with circulating leucocytes, we hypothesized that diabetes additionally has direct effects on circulating CD56(+) NK cells that impair their decidual homing potential. METHODS Serial blood samples were collected from control, T1D and T2D pregnant women throughout and after pregnancy. In vitro adhesion under shear forces was used to assay the functional capacity of circulating leucocytes and of CD56(+) cells to adhere to endothelium in cryostat sections of gestation day (gd) 7 normal mouse decidua, pancreas and lymph node. RESULTS Fewer CD56(+) cells from diabetic compared with control women adhered to normal decidual endothelium. The CD56(+) cell/total cell adhesion ratio was also lower in diabetics. More diabetic CD56(+) cells adhered to pancreatic endothelium and their proportion was greater than for controls. Neither absolute nor proportional adhesion of CD56(+) cells to lymph node endothelium differed between diabetics and controls. CONCLUSIONS The CD56(+) cell adhesion patterns of T1D and T2D women differ from those of non-diabetic women and support the hypothesis that diabetes impairs mechanisms that could be used by CD56(+) cells for egress into decidua.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V C Seaward
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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117
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Abstract
Interleukin-1β Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key regulator of the body's inflammatory response and is produced after infection, injury, and an antigenic challenge. Cloned in 1984, the single polypeptide IL-1β has been shown to exert numerous biological effects. It plays a role in various diseases, including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and Type 1 diabetes, as well as in diseases associated with metabolic syndrome such as atherosclerosis, chronic heart failure, and Type 2 diabetes. The macrophage is the primary source of IL-1β, but epidermal, epithelial, lymphoid, and vascular tissues also synthesize IL-1. Recently, IL-1β production and secretion have also been reported from pancreatic islets. Insulin-producing β-cells β-cells within the pancreatic islets are specifically prone to IL-β-induced destruction and loss of function. Macrophage-derived IL-1β production in insulin-sensitive organs leads to the progression of inflammation inflammation and induction of insulin resistance in obesity. This chapter explains the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response during diabetes progression with specific attention to the IL-1β signal effects influencing insulin action and insulin secretion insulin secretion . We highlight recent clinical studies, rodent and in vitro experiments with isolated islets using IL-1β as a potential target for the therapy of Type 2 diabetes.
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Abstract
The role of aging in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes remains poorly understood. In the past adult β-cells were assumed to undergo frequent turnover. However, we find that β-cell turnover declines to very low levels in middle-aged mice. We therefore hypothesized that aged islets could exhibit a distinct gene expression program. We compared gene expression in islets from young mice to islets from aged mice under basal conditions. Aging was associated with differential expression of many genes in islets, including mRNAs encoding for chromatin remodeling components, RNA binding proteins, and pancreatic endocrine transcription factors. We previously observed that cell cycle entry of β-cells is severely restricted by middle age, with minimal of β-cell proliferation in response to regenerative stimuli such as 50% partial pancreatectomy. To characterize the effect of age in adaptive β-cell proliferation, we measured gene expression in islets from young mice after pancreatectomy. As expected, partial pancreatectomy induced differential expression of many genes, including those encoding Reg (regenerating) proteins. Surprisingly, partial pancreatectomy also induced expression of Reg genes in islets from aged mice, which have greatly reduced capacity for adaptive β-cell proliferation. However, there was little overlap (besides the Reg genes) in between the partial pancreatectomy induced islet genes in young mice versus old mice. Thus, partial pancreatectomy does not induce the same gene expression program in young mice vs old mice. Taken together, our results reveal that aged islets exhibit a unique gene expression signature that could contribute to the limited regenerative capacity of mature β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Rankin
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
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119
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Eberhard D, Kragl M, Lammert E. 'Giving and taking': endothelial and beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:457-63. [PMID: 20359908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans are embedded in a dense capillary network. The blood vessels supply the islet cells with nutrients and oxygen, and in turn take up the secreted islet hormones to deliver them to target tissues. In addition, vessels provide a basement membrane, which optimizes islet function. In this review we focus on the dynamic interactions between blood vessels and beta-cells, which are pivotal for enhancing insulin expression and beta-cell proliferation in response to increased insulin demand during body growth, pregnancy, and virtually all conditions associated with insulin resistance. Importantly, a failure in this adaptive response might contribute to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eberhard
- Institute for Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Building 26.12. 00, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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120
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Igoillo-Esteve M, Marselli L, Cunha DA, Ladrière L, Ortis F, Grieco FA, Dotta F, Weir GC, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M. Palmitate induces a pro-inflammatory response in human pancreatic islets that mimics CCL2 expression by beta cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1395-405. [PMID: 20369226 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Beta cell failure is a crucial component in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. One of the proposed mechanisms of beta cell failure is local inflammation, but the presence of pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes and the mechanisms involved remain under debate. METHODS Chemokine and cytokine expression was studied by microarray analysis of laser-capture microdissected islets from pancreases obtained from ten non-diabetic and ten type 2 diabetic donors, and by real-time PCR of human islets exposed to oleate or palmitate at 6 or 28 mmol/l glucose. The cellular source of the chemokines was analysed by immunofluorescence of pancreatic sections from individuals without diabetes and with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Microarray analysis of laser-capture microdissected beta cells showed increased chemokine and cytokine expression in type 2 diabetes compared with non-diabetic controls. The inflammatory response in type 2 diabetes was mimicked by exposure of non-diabetic human islets to palmitate, but not to oleate or high glucose, leading to the induction of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). Interference with IL-1beta signalling abolished palmitate-induced cytokine and chemokine expression but failed to prevent lipotoxic human islet cell death. Palmitate activated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in human pancreatic beta and non-beta cells, and chemically induced endoplasmic reticulum stress caused cytokine expression and NF-kappaB activation similar to that occurring with palmitate. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Saturated-fatty-acid-induced NF-kappaB activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress may contribute to IL-1beta production and mild islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes. This inflammatory process does not contribute to lipotoxicity ex vivo, but may lead to local chemokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Igoillo-Esteve
