101
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Lin CH, Chou CC, Lee YH, Hung CC. Curcumin Facilitates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation to Ameliorate Inflammatory Astrogliosis. Molecules 2022; 27:2507. [PMID: 35458704 PMCID: PMC9024799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective compound in turmeric. It is a potential ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that mediates anti-inflammatory signaling. However, the AhR-mediated anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin within the brain remains unclear. We investigated the role of AhR on the curcumin effect in inflammatory astrogliosis. Curcumin attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression in primary cultured rat astrocytes. When AhR was knocked down, LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α were increased and curcumin-decreased activation of the inflammation mediator NF-κB p65 by LPS was abolished. Although LPS increased AhR and its target gene CYP1B1, curcumin further enhanced LPS-induced CYP1B1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which metabolizes tryptophan to AhR ligands kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA). Potential interactions between curcumin and human AhR analyzed by molecular modeling of ligand-receptor docking. We identified a new ligand binding site on AhR different from the classical 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin site. Curcumin docked onto the classical binding site, whereas KYN and KYNA occupied the novel one. Moreover, curcumin and KYNA collaboratively bound onto AhR during molecular docking, potentially resulting in synergistic effects influencing AhR activation. Curcumin may enhance the inflammation-induced IDO/KYN axis and allosterically regulate endogenous ligand binding to AhR, facilitating AhR activation to regulate inflammatory astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Lin
- Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning University, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115202, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hung
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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102
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Satarker S, Bojja SL, Gurram PC, Mudgal J, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071139. [PMID: 35406702 PMCID: PMC8997779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the extracellular levels through release and uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability and release several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including glutamate, and significantly modulate neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic glutamatergic release in pathological conditions. Thus, the current review highlights different vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms of astrocytic glutamate release and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. As in presynaptic neurons, the vesicular release of astrocytic glutamate is also primarily meditated by calcium-mediated exocytosis. V-ATPase is crucial in the acidification and maintenance of the gradient that facilitates the vesicular storage of glutamate. Along with these, several other components, such as cystine/glutamate antiporter, hemichannels, BEST-1, TREK-1, purinergic receptors and so forth, also contribute to glutamate release under physiological and pathological conditions. Events of hampered glutamate uptake could promote inflamed astrocytes to trigger repetitive release of glutamate. This could be favorable towards the development and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, across neurodegenerative diseases, we review the relations between defective glutamatergic signaling and astrocytic vesicular and non-vesicular events in glutamate homeostasis. The optimum regulation of astrocytic glutamatergic transmission could pave the way for the management of these diseases and add to their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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103
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Edgar JA, Molyneux RJ, Colegate SM. 1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Their Potential as a Dietary Cause of Sporadic Motor Neuron Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:340-354. [PMID: 35238548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), can be caused by spontaneous genetic mutations. However, many sporadic cases of ALS and other debilitating neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are believed to be caused by environmental factors, subject to considerable debate and requiring intensive research. A common pathology associated with MND development involves progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in motor neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to apoptosis. Consequent degeneration of skeletal and respiratory muscle cells can lead to death from respiratory failure. A significant number of MND cases present with cancers and liver and lung pathology. This Perspective explores the possibility that MNDs could be caused by intermittent, low-level dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (1,2-dehydroPAs) that are increasingly recognized as contaminants of many foods consumed throughout the world. Nontoxic, per se, 1,2-dehydroPAs are metabolized, by particular cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms, to 6,7-dihydropyrrolizines that react with nucleophilic groups (-NH, -SH, -OH) on DNA, proteins, and other vital biochemicals, such as glutathione. Many factors, including aging, gender, smoking, and alcohol consumption, influence CYP450 isoform activity in a range of tissues, including glial cells and neurons of the CNS. Activation of 1,2-dehydroPAs in CNS cells can be expected to cause gene mutations and oxidative stress, potentially leading to the development of MNDs and other NDDs. While relatively high dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydroPAs causes hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, pulmonary venoocclusive disease, neurotoxicity, and diverse cancers, this Perspective suggests that, at current intermittent, low levels of dietary exposure, neurotoxicity could become the primary pathology that develops over time in susceptible individuals, along with a tendency for some of them to also display liver and lung pathology and diverse cancers co-occurring with some MND/NDD cases. Targeted research is recommended to investigate this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Edgar
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Steven M Colegate
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, ARS/USDA, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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104
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Rosén A, Gennser M, Oscarsson N, Kvarnström A, Sandström G, Seeman-Lodding H, Simrén J, Zetterberg H. Protein tau concentration in blood increases after SCUBA diving: an observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:993-1005. [PMID: 35142945 PMCID: PMC8926952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is speculated that diving might be harmful to the nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if established markers of neuronal injury were increased in the blood after diving. Methods Thirty-two divers performed two identical dives, 48 h apart, in a water-filled hyperbaric chamber pressurized to an equivalent of 42 m of sea water for 10 min. After one of the two dives, normobaric oxygen was breathed for 30 min, with air breathed after the other. Blood samples were obtained before and at 30–45 and 120 min after diving. Concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic, neurofilament light, and tau proteins were measured using single molecule array technology. Doppler ultrasound was used to detect venous gas emboli. Results Tau was significantly increased at 30–45 min after the second dive (p < 0.0098) and at 120 min after both dives (p < 0.0008/p < 0.0041). Comparison of matching samples showed that oxygen breathing after diving did not influence tau results. There was no correlation between tau concentrations and the presence of venous gas emboli. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was decreased 30–45 min after the first dive but at no other point. Neurofilament light concentrations did not change. Conclusions Tau seems to be a promising marker of dive-related neuronal stress, which is independent of the presence of venous gas emboli. Future studies could validate these results and determine if there is a quantitative relationship between dive exposure and change in tau blood concentration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Oscarsson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Seeman-Lodding
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Simrén
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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105
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Herrmann T, Gerth M, Dittmann R, Pensold D, Ungelenk M, Liebmann L, Hübner CA. Disruption of KCC2 in Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Is Associated With a Decreased Seizure Threshold and a Progressive Loss of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:807090. [PMID: 35185464 PMCID: PMC8850922 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.807090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which are predominantly permeable for chloride. The neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 lowers the intraneuronal chloride concentration and thus plays an important role for GABA signaling. KCC2 loss-of-function is associated with seizures and epilepsy. Here, we show that KCC2 is expressed in the majority of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) of the mouse brain. PV-INs receive excitatory input from principle cells and in turn control principle cell activity by perisomatic inhibition and inhibitory input from other interneurons. Upon Cre-mediated disruption of KCC2 in mice, the polarity of the GABA response of PV-INs changed from hyperpolarization to depolarization for the majority of PV-INs. Reduced excitatory postsynaptic potential-spike (E-S) coupling and increased spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequencies further suggest that PV-INs are disinhibited upon disruption of KCC2. In vivo, PV-IN-specific KCC2 knockout mice display a reduced seizure threshold and develop spontaneous sometimes fatal seizures. We further found a time dependent loss of PV-INs, which was preceded by an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes upon disruption of KCC2.
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106
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Liao H, Chen Q, Zhang M, Chen W. MRI features and evolution of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: A retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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107
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Lai TT, Kim YJ, Ma HI, Kim YE. Evidence of Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease and Its Contribution to Synucleinopathy. J Mov Disord 2022; 15:1-14. [PMID: 35124957 PMCID: PMC8820875 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein in neurons is a renowned pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that activated inflammatory responses are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the interaction between inflammation and synucleinopathy in relation to the PD process will facilitate the development of promising disease-modifying therapies. In this review, the evidence of inflammation in PD is discussed, and human, animal, and laboratory studies relevant to the relationship between inflammation and αSyn are explored as well as new therapeutic targets associated with this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thi Lai
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hyeo-il Ma
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Corresponding author: Young Eun Kim, MD Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongangu, Anyang 14068, Korea / Tel: +82-31-380-3740 / E-mail:
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108
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Rönnbäck L, Johansson B. Long-Lasting Pathological Mental Fatigue After Brain Injury–A Dysfunction in Glutamate Neurotransmission? Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:791984. [PMID: 35173592 PMCID: PMC8841553 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.791984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting mental or cognitive fatigue may be a disabling symptom after physically recovered skull trauma, stroke, infection, or inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). It is difficult to go back to work and participate in familiar social activities, as typically the person is only able to remain mentally active for short periods, and if mentally exhausted, the recovery time will be disproportionally long. Mental fatigue after traumatic brain injury correlates with brain information processing speed. Information processing is energy consuming and requires widespread and specific neural signaling. Glutamate signaling is essential for information processing, including learning and memory. Low levels and the fine-tuning of extracellular glutamate are necessary to maintain a high precision in information processing. The astroglial cells are responsible for the fine-tuning of the glutamate transmission, but this capacity is attenuated by substances or conditions associated with neuro-inflammation in brain pathology. In this paper, we extend our previously presented hypothesis on the cellular mechanisms underlying mental fatigue suggesting a dysfunction in the astroglial support of the glutamate transmission. Changes in other neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, and acetylcholine after brain injury are also taken into consideration.
