Exposures from Oil and Gas Development and Childhood Leukemia Risk in Colorado: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND

Children living in upstream oil and natural gas (O&G) areas may be exposed to leukemogens and at increased risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

METHODS

We conducted a case-control study of children born in Colorado between 1992 and 2019. We matched 451 children diagnosed with ALL at ages 2 to 9 years starting in 2002 to 2,706 controls based on birth month/year and Hispanic ethnicity. We estimated upstream O&G activity intensities from conception through a 10-year latency using our intensity-adjusted inverse distance weighted (IA-IDW) model. We applied logistic regression models adjusted for confounders to evaluate associations between ALL and IA-IDW.

RESULTS

For children within 5 km of an O&G well site, we observed a 62% [OR = 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.964-2.62], 84% (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.35-2.48), and 100% (OR = 2.00; 95% CI, 1.14-3.37) increase in ALL risk for low, medium, and high IA-IDW groups, compared with the referent group. Within 13 km, we observed a 59% (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.03-2.37), 40% (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09-1.80), and 164% (OR = 2.64; 95% CI, 1.80-3.86) increase in ALL risk for low, medium, and high IA-IDW groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Colorado's children living within 13 km of O&G well sites are at increased risk for ALL, with children within 5 km bearing the greatest risk. Current setbacks between O&G well sites and residences may not be sufficient to protect the health of these children.

IMPACT

Our results can be applied to policies to reduce childhood leukemogen exposures.

Graphene-based materials are not skin sensitizers: adoption of the in chemico/in vitro OECD test guidelines

The boost in the market size of graphene-based materials (GBMs) requires a careful evaluation of their impact on human health, acquiring robust and reliable data, also suitable for regulatory purposes. Considering cutaneous contact as one of the most relevant GBM exposure routes, this study is focused on skin sensitization, aimed at assessing the possibility to adopt the three in chemico/in vitro test guidelines (TGs) defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (442C, D and E) to predict the first three phases of the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway. Being originally validated for chemicals, modifications allowing their adoption for GBMs were evaluated. TG 442C was found to be not suitable for testing GBMs due to their reactivity, leading to possible misclassifications. In contrast, TG 442D and E can generally be applied for GBMs. However, protocol adjustments were required to assess cell viability reducing interferences for TG 442D, whereas caution should be exercised regarding dose-finding selection and GBM dispersion stability for TG 442E. When applying these modifications, GBMs were found to be unable to activate keratinocytes and promote dendritic cell differentiation, so they can be considered non-sensitizers. Overall, these results significantly contribute to understanding the safety profiles of GBMs and to improve testing methodologies to obtain reliable toxicological data.

Assessing heavy metal accumulation in the invasive blue crab (Callinectes sapidus): environmental and human health implications

Heavy metals are increasingly becoming a significant environmental concern, especially regarding food safety and security. This is especially concerning as the consumption of harvested marine species can pose potential health concerns. The arrival of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, to the Balearic Islands has led to the need to evaluate its environmental implications and potential as a food source as part of management efforts. In the present study, the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in the muscle tissue of C. sapidus were evaluated at several locations in the Balearic Islands in the western Mediterranean Sea. A total of eighty-three blue crabs were examined (45 males and 38 females) and the concentrations of the heavy metals were evaluated. Regarding metal concentrations, overall, Hg was the most present followed by Cd and then Pb. Concentrations were also site dependent, with Es Grau having the highest Hg concentrations while in s'Albufereta the highest Cd concentrations were observed. Moreover, differences in metal accumulation were also observed between sexes, with juveniles and females exhibiting higher Cd concentrations than males. Furthermore, regarding potential human health concerns for consumption, the margin of exposure (MOE) for Pb were all above 1 and the estimated weekly ingestion (EWI) for Cd and Hg, were all below the established guidelines for food safety. These results highlight that the consumption of C. sapidus from the Balearic Islands does not currently pose a health risk the recreational fisheries sector. Considering these findings, the muscle tissue of C. sapidus is a valuable bioindicator for monitoring heavy metal levels, and continued site-specific monitoring is recommended for the coastal ecosystems of the Balearic Islands.

Smart Probiotic Solutions for Mycotoxin Mitigation: Innovations in Food Safety and Sustainable Agriculture

Mycotoxin contamination poses severe risks to food safety and agricultural sustainability. Probiotic-based interventions offer a promising strategy for mitigating these toxic compounds through adsorption, biodegradation, and gut microbiota modulation. This review examines the mechanisms by which specific probiotic strains inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis, degrade existing toxins, and enhance host detoxification pathways. Emphasis is placed on strain-specific interactions, genetic and metabolic adaptations, and advancements in formulation technologies that improve probiotic efficacy in food matrices. Also, the review explores smart delivery systems, such as encapsulation techniques and biofilm applications, to enhance probiotic stability and functionality. Issues related to regulatory approval, strain viability, and large-scale implementation are also discussed. By integrating molecular insights, applied case studies, and innovative probiotic-based solutions, this review provides a roadmap for advancing safe and sustainable strategies to combat mycotoxin contamination in food and agricultural systems.

Generation, fate and transport of volatile chlorine compounds following hypochlorite discharges to municipal sewers

The presence of volatile chlorine compounds in the headspaces of sewers receiving hypochlorite discharges is of concern because of their potential to cause corrosion of infrastructure and risks associated with human exposures. In the current study their presence was investigated using a commercial gas phase Cl2 sensor. NCl3 was identified as the most likely gas phase species when ammonia is present and it was found that the Cl2 sensor was cross-sensitive to this species. The Cl/N ratio substantially impacted gaseous NCl3 concentrations with maximum values observed at a Cl:N ratio of 12:1. Gaseous NCl3 concentrations decreased as pH increased (6.5-7.5) and temperature decreased (20-15oC). A model that included liquid-gas mass transfer (KLa) and first order decay in liquid (kdl) and gas (kdg) phases was calibrated. The value of kdl decreased as the Cl/N ratio increased (10:1-14:1) but increased as pH and temperature increased. Values of kdl and KLa were lower in real wastewater than in synthetic wastewater. Simulations with a sewer model revealed that with a fixed hypochlorite loading, peak headspace NCl3 concentrations decreased as wastewater flow increased due to changes in Cl/N ratio. Increased air flow reduced headspace NCl3 concentrations immediately downstream of the discharge due to dilution but had little effect further downstream. Wastewater pH impacted headspace NCl3 concentrations by controlling the concentration of NCl3 in the wastewater. Temperature influenced peak headspace concentrations through its impact on mass transfer and gas phase decay rates. This study provides insights that can be employed to develop sewer use bylaws that regulate hypochlorite discharges.

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) exposure to nylon microfibers leads to a shift in digestive gland microbiota

Microplastics are an increasingly prevalent form of pollution in coastal ecosystems. Current research focuses on understanding the impacts of such synthetic particles on the health and functioning of aquatic organisms. Recent studies have shown that invertebrates can accumulate microplastics in their tissue, impacting key functions such as growth, reproduction, feeding activity, and metabolism. Owing to their chemical composition, microplastics accumulating in the digestive tract of animals may alter the diversity and abundance of microbiota. Despite the important implications of such microbiota shifts on digestive ability and fitness, investigations on microplastics as causative agents are so far limited. In this study, we tested the effect of microfibers, on the digestive gland microbiota of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis after a 52-day exposure. Our findings show that exposure to microplastics can alter the composition of the digestive gland microbiota, with significant decreases in the classes of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, and significant increases for Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Furthermore, an increase in the number of genera containing potential pathogenic species for bivalves, such as Francisella and Vibrio, was detected. This suggests that accumulated microplastics pose a dual threat to filter-feeding organisms and the ecosystem services they provide. Further comparative studies are necessary to establish whether the microbiota shift is linked to the specific chemical composition of microplastics or whether there is an indirect link such as physiological stress resulting from ingestion.