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP-618, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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Jones HB, Nugent D, Jenkins R. Variation in characteristics of islets of Langerhans in insulin-resistant, diabetic and non-diabetic-rat strains. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:288-301. [PMID: 20384904 PMCID: PMC2884097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the histopathological and plasma biochemical characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic rat strains [Han and AP Wistar, lean and obese Zucker Fatty (ZF), and lean and obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats] was performed at 6 or 14 weeks of age. Wistar and lean ZF and ZDF rats showed no or minimal islet pathology or plasma biochemical alterations at both timepoints. Obese ZFs were euglycaemic at both timepoints and mildly and severely hyperinsulinaemic at 6 and 14 weeks respectively. Islet morphology was normal at 6 weeks but at 14 weeks, islet hyperplasia was present with a minority showing degenerative changes namely, beta-cell vacuolation, vascular congestion and haemorrhage with minimal mononuclear cell and T lymphocytic infiltration. Obese ZDFs were euglycaemic and moderately hyperinsulinaemic at 6 weeks and severely hyperglycaemic with minor hypoinsulinaemia at 14 weeks. Obese ZDFs at 6 weeks showed mainly normal islets with some displaying degeneration (ranging from beta-cell vacuolation alone to the features described above). At 14 weeks, islet degeneration was more severe and widespread: beta-cell death was present in numerous islets at low level. Islet beta-cell numbers were reduced or absent (with associated reduction in insulin immunostaining) within the islets that now consisted predominantly of fibroblasts, collagen and mononuclear cells. Fibroproliferation consisting of smooth muscle actin-alpha-positive tissue was associated with mononuclear cell infiltration. Some fibrous scars were visible indicative of lost islets. Islet degeneration in obese ZF and ZDF rats was not accompanied by a reduction in beta-cell proliferation or in compensatory proliferation of beta-cell neogenic clusters. In the light of recent reports of adaptive and inflammation-mediated degenerative changes in human non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) islets, the hypertrophy/hyperplasia of beta-cells and islet degeneration involving infiltration by monocyte/macrophages in obese ZF and obese ZDF rats respectively offers substantial potential for elucidation of the processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw Bowen Jones
- Pathology Department, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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122
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Donath MY, Böni-Schnetzler M, Ellingsgaard H, Halban PA, Ehses JA. Cytokine production by islets in health and diabetes: cellular origin, regulation and function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:261-7. [PMID: 20096598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Islets produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines in response to physiologic and pathologic stimulation by nutrients. The cellular source of these inflammatory mediators includes alpha-, beta-, endothelial-, ductal- and recruited immune cells. Islet-derived cytokines promote alpha- and beta-cell adaptation and repair in the short term. Eventually, chronic metabolic stress can induce a deleterious autoinflammatory process in islets leading to insulin secretion failure and type 2 diabetes. Understanding the specific role of islet derived cytokines and chemokines has opened the door to targeted clinical interventions aimed at remodeling islet inflammation from destruction to adaptation. In this article, we review the islet cellular origin of various cytokines and chemokines and describe their regulation and respective roles in physiology and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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123
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Lacraz G, Figeac F, Movassat J, Kassis N, Portha B. Diabetic GK/Par rat beta-cells are spontaneously protected against H2O2-triggered apoptosis. A cAMP-dependent adaptive response. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E17-27. [PMID: 19843875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90871.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of the beta-cell population in the Goto-Kakizaki rat (GK/Par line), a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes, has been ascribed to significantly decreased beta-cell replication and neogenesis, while beta-cell apoptosis is surprisingly not enhanced and remains in the normal range. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which those beta-cells are protected from death, we studied ex vivo the apoptotic activity and the expression of a large set of pro/antiapoptotic and pro/antioxidant genes in GK/Par islet cells. This was done in vitro in freshly isolated islets as well as in response to culture conditions and calibrated reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure (i.e., H2O2). We also investigated the intracellular mechanisms of the diabetic beta-cell response to ROS, the role if any of the intracellular cAMP metabolism, and finally the kinetic of ROS response, taking advantage of the GK/Par rat normoglycemia until weaning. Our results show that the peculiar GK/Par beta-cell phenotype was correlated with an increased expression of a large panel of antioxidant genes as well as pro/antiapoptotic genes. We demonstrate that such combination confers resistance to cytotoxic H2O2 exposure in vitro, raising the possibility that at least some of the activated stress/defense genes have protective effects against H2O2-triggered beta-cell death. We also present some evidence that the GK/Par beta-cell resistance to H2O2 is at least partly cAMP dependent. Finally, we show that such a phenotype is not innate but is spontaneously acquired after diabetes onset as the result of an adaptive response to the diabetic environment.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Male
- Oxidants/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lacraz
- Laboratoire Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive, Equipe 1, Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC-4413, Paris, France
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124
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Portha B, Lacraz G, Chavey A, Figeac F, Fradet M, Tourrel-Cuzin C, Homo-Delarche F, Giroix MH, Bailbé D, Gangnerau MN, Movassat J. Islet structure and function in the GK rat. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:479-500. [PMID: 20217511 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with the metabolic demand because of beta-cell secretory dysfunction and/or decreased beta-cell mass. Defining the nature of the pancreatic islet defects present in T2D has been difficult, in part because human islets are inaccessible for direct study. This review is aimed to illustrate to what extent the Goto-Kakizaki rat, one of the best characterized animal models of spontaneous T2D, has proved to be a valuable tool offering sufficient commonalities to study this aspect. A comprehensive compendium of the multiple functional GK islet abnormalities so far identified is proposed in this perspective. The pathogenesis of defective beta-cell number and function in the GK model is also discussed. It is proposed that the development of T2D in the GK model results from the complex interaction of multiple events: (i) several susceptibility loci containing genes responsible for some diabetic traits (distinct loci encoding impairment of beta-cell metabolism and insulin exocytosis, but no quantitative trait locus for decreased beta-cell mass); (ii) gestational metabolic impairment inducing an epigenetic programming of the offspring pancreas (decreased beta-cell neogenesis and proliferation) transmitted over generations; and (iii) loss of beta-cell differentiation related to chronic exposure to hyperglycaemia/hyperlipidaemia, islet inflammation, islet oxidative stress, islet fibrosis and perturbed islet vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Portha
- Laboratoire B2PE, Unité BFA, Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC4413, F - 75205 Paris Cedex13, France.