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109
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Chung W, Wang DS, Khodaei S, Pinguelo A, Orser BA. GABA A Receptors in Astrocytes Are Targets for Commonly Used Intravenous and Inhalational General Anesthetic Drugs. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:802582. [PMID: 35087395 PMCID: PMC8787299 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.802582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) occur commonly in older patients after anesthesia and surgery. Treating astrocytes with general anesthetic drugs stimulates the release of soluble factors that increase the cell-surface expression and function of GABAA receptors in neurons. Such crosstalk may contribute to PNDs; however, the receptor targets in astrocytes for anesthetic drugs have not been identified. GABAA receptors, which are the major targets of general anesthetic drugs in neurons, are also expressed in astrocytes, raising the possibility that these drugs act on GABAA receptors in astrocytes to trigger the release of soluble factors. To date, no study has directly examined the sensitivity of GABAA receptors in astrocytes to general anesthetic drugs that are frequently used in clinical practice. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine whether the function of GABAA receptors in astrocytes was modulated by the intravenous anesthetic etomidate and the inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane. Methods: Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed in astrocytes in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region of hippocampal slices isolated from C57BL/6 male mice. Astrocytes were identified by their morphologic and electrophysiologic properties. Focal puff application of GABA (300 μM) was applied with a Picospritzer system to evoke GABA responses. Currents were studied before and during the application of the non-competitive GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (0.5 mM), or etomidate (100 μM) or sevoflurane (532 μM). Results: GABA consistently evoked inward currents that were inhibited by picrotoxin. Etomidate increased the amplitude of the peak current by 35.0 ± 24.4% and prolonged the decay time by 27.2 ± 24.3% (n = 7, P < 0.05). Sevoflurane prolonged current decay by 28.3 ± 23.1% (n = 7, P < 0.05) but did not alter the peak amplitude. Etomidate and sevoflurane increased charge transfer (area) by 71.2 ± 45.9% and 51.8 ± 48.9% (n = 7, P < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: The function of astrocytic GABAA receptors in the hippocampus was increased by etomidate and sevoflurane. Future studies will determine whether these general anesthetic drugs act on astrocytic GABAA receptors to stimulate the release of soluble factors that may contribute to PNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Chung
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dian-Shi Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shahin Khodaei
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arsene Pinguelo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beverley A Orser
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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110
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Allison RL, Welby E, Khayrullina G, Burnett BG, Ebert AD. Viral mediated knockdown of GATA6 in SMA iPSC-derived astrocytes prevents motor neuron loss and microglial activation. Glia 2022; 70:989-1004. [PMID: 35088910 PMCID: PMC9303278 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a pediatric genetic disorder, is characterized by the profound loss of spinal cord motor neurons and subsequent muscle atrophy and death. Although the mechanisms underlying motor neuron loss are not entirely clear, data from our work and others support the idea that glial cells contribute to disease pathology. GATA6, a transcription factor that we have previously shown to be upregulated in SMA astrocytes, is negatively regulated by SMN (survival motor neuron) and can increase the expression of inflammatory regulator NFκB. In this study, we identified upregulated GATA6 as a contributor to increased activation, pro-inflammatory ligand production, and neurotoxicity in spinal-cord patterned astrocytes differentiated from SMA patient induced pluripotent stem cells. Reducing GATA6 expression in SMA astrocytes via lentiviral infection ameliorated these effects to healthy control levels. Additionally, we found that SMA astrocytes contribute to SMA microglial phagocytosis, which was again decreased by lentiviral-mediated knockdown of GATA6. Together these data identify a role of GATA6 in SMA astrocyte pathology and further highlight glia as important targets of therapeutic intervention in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly L Allison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily Welby
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barrington G Burnett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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111
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Chen CC, Brumberg JC. Sensory Experience as a Regulator of Structural Plasticity in the Developing Whisker-to-Barrel System. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:770453. [PMID: 35002626 PMCID: PMC8739903 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.770453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular structures provide the physical foundation for the functionality of the nervous system, and their developmental trajectory can be influenced by the characteristics of the external environment that an organism interacts with. Historical and recent works have determined that sensory experiences, particularly during developmental critical periods, are crucial for information processing in the brain, which in turn profoundly influence neuronal and non-neuronal cortical structures that subsequently impact the animals' behavioral and cognitive outputs. In this review, we focus on how altering sensory experience influences normal/healthy development of the central nervous system, particularly focusing on the cerebral cortex using the rodent whisker-to-barrel system as an illustrative model. A better understanding of structural plasticity, encompassing multiple aspects such as neuronal, glial, and extra-cellular domains, provides a more integrative view allowing for a deeper appreciation of how all aspects of the brain work together as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Psychology, Queens College City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou, China
| | - Joshua C Brumberg
- Department of Psychology, Queens College City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States.,The Biology (Neuroscience) and Psychology (Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience) PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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112
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Ye E, Lee JE, Lim YS, Yang SH, Park SM. Effect of duty cycles of tumor‑treating fields on glioblastoma cells and normal brain organoids. Int J Oncol 2022; 60:8. [PMID: 34970698 PMCID: PMC8727135 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‑treating fields (TTFields) are emerging cancer therapies based on alternating low‑intensity electric fields that interfere with dividing cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis. However, to date, there is limited knowledge of their effects on normal cells, as well as the effects of different duty cycles on outcomes. The present study evaluated the effects of TTFields with different duty cycles on glioma spheroid cells and normal brain organoids. A customized TTFields system was developed to perform in vitro experiments with varying duty cycles. Three duty cycles were applied to three types of glioma spheroid cells and brain organoids. The efficacy and safety of the TTFields were evaluated by analyzing the cell cycle of glioma cells, and markers of neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocytes in brain organoids. The application of the TTFields at the 75 and 100% duty cycle markedly inhibited the proliferation of the U87 and U373 compared with the control. FACS analysis revealed that the higher the duty cycle of the applied fields, the greater the increase in apoptosis detected. Exposure to a higher duty cycle resulted in a greater decrease in NSC markers and a greater increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in normal brain organoids. These results suggest that TTFields at the 75 and 100% duty cycle induced cancer cell death, and that the neurotoxicity of the TTFields at 75% was less prominent than that at 100%. Although clinical studies with endpoints related to safety and efficacy need to be performed before this strategy may be adopted clinically, the findings of the present study provide meaningful evidence for the further advancement of TTFields in the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Ye
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Lim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
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Tayanloo-Beik A, Hamidpour SK, Abedi M, Shojaei H, Tavirani MR, Namazi N, Larijani B, Arjmand B. Zebrafish Modeling of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Current Status and Future Prospective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:911770. [PMID: 35911241 PMCID: PMC9329562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.911770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a complicated range of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders which can occur via genetic or non-genetic factors. Clinically, ASD is associated with problems in relationships, social interactions, and behaviors that pose many challenges for children with ASD and their families. Due to the complexity, heterogeneity, and association of symptoms with some neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, anxiety, and sleep disorders, clinical trials have not yielded reliable results and there still remain challenges in drug discovery and development pipeline for ASD patients. One of the main steps in promoting lead compounds to the suitable drug for commercialization is preclinical animal testing, in which the efficacy and toxicity of candidate drugs are examined in vivo. In recent years, zebrafish have been able to attract the attention of many researchers in the field of neurological disorders such as ASD due to their outstanding features. The presence of orthologous genes for ASD modeling, the anatomical similarities of parts of the brain, and similar neurotransmitter systems between zebrafish and humans are some of the main reasons why scientists draw attention to zebrafish as a prominent animal model in preclinical studies to discover highly effective treatment approaches for the ASD through genetic and non-genetic modeling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Kokabi Hamidpour
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Abedi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamide Shojaei
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nazli Namazi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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114
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Sadeghi I, Gispert JD, Palumbo E, Muñoz-Aguirre M, Wucher V, D'Argenio V, Santpere G, Navarro A, Guigo R, Vilor-Tejedor N. Brain transcriptomic profiling reveals common alterations across neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4549-4561. [PMID: 36090817 PMCID: PMC9428860 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders (ND-NPs) are multifactorial, polygenic and complex behavioral phenotypes caused by brain abnormalities. Large-scale collaborative efforts have tried to identify the genetic architecture of these conditions. However, the specific and shared underlying molecular pathobiology of brain illnesses is not clear. Here, we examine transcriptome-wide characterization of eight conditions, using a total of 2,633 post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Pathological Aging (PA), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Schizophrenia (Scz), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Bipolar Disorder (BP)–in comparison with 2,078 brain samples from matched control subjects. Similar transcriptome alterations were observed between NDs and NPs with the top correlations obtained between Scz-BP, ASD-PD, AD-PD, and Scz-ASD. Region-specific comparisons also revealed shared transcriptome alterations in frontal and temporal lobes across NPs and NDs. Co-expression network analysis identified coordinated dysregulations of cell-type-specific modules across NDs and NPs. This study provides a transcriptomic framework to understand the molecular alterations of NPs and NDs through their shared- and specific gene expression in the brain.
