1451
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz-Claudio F Silva
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Programa de Glicobiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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1452
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Girish KS, Kemparaju K. The magic glue hyaluronan and its eraser hyaluronidase: a biological overview. Life Sci 2007; 80:1921-43. [PMID: 17408700 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a multifunctional high molecular weight polysaccharide found throughout the animal kingdom, especially in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of soft connective tissues. HA is thought to participate in many biological processes, and its level is markedly elevated during embryogenesis, cell migration, wound healing, malignant transformation, and tissue turnover. The enzymes that degrade HA, hyaluronidases (HAases) are expressed both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These enzymes are known to be involved in physiological and pathological processes ranging from fertilization to aging. Hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of HA increases the permeability of connective tissues and decreases the viscosity of body fluids and is also involved in bacterial pathogenesis, the spread of toxins and venoms, acrosomal reaction/ovum fertilization, and cancer progression. Furthermore, these enzymes may promote direct contact between pathogens and the host cell surfaces. Depolymerization of HA also adversely affects the role of ECM and impairs its activity as a reservoir of growth factors, cytokines and various enzymes involved in signal transduction. Inhibition of HA degradation therefore may be crucial in reducing disease progression and spread of venom/toxins and bacterial pathogens. Hyaluronidase inhibitors are potent, ubiquitous regulating agents that are involved in maintaining the balance between the anabolism and catabolism of HA. Hyaluronidase inhibitors could also serve as contraceptives and anti-tumor agents and possibly have antibacterial and anti-venom/toxin activities. Additionally, these molecules can be used as pharmacological tools to study the physiological and pathophysiological role of HA and hyaluronidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Girish
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka State, 560007, India.
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1453
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Carulli D, Rhodes KE, Fawcett JW. Upregulation of aggrecan, link protein 1, and hyaluronan synthases during formation of perineuronal nets in the rat cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:83-94. [PMID: 17206619 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix molecules accumulate around central nervous system neurons during postnatal development, forming so-called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs play a role in restricting plasticity at the end of critical periods. In the adult rat cerebellum, PNNs are found around large, deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) neurons and Golgi neurons and are composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), tenascin-R (TN-R), hyaluronan (HA), and link proteins, such as cartilage link protein 1 (Crtll). Granule cells and Purkinje cells are surrounded by a partially organized matrix. Both glial cells and neurons surrounded by PNNs are the site of synthesis of some CSPGs and of TN-R, but only neurons produce HA synthetic enzymes (HASs), thus HA, and link proteins, which are scaffolding molecules for an organized matrix. To elucidate the mechanisms of formation of PNNs, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization which PNN components are upregulated during PNN formation in rat cerebellar postnatal development and what cell types express them. We observed that Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-binding PNNs develop around DCN neurons from postnatal day (P)7 and around Golgi neurons from P14. At the same time as their PNNs start to form, these neurons upregulate aggrecan, Crtll, and HASs mRNAs. However, Crtll is the only PNN component to be expressed exclusively in neurons surrounded by PNNs. The other link protein that shows a perineuronal net pattern in the DCN, Bral2, is upregulated later during development. These data suggest that aggrecan, HA, and, particularly, Crtll might be crucial elements for the initial assembly of PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carulli
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
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1454
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Gutova M, Najbauer J, Gevorgyan A, Metz MZ, Weng Y, Shih CC, Aboody KS. Identification of uPAR-positive chemoresistant cells in small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2007; 2:e243. [PMID: 17327908 PMCID: PMC1800348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR/CD87) are major regulators of extracellular matrix degradation and are involved in cell migration and invasion under physiological and pathological conditions. The uPA/uPAR system has been of great interest in cancer research because it is involved in the development of most invasive cancer phenotypes and is a strong predictor of poor patient survival. However, little is known about the role of uPA/uPAR in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the most aggressive type of lung cancer. We therefore determined whether uPA and uPAR are involved in generation of drug resistant SCLC cell phenotype. METHODS AND FINDINGS We screened six human SCLC cell lines for surface markers for putative stem and cancer cells. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), fluorescence microscopy and clonogenic assays to demonstrate uPAR expression in a subpopulation of cells derived from primary and metastatic SCLC cell lines. Cytotoxic assays were used to determine the sensitivity of uPAR-positive and uPAR-negative cells to chemotherapeutic agents. The uPAR-positive cells in all SCLC lines demonstrated multi-drug resistance, high clonogenic activity and co-expression of CD44 and MDR1, putative cancer stem cell markers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that uPAR-positive cells may define a functionally important population of cancer cells in SCLC, which are resistant to traditional chemotherapies, and could serve as critical targets for more effective therapeutic interventions in SCLC.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/analysis
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bone Neoplasms/chemistry
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Brain Neoplasms/chemistry