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125
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Leung PS, Cheng Q. The Novel Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Angiotensin II, and Vitamin D in Islet Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:339-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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126
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Böni-Schnetzler M, Boller S, Debray S, Bouzakri K, Meier DT, Prazak R, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Ehses JA, Schuit FC, Donath MY. Free fatty acids induce a proinflammatory response in islets via the abundantly expressed interleukin-1 receptor I. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5218-29. [PMID: 19819943 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) display features of an inflammatory process including elevated levels of the cytokine IL-1beta, various chemokines, and macrophages. IL-1beta is a master regulator of inflammation, and IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) blockage improves glycemia and insulin secretion in humans with T2DM and in high-fat-fed mice pointing to a pivotal role of IL-1RI activity in intra-islet inflammation. Given the association of dyslipidemia and T2DM, we tested whether free fatty acids (FFA) promote the expression of proinflammatory factors in human and mouse islets and investigated a role for the IL-1RI in this response. A comparison of 22 mouse tissues revealed the highest IL-1RI expression levels in islets and MIN6 beta-cells. FFA induced IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 in human islets and IL-1beta and KC in mouse islets. Elevated glucose concentrations enhanced FFA-induced proinflammatory factors in human islets. Blocking the IL-1RI with the IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) strongly inhibited FFA-mediated expression of proinflammatory factors in human and mouse islets. Antibody inhibition of IL-1beta revealed that FFA stimulated IL-1RI activity via the induction of the receptor ligand. FFA-induced IL-1beta and KC expression in mouse islets was completely dependent on the IL-1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) docking protein Myd88 and partly dependent on TLR2 and -4. Activation of TLR2 in purified human beta-cells and islets stimulated the expression of proinflammatory factors, and IL-1RI activity increased the TLR2 response in human islets. We conclude that FFA and TLR stimulation induce proinflammatory factors in islets and that IL-1RI engagement results in signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. marianne.
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127
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Zhou H, Xiao Y, Li R, Hong S, Li S, Wang L, Zeng R, Liao K. Quantitative analysis of secretome from adipocytes regulated by insulin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:910-21. [PMID: 19902125 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte is not only a central player involved in storage and release of energy, but also in regulation of energy metabolism in other organs via secretion of peptides and proteins. During the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, adipocytes are subjected to the increased levels of insulin, which may have a major impact on the secretion of adipokines. We have undertaken cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag (cICAT) and label-free quantitation approaches to identify and quantify secretory factors that are differentially secreted by 3T3-L1 adipocytes with or without insulin treatment. Combination of cICAT and label-free results, there are 317 proteins predicted or annotated as secretory proteins. Among these secretory proteins, 179 proteins and 53 proteins were significantly upregulated and down-regulated, respectively. A total of 77 reported adipokines were quantified in our study, such as adiponectin, cathepsin D, cystatin C, resistin, and transferrin. Western blot analysis of these adipokines confirmed the quantitative results from mass spectrometry, and revealed individualized secreting patterns of these proteins by increasing insulin dose. In addition, 240 proteins were newly identified and quantified as secreted proteins from 3T3-L1 adipocytes in our study, most of which were up-regulated upon insulin treatment. Further comprehensive bioinformatics analysis revealed that the secretory proteins in extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway and glycan structure degradation pathway were significantly upregulated by insulin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shangyu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lianshui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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128
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Duodenal-jejunal exclusion improves glucose tolerance in the diabetic, Goto-Kakizaki rat by a GLP-1 receptor-mediated mechanism. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:1762-72. [PMID: 19488823 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-0912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric bypass results in the rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes. No causal evidence exists to link specific gut hormone changes with improvements in glucose homeostasis post-operatively. We hypothesized that surgical augmentation of the glucoregulatory factor GLP-1 would improve glucose tolerance in diabetic GK rats. We compared two procedures that increase distal small bowel stimulation, ileal interposition (IT), and duodenal-jejunal exclusion (DJE). METHODS DJE, IT, DJE Sham, or IT Sham were performed in GK rats. Glucose tolerance was tested at 4 and 6 weeks, the latter with and without Exendin-[9-39], a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. Small bowel segments were harvested for GLP-1 protein content 2 weeks after DJE or Sham surgery. RESULTS Despite similar weight profiles, a significant improvement in the OGTT was noted at 4 weeks after DJE and IT. Plasma GLP-1 levels were significantly elevated after DJE and IT. Intestinal GLP-1 was increased in the mid-jejunum and ileum after DJE. Exendin-[9-39] abolished the improvement in glucose tolerance after DJE. CONCLUSIONS DJE increased GLP-1 secretion and improved glucose tolerance, an effect that was reversed by GLP-1 receptor antagonism. This study provides direct evidence that improvement of glucose tolerance following a gastric bypass-like surgery is mediated by enhanced GLP-1 action.