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115
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Jia H, Xie T. Tracers progress for positron emission tomography imaging of glial-related disease. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:321-335. [PMID: 36131689 PMCID: PMC9548440 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells play an essential part in the neuron system. They can not only serve as structural blocks in the human brain but also participate in many biological processes. Extensive studies have shown that astrocytes and microglia play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, as well as glioma, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, and infections. Positron emission tomography is a functional imaging technique providing molecular-level information before anatomic changes are visible and has been widely used in many above-mentioned diseases. In this review, we focus on the positron emission tomography tracers used in pathologies related to glial cells, such as glioma, Alzheimer's disease, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jia
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianwu Xie
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Tianwu Xie, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, 2094 Xietu Road, Shanghai 200032, China. Tel: +86-21-64048363, E-mail:
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116
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Covering the Role of PGC-1α in the Nervous System. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010111. [PMID: 35011673 PMCID: PMC8750669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a well-known transcriptional coactivator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α is implicated in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, a deep understanding of its functioning in the nervous system may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The central nervous system (CNS)-specific isoforms of PGC-1α have been recently identified, and many functions of PGC-1α are assigned to the particular cell types of the central nervous system. In the mice CNS, deficiency of PGC-1α disturbed viability and functioning of interneurons and dopaminergic neurons, followed by alterations in inhibitory signaling and behavioral dysfunction. Furthermore, in the ALS rodent model, PGC-1α protects upper motoneurons from neurodegeneration. PGC-1α is engaged in the generation of neuromuscular junctions by lower motoneurons, protection of photoreceptors, and reduction in oxidative stress in sensory neurons. Furthermore, in the glial cells, PGC-1α is essential for the maturation and proliferation of astrocytes, myelination by oligodendrocytes, and mitophagy and autophagy of microglia. PGC-1α is also necessary for synaptogenesis in the developing brain and the generation and maintenance of synapses in postnatal life. This review provides an outlook of recent studies on the role of PGC-1α in various cells in the central nervous system.
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117
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Ji J, Yi X, Zhu Y, Yu H, Huang S, Liu Z, Zhang X, Xia G, Shen X. Tilapia Head Protein Hydrolysate Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment through the Gut-Brain Axis in Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123129. [PMID: 34945680 PMCID: PMC8701847 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of the homeostasis in the gut-brain axis can lead to cognitive impairment and memory decline. Dietary intervention with bioactive peptides from aquatic products is an innovative strategy to prevent cognitive deficits. The present study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of tilapia head protein hydrolysate (THPH) on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice, and to further explore its mechanism through the microbiota–gut-brain axis. The results showed that THPH administration significantly improved the cognitive behavior of mice, and normalized the cholinergic system and oxidative stress system of the mice brain. The histopathological observation showed that THPH administration significantly reduced the pathological damage of hippocampal neurons, increased the number of mature neurons marked by NeuN and delayed the activation of astrocytes in the hippocampus of mice. In addition, THPH administration maintained the stability of cholinergic system, alleviated oxidative stress and further improved the cognitive impairment by reshaping the gut microbiota structure of scopolamine-induced mice and alleviating the disorder of lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in serum. In conclusion, our research shows that THPH supplementation is a nutritional strategy to alleviate cognitive impairment through the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiangzhou Yi
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuqi Huang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xuanri Shen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0898-66193581
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Rodríguez-Massó SR, Erickson MA, Banks WA, Ulrich H, Martins AH. The Bradykinin B2 Receptor Agonist (NG291) Causes Rapid Onset of Transient Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Without Evidence of Early Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:791709. [PMID: 34975388 PMCID: PMC8715084 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.791709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) describes the brain's highly specialized capillaries, which form a dynamic interface that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. The BBB supports the CNS, in part, by preventing the entry of potentially harmful circulating molecules into the brain. However, this specialized function is challenging for the development of CNS therapeutics. Several strategies to facilitate drug delivery into the brain parenchyma via disruption of the BBB have been proposed. Bradykinin has proven effective in disrupting mechanisms across the blood-tumor barrier. Unfortunately, bradykinin has limited therapeutic value because of its short half-life and the undesirable biological activity elicited by its active metabolites. Objective: To evaluate NG291, a stable bradykinin analog, with selective agonist activity on the bradykinin-B2 receptor and its ability to disrupt the BBB transiently. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats and CD-1 mice were subjected to NG291 treatment (either 50 or 100 μg/kg, intravenously). Time and dose-dependent BBB disruption were evaluated by histological analysis of Evans blue (EB) extravasation. Transcellular and paracellular BBB leakage were assessed by infiltration of 99mTc-albumin (66.5 KDa) and 14C-sucrose (340 Da) radiolabeled probes into the brains of CD-1 mice treated with NG291. NG291 influence on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump activity was evaluated by quantifying the brain accumulation of 3H-verapamil, a known P-gp substrate, in CD-1 mice. Results: NG291-mediated BBB disruption was localized, dose-dependent, and reversible as measured by EB extravasation. 99mTc-albumin leakage was significantly increased by 50 μg/kg of NG291, whereas 100 μg/kg of NG291 significantly augmented both 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin leakage. NG291 enhanced P-gp efflux transporter activity and was unable to increase brain uptake of the P-gp substrate pralidoxime. NG291 did not evoke significant short-term neurotoxicity, as it did not increase brain water content, the number of Fluoro-Jade C positive cells, or astrocyte activation. Conclusion: Our findings strongly suggest that NG291 increases BBB permeability by two different mechanisms in a dose-dependent manner and increases P-gp efflux transport. This increased permeability may facilitate the penetration into the brain of therapeutic candidates that are not P-gp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R. Rodríguez-Massó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Henrique Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
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119
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Neuroprotective Potential of Carnosine in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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120
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Taspinar N, Hacimuftuoglu A, Butuner S, Togar B, Arslan G, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Okkay U, Agar E, Stephens R, Turkez H, Abd El-Aty AM. Differential effects of inhibitors of PTZ-induced kindling on glutamate transporters and enzyme expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1662-1673. [PMID: 34409650 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder resulting from abnormal neuronal firing in the brain. Glutamate transporters and the glutamate-glutamine cycle play crucial roles in the development of seizures. In the present study, the correlation of epilepsy with glutamate transporters and enzymes was investigated. Herein, male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (six animals/group); 35 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was used to induce a kindling model of epilepsy. Once the kindling model was established, animals were treated for 15 days with either valproic acid (VPA, 350 mg/kg) or ceftriaxone (CEF, 200 mg/kg) in addition to the control group receiving saline. After treatment, electrocorticography (ECoG) was performed to record the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. The glutamate reuptake time (T80 ) was also determined in situ using an in vivo voltammetry. The expression levels of glutamate transporters and enzymes in the M1 and CA3 areas of the brain were determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ECoG measurements showed that the mean spike number of the PTZ + VPA and PTZ + CEF groups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the PTZ group. Compared with the PTZ group, VPA or CEF treatment decreased the glutamate reuptake time (T80 ). The expression levels of EAAC1, GLT-1, GLAST, glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutaminase were increased in the PTZ group. Treatment with VPA or CEF enhanced the expression levels of GLT-1, GLAST, EAAC1, and GS, whereas the glutaminase expression level was reduced. The current results suggest that VPA or CEF decreases seizure activity by increasing glutamate reuptake by upregulating GLT-1 and GLAST expression, implying a possible mechanism for treating epilepsy. Also, we have suggested a novel mechanism for the antiepileptic activity of VPA via decreasing glutaminase expression levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the glutamate reuptake time in situ during the seizure (i.e., real-time measurement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Taspinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Butuner
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Basak Togar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Arslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Okkay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdal Agar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Robert Stephens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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121