Effects of copper and cadmium, isolated and combined, in the survival and behavior of Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda)

The excess of metals released in the environment is of significant concern, and assessing metallic mixtures can be tricky. Copepods are an important link between the producers and higher trophic levels, and their use in ecotoxicology is still scarce compared to other organisms from zooplankton. We evaluated the effects of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd), isolated and combined, on nauplii and adults of euryhaline Calanoida copepod Eurytemora affinis from the Seine estuary. The effects of the mixtures were modeled with MixTox, using mortality as endpoint, and the behavior of the adults was evaluated using DanioVision. The nauplii were more sensitive to the metals than adults, especially when exposed to Cd. Regarding the mixtures, the best model to explain the interactions in both stages was the independent action, with synergism in nauplii and antagonism in adults. Synergism was observed in all metallic mixtures to nauplii, increasing with the increase of metals while antagonism was observed in all combinations in adults but with no clear pattern of response related to the metal concentration. Our data suggest that Cd contributed to Cu toxicity in nauplii, but this was not observed in adults. Overall, the copepod's velocity was not significantly affected by the contaminants at the concentrations evaluated. Our data underline the importance of considering (i) the effect of metallic mixtures (ii) in different stages of copepods.

Transcriptomic analysis identifies muscle-specific mitochondrial and vesicular transport genes as methylmercury toxicity targets in a Drosophila model of congenital Minamata disease

Prenatal methylmercury (MeHg) exposure presents a heightened concern in early human development, as has been exemplified in historic cases of congenital minimata disease (CMD). Children who experience CMD characteristically present with various degrees of cognitive and motor symptoms and signs, much like cerebral palsy. MeHg has thus been characterized as a neurotoxicant, where motor deficits are ascribed to central nervous system targets. Skeletal muscle as a post-synaptic MeHg target and contributor to the etiology of CMD has garnered far less attention. Prior studies using Drosophila to model CMD revealed that developmental exposure of MeHg in the larval/pupal stages can elicit graded and latent dose responses affecting adult flight behavior at lower doses (0.4-2.5 ppm in food) and eclosion (emergence from the pupa case) at higher doses (>2.5 ppm in food). The latter phenotype is accompanied by dysmorphogenesis of skeletal muscles. Here, we investigate respective roles for muscle and neural targets in MeHg toxicity. Using RNA-seq analysis, we find that developmental MeHg exposure produces 10 times as many differentially expressed transcripts in indirect flight muscle compared to the ventral nerve cord. Among known MeHg response genes, Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway genes showed muscle-specific MeHg-induced expression changes. Within the muscle transcriptome, the most enriched and significant Gene Ontology terms identified genes required for mitochondrial ribosomal translation at the pupa stage and mitochondrial function (respiratory chain complex I) and vesicle trafficking (ESCRT III) pathways in adults, all showing decreased expression with MeHg exposure. By using an intact, whole-animal developmental model, we identify preferential candidates to evaluate a novel role for muscle-specific mitochondria and intercellular vesicular communication mechanisms as targets in MeHg toxicity and the etiology of CMD.

Vanadium exposure and kidney markers in a pediatric population: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Anthropogenic vanadium (V) emissions and exposure in the general population have recently increased. Experimental studies have shown that V is a nephrotoxic agent, but little is known about its effects on human kidney health. This work evaluated the association between urinary V concentrations with early kidney damage biomarkers and function in a pediatric population without any disease diagnosed.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out and included 914 healthy subjects and determined urinary V concentrations, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), and the presence of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in urine. We evaluated the V effect using linear and logistic regression models adjusted by confounders.

RESULTS

Subjects found in the second and third tertiles of V showed an increase in urinary log-NGAL levels (βT2 vs. T1 = 0.39; 95% CI 0.14, 0.64, and βT3 vs. T1 = 1.04; 95% CI 0.75, 1.34) and log-KIM-1(βT2 vs. T1 = 0.25; 95% CI 0.04, 0.45 and βT3 vs. T1 = 0.39; 95% CI 0.15, 0.63); in addition, subjects in the third tertile had a positive and significant association with ACR (ORT3 vs. T1 = 1.96; 95% CI 1.29, 2.97) and increased in eGFR (βT3 vs. T1 = 3.98, 95% CI 0.39, 7.58), compared with subjects in the first tertile.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reports the effect of V on kidney markers in a healthy pediatric population. It could be related to tubulointerstitial lesions and function abnormalities.

Microplastic aging and adsorption in the atmosphere, and their associated impacts on various spheres of the earth: A review

Microplastic (MPs, size <5 mm) is an emerging category of contaminants with detrimental effects on human health, climate, and ecology. The atmospheric pathway is a crucial transport route for the migration of MPs from source to receptor locations. This long-range transport leads to the ubiquitous presence of MPs across all environmental matrices and constrains the source-transport pathway-sink interaction. During atmospheric transport, MPs experience aging and adsorption as a result of interactions with winds, solar radiation, moisture, pH, and atmospheric pollutants, which alters their hydrophilicity, structure, surface area, size, color, and the capacity for adsorption, often resulting in elevated toxicity and associated risks. However, the multifaceted dynamics of atmospheric aging of MPs and consequent impacts are poorly understood. This review presents a critical assessment of three major factors that determine the nature and degree of MP aging and adsorption in the atmosphere, namely: intrinsic MP properties such as the degree of unsaturation, crystallinity, presence of functional groups, charge, specific surface area, and structural defects; environmental factors such as temperature, pH, moisture, and the presence of chemical species; and pollutant characteristics such as charge and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity that influence adsorption, with an emphasis on potential mechanisms. Additionally, the review presents a comparative assessment of the critical factors and mechanisms responsible for aging and adsorption in atmosphere with those in other environmental media. Further, the potential impacts of atmospherically aged MPs on climate, the biosphere, cryosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere are summarized. The review finally identifies key knowledge gaps and outlines perspectives for future research.

Phthalates in diapers: Assessment of dermal exposure of babies and environmental phthalate release

In the current study the presence of selected phthalates in diapers used in Türkiye and release of phthalates through baby diapers into waste disposal sites were investigated. Targeted phthalates were analyzed in three different layers of a total of 39 diaper samples sold in the Turkish market. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were detected in all three layers of diapers. Based on the results obtained, diaper-originated dermal exposure of babies (0-2.5 years) to phthalates and environmental phthalate loading amounts due to disposal of diapers were calculated. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment showed that MOE and MOEtotal values were higher than 1000, indicating that exposure to the phthalates detected in these diapers did not pose a risk for babies. Additionally, the amount of phthalates loading due to the disposal of diapers to the environment ranges from 13.0 to 407 kg year-1 depending on the diaper brand. Based on the estimated number of newborns and infants, the highest phthalate release was estimated to be in Istanbul province (71.6 kg year-1), while, the lowest phthalate release was estimated to be in Tunceli province (0.011 kg year-1).

In-depth understanding of the structure-based reactive metabolite formation of organic functional groups

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition and/or withdrawal. The formation of reactive metabolites is widely accepted as a key factor contributing to idiosyncratic DILI. Therefore, identifying reactive metabolites has become a critical focus during lead optimization, and a combination of GSH-/cyano-trapping and cytochrome P450 inactivation studies is recommended to identify compounds with the potential to generate reactive metabolites. Daily dose, clinical indication, detoxication pathways, administration route, and treatment duration are the most considerations when deprioritizing candidates that generate reactive metabolites. Removing the structural alerts is considered a pragmatic strategy for mitigating the risk associated with reactive metabolites, although this approach may sometimes exclude otherwise potent molecules. In this context, an in-depth insight into the structure-based reactive metabolite formation of organic functional groups can significantly aid in the rational design of drug candidates with improved safety profiles. The primary goal of this review is to delve into an analysis of the bioactivation mechanisms of organic functional groups and their potential detrimental effects with recent examples to assist medicinal chemists and metabolism scientists in designing safer drug candidates with a higher likelihood of success.

The Central Role of Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) in Hyperoxic Lung Injury

INTRODUCTION

Hyperoxic lung injury results from excessive supplemental oxygen therapy in conditions such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. This review explores the role of cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in hyperoxic lung injury.

AREAS COVERED

Hyperoxia induces the production of reactive oxygen species in excessive amounts, overwhelming the body's antioxidant defenses and exacerbating lung injury in ARDS/BPD. This review examines the differential roles of CPR-dependent enzymes in the context of hyperoxic lung injury. Additionally, we highlight the potential of targeting CPR to study mechanisms of lung injury and leverage gene-editing technologies to deepen our understanding of CPR-mediated pathways. This review consolidates existing knowledge on CPR-dependent processes and their roles in hyperoxic lung injury, based on a literature search conducted in the PubMed database for studies published between 1988 and 2024.