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129
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Ehses JA, Ellingsgaard H, Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. Pancreatic islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: from alpha and beta cell compensation to dysfunction. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009; 115:240-7. [PMID: 19645635 DOI: 10.1080/13813450903025879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence in support of the concept of local pancreatic islet inflammation as a mechanism of beta cell failure in type 2 diabetes is accumulating. Observations in human islets from type 2 diabetic patients and rodent models of the disease indicate the increased presence of IL-1 driven cytokines and chemokines in pancreatic islets, concomitant with immune cell infiltration. Inflammation is the body's protective response to harmful stimuli and tissue damage. However, under chronic stress (e.g. metabolic stress in obesity and type 2 diabetes) the body's own defensive response may become deleterious to tissue function. Here, we summarize the current evidence that islet inflammation is a feature of type 2 diabetes, and discuss its role with respect to alpha and beta cell compensation and eventual beta cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Ehses
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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130
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Lacraz G, Giroix MH, Kassis N, Coulaud J, Galinier A, Noll C, Cornut M, Schmidlin F, Paul JL, Janel N, Irminger JC, Kergoat M, Portha B, Donath MY, Ehses JA, Homo-Delarche F. Islet endothelial activation and oxidative stress gene expression is reduced by IL-1Ra treatment in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6963. [PMID: 19742300 PMCID: PMC2737103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation followed by fibrosis is a component of islet dysfunction in both rodent and human type 2 diabetes. Because islet inflammation may originate from endothelial cells, we assessed the expression of selected genes involved in endothelial cell activation in islets from a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes, the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. We also examined islet endotheliuml/oxidative stress (OS)/inflammation-related gene expression, islet vascularization and fibrosis after treatment with the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Methodology/Principal Findings Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR on islets isolated from 10-week-old diabetic GK and control Wistar rats. Furthermore, GK rats were treated s.c twice daily with IL-1Ra (Kineret, Amgen, 100 mg/kg/day) or saline, from 4 weeks of age onwards (onset of diabetes). Four weeks later, islet gene analysis and pancreas immunochemistry were performed. Thirty-two genes were selected encoding molecules involved in endothelial cell activation, particularly fibrinolysis, vascular tone, OS, angiogenesis and also inflammation. All genes except those encoding angiotensinogen and epoxide hydrolase (that were decreased), and 12-lipoxygenase and vascular endothelial growth factor (that showed no change), were significantly up-regulated in GK islets. After IL-1Ra treatment of GK rats in vivo, most selected genes implied in endothelium/OS/immune cells/fibrosis were significantly down-regulated. IL-1Ra also improved islet vascularization, reduced fibrosis and ameliorated glycemia. Conclusions/Significance GK rat islets have increased mRNA expression of markers of early islet endothelial cell activation, possibly triggered by several metabolic factors, and also some defense mechanisms. The beneficial effect of IL-1Ra on most islet endothelial/OS/immune cells/fibrosis parameters analyzed highlights a major endothelial-related role for IL-1 in GK islet alterations. Thus, metabolically-altered islet endothelium might affect the β-cell microenvironment and contribute to progressive type 2 diabetic β-cell dysfunction in GK rats. Counteracting islet endothelial cell inflammation might be one way to ameliorate/prevent β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lacraz
- Laboratory of Biology & Pathology of Endocrine Pancreas, Functional and Adaptive Biology Unit-CNRS EA 7059, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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131
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Abstract
Pancreatic islets are highly vascularized micro-organs. Approximately 10% of an islet consists of blood vessels. The induction and maintenance of the islet vascular system depend on VEGF secreted from β-cells. VEGF is also critical for the phenotype of the islet vasculature by induction of a vast number of fenestrae. The islet vasculature serves the role of supplying the endocrine cells with oxygen and nutrients, but may also be important for proper glucose sensing of the cells, for paracrine support of endocrine function and growth, and for drainage of metabolites and secreted islet hormones into the systemic circulation. Emerging evidence suggests an important role of islet endothelial cells to maintain β-cell function and growth by secretion of molecules such as hepatocyte growth factor, thrombospondin-1 and laminins, thereby forming a vascular niche for the endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Olerud
- a Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- a Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- b Department of Medical Sciences, Section for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Medical Cell Biology, Husargatan 3, Box 571, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lacraz G, Figeac F, Movassat J, Kassis N, Coulaud J, Galinier A, Leloup C, Bailbé D, Homo-Delarche F, Portha B. Diabetic beta-cells can achieve self-protection against oxidative stress through an adaptive up-regulation of their antioxidant defenses. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6500. [PMID: 19654863 PMCID: PMC2715861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress (OS), through excessive and/or chronic reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a mediator of diabetes-related damages in various tissues including pancreatic β-cells. Here, we have evaluated islet OS status and β-cell response to ROS using the GK/Par rat as a model of type 2 diabetes. Methodology/Principal Findings Localization of OS markers was performed on whole pancreases. Using islets isolated from 7-day-old or 2.5-month-old male GK/Par and Wistar control rats, 1) gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR; 2) insulin secretion rate was measured; 3) ROS accumulation and mitochondrial polarization were assessed by fluorescence methods; 4) antioxidant contents were quantified by HPLC. After diabetes onset, OS markers targeted mostly peri-islet vascular and inflammatory areas, and not islet cells. GK/Par islets revealed in fact protected against OS, because they maintained basal ROS accumulation similar or even lower than Wistar islets. Remarkably, GK/Par insulin secretion also exhibited strong resistance to the toxic effect of exogenous H2O2 or endogenous ROS exposure. Such adaptation was associated to both high glutathione content and overexpression (mRNA and/or protein levels) of a large set of genes encoding antioxidant proteins as well as UCP2. Finally, we showed that such a phenotype was not innate but spontaneously acquired after diabetes onset, as the result of an adaptive response to the diabetic environment. Conclusions The GK/Par model illustrates the effectiveness of adaptive response to OS by β-cells to achieve self-tolerance. It remains to be determined to what extend such islet antioxidant defenses upregulation might contribute to GK/Par β-cell secretory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lacraz