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/secondary
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/secondary
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/analysis
- Lung Neoplasms/chemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator/analysis
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gutova
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (MG); (KA)
| | - Joseph Najbauer
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Gevorgyan
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Marianne Z. Metz
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Yehua Weng
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Chu-Chih Shih
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Karen S. Aboody
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Division of Neurosciences, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (MG); (KA)
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1455
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Guo N, Kanter D, Funderburgh ML, Mann MM, Du Y, Funderburgh JL. A rapid transient increase in hyaluronan synthase-2 mRNA initiates secretion of hyaluronan by corneal keratocytes in response to transforming growth factor beta. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12475-83. [PMID: 17327235 PMCID: PMC2912154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratocytes of the corneal stroma produce transparent extracellular matrix devoid of hyaluronan (HA); however, in corneal pathologies and wounds, HA is abundant. We previously showed primary keratocytes cultured under serum-free conditions to secrete matrix similar to that of normal stroma, but serum and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) induced secretion of fibrotic matrix components, including HA. This study found HA secretion by primary bovine keratocytes to increase rapidly in response to TGFbeta, reaching a maximum in 12 h and then decreasing to <5% of the maximum by 48 h. Cell-free biosynthesis of HA by cell extracts also exhibited a transient peak at 12 h after TGFbeta treatment. mRNA for hyaluronan synthase enzymes HAS1 and HAS2 increased >10- and >50-fold, respectively, in 4-6 h, decreasing to near original levels after 24-48 h. Small interfering RNA against HAS2 inhibited the transient increase of HAS2 mRNA and completely blocked HA induction, but small interfering RNA to HAS1 had no effect on HA secretion. HAS2 mRNA was induced by a variety of mitogens, and TGFbeta acted synergistically to induce HAS2 by as much as 150-fold. In addition to HA synthesis, treatment with TGFbeta induced degradation of fluorescein-HA added to culture medium. These results show HA secretion by keratocytes to be initiated by a rapid transient increase in the HAS2 mRNA pool. The very rapid induction of HA expression in keratocytes suggests a functional role of this molecule in the fibrotic response of keratocytes to wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James L. Funderburgh
- Jules and Doris Stein Research to Prevent Blindness Professor. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 1009 Eye and Ear Institute, 203 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2588. Tel.: 412-647-3853; Fax: 412-647-5880;
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1456
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Blundell CD, Mahoney DJ, Cordell MR, Almond A, Kahmann JD, Perczel A, Taylor JD, Campbell ID, Day AJ. Determining the molecular basis for the pH-dependent interaction between the link module of human TSG-6 and hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12976-88. [PMID: 17307731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611713200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 is an inflammation-associated hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that has anti-inflammatory and protective functions in arthritis and asthma as well as a critical role in mammalian ovulation. The interaction between TSG-6 and HA is pH-dependent, with a marked reduction in affinity on increasing the pH from 6.0 to 8.0. Here we have investigated the mechanism underlying this pH dependence using a combined approach of site-directed mutagenesis, NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry and microtiter plate assays. Analysis of single-site mutants of the TSG-6 Link module indicated that the loss in affinity above pH 6.0 is mediated by the change in ionization state of a histidine residue (His(4)) that is not within the HA-binding site. To understand this in molecular terms, the pH-dependent folding profile and the pK(a) values of charged residues within the Link module were determined using NMR. These data indicated that His(4) makes a salt bridge to one side-chain oxygen atom of a buried aspartate residue (Asp(89)), whereas the other oxygen is simultaneously hydrogen-bonded to a key HA-binding residue (Tyr(12)). This molecular network transmits the change in ionization state of His(4) to the HA-binding site, which explains the loss of affinity at high pH. In contrast, simulations of the pH affinity curves indicate that another histidine residue, His(45), is largely responsible for the gain in affinity for HA between pH 3.5 and 6.0. The pH-dependent interaction of TSG-6 with HA (and other ligands) provides a means of differentially regulating the functional activity of this protein in different tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Blundell
- Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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1457
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Cohen M, Joester D, Sabanay I, Addadi L, Geiger B. Hyaluronan in the pericellular coat: an additional layer of complexity in early cell adhesion events. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:327-332. [PMID: 32900148 DOI: 10.1039/b613770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is a multistage process whereby specific surface receptors interact with the corresponding ligands on the extracellular matrix or on neighboring cells. These complex interactions involve a wide variety of cellular molecules including transmembrane and cytoskeletal components, scaffolding proteins, and a wide variety of signaling enzymes. In this article we discuss recent data characterizing the involvement of the pericellular hyaluronan coat in early stages of cell-matrix adhesion. In particular, we address the mechanisms underlying the transition from hyaluronan- to integrin-mediated adhesion, and the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the "inside-out" regulation and maintenance of the pericellular hyaluronan coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cohen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Derk Joester