EXPERT OPINION

This review emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms, particularly CPR-mediated pathways. As a regulatory hub for ROS modulation and enzyme activity, CPR represents a promising target, offering a unified strategy to mitigate hyperoxic lung injury and improve outcomes in BPD/ARDS.

Complex metal interaction networks and the mediating role of biological aging in dyslipidemia

Metal mixture exposure is a major risk factor for dyslipidemia. Numerous studies have shown an association between metal mixture exposure, biological aging, and dyslipidemia. However, the interactions between metals, their directions, and the potential mechanisms through which they influence dyslipidemia remain unclear. This study utilized data from a repeated-measures cohort collected between 2016 and 2021, including 403 participants (1612 observations). Levels of metals, including chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn), were measured in urine, along with four dyslipidemia biomarkers and their extended indicators. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were used to analyze the effects of single and combined metal exposures on dyslipidemia. BKMR and the Synergy Index were employed to explore binary metal interactions and their directions. Marginal effects analysis assessed the impact of multiple metal interactions on dyslipidemia, and mediation analysis was conducted to explore the role of KDM.Accel in mediating the relationship between metal exposure and dyslipidemia. The findings indicated that both individual and combined exposures to Cr, Cd, Pb, and Mn significantly affected dyslipidemia. Multiple binary metal interactions exhibited synergistic effects on lipid outcomes. Pb∗Cd∗Cr and Pb∗Cd∗Mn showed an antagonistic effect on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHC), while Cd∗Cr∗Mn∗Pb demonstrated synergistic effects on NHC. Additionally, KDM.Accel was identified as a key mediator in the relationship between Pb exposure and dyslipidemia, influencing the associations between Pb and HDL-C, LDL-C, and AC abnormalities. Mixed heavy metal exposure and their interactions are associated with dyslipidemia outcomes, with KDM.Accel playing a mediating role in the relationship between metals and dyslipidemia. This study highlights the potential interactions between metals and the mechanisms by which KDM.Accel may influence dyslipidemia, offering new insights into the connection between metal mixtures and dyslipidemia.

Toxicokinetic insights into distinct mechanisms of action of two thyroid toxicants: Propylthiouracil and pregnenolone 16α‑carbonitrile

Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for metabolic regulation and brain development. Disruptions in TH homeostasis, especially during fetal development, can lead to irreversible neurodevelopmental impairments. Thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals (THSDCs), are of growing concern for human health due to their potential to interfere with TH signaling. This study investigates the toxicokinetic properties of two THSDCs: propylthiouracil (PTU), which inhibits TH synthesis, and pregnenolone-16α‑carbonitrile (PCN), which enhances the TH hepatic metabolism. Using in vitro approaches and in vivo models involving pregnant, fetal, and neonatal rats, we aimed to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles of these compounds. Liver metabolism, fraction unbound, plasma concentrations, and tissue distribution of PTU and PCN were assessed. Our investigation demonstrated that PCN underwent quick liver metabolism, resulting in undetectable PCN levels in adult and newborn rat tissues as well as in maternal milk. In contrast, PTU exhibited high permeability through the intestinal barrier and was slowly metabolized by the liver, leading to high PTU concentrations in the maternal milk, thyroid gland, and the brain of fetuses and newborns. These latter results raise concerns regarding the potential direct effect of PTU on neonatal brain development. Especially, the hypothesis that PTU can interact with brain peroxidases involved in detoxification processes warrants further investigation. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between THSDC exposure, altered TH synthesis and metabolism, and subsequent impacts on neurodevelopment.

Tidal control of heavy metal loading in the nearshore of the northwestern Indian coast

Heavy metals accumulate in the marine food chain and their excessive amounts are hazardous to aquatic and human lives. The current study presents the role of ecosystem variables especially tides in deciding the presence of ten heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, V, Pb, and Cd) in seawater and copepods along the Indian west coast. The Indian northwestern coast is an industrial hub, where thousands of industries release enormous volumes of effluents, while the southwest coast has a far lower number of industries. Multiple surface seawater and zooplankton samples from eight selected marine outfall regions in the nearshore of the Indian west coast showed that Fe/Cd was generally the highest/lowest in seawater (av. 184 ± 12.40 μg L-1/ av. 0.01 ± 0.01 μg L-1) and copepods (av. 41,818 ± 2867 μg. g-1/ av. 0.2 ± 0.02 μg g-1). The heavy metals in seawater/copepods generally showed the order Fe/Fe > Zn/Zn > V/Mn > Cr/Cr > Pb/Cu > Ni/Ni > Cu/Pb > Mn/V > Co/Co > Cd/Cd. Contrary to expectations, despite being loaded with massive amounts of effluent from thousands of industries, most heavy metals in seawater on the northwestern Indian coast were not higher than on the southwestern coast. It is shown here that this feature is the result of the macro-tidal nature of the northwest Indian coast (av. 7 m tide), where tidal currents, sediment resuspension, and flushing are far more intense than in the southwest (av. 1 m tide), which reduce pollution levels. Yet, the marine pollution index and bioaccumulation factor of heavy metals in copepods was found highest along the northwestern Indian coast, which are important indicators to be considered when developing environmental management strategies for the area.

Occupational benzene exposure and risk of kidney and bladder cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Benzene is recognized as leukemogenic. However, the association between it and solid cancers has been the subject of less investigation. We aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between occupational exposure to benzene and the risk of urinary tract cancer, including kidney and bladder.

METHODS

We included 41 cohort and case-control studies listed in the most recent International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph on benzene exposure and the result of a literature review to identify more recent studies. Forest plots of relative risk (RR) were constructed for kidney, bladder, and urinary tract cancer overall. A random-effects model was used to address heterogeneity between studies. Stratified analyses were conducted to explore effect modification.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed an association between exposure to occupational benzene and kidney and unspecified urinary tract cancers (RR = 1.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.39), and an association of borderline statistical significance with bladder cancer (RR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval = 0.97-1.18). Publication bias was excluded for both kidney ( P  = 0.809) and bladder cancer ( P  = 0.748). Stratification analysis according to the selected study characteristics showed no difference except regarding the industry for kidney cancer ( P  < 0.000), with a stronger association in the chemical industry. An analysis by exposure level did not reveal any trend for kidney cancer, whereas there was a trend ( P  = 0.01) for bladder cancer.

CONCLUSION

Our study found an association between occupational benzene exposure and kidney cancer and a dose-effect association between benzene exposure and bladder cancer.

Effects of dopamine agonists on the estradiol-induced prolactin surge in ovariectomized female Wistar Han rats

Dopamine agonists (DAs) are approved for the treatment of hypodopaminergic pathologies, including Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder. During drug development, drugs acting on dopaminergic receptors are often associated with a rat-specific endocrine tumor response, including changes in fertility, which are ascribed to DA-induced suppression of pituitary prolactin release. Although these effects are not observed in or relevant to humans, given species differences in the effects of prolactin on reproductive organs, modeling DA-mediated changes in prolactin and the reproductive system remains important for preclinical drug development. We investigated the effects of 2 D2/D3 DAs, pergolide and rotigotine, on the estradiol (E2)-induced prolactin surge in ovariectomized (OVX) female Wistar Han rats. Daily treatment with DAs over 7 days led to a reduction in the prolactin surge in E2-implanted OVX rats. Specifically, pergolide induced a significant decrease in prolactin levels at all time points compared with the OVX-E2 control group. Similarly, rotigotine dose-dependently suppressed plasma prolactin levels compared with the OVX-E2 control group. This study demonstrates the utility of the OVX rat model in evaluating the effects of DAs on the E2-induced prolactin surge. These results support the use of rotigotine, a DA with a long history of safe human use without significant endocrine-related adverse events, as a positive control at a dose level of 5.0 mg/kg/day for future nonclinical toxicity studies investigating the effects of novel DAs on reproductive hormones in rats.