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Yan L, Moriarty RA, Stroka KM. Recent progress and new challenges in modeling of human pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier. Theranostics 2021; 11:10148-10170. [PMID: 34815809 PMCID: PMC8581424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semipermeable unit that serves to vascularize the central nervous system (CNS) while tightly regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the brain. The BBB precisely controls brain homeostasis and protects the neural tissue from toxins and pathogens. The BBB is coordinated by a tight monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells, which is subsequently supported by mural cells, astrocytes, and surrounding neuronal cells that regulate the barrier function with a series of specialized properties. Dysfunction of barrier properties is an important pathological feature in the progression of various neurological diseases. In vitro BBB models recapitulating the physiological and diseased states are important tools to understand the pathological mechanism and to serve as a platform to screen potential drugs. Recent advances in this field have stemmed from the use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Various cell types of the BBB such as brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), pericytes, and astrocytes have been derived from PSCs and synergistically incorporated to model the complex BBB structure in vitro. In this review, we summarize the most recent protocols and techniques for the differentiation of major cell types of the BBB. We also discuss the progress of BBB modeling by using PSC-derived cells and perspectives on how to reproduce more natural BBBs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Mirzaei N, Davis N, Chau TW, Sastre M. Astrocyte Reactivity in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Opportunities to Promote Repair. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:1-15. [PMID: 34719372 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211029164106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are fast climbing the ladder of importance in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with the prominent presence of reactive astrocytes sur- rounding amyloid β- plaques, together with activated microglia. Reactive astrogliosis, implying morphological and molecular transformations in astrocytes, seems to precede neurodegeneration, suggesting a role in the development of the disease. Single-cell transcriptomics has recently demon- strated that astrocytes from AD brains are different from "normal" healthy astrocytes, showing dys- regulations in areas such as neurotransmitter recycling, including glutamate and GABA, and im- paired homeostatic functions. However, recent data suggest that the ablation of astrocytes in mouse models of amyloidosis results in an increase in amyloid pathology as well as in the inflammatory profile and reduced synaptic density, indicating that astrocytes mediate neuroprotective effects. The idea that interventions targeting astrocytes may have great potential for AD has therefore emerged, supported by a range of drugs and stem cell transplantation studies that have successfully shown a therapeutic effect in mouse models of AD. In this article, we review the latest reports on the role and profile of astrocytes in AD brains and how manipulation of astrocytes in animal mod- els has paved the way for the use of treatments enhancing astrocytic function as future therapeutic avenues for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048. United States
| | - Nicola Davis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammer-smith Hospital, Du Cane Road, LondonW12 0NN. United Kingdom
| | - Tsz Wing Chau
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammer-smith Hospital, Du Cane Road, LondonW12 0NN. United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammer-smith Hospital, Du Cane Road, LondonW12 0NN. United Kingdom
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Chen R, Xue G, Hölscher C. The role of the TNFα-mediated astrocyte signaling pathway in epilepsy. ACTA EPILEPTOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42494-021-00059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEpilepsy is a common disease in the central nervous system. There is growing evidence that epilepsy is associated with glial cells, including astrocytes. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a “master regulator” of proinflammatory cytokine production and is secreted by microglia and astrocytes. TNFα secreted by microglia can activate astrocytes. Additionally, TNFα can regulate neuron activity and induce epilepsy by increasing the glutamate release, reducing the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid, inducing neuroinflammation and affecting the synaptic function in astrocytes. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and receptors of TNFα acting on astrocytes that are related to epilepsy and provides insights into the potential therapeutic strategies of epilepsy for clinical practice.
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124
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Do PT, Wu CC, Chiang YH, Hu CJ, Chen KY. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Therapy in Blood-Brain Barrier Preservation Following Ischemia: Molecular Mechanisms and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810045. [PMID: 34576209 PMCID: PMC8468469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a prominent pathophysiological mechanism, responsible for a series of subsequent inflammatory cascades that exacerbate the damage to brain tissue. However, the benefit of recanalization is limited in most patients because of the narrow therapeutic time window. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been assessed as excellent candidates for cell-based therapy in cerebral ischemia, including neuroinflammatory alleviation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis promotion through their paracrine actions. In addition, accumulating evidence on how MSC therapy preserves BBB integrity after stroke may open up novel therapeutic targets for treating cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of MSC-based therapy in the ischemia-induced prevention of BBB compromise. Currently, therapeutic effects of MSCs for stroke are primarily based on the fundamental pathogenesis of BBB breakdown, such as attenuating leukocyte infiltration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) regulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, stabilizing morphology and crosstalk between cellular components of the BBB. We also discuss prospective studies to improve the effectiveness of MSC therapy through enhanced migration into defined brain regions of stem cells. Targeted therapy is a promising new direction and is being prioritized for extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Do
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- TMU Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.H.); (K.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-227361661 (ext. 3032) (C.-J.H.); +886-227361661 (ext. 7602) (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- TMU Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.H.); (K.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-227361661 (ext. 3032) (C.-J.H.); +886-227361661 (ext. 7602) (K.-Y.C.)
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125
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Heimfarth L, Nascimento LDS, Amazonas da Silva MDJ, Lucca Junior WD, Lima ES, Quintans-Junior LJ, Veiga-Junior VFD. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of pectolinarigenin, a flavonoid from Amazonian Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.), against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in astrocytes via NFκB and MAPK pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112538. [PMID: 34500010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Regardless of the underlying cause, neuroinflammation is the greatest risk factor for developing any of these disorders. Pectolinarigenin (PNG) is an active flavonoid with several biological properties, anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigate the biological effects of PNG in macrophage and astrocyte cultures, with focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the PNG activity. J774A.1 murine macrophage or cerebral cortex primary astrocytes primary cultures were treated with different concentration of PNG (1-160 μM) and the inflammatory process was stimulated by LPS (1 μg/ml) and the effect of PNG in different inflammatory markers were determined. PNG did not affect astrocyte or macrophage viability. Moreover, this flavonoid reduced NO• release in macrophages, attenuated astrocyte activation by preventing the overexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, and decreased the release of inflammatory mediators, IL-1β and IL-6 induced by LPS by the glial cell, as well as enhanced basal levels of IL-10. In addition, PNG suppressed NFκB, p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in astrocytes culture induced by LPS. The results show clear evidence that this novel flavonoid protects astrocytes against LPS-induced inflammatory toxicity. In conclusion, PNG presents neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory property through the inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Heimfarth
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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126
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Hanafy AS, Dietrich D, Fricker G, Lamprecht A. Blood-brain barrier models: Rationale for selection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113859. [PMID: 34246710 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain delivery is a broad research area, the outcomes of which are far hindered by the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Over the last century, research has been revealing the BBB complexity and the crosstalk between its cellular and molecular components. Pathologically, BBB alterations may precede as well as be concomitant or lead to brain diseases. To simulate the BBB and investigate options for drug delivery, several in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, in situ and in silico models are used. Hundreds of drug delivery vehicles successfully pass preclinical trials but fail in clinical settings. Inadequate selection of BBB models is believed to remarkably impact the data reliability leading to unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. In this review, we suggest a rationale for BBB model selection with respect to the addressed research question and downstream applications. The essential considerations of an optimal BBB model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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127