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Sabanay
- Chemical Research Support Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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1458
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Harada H, Takahashi M. CD44-dependent Intracellular and Extracellular Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid by Hyaluronidase-1 and -2. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5597-607. [PMID: 17170110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608358200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan involved in a wide variety of cellular functions. However, its turnover in living cells remains largely unknown. In this study, CD44, a receptor for HA, and hyaluronidase-1, -2, and -3 (Hyal-1, -2 and -3) were stably expressed in HEK 293 cells and the mechanism of HA catabolism was systematically investigated using fluorescein-labeled HA. CD44 was essential for HA degradation by both endogenous and exogenously expressed hyaluronidases. Hyal-1 was not able to cleave HA in living cells in the absence of CD44. Intracellular HA degradation was predominantly mediated by Hyal-1 after incorporation of HA by CD44. Although Hyal-1 was active only in intracellular space in vivo, a certain amount of the enzyme was secreted to extracellular space. This extracellular Hyal-1 was found to be incorporated by cells and such uptake of Hyal-1 was, in part, involved in the intracellular degradation of HA. Hyal-2 was involved in the extracellular degradation of HA. Hyal-2 activity was also dependent on the expression of CD44 in both living cells and enzyme assays. Immunofluorescent microscopy demonstrated that both Hyal-2 and CD44 are present on the cell surface. Without CD44 expression, Hyal-2 existed in a granular pattern, and did not show hyaluronidase activity, suggesting that localization change could contribute to Hyal-2 function. A convenient and quantitative enzyme assay was established for the measurement of Hyal-2 activity. Hyal-2 activity was detected in the membrane fraction of cells co-expressing Hyal-2 and CD44. The pH optimum for Hyal-2 was 6.0-7.0. The membrane fraction of cells expressing Hyal-2 alone did not show hyaluronidase activity. Hyal-3 did not show any hyaluronidase activity in our experimental conditions. Based on these findings, Hyal-1 and -2 contribute to intracellular and extracellular catabolism of HA, respectively, in a CD44-dependent manner, and their HA degradation occurs independently from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosami Harada
- Lead Discovery Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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1459
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Pelli AA, Azevedo RA, Cinelli LP, Mourão PAS, de Brito-Gitirana L. Dermatan sulfate is the major metachromatic glycosaminoglycan in the integument of the anuran Bufo ictericus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 146:160-5. [PMID: 17137817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans from the ventral and dorsal integuments of the anuran Bufo ictericus were characterized based on biochemical and histochemical methods. Dermatan sulfate is the major metachromatic glycosaminoglycan found in these tissues, but small amount of heparan sulfate was also detected. The average molecular mass of the dermatan sulfate is approximately 20 kDa, similar to the glycosaminoglycan isolated from mammalian skin. In addition, the amphibian integument contains high amounts of hyaluronic acid, especially in the ventral area. We also observed that the glycosaminoglycans occur in the anuran integument as irregular deposits through the spongious dermis and in the mast cells, as revealed by histochemical analysis using Alcian blue, dimethylmethylene blue and toluidine blue stains. The concentration and composition of glycosaminoglycans found in the amphibian integument resemble those from mammalian skin except for the higher concentration of hyaluronic acid in the amphibian tissue. Possibly, this observation indicates that the function of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan in these tissues has been preserved during evolution, although the amphibian integument and the human skin have their own particular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pelli
- Laboratório de Histologia Animal e Comparada, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21540-970, Brazil
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1460
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Souza MLS, Freitas CF, Domingos MAO, Nunes-Tavares N, Hasson-Voloch A, Nasciutti LE, Silva LCF. Identification and distribution of chondroitin sulfate in the three electric organs of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 146:227-33. [PMID: 17161641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The electrogenic tissue of the electric eel Electrophorus electricus (L.) is distributed in three well-defined electric organs, the Main electric organ, Sach's organ and Hunter's organ. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition was characterized in the three electric organs of the electric eel. Sulfated GAGs were analyzed in the electric organs using metachromatic staining, biochemical analysis including electrophoresis before and after specific enzymatic or chemical degradations, and immunostaining with an antibody against chondroitin sulfate (CS). Our results showed in the three electric organs that CS was the main sulfated GAG species detected, accompanied by small and diminutive amounts of CS/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains and heparan sulfate (HS), respectively. However, HS was not detected in the Sach's organ. CS was predominantly detected in the innervated membrane face of the electroplaques in the three electric organs. Our findings extend previous observations on the GAG composition in the electric organs of E. electricus and provide new information regarding the tissue distribution and location of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa L S Souza
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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1461
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Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Price PA. Is YKL-40 a new therapeutic target in cancer? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:219-34. [PMID: 17227236 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