Developmental immunotoxicity study of tris(chloropropyl) phosphate in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats exposed through dosed feed

Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is a member of organophosphate flame retardants used commonly as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in consumer and commercial products. Flame retardants have been shown to modulate immune function in vivo and in vitro and there is evidence that at least some related compounds such as organophosphate pesticides can cause developmental immunotoxicity. Developmental immunotoxicology studies were conducted by administering 0, 2500, 5000, or 10,000 ppm TCPP in feed to pregnant Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats from gestation day 6 through weaning on postnatal day 28. Feed exposure to TCPP was continued in the F1 offspring until terminal euthanasia at ∼16 to 21 weeks of age when assessments for developmental immunotoxicity were conducted. Innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immune function were assessed in the F1 adults. The antibody-forming cells (AFCs) response to sheep red blood cells was reduced in male and female F1 rats in the 10,000 ppm treatment group but coincided with reduced bodyweights. The AFC response was also significantly reduced in male rats exposed to 5000 ppm where only moderate effects on bodyweights occurred. TCPP exposure affected baseline T-cell proliferation without stimulation; however, the relevance of this change for immunotoxicity risk is unknown. TCPP exposure did not affect cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. Only minor and inconsistent treatment-related effects on hematology, innate NK cell function, and immune cell population distributions in the spleen were observed. Taken together, these data indicate that TCPP has the potential to impact humoral immune responses following developmental exposure.

Thirty-day oral exposure to acetamiprid induces biochemical and histological alterations in rat pancreas: protective effects of carnosine supplementation

Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide used against various insect pests. Serious concerns are emerging regarding their adverse effects on non-target organisms and organs. This study aimed to investigate the mechanistic toxic effect of oral administration of acetamiprid at 21.7 and 43.4 mg/kg body weight on the histological structure and pancreatic function of male Wistar rats and the potential effect of carnosine in mitigating this toxicity for 30 consecutive days. Thirty-six animals were divided into six groups: the control group received distilled water, the second group received 200 mg/kg body weight of carnosine, two groups received 21.7 and 43.4 mg/kg of acetamiprid, and two groups received 21.7 and 43.4 mg/kg + 200 kg/kg body weight of acetamiprid and carnosine, respectively. Acetamiprid caused a significant decrease in body weight (p < 0.001), pancreatic somatic index (p < 0.001), and amylase level (p ≤ 0.0001) and increased lipase level (p ≤ 0.0001), blood glucose level (p ≤ 0.0001), histological scores (p ≤ 0.01), and malondialdehyde level (0.01 Collapse

Key Words

• Neonicotinoid insecticide
• Wistar rat
• carnosine
• pancreas
• subacute toxicity

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Animals
• Rats, Wistar
• Neonicotinoids/toxicity
• Neonicotinoids/administration & dosage
• Male
• Pancreas/drug effects
• Pancreas/pathology
• Pancreas/metabolism
• Carnosine/pharmacology
• Carnosine/administration & dosage
• Administration, Oral
• Insecticides/toxicity
• Insecticides/administration & dosage
• Amylases/metabolism
• Amylases/blood
• Rats
• Blood Glucose
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Dietary Supplements
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Collapse

Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Imen Benchikh Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ain Temouchent, Ain Témouchent, Algeria Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-Biotechnologie et Santé (NuPABS), Department of biology, Faculty of Natural and Life sciences, Djillali Liabès University, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
Kaddour Ziani Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Saida, Dr. Taher Moulay, Saida, Algeria
Abdelkrim Benalia Laboratory of Environment and Health Research (LRES), Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabès University, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
Ahmed Abdelhammid Djebbar Laboratory of Environment and Health Research (LRES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Djillali Liabès University, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
Hayat Argoub Service of Anatomy & Pathology, University Hospital Center Hassani Adbelkader, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
Méghit Boumediène Khaled Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-Biotechnologie et Santé (NuPABS), Department of biology, Faculty of Natural and Life sciences, Djillali Liabès University, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria

Collapse

Cost-effective production of meaty aroma from porcine cells for hybrid cultivated meat

Cultivated meats are typically hybrids of animal cells and plant proteins, but their high production costs limit their scalability. This study explores a cost-effective alternative by hypothesizing that controlling the Maillard and lipid thermal degradation reactions in pure cells can create a meaty aroma that could be extracted from minimal cell quantities. Using spontaneously immortalized porcine myoblasts and fibroblasts adapted to suspension culture with a 1 % serum concentration, we developed a method to isolate flavor precursors via freeze-thawing. Thermal reaction conditions were optimized to enhance aroma compound production. Chemical profiling demonstrates that myoblasts produce an aroma profile closer to pork meat than fibroblasts, although serum reduction decreased aroma yield. Sensory analysis supported these findings. Incorporating the optimized aroma extract - derived from just 1.2 % (w/w) cells - into plant proteins resulted in a hybrid cultivated meat with 78.5 % sensory similarity to pork meat, but with a significant 80 % reduction in production costs.

Specific effects on kidneys relevant for performing a dietary cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues

In consistency with the 'EFSA-SANTE Action Plan on Cumulative Risk Assessment for pesticides residues' EFSA initiated a retrospective cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of the effects of pesticide residues on the kidneys. EFSA identified the following specific effects on kidneys of relevance for cumulative risk assessment: glomerular injury, tubular injury, tubular crystals, papillary necrosis, interstitial nephritis, pelvis erosion/ulceration, pelvis calculi/crystals, renal preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, and pelvis preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. A list of histological indicators was defined and will be used to collect information on these specific effects, as reported in the assessment reports of the different active substances used as plant protections products. The criteria for inclusion of active substances/metabolites into cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) were also defined, together with the hazard characterisation methodology and the lines of evidence for assessing CAG-membership probabilities. Since no acute CAGs for kidney effects are considered appropriate, the cumulative dietary risk assessment will focus on chronic exposure only. The process of data extraction and establishment of the CAGs is beyond the scope of this report. This part of the CRA process was outsourced and will be the subject of a separate report.

A review of the genotoxic effects of antiparasitic drugs on parasites and their hosts

Antiparasitic medications are drugs used to treat infections caused by parasites like protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction. These medications are crucial for treating parasitic diseases and can vary in dosage and administration depending on the type of infection with proper diagnosis being essential for effective treatment. Nevertheless, such drugs can also cause a range of side effects including genotoxicity, depending on the type of medication and the individual's response. Therefore, here we will summarize data on the genotoxic effects of some antiparasitic drugs since many parasites provoke DNA damage per se, and therapy can enhance such genotoxic effects. The DNA-damaging effects of antiparasitic drugs enable the use of some of them for cancer treatment. Since a parasitic disease comes with severe consequences, the cost-benefit should be considered when taking drugs against such a disease even in terms of their potential genotoxicity. While some antiparasitic drugs have shown genotoxic potential in laboratory studies, most are considered safe for human use at therapeutic doses. Long-term or high-dose exposure may carry more risk; moreover, the genotoxic effects of the drugs can interfere with the genotoxicity of the parasitic infection. More research is needed to fully understand the implications for human health. Nevertheless, the present study has confirmed the need for further cytogenetic research and regular patient monitoring to minimize the risk of an adverse event, especially among frequent travellers visiting parasite-affected areas.

Meteorological influences on air pollution dynamics in pollution epicentre of National Capital Region, India

This study analyzes the temporal variations and source characteristics of air pollution in Delhi, examining the influence of meteorological conditions on pollutant concentrations. The goal is to provide insights for policymakers to develop effective emission reduction strategies and improve air quality. Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) were used to identify long-term trends and fluctuations in pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and NH3 from 2018 to 2023. Continuous Wavelet Transformation (CWT) and Cross-Wavelet Transformation (XWT) were utilized to explore seasonal patterns and pollutant-meteorology interactions. Receptor modeling techniques, including non-parametric wind regression and conditional probability function analysis, were applied to identify major pollution sources. The study found that key emission sources were located to the west, south, and southwest of the monitoring site for most pollutants, with ozone precursors predominantly originating from the north. ITA and DFA revealed persistent long-range correlations in pollutant levels, driven by stable emission sources and seasonal meteorological effects. CWT analysis showed distinct periodic patterns in air quality, with worsening conditions during winter and summer. The research highlights the role of temperature inversions, low wind speeds, and regional pollutant transport in exacerbating pollution levels but emphasizes that human-driven emission sources remain the primary contributors to air quality deterioration. While meteorological factors influence pollution dispersion, they do not diminish the urgency of emission control measures. The findings support the development of targeted pollution control policies, including emission reduction from industrial, vehicular, and biomass burning sources. Advancing real-time air quality monitoring and integrating socio-economic considerations into air pollution management will enhance the effectiveness of interventions, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 11 - urban sustainability and SDG 3 - public health).