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Ibrahim Fouad G, Ahmed KA. Neuroprotective Potential of Berberine Against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in Rat's Brain. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3247-3263. [PMID: 34403065 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-associated neurotoxicity is one of the principal side-effects for doxorubicin (DOX)-treated cancer patients. Despite its poor-penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), DOX is linked to the induction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Berberine (BEB) is a natural polyphenolic alkaloid, which exhibits unique antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory potential. The present study was performed to investigate the neuroprotective potential of BEB in a rodent model of DOX-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity was induced in rats via a single acute dose of DOX (20 mg/kg/week, i.p.). BEB was administered at 50 mg/kg/day orally for 10 days before and 4 days after DOX administration. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were evaluated. Oxidative stress was investigated via the colorimetric determination of lipid peroxides, glutathione reduced (GSH) contents and catalase (CAT) activities in the brain tissue. In addition, DOX-induced genotoxicity was evaluated using comet assay. DOX produced a significant elevation in AChE activities. Additionally, DOX provoked oxidative stress as evidenced from the significant elevation in lipid peroxidation along with depletion in GSH contents and CAT activities. Moreover, DOX resulted in neuroinflammation as indicated by the elevation of pro-inflammatory mediator glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), as well as, the pro-apoptotic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-3 in brain tissue. Co-treatment with BEB significantly counteracted DOX-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and genotoxicity. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination supported the biochemical results. BEB demonstrated neuroprotective potential through exerting cholinergic, anti-oxidative, genoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Our findings present BEB as a promising "pre-clinical" neuroprotective agent against DOX-induced neurotoxicity during anti-neoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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128
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Schulz I, Kruse N, Gera RG, Kremer T, Cedarbaum J, Barbour R, Zago W, Schade S, Otte B, Bartl M, Hutten SJ, Trenkwalder C, Mollenhauer B. Systematic Assessment of 10 Biomarker Candidates Focusing on α-Synuclein-Related Disorders. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2874-2887. [PMID: 34363416 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective diagnostic biomarkers are needed to support a clinical diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To analyze markers in various neurodegenerative disorders to identify diagnostic biomarker candidates for mainly α-synuclein (aSyn)-related disorders (ASRD) in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS Upon initial testing of commercially available kits or published protocols for the quantification of the candidate markers, assays for the following were selected: total and phosphorylated aSyn (pS129aSyn), neurofilament light chain (NfL), phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNfH), tau protein (tau), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), calcium-binding protein B (S100B), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM-2), and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40). The cohort comprised participants with Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 151), multiple system atrophy (MSA, n = 17), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 45), tau protein-related neurodegenerative disorders (n = 80, comprising patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n = 38), corticobasal syndrome (CBS, n = 16), Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 11), and frontotemporal degeneration/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD/ALS, n = 15), as well as healthy controls (HC, n = 20). Receiver operating curves (ROC) with area under the curves (AUC) are given for each marker. RESULTS CSF total aSyn was decreased. NfL, pNfH, UCHL-1, GFAP, S100B, and sTREM-2 were increased in patients with neurodegenerative disease versus HC (P < 0.05). As expected, some of the markers were highest in AD (i.e., UCHL-1, GFAP, S100B, sTREM-2, YKL-40). Within ASRD, CSF NfL levels were higher in MSA than PD and DLB (P < 0.05). Comparing PD to HC, interesting serum markers were S100B (AUC: 0.86), sTREM2 (AUC: 0.87), and NfL (AUC: 0.78). CSF S100B and serum GFAP were highest in DLB. CONCLUSIONS Levels of most marker candidates tested in serum and CSF significantly differed between disease groups and HC. In the stratification of PD versus other tau- or aSyn-related conditions, CSF NfL levels best discriminated PD and MSA. CSF S100B and serum GFAP best discriminated PD and DLB. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Kruse
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Roland G Gera
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kremer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NRD Neuroscience and Rare Disease, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jesse Cedarbaum
- Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC, Woodbidge, Connecticut, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robin Barbour
- Prothena Biosciences Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wagner Zago
- Prothena Biosciences Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Schade
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Otte
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bartl
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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129
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Codeluppi SA, Chatterjee D, Prevot TD, Bansal Y, Misquitta KA, Sibille E, Banasr M. Chronic Stress Alters Astrocyte Morphology in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:842-853. [PMID: 34346493 PMCID: PMC8538896 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromorphological changes are consistently reported in the prefrontal cortex of patients with stress-related disorders and in rodent stress models, but the effects of stress on astrocyte morphology and the potential link to behavioral deficits are relatively unknown. METHODS To answer these questions, transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) promotor were subjected to 7, 21, or 35 days of chronic restraint stress (CRS). CRS-induced behavioral effects on anhedonia- and anxiety-like behaviors were measured using the sucrose intake and the PhenoTyper tests, respectively. Prefrontal cortex GFP+ or GFAP+ cell morphology was assessed using Sholl analysis, and associations with behavior were determined using correlation analysis. RESULTS CRS-exposed male and female mice displayed anxiety-like behavior at 7, 21, and 35 days and anhedonia-like behavior at 35 days. Analysis of GFAP+ cell morphology revealed significant atrophy of distal processes following 21 and 35 days of CRS. CRS induced similar decreases in intersections at distal radii for GFP+ cells accompanied by increased proximal processes. In males, the number of intersections at the most distal radius step significantly correlated with anhedonia-like behavior (r = 0.622, P < .05) for GFP+ cells and with behavioral emotionality calculated by z-scoring all behavioral measured deficits (r = -0.667, P < .05). Similar but not significant correlations were observed in females. No correlation between GFP+ cell atrophy with anxiety-like behavior was found. CONCLUSION Chronic stress exposure induces a progressive atrophy of cortical astroglial cells, potentially contributing to maladaptive neuroplastic and behavioral changes associated with stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra A Codeluppi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dipashree Chatterjee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith A Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Correspondence: Mounira Banasr, PhD, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada ()
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130
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Mutoji KN, Sun M, Nash A, Puri S, Hascall V, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Anti-inflammatory protein TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) reduces inflammatory response after brain injury in mice. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:52. [PMID: 34348643 PMCID: PMC8336266 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research suggests that the glial scar surrounding penetrating brain injuries is instrumental in preserving the surrounding uninjured tissue by limiting the inflammatory response to the injury site. We recently showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), a well-established anti-inflammatory molecule, is present within the glial scar. In the present study we investigated the role of TSG-6 within the glial scar using TSG-6 null and littermate control mice subjected to penetrating brain injuries. RESULTS Our findings show that mice lacking TSG-6 present a more severe inflammatory response after injury, which was correlated with an enlarged area of astrogliosis beyond the injury site. CONCLUSION Our data provides evidence that TSG-6 has an anti-inflammatory role within the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazadi Nadine Mutoji
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
| | - Amanda Nash
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sudan Puri
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
| | | | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA.
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131
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S1P 2-Gα 12 Signaling Controls Astrocytic Glutamate Uptake and Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0040-21.2021. [PMID: 33893167 PMCID: PMC8287876 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0040-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain. Following neurotransmission, astrocytes remove excess extracellular glutamate to prevent neurotoxicity. Glutamate neurotoxicity has been reported in multiple neurologic diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), representing a shared neurodegenerative mechanism. A potential modulator of glutamate neurotoxicity is the bioactive lysophospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) that signals through five cognate G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-S1P5; however, a clear link between glutamate homeostasis and S1P signaling has not been established. Here, S1P receptor knock-out mice, primary astrocyte cultures, and receptor-selective chemical tools were used to examine the effects of S1P on glutamate uptake. S1P inhibited astrocytic glutamate uptake in a dose-dependent manner and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, primarily through S1P2 Primary cultures of wild-type mouse astrocytes expressed S1P1,2,3 transcripts, and selective deletion of S1P1 and/or S1P3 in cerebral cortical astrocytes, did not alter S1P-mediated, dose-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake. Pharmacological antagonists, S1P2-null astrocytes, and Gα12 hemizygous-null astrocytes indicated that S1P2-Gα12-Rho/ROCK signaling was primarily responsible for the S1P-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake. In addition, S1P exposure increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in wild-type astrocytes and reduced OCRs in S1P2-null astrocytes, implicating receptor selective metabolic consequences of S1P-mediated glutamate uptake inhibition. Astrocytic S1P-S1P2 signaling increased extracellular glutamate, which could contribute to neurotoxicity. This effect was not observed with the FDA-approved S1P receptor modulators, siponimod and fingolimod. Development and use of S1P2-selective antagonists may provide a new approach to reduce glutamate neurotoxicity in neurologic diseases.