YKL-40 is produced by cancer cells and tumour-associated macrophages. YKL-40 may play a role in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, invasiveness, metastasis, in angiogenesis and the inflammation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix surrounding the tumour. Serum YKL-40 is a biomarker of prognosis, confirmed in 13 different types of cancer including > 2500 patients. Highest serum YKL-40 is found in patients with metastatic cancer with the shortest recurrence-free interval and shortest overall survival. Serum YKL-40 provides independent information compared with clinical characteristics and biomarkers, such as HER2, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA-125, prostate-specific antigen and lactate dehydrogenase. The authors hypothesise that inhibition of YKL-40 by monoclonal antibodies either directly or towards its receptor may be as efficient a cancer therapeutic as the monoclonal antibodies against HER2, HER1, vascular endothelial growth factor and CD20. Drugs inhibiting YKL-40 should be explored as new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Johansen
- Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Department of Rheumatology Q107, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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1462
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Hofinger ESA, Spickenreither M, Oschmann J, Bernhardt G, Rudolph R, Buschauer A. Recombinant human hyaluronidase Hyal-1: insect cells versus Escherichia coli as expression system and identification of low molecular weight inhibitors. Glycobiology 2007; 17:444-53. [PMID: 17227790 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hyaluronidase Hyal-1, one of six human hyaluronidase subtypes, preferentially degrades hyaluronic acid present in the extracellular matrix of somatic tissues. Modulations of Hyal-1 expression have been observed in a number of malignant tumors. However, its role in disease progression is discussed controversially due to limited information on enzyme properties as well as the lack of specific inhibitors. Therefore, we expressed human Hyal-1 in a prokaryotic and in an insect cell system to produce larger amounts of the purified enzyme. In Escherichia coli, Hyal-1 formed inclusion bodies and was refolded in vitro after purification by metal ion affinity chromatography. However, the enzyme was produced with extremely low folding yields (0.5%) and exhibited a low specific activity (0.1 U/mg). Alternatively, Hyal-1 was secreted into the medium of stably transfected Drosophila Schneider-2 (DS-2) cells. After several purification steps, highly pure enzyme with a specific activity of 8.6 U/mg (consistent with the reported activity of human Hyal-1 from plasma) was obtained. Both Hyal-1 enzymes showed pH profiles similar to the hyaluronidase of human plasma with an activity maximum at pH 3.5-4.0. Deglycosylation of Hyal-1, expressed in DS-2 cells, resulted in a decrease in the enzymatic activity determined by a colorimetric hyaluronidase activity assay. Purified Hyal-1 from DS-2 cells was used for the investigation of the inhibitory activity of new ascorbic acid derivatives. Within this series, l-ascorbic acid tridecanoate was identified as the most potent inhibitor with an IC(50) of 50 +/- 4 microM comparable with glycyrrhizic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith S A Hofinger
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie II, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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1463
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Abstracts of the XXVII Italian Society for the Study of Connective Tissues (SISC) Meeting, Bologna, Italy, 8-10 November 2007. Connect Tissue Res 2007; 48:338-63. [PMID: 18075821 DOI: 10.1080/03008200701726970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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1464
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), molecules in which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently linked to a protein core, are components of the extracellular matrix of all multicellular organisms. Sugar moieties in GAGs are often extensively modified, which make these molecules enormously complex. We discuss here the role of PGs during animal development, emphasizing the in vivo significance of sugar modifications. We explore a model in which the modification patterns of GAG chains may provide a specific code that contributes to the correct development of a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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1465
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Gouëffic Y, Potter-Perigo S, Chan CK, Johnson PY, Braun K, Evanko SP, Wight TN. Sirolimus blocks the accumulation of hyaluronan (HA) by arterial smooth muscle cells and reduces monocyte adhesion to the ECM. Atherosclerosis 2006; 195:23-30. [PMID: 17174314 PMCID: PMC2504412 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sirolimus (SRL), an inhibitor of human arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation and migration, prevents in-stent restenosis (ISR). Little is known about the effect of SRL on the extracellular matrix (ECM) component, hyaluronan, a key macromolecule in neointimal hyperplasia and inflammation. In this study, we investigated SRL regulation of the synthesis of hyaluronan by cultured human ASMC and the effect of SRL on hyaluronan mediated monocyte adhesion to the ECM. Hyaluronan production on a per cell basis was significantly inhibited by SRL at 4 days and remained so through 10 days. This reduction was correlated with reduced levels of hyaluronan synthase mRNAs while hyaluronan degradation rates were unchanged. Poly I:C, a viral mimetic, caused increased hyaluronan accumulation by ASMC cell layers and this increase was inhibited by SRL. The inhibition was paralleled by a reduction in hyaluronan-dependent monocyte adhesion to the ECM. This study demonstrates that SRL not only regulates the proliferation of ASMC but reduces the production of hyaluronan by these cells. This alteration in ECM composition results in reduced monocyte adhesion to the ECM in cultures of ASMC. Alterations in hyaluronan accumulation may contribute to the inhibition of ISR that is achieved by SRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gouëffic
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Susan Potter-Perigo
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Christina K. Chan
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Pamela Y. Johnson
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Kathleen Braun
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Steven P. Evanko
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Corresponding author: Thomas N. Wight, Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. Fax: (206) 341-1370; Phone: (206) 341-1377;
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1466