Differential hepatic activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α by perfluorohexane sulfonate

Exposure of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is associated with hepatomegaly and accumulation of lipids that may be mediated by nuclear receptors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), or pregnane X receptor (PXR). This study tested the hypotheses that: (i) PFHxS causes changes in liver by activating PPARα, CAR, or PXR, and (ii) there is a species difference in PPARα activity by PFHxS. Wild-type, Ppara-null, and PPARA-humanized mice were fed either a control diet, or one containing 2.2 mg PFHxS/kg diet or 25.8 mg PFHxS/kg diet for either 7 or 28 days, and target gene expression was examined. Relative liver weights were similar after 7 days with either 2.2 or 25.8 mg PFHxS/kg dietary exposure compared with controls. Relative liver weights were higher after treatment for 28 days in all 3 genotypes fed 25.8 mg PFHxS/kg diet compared with controls. The concentration of PFHxS was dose-dependently increased in serum and liver compared with controls. PFHxS exposure of 2.2 and 25.8 mg PFHxS/kg diet caused an increase in expression of PPARα target genes in wild-type mice and this effect was not observed in similarly treated Ppara-null mice or PPARA-humanized mice. Administration of PFHxS caused increased expression of the CAR target gene Cyp2b10 in all 3 genotypes at both timepoints, and the PXR target gene Cyp3a11 in all 3 genotypes after 28 days. Exposure to PFHxS can increase liver weight due in part to the activation of mouse, but not human, PPARα. Activation of CAR and PXR by PFHxS also likely contributes to the observed hepatomegaly in all 3 genotypes.

Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies for Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Lung and Cardiovascular Damage: Marketed Drugs, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Biological Agents

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), defined as airborne particles with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm, represents a major constituent of air pollution and has been globally implicated in exacerbating public health burdens by elevating morbidity and mortality rates associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Adverse health effects of PM2.5 exposure manifest across diverse susceptibility profiles and durations of exposure, spanning both acute and chronic timelines. While prior reviews have predominantly focused on elucidating the toxicological mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced pathologies, there remains a paucity of comprehensive summaries addressing therapeutic interventions for cardiopulmonary damage. This review systematically synthesizes pharmacological agents with potential therapeutic efficacy against PM2.5-induced pulmonary and cardiovascular injury. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational perspectives, this work aims to provide a foundational framework for advancing research into novel therapeutic strategies targeting PM2.5-associated cardiopulmonary disorders.

BTEX exposure and metabolite levels in Taiwan schoolchildren near petrochemical areas

INTRODUCTION

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in ambient air pose significant health risks for residents near petrochemical facilities. However, limited research has investigated the correlation between BTEX exposure and urinary metabolites in children. This is the first study to determine this association among primary school children near petrochemical industrial parks (PIPs) in Taiwan.

METHODS

Between October 2019 and December 2020, 1295 children from 20 primary schools near PIPs were recruited. Morning midstream urine samples were collected, and urinary BTEX metabolites concentrations were analyzed using isotope dilution and modified liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ambient BTEX at the schools was measured using 6-L stainless-steel canisters over three consecutive days before urine collection, following US EPA Method TO-15. Multivariate linear regression was employed to assess the relationship between ambient BTEX and urinary metabolites.

RESULTS

The mean ambient BTEX concentrations were 0.44, 5.17, 0.21, and 0.75 ppb, respectively. Geometric mean urinary concentrations of S-phenyl mercapturic acid (SPMA), benzyl mercapturic acid (BMA), phenyl glyoxylic acid (PGA), and methyl hippuric acids (MHAs) were 0.18, 6.63, 214.01, and 178.33 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Children within 1 km of PIPs exhibited significantly higher SPMA (0.21 μg/g creatinine) and BMA (6.67 μg/g creatinine) levels. A positive correlation was observed between ambient benzene levels and urinary SPMA (beta = 0.19, p = 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS

The study reveals that children attending schools within 1 km of PIPs face higher benzene exposure. This comprehensive research highlights elevated BTEX levels and urinary metabolites, emphasizing the need for monitoring and safeguarding vulnerable children.

BHPF inhibits early embryonic development in mice by disrupting maternal-to-zygotic transition and mitochondrial function

Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF), a prevalent substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), has become a widespread endocrine disruptor found in numerous consumer products. Despite extensive research on its toxicological profile, the specific effects of BHPF on reproduction, particularly during early embryonic development, remain unclear. Therefore, in our study, we used an in vitro culture system of mouse embryos to treat fertilized eggs with different concentrations of BHPF, and applied immunofluorescence, cell live staining and transcriptome sequencing to explore the effects of BHPF on early embryonic development and related mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that BHPF exposure causes significant developmental arrest in early embryonic stages. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BHPF exposure altered gene expression at the 2-cell stage, notably impairing zygotic genome activation and maternal mRNA degradation, which disrupted the maternal-to-zygotic transition. Furthermore, BHPF exposure impaired mitochondrial function, as illustrated by altered mitochondrial distribution, reduced membrane potential, and decreased ATP production. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in 2-cell embryos were linked to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anions induced by BHPF. Additionally, BHPF-treated embryos exhibited altered histone modification patterns, suggesting epigenetic disruptions. Overall, these results indicate that BHPF has the potential to disrupt early embryonic development, raising concerns regarding its safety as a BPA substitute.

Association between brominated flame retardants and heart failure in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2016

BACKGROUND

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are environmental pollutants widely used in consumer products, which accumulate in human tissues. Despite their prevalence, the potential impact of BFRs on cardiovascular health, particularly heart failure (HF), remains insufficiently explored.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the association between BFR exposure and the prevalence of HF in U.S. adults.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2016. To assess the relationship between BFR exposure and HF prevalence, weighted generalized linear regressions (GLMs) were applied. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to examine potential nonlinear associations. Additionally, quantile-weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (QGC) analysis were performed to evaluate the overall effect of BFR mixtures on HF.

RESULTS

A total of 6,931 individuals participated, with 219 diagnosed with HF. In the adjusted Model 3, BFRs including PBDE28, PBDE47, PBDE85, PBDE99, PBDE100, PBDE154, and PBB153 were significantly associated with increased odds of HF (all p < 0.05). RCS analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between serum BFRs and HF. The WQS analysis showed a positive association between combined BFR exposure and HF (OR: 1.694; 95 % CI: 1.264, 2.270; p < 0.001), and QGC analysis similarly showed a significant positive association (OR: 1.365; 95 % CI: 1.094, 1.705; p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests a link between BFR exposure and an increased risk of HF. Further research is needed to explore the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms.

Assessment of health risk and burden of disease associated with dietary exposure to pesticide residues through foodstuffs in Iran

The health risk and burden of disease associated with dietary exposure to pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Iran were assessed. The pesticide residue levels in foodstuffs in the country were determined through systematic review and meta-analysis. The non-carcinogenic risk, carcinogenic risk, and attributable burden of disease were estimated in terms of hazard quotient (HQ), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and disability-adjusted life year (DALY), respectively. The meta-analysis showed that 58% of pesticide-food pairs lacked Codex maximum residue levels (MRLs), 34% had pesticide levels below these limits, and 8% exceeded them. Based on the average HQs, two foodstuffs (onion and tangerine) and two pesticides (haloxyfop-R-methyl and cyhalothrin) exhibited unacceptable non-cancer risk (>1.0). The average ILCR value of lindane was assessed to be at the unacceptable level (1.4 × 10-4). The total annual disease burden values attributable to pesticide residues in foodstuffs were assessed to be 242 for death cases, 0.29 for death rate (per 100,000 people), 13,792 for DALYs, and 16.1 for DALY rate. The three food items with the highest DALY rates from pesticide residues were cucumber (5.9), fish (3.9), and date (2.1). The health risk and disease burden of pesticide residues in foodstuffs were considered to be relatively high.