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132
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Abdellah M, Foni A, Zisis E, Guerrero NR, Lapere S, Coggan JS, Keller D, Markram H, Schürmann F. Metaball skinning of synthetic astroglial morphologies into realistic mesh models for visual analytics and in silico simulations. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:i426-i433. [PMID: 34252950 PMCID: PMC8275327 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the mammalian brain, have an instrumental role in developing neuronal circuits. They contribute to the physical structuring of the brain, modulating synaptic activity and maintaining the blood–brain barrier in addition to other significant aspects that impact brain function. Biophysically, detailed astrocytic models are key to unraveling their functional mechanisms via molecular simulations at microscopic scales. Detailed, and complete, biological reconstructions of astrocytic cells are sparse. Nonetheless, data-driven digital reconstruction of astroglial morphologies that are statistically identical to biological counterparts are becoming available. We use those synthetic morphologies to generate astrocytic meshes with realistic geometries, making it possible to perform these simulations. Results We present an unconditionally robust method capable of reconstructing high fidelity polygonal meshes of astroglial cells from algorithmically-synthesized morphologies. Our method uses implicit surfaces, or metaballs, to skin the different structural components of astrocytes and then blend them in a seamless fashion. We also provide an end-to-end pipeline to produce optimized two- and three-dimensional meshes for visual analytics and simulations, respectively. The performance of our pipeline has been assessed with a group of 5000 astroglial morphologies and the geometric metrics of the resulting meshes are evaluated. The usability of the meshes is then demonstrated with different use cases. Availability and implementation Our metaball skinning algorithm is implemented in Blender 2.82 relying on its Python API (Application Programming Interface). To make it accessible to computational biologists and neuroscientists, the implementation has been integrated into NeuroMorphoVis, an open source and domain specific package that is primarily designed for neuronal morphology visualization and meshing. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Abdellah
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Foni
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Eleftherios Zisis
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Nadir Román Guerrero
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lapere
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Jay S Coggan
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Keller
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Felix Schürmann
- Blue Brain Project (BBP), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
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133
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Shan L, Zhang T, Fan K, Cai W, Liu H. Astrocyte-Neuron Signaling in Synaptogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680301. [PMID: 34277621 PMCID: PMC8284252 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the key component of the central nervous system (CNS), serving as pivotal regulators of neuronal synapse formation and maturation through their ability to dynamically and bidirectionally communicate with synapses throughout life. In the past 20 years, numerous astrocyte-derived molecules promoting synaptogenesis have been discovered. However, our understanding of the cell biological basis underlying intra-neuron processes and astrocyte-mediated synaptogenesis is still in its infancy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various ways astrocytes talk to neurons, and highlight astrocytes’ heterogeneity that allow them to displays regional-specific capabilities in boosting synaptogenesis. Finally, we conclude with promises and future directions on how organoids generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) effectively address the signaling pathways astrocytes employ in synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongran Zhang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Kevin Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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134
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Borodinova AA, Balaban PM, Bezprozvanny IB, Salmina AB, Vlasova OL. Genetic Constructs for the Control of Astrocytes' Activity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071600. [PMID: 34202359 PMCID: PMC8306323 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we aim to discuss the principles and the perspectives of using the genetic constructs based on AAV vectors to regulate astrocytes’ activity. Practical applications of optogenetic approaches utilizing different genetically encoded opsins to control astroglia activity were evaluated. The diversity of astrocytic cell-types complicates the rational design of an ideal viral vector for particular experimental goals. Therefore, efficient and sufficient targeting of astrocytes is a multiparametric process that requires a combination of specific AAV serotypes naturally predisposed to transduce astroglia with astrocyte-specific promoters in the AAV cassette. Inadequate combinations may result in off-target neuronal transduction to different degrees. Potentially, these constraints may be bypassed with the latest strategies of generating novel synthetic AAV serotypes with specified properties by rational engineering of AAV capsids or using directed evolution approach by searching within a more specific promoter or its replacement with the unique enhancer sequences characterized using modern molecular techniques (ChIP-seq, scATAC-seq, snATAC-seq) to drive the selective transgene expression in the target population of cells or desired brain regions. Realizing these strategies to restrict expression and to efficiently target astrocytic populations in specific brain regions or across the brain has great potential to enable future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Borodinova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel M. Balaban
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilya B. Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L. Vlasova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
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135
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Young J, Gallagher E, Koska K, Guetta-Baranes T, Morgan K, Thomas A, Brookes KJ. Genome-wide association findings from the brains for dementia research cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 107:159-167. [PMID: 34183186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Brains for Dementia Research (BDR) cohort (~3200) is a longitudinal clinicopathological programme, complimented with genetic analysis for the purposes of aetiological investigation into dementia. Here the data from genetic association analyses are presented from the initial collection of DNA from the BDR cohort. The aim of this study was to investigate the preliminary association signals for pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease samples compared to controls with no other pathology (n = 520). Genome-wide genotyping was carried out using the NeuroChip platform. Analysis utilised the standard PLINK software for association studies. Genome-wide Bonferroni significant association were observed on chr19 around the APOE/TOMM40 locus across 2 distinct linkage disequilibrium blocks. Eleven of the top 35 association signals have been identified in previous studies, in addition to an intriguing SNP association within the FPR1 gene locus. This study suggests the BDR is genetically comparable to other Alzheimer's disease cohorts and offers an independent resource to verify findings, and additional genetic data for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Young
- Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emily Gallagher
- Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Klaudia Koska
- Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alan Thomas
- Brains for Dementia Research Coordinating Centre, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Keeley J Brookes
- Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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136
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Floriou-Servou A, von Ziegler L, Waag R, Schläppi C, Germain PL, Bohacek J. The Acute Stress Response in the Multiomic Era. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:1116-1126. [PMID: 33722387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studying the stress response is a major pillar of neuroscience research not only because stress is a daily reality but also because the exquisitely fine-tuned bodily changes triggered by stress are a neuroendocrinological marvel. While the genome-wide changes induced by chronic stress have been extensively studied, we know surprisingly little about the complex molecular cascades triggered by acute stressors, the building blocks of chronic stress. The acute stress (or fight-or-flight) response mobilizes organismal energy resources to meet situational demands. However, successful stress coping also requires the efficient termination of the stress response. Maladaptive coping-particularly in response to severe or repeated stressors-can lead to allostatic (over)load, causing wear and tear on tissues, exhaustion, and disease. We propose that deep molecular profiling of the changes triggered by acute stressors could provide molecular correlates for allostatic load and predict healthy or maladaptive stress responses. We present a theoretical framework to interpret multiomic data in light of energy homeostasis and activity-dependent gene regulation, and we review the signaling cascades and molecular changes rapidly induced by acute stress in different cell types in the brain. In addition, we review and reanalyze recent data from multiomic screens conducted mainly in the rodent hippocampus and amygdala after acute psychophysical stressors. We identify challenges surrounding experimental design and data analysis, and we highlight promising new research directions to better understand the stress response on a multiomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Floriou-Servou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas von Ziegler
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Waag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christa Schläppi
- Computational Neurogenomics, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Luc Germain
- Computational Neurogenomics, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Statistical Bioinformatics, Department for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Johannes Bohacek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Morris G, Walder K, Kloiber S, Amminger P, Berk M, Bortolasci CC, Maes M, Puri BK, Carvalho AF. The endocannabinoidome in neuropsychiatry: Opportunities and potential risks. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105729. [PMID: 34119623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises two cognate endocannabinoid receptors referred to as CB1R and CB2R. ECS dysregulation is apparent in neurodegenerative/neuro-psychiatric disorders including but not limited to schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and potentially bipolar disorder. The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms whereby both receptors may interact with neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which play a pathophysiological role in these disorders. CB1R is located in the presynaptic terminals of GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons where it regulates the retrograde suppression of neurotransmission. CB1R plays a key role in long-term depression, and, to a lesser extent, long-term potentiation, thereby modulating synaptic transmission and mediating learning and memory. Optimal CB1R activity plays an essential neuroprotective role by providing a defense against the development of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which is achieved, at least in part, by impeding AMPA-mediated increase in intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress. Moreover, CB1R activity enables optimal neuron-glial communication and the function of the neurovascular unit. CB2R receptors are detected in peripheral immune cells and also in central nervous system regions including the striatum, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala as well as the ventral tegmental area. CB2R upregulation inhibits the presynaptic release of glutamate in several brain regions. CB2R activation also decreases neuroinflammation partly by mediating the transition from a predominantly neurotoxic "M1" microglial phenotype to a more neuroprotective "M2" phenotype. CB1R and CB2R are thus novel drug targets for the treatment of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative disorders including schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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138
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Lim JE, Kim S, Seo S, Kang W, Kim A, Kang Y, Choi KW, Tae WS, Ham BJ, Han KM. Association of Prefrontal Cortex Thinning with High Impulsivity in Healthy Adults. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:570-579. [PMID: 34130438 PMCID: PMC8256145 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have been conducted to identify brain structural alterations related to high impulsivity in psychiatric populations. However, research on healthy subjects is relatively less extensive. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the correlation between the cortical thickness of whole brain regions and the impulsivity level in a healthy population. METHODS We included 100 healthy participants aged 19-65 years. Their T1-weighted magnetic resonance images and the 23-item Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) score were obtained. The patients were divided into high and low impulsivity groups according to the 75th percentile score of the BIS in the sample. The thickness of each cortical region was calculated using the FreeSurfer, and the difference in cortical thickness of the whole brain between the high and low impulsivity groups was analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance including age, sex, education level, and total intracranial cavity volume as covariates. RESULTS The high impulsivity group showed significant cortical thinning in the left pars opercularis. The cortical thickness of the left pars opercularis significantly correlated negatively with the total, attention, and motor scores of the BIS scale. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that prefrontal cortex thinning may play an important role in the development of high impulsivity in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lim
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Surin Seo
- Department of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Man Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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139
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Tomas-Hernandez S, Blanco J, Garcia-Vallvé S, Pujadas G, Ojeda-Montes MJ, Gimeno A, Arola L, Minghetti L, Beltrán-Debón R, Mulero M. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of the Grifola frondosa Natural Compound o-Orsellinaldehyde on LPS-Challenged Murine Primary Glial Cells. Roles of NF-κβ and MAPK. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:806. [PMID: 34071571 PMCID: PMC8229786 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to foreign or endogenous stimuli, both microglia and astrocytes adopt an activated phenotype that promotes the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. This inflammatory mechanism, known as neuroinflammation, is essential in the defense against foreign invasion and in normal tissue repair; nevertheless, when constantly activated, this process can become detrimental through the release of neurotoxic factors that amplify underlying disease. In consequence, this study presents the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of o-orsellinaldehyde, a natural compound found by an in silico approach in the Grifola frondosa mushroom, in astrocytes and microglia cells. For this purpose, primary microglia and astrocytes were isolated from mice brain and cultured in vitro. Subsequently, cells were exposed to LPS in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of this natural compound. Specifically, the results shown that o-orsellinaldehyde strongly inhibits the LPS-induced inflammatory response in astrocytes and microglia by decreasing nitrite formation and downregulating iNOS and HO-1 expression. Furthermore, in microglia cells o-orsellinaldehyde inhibits NF-κB activation; and potently counteracts LPS-mediated p38 kinase and JNK phosphorylation (MAPK). In this regard, o-orsellinaldehyde treatment also induces a significant cell immunomodulation by repolarizing microglia toward the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Altogether, these results could partially explain the reported beneficial effects of G. frondosa extracts on inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tomas-Hernandez
- Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.T.-H.); (S.G.-V.); (G.P.); (M.J.O.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43202 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.T.-H.); (S.G.-V.); (G.P.); (M.J.O.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.T.-H.); (S.G.-V.); (G.P.); (M.J.O.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - María José Ojeda-Montes
- Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.T.-H.); (S.G.-V.); (G.P.); (M.J.O.-M.); (A.G.)