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Tolg C, Hamilton SR, Nakrieko KA, Kooshesh F, Walton P, McCarthy JB, Bissell MJ, Turley EA. Rhamm-/- fibroblasts are defective in CD44-mediated ERK1,2 motogenic signaling, leading to defective skin wound repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 175:1017-28. [PMID: 17158951 PMCID: PMC2064710 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200511027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhamm (receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility) is an hyaluronan binding protein with limited expression in normal tissues and high expression in advanced cancers. To understand its physiological functions and identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions, we created mice with a genetic deletion of Rhamm. We show that Rhamm−/− fibroblasts fail to resurface scratch wounds >3 mm or invade hyaluronan-supplemented collagen gels in culture. We identify a requirement for Rhamm in the localization of CD44 to the cell surface, formation of CD44–ERK1,2 (extracellular-regulated kinase 1,2) complexes, and activation/subcellular targeting of ERK1,2 to the cell nucleus. We also show that cell surface Rhamm, restricted to the extracellular compartment by linking recombinant protein to beads, and expression of mutant active mitogen-activated kinase kinase 1 (Mek1) are sufficient to rescue aberrant signaling through CD44–ERK1,2 complexes in Rh−/− fibroblasts. ERK1,2 activation and fibroblast migration/differentiation is also defective during repair of Rh−/− excisional skin wounds and results in aberrant granulation tissue in vivo. These results identify Rhamm as an essential regulator of CD44–ERK1,2 fibroblast motogenic signaling required for wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tolg
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
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1467
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating units of alternating uronic acids and amino sugars. Most glycosaminoglycans are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. Posttranslational modifications result in specific motifs that bind to a large variety of ligands, thus regulating growth factor signaling, cellular behavior, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the proteolytic environment. Dysregulated expression of glycosaminoglycans is present in cancer and reported to correlate with clinical prognosis in several malignant neoplasms. Recent knowledge on the biological roles of these molecules in cancer biology, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis has promoted the development of drugs targeting them. Pharmaceutical approaches include the use of chemically modified heparins and glycosaminoglycans with defined structures, combination of inhibitors of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and polyamine depletion, and biologically active glycosaminoglycan-binding peptides. In addition, glycosaminoglycans are used as tumor-specific delivery and targeting vehicles for toxins and chemotherapeutics. Encouraging results in animal studies and clinical trials show the clinical relevance of glycosaminoglycan-based drugs and the use of glycosaminoglycans as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Yip
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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1468
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Lokeshwar VB, Estrella V, Lopez L, Kramer M, Gomez P, Soloway MS, Lokeshwar BL. HYAL1-v1, An Alternatively Spliced Variant of HYAL1 Hyaluronidase: A Negative Regulator of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11219-27. [PMID: 17145867 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells express HYAL1 hyaluronidase, which degrades hyaluronic acid. HYAL1 expression in bladder cancer cells promotes tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. We previously described five alternatively spliced variants of HYAL1 that encode enzymatically inactive proteins. The HYAL1-v1 variant lacks a 30-amino acid sequence that is present in HYAL1. In this study, we examined whether HYAL1-v1 expression affects bladder cancer growth and invasion by stably transfecting HT1376 bladder cancer cells with a HYAL1-v1 cDNA construct. Although HYAL1-v1 transfectants expressed equivalent levels of enzymatically active HYAL1 protein when compared with vector transfectants, their conditioned medium had 4-fold less hyaluronidase activity due to a noncovalent complex formed between HYAL1 and HYAL1-v1 proteins. HYAL1-v1 transfectants grew 3- to 4-fold slower due to cell cycle arrest in the G(2)-M phase and increased apoptosis. In HYAL1-v1 transfectants, cyclin B1, cdc2/p34, and cdc25c levels were > or =2-fold lower than those in vector transfectants. The increased apoptosis in HYAL1-v1 transfectants was due to the extrinsic pathway involving Fas and Fas-associated death domain up-regulation, caspase-8 activation, and BID cleavage, leading to caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. When implanted in athymic mice, HYAL1-v1-expressing tumors grew 3- to 4-fold slower and tumor weights at day 35 were 3- to 6-fold less than the vector tumors (P < 0.001). Whereas vector tumors were infiltrating and had high mitoses and microvessel density, HYAL1-v1 tumors were necrotic, infiltrated with neutrophils, and showed low mitoses and microvessel density. Therefore, HYAL-v1 expression may negatively regulate bladder tumor growth, infiltration, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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1469
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Chang NS, Hsu LJ, Lin YS, Lai FJ, Sheu HM. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase: a candidate tumor suppressor. Trends Mol Med 2006; 13:12-22. [PMID: 17142102 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Common fragile site gene WWOX encodes a candidate tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase. Alteration of this gene, along with dramatic downregulation of WWOX protein, is shown in the majority of invasive cancer cells. Ectopic WWOX exhibits proapoptotic and tumor inhibitory functions in vitro and in vivo, probably interacting with growth regulatory proteins p53, p73 and others. Hyaluronidases regulate WWOX expression, increase cancer invasiveness and seem to be involved in the development of hormone-independent growth of invasive cancer cells. Estrogen and androgen stimulate phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of WWOX, although binding of WWOX to these sex hormones is unknown. We propose that suppression of WWOX expression by overexpressed hyaluronidases might contribute in part to the development of hormone independence in invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan 70101, Republic of China.