Muscle oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and human health risks from consuming fish exposed to metallic settleable atmospheric particulate matter

The concentration of metals/metalloids in settleable particulate matter (SePM) from industrial area and in the muscles were determined in the estuarine fish, Centropomus parallelus, after 96 h-exposure to different SePM concentrations. Antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage and neurotoxicity were also determined. The risk for human consumption was evaluated by estimating daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) and compared with fish collected close to the industries. Eighteen metals/metalloids were quantified in SePM and the muscles. In red muscle, the antioxidant enzymes were unchanged, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and protein carbonyls (PC) increased. In white muscle, the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione content (GSH) decreased, PC levels and lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased; the AChE was unchanged. Metals/metalloids bioaccumulated in muscles induced oxidative damage which may affect muscle function and consequently, fish performance. After short-term exposure to SePM there was no risk for human consumption. However, the EDI of fish collected in field exceeded the acceptable DI for children concerning to As and Hg. HI were lower than 1 revealing no carcinogenic risk.

Dose-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos on liver injury, intestinal dysbiosis, and metabolic perturbations in C57BL/6J mice

The organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) is widely utilized in agriculture to protect crops from pests and diseases. Concerns regarding its extensive use have emerged due to the substance's persistence, bioaccumulation, endocrine disruption, and associated toxicity, which may lead to various adverse reactions. In this study, 32 male C57BL/6 J mice were orally administered varying doses of CPF over a period of two weeks. Metabolic perturbations resulting from subacute exposure to CPF were assessed using LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics, alongside biochemical analysis and histopathological techniques. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing method was employed to evaluate changes in the gut microbial community within the cecal contents of mice exposed to CPF. In vivo studies have shown that CPF exposure induced dose-dependent damage and dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota in mouse colonic tissues. This was characterized by significant alterations in the gut microbiota, increased intestinal permeability and elevated levels of lipopolysaccharides. These changes may have compromised intestinal barrier function and facilitated the transfer of intestinal microbial metabolites and endotoxins to the liver, subsequently leading to liver injury. Collectively, this study elucidates a potential mechanism by which CPF triggers liver injury through alterations in the intestinal microbial community and increased intestinal permeability. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the toxicological effects of CPF but also contribute to the assessment of health risks associated with CPF exposure.

Regulatory frameworks for fragrance safety in cosmetics: a global overview

Fragrances play a crucial role in cosmetic products, influencing consumer preferences and enriching sensory experiences. However, making sure these products are safe, especially concerning natural and synthetic fragrances, requires robust regulatory frameworks. This review offers a global perspective on the regulatory systems governing the safety of fragrances. It begins by examining the fundamental differences between natural and synthetic fragrances, highlighting their origins and unique safety considerations. Natural fragrances, sourced from botanicals like essential oils, have a long history of human exposure. Synthetic fragrances, on the other hand, are artificially manufactured compounds that often lack sufficient safety data, thereby requiring strict regulation. Various countries have developed safety guidelines to address concerns such as skin sensitization, allergies, and health risks associated with fragrance use. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of these global regulatory frameworks, emphasizing both commonalities and disparities in safety standards for natural and synthetic fragrances. It also discusses ongoing efforts to harmonize regulations and improve fragrance safety in cosmetics. By offering this in-depth overview of regulatory approaches, the article serves as a valuable resource for cosmetics industry professionals. It provides insights into the evolving landscape of cosmetics regulations worldwide, aiding stakeholders in navigating the complexities of natural and synthetic fragrance safety and ultimately safeguarding consumer well-being.

Graphical Abstract

Unveiling an indole derivative YM818 as a novel tyrosinase inhibitor with anti-melanogenic and anti-melanin transfer effects

Indole and its derivatives, heterocyclic compounds with broad therapeutic potential, have seen limited study in melanogenesis. Here, our virtual screening identified 15 indole derivatives that potentially interacted with tyrosinase (TYR), a key enzyme in melanogenesis. Nine of the 15 indole derivatives tested significantly decreased tyrosinase activity, and 3-hydroxy-5-bromo-(3-indolyl)-2‑carbonyl indole (designated as YM818) exhibited highest inhibitory rate at 74.28 % with IC50 of 0.372 mmol/L. Surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence quenching assays demonstrated the direct interaction between YM818 and TYR with KD value 94.84 ± 45.27 μmol/L. YM818 treatment reduced cellular melanin content to 35.8 %. Furthermore, YM818 treatment enhanced AKT protein phosphorylation, leading to the downregulation of melanogenesis-related proteins, including MITF, TYR and TRP1. In vivo zebrafish studies confirmed the inhibitory effects of YM818 on melanogenesis. Additionally, YM818 disrupted melanin transfer by suppressing the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) gene, a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a crucial role in mediating cellular responses to serine proteases, including keratinocyte phagocytosis and melanin transfer. YM818 also exhibited robust antioxidant activity, with 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging IC50 values comparable to vitamin C and significantly reducing intracellular ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings highlight YM818 as a promising anti-melanogenic agent, offering valuable insights into the development of novel anti-melanin drugs and tyrosinase inhibitors.

Assessment and Management of Concurrent Substance Use in Patients Receiving Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depressive, Obsessive-Compulsive, Psychotic, and Trauma-Related Disorders: A Delphi Consensus Study and Guideline

OBJECTIVE

Limited data are available to inform clinicians on how to manage concurrent substance use in the context of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depressive, obsessive-compulsive, psychotic, or trauma-related disorders. The authors convened an international panel of 24 rTMS experts, representative of different geographic regions and subspecialities, and created a consensus guideline for clinicians and researchers on approaches to concurrent substance use in patients receiving rTMS as treatment for primary psychiatric disorders.

METHODS

A Delphi method survey and expert opinion elicited over consecutive rounds of surveys were used, with feedback and discussion after each round. Recommendation statements were established upon very high (≥80%) agreement.

RESULTS

Three rounds of surveys and feedback were sufficient to reach a consensus for most topics; where consensus could not be reached, the panel discussed limitations in the current evidence base. Informed by a synthesis of the literature and practice-based evidence, the expert panel provides several consensus recommendations on the topics of screening, monitoring, risk assessment, and mitigation associated with various degrees of substance use, and specific considerations for alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and opioids. Instead of excluding all people who use substances, a nuanced approach should be taken based on an assessment of risk factors for clinical instability and severity of use. The most important safety risk with substance use is the presence of intoxication or withdrawal states, with the most data supporting seizure risk in unstable alcohol or nonmedical stimulant use. Although there is no evidence of reduced rTMS efficacy for a psychiatric disorder in the presence of concurrent substance use, the lack of data in this area warrants caution.

CONCLUSIONS

These recommendations can be readily implemented clinically and provide a framework for future research. In patients receiving rTMS for a primary psychiatric disorder, assessment and management of co-occurring substance use is complex, requiring greater attention, standardization, and further study.

Integrating population-level effects into the regulatory assessment of endocrine disrupting substances

Population modeling, field studies, and monitoring approaches have all been proposed for assessing the relevance of adverse effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at the population level for nontarget (wild) vertebrates, but how these approaches should be used in the regulatory hazard assessment is unclear and not detailed in the relevant European Guidance Document. A literature review focused on identifying published approaches assessing the population relevance of adverse effects from EDCs was performed, and, subsequently, 47 primary research papers were evaluated. By extracting from these sources, a novel approach was developed with guiding principles for assessing adverse effects of EDCs at the population level considering (i) choice of focal species, scenarios (and models), (ii) the individual level apical endpoints to be considered, (iii) the magnitude of effect to be imposed, (iv) for what duration effects should be imposed, (v) whether individuals repairing the damage from exposure should be included, (vi) the population-level endpoints to be considered, and (vii) what threshold to set for defining an adverse effect at this level. Recommendations for modeling and field and monitoring studies are included. Case studies are also presented to demonstrate how the proposed approach might be implemented. Although some aspects (e.g., choice of focal species, model/experimental scenario, monitoring study assessment) require further consideration, this should not prevent the use of this approach in a regulatory EDC assessment context. As such, we propose that the approach be used immediately to implement population modeling and perform field studies within this regulatory context. We envisage that consistent application of these principles will encourage regulatory developments in this critical area to provide a much needed level of clarity in the EDC assessment for all stakeholders.