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Cheminformatics and Nutrition Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; (S.T.-H.); (S.G.-V.); (G.P.); (M.J.O.-M.); (A.G.)
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08020 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain;
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Gvoic M, Vukmirovic S, Al-Salami H, Mooranian A, Mikov M, Stankov K. Bile acids as novel enhancers of CNS targeting antitumor drugs: a comprehensive review. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:617-633. [PMID: 33882793 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1916032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite a relatively low prevalence of primary brain tumors, they continuously attract scientific interest because of the complexity of their treatment due to their location behind the blood-brain barrier. The main challenge in treatment of brain tumors is not the efficacy of the drugs, per se, but the low efficiency of drug delivery to malignant cells. At the core of the problem is the complex structure of the blood-brain barrier. Nowadays, there is evidence supporting the claim that bile acids have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. That ability can be exploited by taking a part in novel drug carrier designs. Bile acids represent a drug carrier system as a part of a mixed micelle composition, bilosomes and conjugates with various drugs. This review discusses the current knowledge related to bile acid molecules as drug penetration modifying agents, with the focus on central nervous system antitumor drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gvoic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical faculty of Novi Sad, University of Novi sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sasa Vukmirovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical faculty of Novi Sad, University of Novi sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical faculty of Novi Sad, University of Novi sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical faculty of Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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141
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The Role of Exosomes in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040576. [PMID: 33920837 PMCID: PMC8071119 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small membrane-bound organelles formed from endosomal membranes, represent a heterogenous source of biological and pathological biomarkers capturing the metabolic status of a cell. Exosomal cargo, including lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs, can either act as inter-cellular messengers or are shuttled for autophagic/lysosomal degradation. Most cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) release exosomes, which serve as long and short distance communicators between neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Lysosomal storage disorders are diseases characterized by the accumulation of partially or undigested cellular waste. The exosomal content in these diseases is intrinsic to each individual disorder. Emerging research indicates that lysosomal dysfunction enhances exocytosis, and hence, in lysosomal disorders, exosomal secretion may play a role in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, the unique properties of exosomes and their ability to carry cargo between adjacent cells and organs, and across the blood-brain barrier, make them attractive candidates for use as therapeutic delivery vehicles. Thus, understanding exosomal content and function may have utility in the treatment of specific lysosomal storage disorders. Since lysosomal dysfunction and the deficiency of at least one lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, is associated with the development of parkinsonism, the study and use of exosomes may contribute to an improved understanding of Parkinson disease, potentially leading to new therapeutics.
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Paramashivam S, Balasubramaniam S, Dhiraviam KN. Computational exploration of vicine - an alkaloid glycoside mediated pathological hallmark of adenosine kinase to promote neurological disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:653-667. [PMID: 33496919 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy disease is characterized by the neuronal dysfunction or abnormal neuronal activity of the brain which is regulated by astrocytes. These are glial cells and found to be the major regulators of the brain which are guided by the occurrence of adenosine kinase (ADK) enzyme in the central nervous system (CNS). During the normal physiological environment, ADK maintains the level of adenosine in the CNS. Dysfunction of ADK levels results in accumulation of adenosine levels in the CNS that leads to the pathophysiology of the brain such as astrogliosis which is a pathological hallmark of epileptic seizures. Vicine, an alkaloid glycoside in bitter gourd juice (Momordica charantia) is found to be toxic to the human system if the bitter gourd juice is consumed more. This compound inhibits ADK enzyme activity to lead epilepsy and seizure. Here, the toxic effect of vicine targeting ADK using computational predictions was investigated. The 3-dimensional structure of ADK has been constructed using I-Tasser, which has been refined by ModRefiner, GalaxyRefine, and 3D refine and it was endorsed using PROCHECK, ERRAT, and VADAR. 3D structure of the ligand molecule has been obtained from PubChem. Molecular docking has been achieved using AutoDock 4.2 software, from which the outcome showed the effective interaction between vicine and ADK, which attains binding free energy (∆G) of - 4.13 kcal/mol. Vicine molecule interacts with the active region ARG 149 of ADK and inhibits the functions of ADK that may cause imbalance in energy homeostasis. Also, pre-ADMET results robustly propose in which vicine possesses toxicity, and meanwhile, from the Ames test, it was shown as mutagenic. Hence, the results from our study suggest that vicine was shown to be toxic that suppresses the ADK activity to undergo pathological conditions in the neuronal junctions to lead epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- SathishKumar Paramashivam
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625021, India
| | | | - Kannan Narayanan Dhiraviam
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625021, India.
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Bengue M, Ferraris P, Barthelemy J, Diagne CT, Hamel R, Liégeois F, Nougairède A, de Lamballerie X, Simonin Y, Pompon J, Salinas S, Missé D. Mayaro Virus Infects Human Brain Cells and Induces a Potent Antiviral Response in Human Astrocytes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030465. [PMID: 33799906 PMCID: PMC8001792 DOI: 10.3390/v13030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are known for their arthrotropism, but accumulating evidence shows that CHIKV infections are occasionally associated with serious neurological complications. However, little is known about the capacity of MAYV to invade the central nervous system (CNS). We show that human neural progenitors (hNPCs), pericytes and astrocytes are susceptible to MAYV infection, resulting in the production of infectious viral particles. In primary astrocytes, MAYV, and to a lesser extent CHIKV, elicited a strong antiviral response, as demonstrated by an increased expression of several interferon-stimulated genes, including ISG15, MX1 and OAS2. Infection with either virus led to an enhanced expression of inflammatory chemokines, such as CCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11, whereas MAYV induced higher levels of IL-6, IL-12 and IL-15 in these cells. Moreover, MAYV was more susceptible than CHIKV to the antiviral effects of both type I and type II interferons. Taken together, this study shows that although MAYV and CHIKV are phylogenetically related, they induce different types of antiviral responses in astrocytes. This work is the first to evaluate the potential neurotropism of MAYV and shows that brain cells and particularly astrocytes and hNPCs are permissive to MAYV, which, consequently, could lead to MAYV-induced neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bengue
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Pauline Ferraris
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Rodolphe Hamel
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Florian Liégeois
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité Des Virus Emergents (UVE, Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité Des Virus Emergents (UVE, Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.D.); (R.H.); (F.L.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.M.)