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Florence Figeac
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Jamileh Movassat
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Equipe HERGE, Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Josiane Coulaud
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Anne Galinier
- UMR 5241, CNRS and Université P. Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- UMR 5241, CNRS and Université P. Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Danielle Bailbé
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Homo-Delarche
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Portha
- Equipe B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative), Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC7059, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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IL-1 antagonism reduces hyperglycemia and tissue inflammation in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13998-4003. [PMID: 19666548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810087106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest an inflammatory process, characterized by local cytokine/chemokine production and immune cell infiltration, regulates islet dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. However, the factor initiating this inflammatory response is not known. Here, we characterized tissue inflammation in the type 2 diabetic GK rat with a focus on the pancreatic islet and investigated a role for IL-1. GK rat islets, previously characterized by increased macrophage infiltration, displayed increased expression of several inflammatory markers including IL-1beta. In the periphery, increased expression of IL-1beta was observed primarily in the liver. Specific blockade of IL-1 activity by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines from GK islets in vitro and from mouse islets exposed to metabolic stress. Islets from mice deficient in IL-1beta or MyD88 challenged with glucose and palmitate in vitro also produced significantly less IL-6 and chemokines. In vivo, treatment of GK rats with IL-1Ra decreased hyperglycemia, reduced the proinsulin/insulin ratio, and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition, islet-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, KC, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha) and islet CD68(+), MHC II(+), and CD53(+) immune cell infiltration were reduced by IL-1Ra treatment. Treated GK rats also exhibited fewer markers of inflammation in the liver. We conclude that elevated islet IL-1beta activity in the GK rat promotes cytokine and chemokine expression, leading to the recruitment of innate immune cells. Rather than being directly cytotoxic, IL-1beta may drive tissue inflammation that impacts on both beta cell functional mass and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
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134
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Maedler K, Dharmadhikari G, Schumann DM, Størling J. Interleukin-1 beta targeted therapy for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1177-88. [PMID: 19604125 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903136688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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135
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Iwase M, Uchizono Y, Nohara S, Sasaki N, Sonoki K, Iida M. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists prevent glucose‐induced increases in islet blood flow in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:145-50. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510802449626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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136
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Ando H, Ushijima K, Yanagihara H, Hayashi Y, Takamura T, Kaneko S, Fujimura A. Clock Gene Expression in the Liver and Adipose Tissues of Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:201-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960902822450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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137
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Cvjetićanin T, Stojanović I, Timotijević G, Stosić-Grujicić S, Miljković D. T cells cooperate with palmitic acid in induction of beta cell apoptosis. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:29. [PMID: 19463182 PMCID: PMC2693514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is characterized by progressive failure of insulin producing beta cells. It is well known that both saturated fatty acids and various products of immune cells can contribute to the reduction of beta cell viability and functionality during diabetes pathogenesis. However, their joint action on beta cells has not been investigated, so far. Therefore, we explored the possibility that leukocytes and saturated fatty acids cooperate in beta cell destruction. Results Rat pancreatic islets or insulinoma cells (RIN) were co-cultivated with concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated rat lymph node cells (LNC), or they were treated with cell-free supernatants (Sn) obtained from ConA-stimulated spleen cells or from activated CD3+ cells, in the absence or presence of palmitic acid (PA). ConA-stimulated LNC or Sn and PA cooperated in inducing caspase-3-dependent RIN cell apoptosis. The observed effect of PA and Sn on RIN cell viability was mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling and was achieved through auto-destructive nitric oxide (NO) production. The cooperative effect of Sn was mimicked with the combination of interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-17, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion These results imply that stimulated T cells produce cytokines that cooperate with saturated free fatty acids in beta cell destruction during diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Cvjetićanin
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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138
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Diabetes mellitus and apoptosis: inflammatory cells. Apoptosis 2009; 14:1435-50. [PMID: 19360474 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the early observation that similarities between thyroiditis and insulitis existed, the important role played by inflammation in the development of diabetes has been appreciated. More recently, experiments have shown that inflammation also plays a prominent role in the development of target organ damage arising as complications, with both elements of the innate and the adaptive immune system being involved, and that cytokines contributing to local tissue damage may arise from both infiltrating and resident cells. This review will discuss the experimental evidence that shows that inflammatory cell-mediated apoptosis contributes to target organ damage, from beta cell destruction to both micro- and macro-vascular disease complications, and also how alterations in leukocyte turnover affects immune function.