Parental conditions, modifiable lifestyle factors, and first trimester growth and development: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

The embryonic period in human development is the foundation of lifelong and even transgenerational health. Although previously believed to be uniform, there is increasing evidence that embryonic growth is influenced by the conditions and modifiable lifestyle factors of parents in the periconception period. In ongoing pregnancies, a delay in growth in the first trimester has been associated with miscarriages, malformations, low birth weight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age at birth. This has stimulated research on factors associated with variations in human embryonic growth. However, there is still no consensus on which parental conditions and modifiable lifestyle factors affect first trimester growth and development and to what extent.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

A systematic review was undertaken according to PRISMA guidelines to provide an overview of literature on the associations between parental conditions and lifestyle factors in the periconception period and first trimester growth and development, with an aim to identify existing evidence gaps.

SEARCH METHODS

A systematic search of the literature concerning articles on embryonic growth and lifestyle factors published between 1900 and 2024 was performed in six electronic databases. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported on the association between periconception parental conditions and/or modifiable lifestyle factors and an in vivo measure of first trimester growth or development (i.e. crown-rump length, embryonic volume and/or Carnegie stage) between 6 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks gestational age in singleton pregnancies. Parental conditions and modifiable lifestyle factors were defined as ex utero determinants divided into characteristics (age, ethnicity, BMI, blood pressure), lifestyle risk factors (caffeine intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking), nutrition (dietary patterns and food groups), vitamins (vitamin B9/B11, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and supplements), and the ambient environment (air pollution, noise exposure, and neighborhood deprivation). Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach was used to assess the evidence level of the studies included in the review.

OUTCOMES

A total of 4708 unique records were identified, of which 34 studies were included in the systematic review. The majority of studies investigating smoking and BMI suggested an inverse association with embryonic growth and development, while maternal age, folic acid supplement use, and folate levels were positively associated with embryonic growth and development. Studies on blood pressure, ethnicity, vitamin B12, vitamin D, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, and ambient environment were too limited to conclude an association with embryonic growth and development. Reported effect estimates were heterogeneous for all determinants. Based on the GRADE criteria, the quality of evidence for the results of this review was considered low or very low.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

Some periconceptional parental conditions and modifiable lifestyle factors are associated with first trimester growth and development and should be considered in clinical preconception care. To advance our understanding and establish strong, high-level evidence-based recommendations, future research should prioritize methodological quality and focus on lifestyle intervention studies.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021240618).

Mechanisms of toxicity caused by bisphenol analogs in human in vitro cell models

Bisphenol analogs, structurally similar to bisphenol A (BPA), are widely used in various industries as a safer alternative to BPA. However, these alternatives also present risks, such as inflammation and potential connections to chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes, highlighting the need for further research into their toxicity mechanisms. Building on our previous cytotoxicity research, this study delves into the mechanisms of toxicity associated with bisphenol analogs (bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP, bisphenol E, and bisphenol P) on human in vitro cell models (HepaRG, Caco-2, HMC3, and HMEC-1). In this study, we assessed the impact of these compounds on key cellular stress markers: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and mitochondrial calcium levels. Results revealed dose-dependent increases in oxidative stress and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), with Caco-2 cells (enterocytes) exhibiting the highest sensitivity, indicating tissue-specific vulnerability. Notably, bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP and bisphenol P were identified as the most potent analogs in inducing ROS, affecting mitochondrial integrity and calcium homeostasis among all cell models. This research highlights the importance of understanding analog-specific and cell-specific responses to bisphenol compounds, providing a foundation for improved regulatory strategies to mitigate health risks associated with their exposure.

The dual challenge of diabesity: pathophysiology, management, and future directions

Diabesity, the concurrent occurrence of obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), represents a pressing global health challenge characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms and a wide range of associated comorbidities. Central to its development are insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by dysregulated adipokine secretion and systemic metabolic dysfunction. These mechanisms underpin the progression of diabesity and its complications, including cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Management strategies encompass lifestyle interventions focusing on tailored dietary modifications and structured physical activity, pharmacological treatments targeting both glycemic control and weight loss, and surgical interventions such as bariatric surgery, which have demonstrated efficacy in achieving durable outcomes. Clinical trials and meta-analyses underscore the comparative advantages of different treatment modalities in terms of efficacy, safety, and sustainability. Moreover, long-term follow-up studies emphasize the critical need for sustained multidisciplinary interventions to prevent relapse and enhance patient outcomes. Future advancements in management include exploring precision medicine approaches that integrate individual metabolic profiles, lifestyle factors, and emerging therapeutic innovations. A multidisciplinary approach combining advanced therapeutic strategies and patient-centered care remains pivotal for optimizing management and improving prognoses for individuals with diabesity. This review highlights the complex interplay between obesity and T2DM, offering comprehensive insights into their pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management paradigms.

Genomic landscape of cancer in racially and ethnically diverse populations

Cancer incidence and mortality rates can vary widely among different racial and ethnic groups, attributed to a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and social factors. Recently, substantial progress has been made in investigating hereditary genetic risk factors and in characterizing tumour genomes. However, most research has been conducted in individuals of European ancestries and, increasingly, in individuals of Asian ancestries. The study of germline and somatic genetics in cancer across racial and ethnic groups using omics technologies offers opportunities to identify similarities and differences in both heritable traits and the molecular features of cancer genomes. An improved understanding of population-specific cancer genomics, as well as translation of those findings across populations, will help reduce cancer disparities and ensure that personalized medicine and public health approaches are equitable across racial and ethnic groups.

Association between long-term benzene exposure and inflammatory bowel disease in a national cohort: The modifying effect of genetic susceptibility

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental benzene exposure and its interaction with genetic susceptibility on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a specific focus on ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).

METHODS

A total of 432,727 participants from the UK Biobank who were free of IBD at baseline were included in the analysis. The annual average benzene concentrations during the follow-up period were evaluated by air dispersion models. The study assessed the incidence of IBD in relation to ambient benzene exposure using Cox proportional hazard models and estimated the exposureresponse relationships using restricted cubic spline models. Additive interactions included relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and the attributable proportion (AP) to evaluate the interaction between ambient benzene exposure and genetic predisposition.

RESULTS

A significant association was identified between ambient benzene exposure and the incidence of IBD, with hazard ratios (95 % confidence intervals) of 1.06 (1.03, 1.09) for IBD, 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) for UC, and 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) for CD per 0.1 μg/m3 increase. Furthermore, genetic predispositions were found to significantly modify the relationship between ambient benzene exposure and IBD risk. Individuals with the highest genetic risk and benzene exposure had the highest risk of UC.

CONCLUSION

This study provides compelling evidence of the interaction between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis of UC. These findings underscore the importance of considering both genetic and environmental influences in future prevention and intervention strategies for IBD.

Association of long-term ozone exposure with the incidence and progression of hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease: A national retrospective cohort study

Evidence suggests that ozone is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the associations of ozone exposure with the dynamic progression of these diseases among Asian population remain unknown. This study included 9,256,945 participants from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between 2006 and 2021. Multimorbidity was defined as the coexistence of CKD and either hypertension or diabetes. The ordinary kriging method was used to estimate daily concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, suspended fine particles, and suspended particles. Then, five-year average concentrations of pollutants were calculated. We performed multi-state survival models to analyze the association between ozone and dynamic progression of these diseases. During follow-up, 3,555,498 participants experienced hypertension, diabetes, or CKD; 656,515 experienced multimorbidity; and 792,555 died. Ozone exposure was significantly associated with incidence of the results in all transitions. The hazard ratios of each IQR (3.57 ppb) increment in ozone for the transition to incident disease were 1.016 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.014, 1.017], for the transition to death were 1.04 [95 % CI: 1.036, 1.043], for the transition to multimorbidity were 1.015 [95 % CI: 1.012, 1.017]. Furthermore, with each IQR increase of ozone, the hazard ratios for transition from the disease incidence to death and from multimorbidity to death were 1.03 [95 % CI: 1.026, 1.033] and 1.007 [95 % CI: 1.002, 1.013], respectively. Our results suggest long-term exposure to ozone might be an important determinant for the incidence and dynamic progression of hypertension, diabetes, and CKD in Taiwan.