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Fazal SA, Pottoo FH, Haque SE. Nutraceuticals and their Derived Nano-formulations for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:23-50. [PMID: 33687906 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the common chronic neurological disorders and associated with cognitive dysfunction, depression and progressive dementia. Presence of β-amyloid or senile plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, neurofibrillary tangle, oxidative-nitrative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation and derailed neurotransmitter status are the hallmark of AD. Currently, donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine and galantamine are approved by the FDA for symptomatic management. It is well-known that these approved drugs only exert symptomatic relief and possess poor patient-compliance. Additionally, various published evidence shows the neuroprotective potential of various nutraceuticals via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the preclinical and clinical studies. These nutraceuticals possess a significant neuroprotective potential and hence, can be a future pharmacotherapeutic for the management and treatment of AD. However, nutraceutical suffers from certain major limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, fast hepatic-metabolism and larger particle size. These pharmacokinetic attributes restrict their entry into the brain via the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, to over such issues, various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals was developed, that allows their effective delivery into brain owning to reduced particle size, increased lipophilicity increased bioavailability and avoidance of fast hepatic metabolism. Thus, in this review, we have discussed the etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of nutraceuticals with preclinical and clinical evidence, discussed pharmaceutical limitation and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals to ensure safety and efficacy. We further explored the latitude of various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals as a novel approach to overcome the existing pharmaceutical limitation and for effective delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Syed Abul Fazal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal, University, P.O.BOX 1982, Damman, 31441. Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
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145
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D'Mello SR. MECP2 and the Biology of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome. J Neurochem 2021; 159:29-60. [PMID: 33638179 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), a rare X-linked genomic disorder affecting predominantly males, is caused by duplication of the chromosomal region containing the methyl CpG binding protein-2 (MECP2) gene, which encodes methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), a multi-functional protein required for proper brain development and maintenance of brain function during adulthood. Disease symptoms include severe motor and cognitive impairment, delayed or absent speech development, autistic features, seizures, ataxia, recurrent respiratory infections and shortened lifespan. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a relatively modest increase in MECP2 protein causes such severe disease symptoms are poorly understood and consequently there are no treatments available for this fatal disorder. This review summarizes what is known to date about the structure and complex regulation of MECP2 and its many functions in the developing and adult brain. Additionally, recent experimental findings on the cellular and molecular underpinnings of MDS based on cell culture and mouse models of the disorder are reviewed. The emerging picture from these studies is that MDS is a neurodegenerative disorder in which neurons die in specific parts of the central nervous system, including the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and spinal cord. Neuronal death likely results from astrocytic dysfunction, including a breakdown of glutamate homeostatic mechanisms. The role of elevations in the expression of glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) in astrocytes and the microtubule-associated protein, Tau, in neurons to the pathogenesis of MDS is discussed. Lastly, potential therapeutic strategies to potentially treat MDS are discussed.
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146
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Zhao S, Sheng S, Wang Y, Ding L, Xu X, Xia X, Zheng JC. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: A double-edged sword in central nervous system disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:148-159. [PMID: 33626395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that astrocytes released a great quantity of extracellular vesicles (AEVs) to communicate with other brain cells. Under pathological conditions, AEVs are widely associated with the pathogenesis of neurobiological diseases by horizontally transferring pathogenic factors to neighboring cells or peripheral immune cells. Their beneficial role is also evident by the fact that they are involved in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration through alleviating apoptosis, maintaining neuronal function, and repairing neural injuries. The strong association of AEVswith neurological disorders makes AEVs a promising target for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The identification of disease-specific cargos in AEVs isolated from the patients' biofluids suggests AEVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development. Furthermore, the inhibition of inflammatory/toxic AEV release and the preservation of neuroprotective AEV release have been considered as potential therapeutic strategies in CNS disorder treatment and prevention, respectively. Here, we summarize the biological roles of AEVs as pathological contributors, protective/regenerative factors, and potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for neurological disorders, with a focus on recent progresses and emerging concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shiyang Sheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
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147
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Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) and Cerebral Organoids for Drug Screening and Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Opportunities and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020280. [PMID: 33669772 PMCID: PMC7922555 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a group of neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by persistent deficits in social communication, interaction, and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. The etiopathogenesis is multifactorial with complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The clinical heterogeneity and complex etiology of this pediatric disorder have limited the development of pharmacological therapies. The major limit to ASD research remains a lack of relevant human disease models which can faithfully recapitulate key features of the human pathology and represent its genetic heterogeneity. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from somatic cells of patients into all types of patient-specific neural cells, have provided a promising cellular tool for disease modeling and development of novel drug treatments. The iPSCs technology allowed not only a better investigation of the disease etiopathogenesis but also opened up the potential for personalized therapies and offered new opportunities for drug discovery, pharmacological screening, and toxicity assessment. Moreover, iPSCs can be differentiated and organized into three-dimensional (3D) organoids, providing a model which mimics the complexity of the brain’s architecture and more accurately recapitulates tissue- and organ-level disease pathophysiology. The aims of this review were to describe the current state of the art of the use of human patient-derived iPSCs and brain organoids in modeling ASD and developing novel therapeutic strategies and to discuss the opportunities and major challenges in this rapidly moving field.
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148
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De Giorgis V, Varesio C, Viri M, Giordano L, La Piana R, Tonduti D, Roncarolo F, Masnada S, Pichiecchio A, Veggiotti P, Fazzi E, Orcesi S. The epileptology of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: electro-clinical-radiological findings. Seizure 2021; 86:197-209. [PMID: 33589296 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although epileptic seizures occur in approximately a quarter of patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), their phenotypic and electrophysiological characterization remains elusive. The aim of our study was to characterize epilepsy phenotypes and electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns in AGS and look for possible correlations with clinical, genetic and neuroradiological features. METHODS We selected patients with an established AGS diagnosis followed at three Italian reference centers. Medical records, EEGs and MRI/CT findings were reviewed. EEGs were independently and blindly reviewed by three board-certified pediatric epileptologists. Chi square and Fisher's exact tests were used to test associations between epilepsy and EEG feature categories and clinical, radiological and genetic variables. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. We reviewed 63 EEGs and at least one brain MRI scan per patient. Epilepsy, mainly in the form of epileptic spasms and focal seizures, was present in 37 % of the cohort; mean age at epilepsy onset was 9.5 months (range 1-36). The presence of epilepsy was associated with calcification severity (p = 0.016) and startle reactions (p = 0.05). Organization of EEG electrical activity appeared to be disrupted or markedly disrupted in 73 % of cases. Severe EEG disorganization correlated with microcephaly (p < 0.001) and highly abnormal MRI T2-weighted signal intensity in white matter (p = 0.022). Physiological organization of the EEG was found to be better preserved during sleep (87 %) than wakefulness (38 %). Focal slow activity was recorded in more than one third of cases. Fast activity, either diffuse or with frontal location, was more frequent in the awake state (78 %) than in sleep (50 %). Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were present in 33 % of awake and 45 % of sleep recordings. IEDs during sleep were associated with a higher risk of a epileptic seizures (p = 0.008). SIGNIFICANCE The hallmarks of EEG recordings in AGS were found to be: disruption of electrical organization, the presence of focal slow and fast activity, and the presence of IEDs, both in patients with and in those without epilepsy. The associations between epilepsy and calcification and between EEG pattern and the finding of a highly abnormal white matter T2 signal intensity suggest a common anatomical correlate. However, the complex anatomical-electroclinical basis of AGS-related epilepsy still requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Viri
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, AOU Maggiore della Carità Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta La Piana
- Department of Neuroradiology and Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion, Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Davide Tonduti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit - COALA (Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies) -V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Roncarolo
- Institute of Public Health Research of University of Montreal (IRSPUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Pediatric Neurology Unit - COALA (Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies) -V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit - COALA (Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies) -V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Department, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Ravi K, Paidas MJ, Saad A, Jayakumar AR. Astrocytes in rare neurological conditions: Morphological and functional considerations. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2676-2705. [PMID: 33496339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a population of central nervous system (CNS) cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteristics that differ within specific areas of the brain and are widely distributed throughout the CNS. There are mainly two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, which differ in morphologic appearance and location. Astrocytes are important cells of the CNS that not only provide structural support, but also modulate synaptic activity, regulate neuroinflammatory responses, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and supply energy to neurons. As a result, astrocytic disruption can lead to widespread detrimental effects and can contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions. The characteristics of astrocytes in more common neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have significantly been described and continue to be widely studied. However, there still exist numerous rare neurological conditions in which astrocytic involvement is unknown and needs to be explored. Accordingly, this review will summarize functional and morphological changes of astrocytes in various rare neurological conditions based on current knowledge thus far and highlight remaining neuropathologies where astrocytic involvement has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ravi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Saad
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Miami, Florida, USA.,General Medical Research Neuropathology Section, R&D Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Miami, Florida, USA
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150
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Sex-Based Differences in Plasma Autoantibodies to Central Nervous System Proteins in Gulf War Veterans versus Healthy and Symptomatic Controls. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020148. [PMID: 33498629 PMCID: PMC7911379 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterans from the 1991 Gulf War (GW) have suffered from Gulf War illness (GWI) for nearly 30 years. This illness encompasses multiple body systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). Diagnosis and treatment of GWI is difficult because there has not been an objective diagnostic biomarker. Recently, we reported on a newly developed blood biomarker that discriminates GWI from GW healthy controls, and symptomatic controls with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). The present study was designed to compare levels of these biomarkers between men and women with GWI, as well as sex-specific effects in comparison to healthy GW veterans and symptomatic controls (IBS, ME/CFS). The results showed that men and women with GWI differ in 2 of 10 plasma autoantibodies, with men showing significantly elevated levels. Men and women with GWI showed significantly different levels of autoantibodies in 8 of 10 biomarkers to neuronal and glial proteins in plasma relative to controls. In summary, the present study addressed the utility of the use of plasma autoantibodies for CNS proteins to distinguish among both men and women veterans with GWI and other healthy and symptomatic control groups.
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