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139
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Anderson AA, Helmering J, Juan T, Li CM, McCormick J, Graham M, Baker DM, Damore MA, Véniant MM, Lloyd DJ. Pancreatic islet expression profiling in diabetes-prone C57BLKS/J mice reveals transcriptional differences contributed by DBA loci, including Plagl1 and Nnt. PATHOGENETICS 2009; 2:1. [PMID: 19161594 PMCID: PMC2642818 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8417-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background C57BLKS/J (BLKS) mice are susceptible to islet exhaustion in insulin-resistant states as compared with C57BL6/J (B6) mice, as observed by the presence of the leptin receptor (Lepr) allele, Leprdb/db. Furthermore, DBA2/J (DBA) mice are also susceptible to β-cell failure and share 25% of their genome with BLKS; thus the DBA genome may contribute to β-cell dysfunction in BLKS mice. Results Here we show that BLKS mice exhibit elevated insulin secretion, as evidenced by improved glucose tolerance and increased islet insulin secretion compared with B6 mice, and describe interstrain transcriptional differences in glucose response. Transcriptional differences between BLKS and B6 mice were identified by expression profiling of isolated islets from both strains. Genomic mapping of gene expression differences demonstrated a significant association of expression differences with DBA loci in BLKS mice (P = 4×10-27). Conclusion Two genes, Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) and Pleiomorphic adenoma gene like 1 (Plagl1), were 4 and 7.2-fold higher respectively in BLKS islets, and may be major contributors to increased insulin secretion by BLKS islets. Contrary to reports for B6 mice, BLKS mice do not harbor a mutant Nnt gene. We detected 16 synonymous polymorphisms and a two-amino acid deletion in the Plagl1 gene in BLKS mice. Several inflammatory glucose-responsive genes are expressed at a higher level in BLKS, suggesting an inflammatory component to BLKS islet dysfunction. This study describes physiological differences between BLKS and B6 mice, and provides evidence for a causative role of the DBA genome in β-cell dysfunction in BLKS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham A Anderson
- Department of Computational Biology, Amgen Inc,, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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140
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Abstract
Islets of patients with type 2 diabetes have the feature of an inflammatory process reflected by the presence of cytokines, immune cells, beta-cell apoptosis, amyloid deposits and fibrosis. Indeed, beta-cells from patients with type 2 diabetes display inflammatory markers, including increased interleukin (IL)-1 beta expression. Furthermore, increased islet-associated macrophages are observed in human type 2 diabetic patients and in most animal models of diabetes. Importantly, increased numbers of macrophages are detectable very early in high fat-fed mice islets, before the onset of diabetes. These immune cells are most likely attracted by islet-derived chemokines, produced in response to metabolic stress, and under the control of IL-1 beta. It follows that modulation of intra-islet inflammatory mediators, in particular IL-1 beta, may prevent insulitis in type 2 diabetes and therefore presents itself as a possible causal therapy with disease-modifying potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Böni-Schnetzler
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Centre for Integrated Human Physiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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141
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Imai Y, Patel HR, Doliba NM, Matschinsky FM, Tobias JW, Ahima RS. Analysis of gene expression in pancreatic islets from diet-induced obese mice. Physiol Genomics 2008; 36:43-51. [PMID: 18854371 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00050.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In insulin-resistant status such as obesity, failure of pancreatic islets to increase insulin secretion leads to diabetes. We sought to screen for the islet genes that facilitate islet adaptation to obesity by comparing gene expression profiles between two strains of obesity-prone inbred mice with different propensities for hyperglycemia. C57BL/6J and AKR/J were fed regular rodent chow or high-fat diet, after which islet morphology, secretory function, and gene expression were assessed. AKR/J had lower blood glucose and higher insulin levels compared with C57BL/6J mice on regular rodent chow or high-fat diet. Insulin secretion was 3.2-fold higher in AKR/J than C57BL/6J mice following intraperitoneal glucose injection. Likewise, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets was higher in AKR/J. Additionally, islet mass was 1.4-fold greater in AKR/J compared with C57BL/6J. To elucidate the factors associated with the differences in islet function, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in islets in AKR/J and C57BL/6J mice. Of 14,000 genes examined, 202 were upregulated and 270 were downregulated in islets from diet-induced obese AKR/J mice compared with C57BL/6J mice. Key genes involved in islet signaling and metabolism, e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, sterol Co-A desaturase 1 and 2, and fatty acid desaturase 2 were upregulated in obese AKR/J mice. The expression of multiple extracellular matrix proteins was also increased in AKR/J mice, suggesting a role in modulation of islet mass. Functional analyses of differentially regulated genes hold promise for elucidating factors linking obesity to alterations in islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Imai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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142
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Cheng Q, Law PK, de Gasparo M, Leung PS. Combination of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LAF237 [(S)-1-[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)ammo]acetyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine] with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist valsartan [N-(1-oxopentyl)-N-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-L-valine] enhances pancreatic islet morphology and function in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:683-91. [PMID: 18787107 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.142703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LAF237 [(S)-1-[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)ammo]acetyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine] is an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV that delays the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Valsartan [N-(1-oxopentyl)-N-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]-l-valine] is an antagonist of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) that reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. LAF237 and valsartan act on a common target through separate pathways to improve pancreatic islet cell function. We hypothesize that the combination of these two drugs acts in a synergistic or additive manner on islet function and structure. To test this hypothesis, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies. To measure the acute effect of the treatment, pancreatic islets of db/db mice were isolated and stimulated in vitro with glucose in the presence of valsartan (1 microM) and exendin-4 (100 nM), a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Combination treatment with valsartan and exendin-4 significantly enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets. For studies of chronic effect, db/db mice received LAF237 (1 mg/kg/day) and/or valsartan (10 mg/kg/day). Islet cell reactive oxygen species (ROS), proliferation, apoptosis, fibrosis, beta-cell area, and glucose homeostasis were evaluated after 8 weeks of treatment, which showed that combination treatment resulted in a significant increase in pancreatic islet beta-cell area compared with monotherapy. This beneficial effect correlated with an increase in beta-cell proliferation and a decrease in ROS-induced islet apoptosis and fibrosis. These in vitro and in vivo data indicate that combination treatment with LAF237 and valsartan has significant beneficial additive effects on pancreatic beta-cell structure and function compared with their respective monotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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143