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1470
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Harrell JC, Dye WW, Allred DC, Jedlicka P, Spoelstra NS, Sartorius CA, Horwitz KB. Estrogen receptor positive breast cancer metastasis: altered hormonal sensitivity and tumor aggressiveness in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9308-15. [PMID: 16982776 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancers commonly spread to lymph nodes (LNs). If the primary tumors are estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive, then the likelihood that LN metastases express receptors exceeds 80%. However, due to lack of ER+ models, little is known about the role of hormones in breast cancer spread or the effects of the LN microenvironment on hormone responsiveness. We have developed metastasis models using ZsGreen labeled MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cells. Tumors are tracked in living mice by whole-body imaging, and macrometastases or micrometastases are detected by intravital imaging or fluorescence microscopy. Tumor growth is estrogen dependent and required for intratumoral lymphangiogenesis. Seventy-five percent of all tumors and >95% of larger tumors generate LN metastases. Occasionally more distant metastases are also observed. "Triads" of primary tumors, tumor-filled draining lymphatic vessels, and tumor-filled LNs from the same mouse show that (a) proliferation, as measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake, is higher in the LN than in the primary tumor. (b) High ER levels are extensively down-regulated by estradiol in primary tumors. However, there is partial failure of ER down-regulation in LNs associated with (c) reduced PR expression. This suggests that ER are dysfunctional in the LN microenvironment and perhaps hormone resistant. (d) CD44 is sparsely expressed in primary tumor cells but homogeneously overexpressed in cells transiting the lymphatics and populating LNs. We hypothesize that CD44 expression targets tumor cells for transport to, and uptake in, LNs. If so, the CD44 pathway could be targeted therapeutically to slow or prevent LN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chuck Harrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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1471
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Kovar JL, Johnson MA, Volcheck WM, Chen J, Simpson MA. Hyaluronidase expression induces prostate tumor metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1415-26. [PMID: 17003496 PMCID: PMC1698854 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression are frequently studied in mice by orthotopic injection of aggressive cell lines, which yield primary tumors that spontaneously metastasize to lymph nodes. In this report, we characterized the human prostate carcinoma cell line 22Rv1 in an orthotopic system and evaluated the functional relevance of the hyaluronidase Hyal1, a correlate of invasive human prostate cancer, to progression in this model. To provide real-time insights into these processes, we first validated use of an epidermal growth factor-conjugated fluorophore to illuminate orthotopic prostate tumors and their metastases in whole animal imaging. Animals receiving intraprostatic injections were tracked throughout a 6-week period. Tumor sizes were correlated 92% with total fluorescence intensities of 22 prostate tumors. In contrast to the highly tumorigenic and metastatic PC3M-LN4 cells, the 22Rv1 line was orthotopically tumorigenic but not metastatic, despite larger tumor sizes. Lymph node metastasis was successfully imaged in animals with PC3M-LN4 tumors on endpoint dissection. Stable transfection of 22Rv1 cells with Hyal1 did not alter growth kinetics of primary orthotopic tumors, but all animals implanted with Hyal1 transfectants exhibited tumor-positive para-aortic lymph nodes. Hyal1 is implicated as an inducer of prostate cancer metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Kovar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N241 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, USA
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1472
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Hyaluronan- and RNA-binding deubiquitinating enzymes of USP17 family members associated with cell viability. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:292. [PMID: 17109758 PMCID: PMC1665497 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein degradation by the ubiquitin system plays a crucial role in numerous cellular signaling pathways. Deubiquitination, a reversal of ubiquitination, has been recognized as an important regulatory step in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway. RESULTS While identifying putative ubiquitin specific protease (USP) enzymes that contain a conserved Asp (I) domain in humans, 4 USP17 subfamily members, highly homologous to DUB-3, have been found (USP17K, USP17L, USP17M, and USP17N), from human chorionic villi. Expression analysis showed that USP17 transcripts are highly expressed in the heart, liver, and pancreas and are expressed moderately in various human cancerous cell lines. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that they contain the highly conserved Cys, His, and Asp domains which are responsible for the deubiquitinating activity. Biochemical enzyme assays indicated that they have deubiquitinating activity. Interestingly, the sequence analysis showed that these proteins, with exception of USP17N, contain the putative hyaluronan/RNA binding motifs, and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-precipitation analysis confirmed the association between these proteins and intracellular hyaluronan and RNA. CONCLUSION Here, we report that the overexpression of these proteins, with exception of USP17N, leads to apoptosis, suggesting that the hyaluronan and RNA binding motifs in these enzymes play an important role in regulating signal transduction involved in cell death.
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1473
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are major constituents of the cancer cell surface and the tumor stroma. The heparan sulfate degrading enzyme heparanase, hyaluronan, and its receptor CD44 are up-regulated in breast cancer, generating a microenvironment that promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Recent experimental and clinical evidence shows that heparanase, hyaluronan, and CD44 regulate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as tumor-associated angiogenesis and are correlated with patient survival. These findings suggest that they may be used as prognostic factors and targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Götte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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1474
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Mylona E, Jones KA, Mills ST, Pavlath GK. CD44 regulates myoblast migration and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:314-21. [PMID: 16906571 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane protein that plays a role in cell-cell interactions and motility in a number of cell types. Cell-cell interactions are critical for myoblast differentiation and fusion but whether CD44 regulates myogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that CD44 plays a functional role in early myogenesis. Analyses of myofiber cross-sectional area, after local injury in mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, revealed that growth was transiently delayed in the absence of CD44. A muscle-intrinsic role for CD44 is suggested as primary myoblasts from CD44(-/-) mice displayed attenuated differentiation and subsequent myotube formation at early times in a differentiation-inducing in vitro environment. Chemotaxis of CD44(-/-) myoblasts toward hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was totally abrogated, although expression of their respective receptors did not appear to differ from wild-type. Furthermore, motility of CD44(-/-) myoblasts was decreased at early stages of differentiation as determined by time-lapse microscopy. Wild-type myoblasts contained two subpopulations of slow- and fast-migrating cells, whereas CD44(-/-) myoblasts were composed predominantly of the slower migrating subpopulation. Taken together, these data suggest that myoblast migration and differentiation are closely linked and CD44 is a key regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mylona