Paraquat poisoning: a case series of 15 survivors and narrative review

Background

Paraquat (PQ) poisoning is a grave concern in developing countries due to its wide availability. Acute paraquat poisoning can have both systemic and local manifestations, with mortality rates that can reach as high as 90%; pulmonary complications and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes being major causes. This case series is a unique retrospective observational study of 15 survivors from South India.

Case presentation

The case series consists of 15 cases, with a mean age of 24.6 years (excluding outliers), that were alleged to have taken varying amounts of paraquat dichloride. Patients exhibited a diverse range of symptoms affecting multiple organ systems, with particular emphasis on kidney, liver, and lung function. Treatments included a combination of hemodialysis, targeted drug therapy in the form of N-acetyl cysteine, anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteriods and symptomatic therapy. The case descriptions also include the details of the amount of paraquat allegedly ingested, the ingestion to hospitalization time, demographics, etc, that further help in determination of prognosis.

Overview

PQ can cause a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, including gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary problems. Less commonly, it can also affect the neurological and cardiac systems. Treatment is mainly focused on reducing the effective PQ concentration in blood, as no antidote has been named till date. The paper also discusses the various treatments available, drugs and procedures, and their mechanisms. Also prognostic factors like age, amount, ingestion to hospitalization time, etc.

Conclusion

The study underlines the need for defined treatment protocols, prognostic factors, and enforcing restrictions on availability of this deadly poison.

Synthetic cannabinoid use among noninstitutionalized individuals in the United States, 2021-2023

BACKGROUND

We sought to estimate the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoid use and characteristics of people who use in the US general population.

METHODS

We compared the prevalence of past-year synthetic cannabinoid use in 2023 to 2021 among individuals ages ≥ 12 surveyed via the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 173,808). We also compared prevalence according to demographic and drug use characteristics and delineated correlates of past-year use.

RESULTS

Synthetic cannabinoid use increased from 0.17 % in 2021 to 0.26 % in 2023, a 50.0 % increase (p = .042) (0.25 % prevalence in 2021-2023 overall). The largest increases were among those aged ≥ 35 (by 255.3 %), those with an annual family income of < $20,000 (by 242.1 %), and those who used methamphetamine in the past year (by 184.6 %) (Ps < .05). In our final multivariable model, those with less than a high school diploma (aOR=2.20, 95 % CI: 1.12-4.32) and those with past-year cannabis use (aOR=13.55, 95 % CI: 8.36-21.95) and use disorder (aOR=26.03, 95 % CI: 17.70-38.29) were at higher odds for synthetic cannabinoid use, as were people with methamphetamine use (aOR=3.08, 95 % CI: 1.18-8.01) and use disorder (aOR=4.74, 95 % CI: 2.17-10.37), and prescription opioid misuse (aOR=1.75, 95 % CI: 1.05-2.93) and use disorder (aOR=3.22, 95 % CI: 1.78-5.82).

CONCLUSION

Survey data suggest that synthetic cannabinoid use is rare but increasing, particularly among people of lower socioeconomic status and people who use other drugs. Cannabis use disorder in particular is associated with higher odds for use. Research is needed to determine if overreporting is occurring due to confusion with emerging cannabis products.

Community-level effects of a neonicotinoid pesticide on the metabolism of freshwater microorganisms

This study provides an ecotoxicological assessment of the effects of the neonicotinoid dinotefuran on freshwater microorganisms. Epilithic biofilm was sampled from a small stream and exposed to dinotefuran for 14 days in Biolog EcoPlates. In general, we found that a concentration of 0.100 mg l-1 of dinotefuran induced the microorganism community to catabolise carbon sources faster. However, catabolic activity varied depending on the type of carbon source. Catabolism increased for Putrescine (+4673 %), Serine (+376 %), Galacturonic Acid (+206 %), Pyruvic Acid Methyl Ester (+177 %), and Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (+113 %); and decreased for Arginine (-59 %), Asparagine (-26 %), and Mannitol (-21 %). This is the first study in which EcoPlates have been used to investigate the effects of dinotefuran on freshwater epilithic biofilm at an environmentally realistic concentration.

Pesticide contamination of small standing water bodies in the agricultural landscape of northeast Germany

Lentic small water bodies (LSWBs) play a crucial role in global freshwater ecology. Despite their ecological importance, LSWBs are often overlooked in many conservation strategies and scientific studies. A key problem for these ecosystems is anthropogenic stress, in particular the intensive use of pesticides in agriculture. The present study aimed to investigate the extent and variability of pesticide pollution in LSWBs at large spatial and temporal scales. It aimed to identify which substances are frequently detected in these waters and which have the greatest ecotoxicological impact. The study identified eight common pesticides that were detected in low concentrations in many samples at the regional scale. Nine substances also exceeded regulatory acceptable concentration levels (RACs), indicating potential ecological risks. Nicosulfuron, a widely used herbicide in maize growing areas, posed a particular threat as it frequently exceeded its RACs and is persistent in both soil and water. The constant herbicide contamination over three years in LSWBs shown in this study will most likely lead to cascading ecosystem-level effects by changed trophic interactions and altered habitat quality. Other substances, such as chlorpyrifos and clothianidin are no longer used in agriculture, but still showed similar exceedances of RACs. The study emphasizes that LSWBs are particularly prone to continuous pesticide contamination leading to serious ecological consequences that cannot be detected by one-off sampling, which could hold equally true for LSWBs in other agricultural regions of Germany.

Aged microplastics-induced growth inhibition via DNA damage, GH/IGF-1 and HPT axes disruption in zebrafish larvae

The escalating use of microplastics (MPs) has led to the widespread exposure of aquatic organisms. The associated toxicities of MPs may be influenced by photoaging. However, the toxicity of aged MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations to aquatic organisms remains unclear. Therefore, our study focused on assessing the effects of aged polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on the development of zebrafish. Here, using simulated sunlight, we investigated the endocrine and developmental toxicity of embryo-larvae exposed to pristine PS-MPs (1 μm) and aged PS-MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.1-100 μg/L. The alterations in PS-MPs characteristics using photoaging were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results suggested that photoaging altered physicochemical characteristics of PS-MPs. The assessment of physiological indicators revealed that exposure to aged PS-MPs significantly inhibited the growth of larval zebrafish compared to pristine PS-MPs with endpoints of body length, heartbeat rate and tail coiling frequency. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that aged PS-MPs exposure perturbed the hormones levels (GH, IGF-1, T3 and T4) and gene expression (e.g., gh, igf1, trh and ugt1ab) related to growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Moreover, 8-OHdG levels were significantly altered in zebrafish larvae exposed to aged PS-MPs, and Pearson correlation results showed significant associations between 8-OHdG levels and GH/IGF-1 and HPT axis-related genes. Overall, these results indicated that the growth inhibition of larval was attributed to DNA damage, HPT and GH/IGF axes disruption, providing new insights into the environmental effects and health risks of MPs.

Evaluation of potential bioaccumulation of Bisphenol A in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor, widespread into the marine environment, which can be accumulated in marine organisms, representing a serious threat to human health, even if it is present at low concentrations. This study presents a new methodology for detecting BPA in the edible mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis which, compared to the existing ones, has several advantages. It is cheaper, faster, independent of the amount of organism material considered, and can be used even for the analysis of very small samples: LOD of 0.13 μg g-1 was obtained extracting 50 mg of tissue. The detection of BPA was obtained by means of a tailored method able to spot the contaminant spiked or bioaccumulated by living mussels at different concentrations and time points. Under environmental conditions inedible mussels (not depurated) bioaccumulated up to 0.6 μg g-1 (d.w.). Our methodology was applied to in vivo experiments whereas the concentration of BPA detected in mussels' tissues was found to depend on the quantity administered. This methodology may provide the baseline for future research and improve environmental regulation and risk assessment protocols.