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Mizukami H, Wada R, Yonezawa A, Sugawara A, Yagihashi S. Suppression of post-prandial hyperglycaemia by pioglitazone improved islet fibrosis and macrophage migration in the Goto-Kakizaki rat. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:791-4. [PMID: 18937646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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144
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Fuse M, Yokoi N, Shinohara M, Masuyama T, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Seino S. Identification of a major locus for islet inflammation and fibrosis in the spontaneously diabetic Torii rat. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:96-105. [PMID: 18612083 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90214.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis in the pancreatic islets in diabetes is largely unknown. Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats exhibit inflammation and fibrosis in and around the islets during the development of the disease. We investigated genetic factors for diabetes, islet inflammation, and fibrosis in the SDT rat. We produced F1 and F2 rats by intercross between SDT and F344 rats, examined the onset of diabetes, glucose tolerance, and histology of the pancreas, and performed genetic analysis of these traits. We then established a congenic strain carrying the SDT allele at the strongest diabetogenic locus on the F344 genetic background and characterized glucose tolerance and histology of the pancreas. F1 rats showed glucose intolerance and inflammatory changes mainly in the islets. Genetic analysis of diabetes identified a major locus on chromosome 3, designated Dmsdt1, at which a dominantly acting SDT allele was involved. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of glucose tolerance revealed, in addition to Dmsdt1 [logarithm of odds (LOD) 5.3 near D3Mit12], three other loci, designated Dmsdt2 (LOD 4.2 at D8Rat46), Dmsdt3 (LOD 3.8 near D13Arb5), and Dmsdt4 (LOD 5.8 at D14Arb18). Analysis of a congenic strain for Dmsdt1 indicates that the dominantly acting SDT allele induces islet inflammation and fibrosis. Thus we have found a major locus on chromosome 3 for islet inflammation and fibrosis in the SDT rat. Identification of the genes responsible should provide insight into the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Fuse
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe
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145
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Abstract
The pathology of islets from patients with Type 2 diabetes displays an inflammatory process characterized by the presence of immune cell infiltration, cytokines, apoptotic cells, amyloid deposits and, eventually, fibrosis. Indeed, analysis of β-cells from patients with Type 2 diabetes displays increased IL-1β (interleukin 1β) expression. Furthermore, increased islet-associated macrophages are observed in human Type 2 diabetic patients and in most animal models of diabetes. Importantly, increased numbers of macrophages are detectable very early in high-fat-fed mice islets, before the onset of diabetes. These immune cells are probably attracted by islet-derived chemokines, produced in response to metabolic stress, and under the control of IL-1β. It follows that modulation of intra-islet inflammatory mediators, particularly interleukin-1β, may prevent islet inflammation in Type 2 diabetes and therefore presents itself as a promising therapeutic approach.
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146
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Nugent DA, Smith DM, Jones HB. A review of islet of Langerhans degeneration in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:529-51. [PMID: 18467681 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308318209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (TTDM) is characterized by progressive loss of glucose control through multifactorial mechanisms. The search for an understanding of TTDM has relied on animal models since the realization of the importance of the pancreas in controlling plasma glucose concentration. Rodent models of TTDM are developed to express hyperglycemia and not islet degeneration per se. Degeneration of the islets of Langerhans with beta-cell loss is secondary to insulin resistance and is regarded as the more important lesion. Despite this, differences between models are seen in the development and progression of islet degeneration. Assessing the differences between the models is important to appreciate the various aspects of TTDM and understand their advantages as well as their deficiencies. Relevant animal models of TTDM provide opportunities to investigate important physiological and cell biological processes that may ultimately lead to development of targeted therapies. This article reviews the importance, advantages, and limitations of rodent models of TTDM in relation to the histopathological changes that characterize islet degeneration. Pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to islet degeneration are also discussed and are placed into the context of changes in islet histological appearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nugent
- Pathology Department, Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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147
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Jaques F, Jousset H, Tomas A, Prost AL, Wollheim CB, Irminger JC, Demaurex N, Halban PA. Dual effect of cell-cell contact disruption on cytosolic calcium and insulin secretion. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2494-505. [PMID: 18218692 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell interactions play an important role in insulin secretion. Compared with intact islets, dispersed pancreatic beta-cells show increased basal and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In this study, we used mouse MIN6B1 cells to investigate the mechanisms that control insulin secretion when cells are in contact with each other or not. RNAi-mediated silencing of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin in confluent cells reduced glucose-stimulated secretion to the levels observed in isolated cells but had no impact on basal secretion. Dispersed cells presented high cytosolic Ca(2+) activity, depolymerized cytoskeleton and ERK1/2 activation in low glucose conditions. Both the increased basal secretion and the spontaneous Ca(2+) activity were corrected by transient removal of Ca(2+) or prolonged incubation of cells in low glucose, a procedure that restored the ability of dispersed cells to respond to glucose (11-fold stimulation). In conclusion, we show that dispersed pancreatic beta-cells can respond robustly to glucose once their elevated basal secretion has been corrected. The increased basal insulin secretion of dispersed cells is due to spontaneous Ca(2+) transients that activate downstream Ca(2+) effectors, whereas engagement of cell adhesion molecules including E-cadherin contributes to the greater secretory response to glucose seen in cells with normal intercellular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Jaques
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Center, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland.
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148
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Lu H, Yang Y, Allister EM, Wijesekara N, Wheeler MB. The identification of potential factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes: a quantitative proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1434-51. [PMID: 18448419 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700478-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) arises when pancreatic beta-cells fail to compensate for systemic insulin resistance with appropriate insulin secretion. However, the link between insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in T2D is not fully understood. To explore this association, we studied transgenic MKR mice that initially develop insulin resistance in skeletal muscle but by 8 weeks of age have T2D. In the present study, global islet protein and gene expression changes were characterized in diabetic MKR versus non-diabetic control mice at 10 weeks of age. Using a quantitative proteomics approach (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)), 159 proteins were differentially expressed in MKR compared with control islets. Marked up-regulation of protein biosynthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and parallel down-regulation in insulin processing/secretion, energy utilization, and metabolism were observed. A fraction of the differentially expressed proteins identified (including GLUT2, DNAJC3, VAMP2, RAB3A, and PC1/3) were linked previously to insulin-secretory defects and T2D. However, many proteins for the first time were associated with islet dysfunction, including the unfolded protein response proteins (ERP72, ERP44, ERP29, PPIB, FKBP2, FKBP11, and DNAJB11), endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation proteins (VCP and UFM1), and multiple proteins associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism (NDUFA9, UQCRH, COX2, COX4I1, COX5A, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V1H, ANT1, ANT2, ETFA, and ETFB). The mRNA expression level corresponding to these proteins was examined by microarray, and then a small subset was validated using quantitative real time PCR and Western blot analyses. Importantly approximately 54% of differentially expressed proteins in MKR islets (including proteins involved in proinsulin processing, protein biosynthesis, and mitochondrial oxidation) showed changes in the proteome but not transcriptome, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. These results underscore the importance of integrated mRNA and protein expression measurements and validate the use of the iTRAQ method combined with microarray to assess global protein and gene changes involved in the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
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149
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Donath MY, Schumann DM, Faulenbach M, Ellingsgaard H, Perren A, Ehses JA. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: from metabolic stress to therapy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S161-4. [PMID: 18227479 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-s243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in both mass and secretory function of insulin-producing beta-cells contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The histology of islets from patients with type 2 diabetes displays an inflammatory process characterized by the presence of cytokines, apoptotic cells, immune cell infiltration, amyloid deposits, and eventually fibrosis. This inflammatory process is probably the combined consequence of dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and increased circulating adipokines. Therefore, modulation of intra-islet inflammatory mediators, in particular interleukin-1 beta, appears as a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Portha B, Lacraz G, Dolz M, Homo-Delarche F, Giroix MH, Movassat J. Defective functional β-cell mass and Type 2 diabetes in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:785-795. [PMID: 30290473 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.6.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that decreased functional β-cell mass is the hallmark of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the debate focuses on the possible mechanisms responsible for abnormal islet microenvironment, decreased β-cell number, impaired β-cell function and their multifactorial etiologies. The information available on the Goto-Kakizaki/Par rat line, one of the best characterized animal models of spontaneous Type 2 diabetes mellitus, are reviewed in such a perspective. We propose that the defective β-cell mass and function in the Goto-Kakizaki/Par model reflect the complex interactions of multiple pathogenic players, including several independent loci containing genes responsible for some diabetic traits (but not decreased β-cell mass), gestational metabolic impairment inducing an epigenetic programming of the pancreas (decreased β-cell neogenesis), which is transmitted to the next generation, and loss of β-cell differentiation due to chronic exposure to hyperglycemia, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress and perturbed islet microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Portha
- a Professor, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, CNRS UMR 7059, Université Paris-Diderot, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - G Lacraz
- b Groupe Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, UMR CNRS 7059, Université Paris-Diderot, UP7, Paris, France
| | - M Dolz
- b Groupe Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, UMR CNRS 7059, Université Paris-Diderot, UP7, Paris, France
| | - F Homo-Delarche
- c Chargé de Recherche, Groupe Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, UMR CNRS 7059, Université Paris-Diderot, UP7, Paris, France
| | - M-H Giroix
- b Groupe Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, UMR CNRS 7059, Université Paris-Diderot, UP7, Paris, France
| | - J Movassat
- d Assistant Professor, Groupe Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, UMR CNRS 7059, Université Paris-Diderot, UP7, Paris, France
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