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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1475
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Belem-Gonçalves S, Tsan P, Lancelin JM, Alves T, Salim V, Besson F. Interfacial behaviour of bovine testis hyaluronidase. Biochem J 2006; 398:569-76. [PMID: 16771711 PMCID: PMC1559454 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interfacial properties of bovine testicular hyaluronidase were investigated by demonstrating the association of hyaluronidase activity with membranes prepared from bovine testis. Protein adsorption to the air/water interface was investigated using surface pressure-area isotherms. In whichever way the interfacial films were obtained (protein injection or deposition), the hyaluronidase exhibited a significant affinity for the air/water interface. The isotherm obtained 180 min after protein injection into a pH 5.3 subphase was similar to the isotherm obtained after spreading the same amount of protein onto the same subphase, indicating that bovine testicular hyaluronidase molecules adopted a similar arrangement and/or conformation at the interface. Increasing the subphase pH from 5.3 to 8 resulted in changes of the protein isotherms. These modifications, which could correspond to the small pH-induced conformational changes observed by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, were discussed in relation to the pH influence on the hyaluronidase activity. Adding hyaluronic acid, the enzyme substrate, to the subphase tested the stability of the interfacial properties of hyaluronidase. The presence of hyaluronic acid in the subphase did not modify the protein adsorption and allowed substrate binding to a preformed film of hyaluronidase at pH 5.3, the optimal pH for the enzyme activity. Such effects of hyaluronic acid were not observed when the subphase was constituted of pure water, a medium where the enzyme activity was negligible. These influences of hyaluronic acid were discussed in relation to the modelled structure of bovine testis hyaluronidase where a hydrophobic region was proposed to be opposite of the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Belem-Gonçalves
- *Laboratoire Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, UMR-CNRS 5013, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 43, boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- ‡Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pascale Tsan
- †Laboratoire de RMN Biomoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 43, boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lancelin
- †Laboratoire de RMN Biomoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 43, boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tito L. M. Alves
- ‡Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vera M. Salim
- ‡Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, CP 68502, Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Françoise Besson
- *Laboratoire Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, UMR-CNRS 5013, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 43, boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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1476
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Slevin M, Krupinski J, Gaffney J, Matou S, West D, Delisser H, Savani RC, Kumar S. Hyaluronan-mediated angiogenesis in vascular disease: uncovering RHAMM and CD44 receptor signaling pathways. Matrix Biol 2006; 26:58-68. [PMID: 17055233 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.08.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The correct formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature (angiogenesis) is essential for embryogenesis and the effective repair of damaged or wounded tissues. However, excessive and detrimental vascularization also occurs in neoplasia, promoting tumour growth and metastasis, as well as in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and atherosclerosis. Greater understanding of the mechanisms controlling the angiogenic process will allow optimization of wound healing, and provide mechanisms to inhibit vascularization in tumours and other diseases. Evidence supports a cascade of events in which the perturbation of one of the steps is sufficient to significantly inhibit neovascularization. The extracellular macromolecules, notably glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are important mediators of angiogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), a large, non-sulphated GAG, was first discovered in the vitreous of the eye [.], and is ubiquitously expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues. Native high molecular weight HA (n-HA) is anti-angiogenic, whereas HA degradation products (o-HA; 3-10 disaccharides) stimulate endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration and tube formation following activation of specific HA receptors in particular, CD44 and Receptor for HA-Mediated Motility (RHAMM, CD168). The involvement of HA in the regulation of angiogenesis makes it an attractive therapeutic target. We review the role of o-HA in modulation of angiogenesis during tissue injury, and vascular disease, focusing on receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways that have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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1477
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Singleton PA, Dudek SM, Ma SF, Garcia JGN. Transactivation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors is essential for vascular barrier regulation. Novel role for hyaluronan and CD44 receptor family. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34381-93. [PMID: 16963454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603680200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role for hyaluronan (HA) and CD44 in vascular barrier regulation is unknown. We examined high and low molecular weight HA (HMW-HA, approximately 1,000 kDa; LMW-HA, approximately 2.5 kDa) effects on human transendothelial monolayer electrical resistance (TER). HMW-HA increased TER, whereas LMW-HA induced biphasic TER changes ultimately resulting in EC barrier disruption. HMW-HA induced the association of the CD44s isoform with, and AKT-mediated phosphorylation of, the barrier-promoting sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P1) within caveolin-enriched lipid raft microdomains, whereas LMW-HA induced brief CD44s association with S1P1 followed by sustained association of the CD44v10 isoform with, and Src and ROCK 1/2-mediated phosphorylation of, the barrier-disrupting S1P3 receptor. HA-induced EC cytoskeletal reorganization and TER alterations were abolished by either disruption of lipid raft formation, CD44 blocking antibody or siRNA-mediated reductions in expression of CD44 isoforms. Silencing S1P1, AKT1, or Rac1 blocked the barrier enhancing effects of HA whereas silencing S1P3, Src, ROCK1/2, or RhoA blocked the barrier disruption induced by LMW-HA. In summary, HA regulates EC barrier function through novel differential CD44 isoform interaction with S1P receptors, S1P receptor transactivation, and RhoA/Rac1 signaling to the EC cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Singleton
- Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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1478
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Misra S, Toole BP, Ghatak S. Hyaluronan constitutively regulates activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases in epithelial and carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34936-41. [PMID: 16959784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c600138200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is enriched in the pericellular matrices of many malignant human tumors, and manipulations of HA interactions have strong effects on tumor progression in animal models. Increased HA production stimulates ERBB2 activation, leading to increased cell survival activities and several malignant cell properties. On the other hand, inhibition of constitutive HA-tumor cell interactions in malignant cells inhibits these properties. We have now investigated the role of HA in activation of several additional receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), i.e. IGF1R-beta, PDGFR-beta, EGFR and c-MET, in colon, prostate, and breast carcinoma cells. In each case we show that antagonists of endogenous HA interactions inhibit their tyrosine phosphorylation, i.e. activation. On the other hand, we show that these RTKs are activated in phenotypically normal or relatively benign tumor cells by experimentally increasing HA production. We also investigated the role of HA in constitutive versus ligand-induced activation of RTKs. In HCA7 colon and C4-2 prostate carcinoma cells, ERBB2 is constitutively activated in a ligand-independent manner, whereas IGF1R-beta and PDGFR-beta require ligand interaction for activation. We show that both constitutive activation of ERBB2 and ligand-mediated activation of IGF1R-beta and PDGFR-beta are reversed by co-treatment of the cells with a HA antagonist. We conclude that HA serves a general function in RTK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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1479
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Chow G, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Expression and cellular localization of human hyaluronidase-2 in articular chondrocytes and cultured cell lines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:849-58. [PMID: 16600643 PMCID: PMC3038780 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is debate whether hyaluronan (HA) can be enzymatically degraded within the extracellular matrix of cartilage and other tissues or whether its catabolism occurs strictly within the lysosomal compartment of chondrocytes and other cell types. Previous studies have suggested that one of the lysosomal hyaluronidases (hyaluronidase-2) can be expressed as a functionally-active glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked protein at the surface of mammalian cells. If this form of hyaluronidase expression occurs in chondrocytes, this could represent a possible mechanism for extracellular HA cleavage. Thus, which hyaluronidases are expressed and where was the objective of this study. METHODS mRNA for hyaluronidases was quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzymatic activity by HA zymograms. Recombinant forms of hyaluronidase-2 were generated and expressed in model cell lines. A peptide-specific polyclonal antiserum was prepared to localize endogenous human hyaluronidase-2 in human articular chondrocytes. RESULTS Hyaluronidase-2 is the principal mRNA transcript expressed by primary human articular chondrocytes as well as various model cell lines. Recombinant hyaluronidase-2, containing N-terminal or C-terminal epitope tags, was strictly localized intracellularly and not released by treatment with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase. Endogenous hyaluronidase-2 expressed by human chondrocytes as well as HeLa cells could only be detected following detergent permeabilization of the plasma membranes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that on chondrocytes and other cell types examined, hyaluronidase-2 is not present or functional at the external plasma membrane. Thus, local turnover of HA is dependent on receptor-mediated endocytosis and delivery to low pH intracellular organelles for its complete degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Knudson
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Warren Knudson, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Tel: 1-312-942-7837; Fax: 1-312-942-3053;
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1480
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Miquel-Serra L, Serra M, Hernández D, Domenzain C, Docampo MJ, Rabanal RM, de Torres I, Wight TN, Fabra A, Bassols A. V3 versican isoform expression has a dual role in human melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. J Transl Med 2006; 86:889-901. [PMID: 16847433 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan produced by several tumor cell types, including malignant melanoma, which exists as four different splice variants. The presence of versican in the extracellular matrix plays a role in tumor cell growth, adhesion and migration, which could be altered by altering the ratio between versican isoforms. We have previously shown that overexpression of the V3 isoform of versican in human melanoma cell lines markedly reduces cell growth in vitro and in vivo, since V3-overexpressing (LV3SN) cultured cells as well as primary tumors arising from these cells grow slower than their vector-only counterparts (LXSN). In the present work, we have extended these observations to demonstrate that the delayed cell growth is due to multiple events since differences in proliferative index as well as in apoptosis are observed in LV3SN cells and tumors compared to LXSN. For example, LV3SN melanoma cells exhibit delayed activation of MAPK in response to EGF, we have also characterized further the primary tumors originated in nude mice from V3-transduced melanoma cells to determine if other events affect the V3 tumor phenotype. For example, hyaluronan content of LV3SN tumors was higher than in LXSN tumors, whereas other related matrix components and vascularization were unaffected. Furthermore, lung metastasis in nude mice occurred only in animals carrying LV3SN tumors, indicating a dual role for this molecule, both as an inhibitor of tumor growth and a metastasis inductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Miquel-Serra
- Facultat de Veterinària, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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1481
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Paris S, Sesboüé R, Chauzy C, Maingonnat C, Delpech B. Hyaluronectin modulation of lung metastasis in nude mice. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:3253-9. [PMID: 16930992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronectin (HN) is a glycoprotein with a high affinity to hyaluronic acid (HA) and known to be a component of the extracellular matrix of tumours. Clinical studies have shown that a low level of HN correlates to tumours with poor prognosis, whereas a high level of HN correlates to tumours with good prognosis. We previously demonstrated in vitro that hyaluronidase activity, which promotes tumour progression and metastatic spread by degradation of HA into angiogenic oligosaccharides, was inhibited or promoted by HN, according to the level of HN-expression. This raises the question of the role played by HN in cancer, and particularly if high and low levels of HN-expression could trigger opposite effects on tumour growth and/or metastatic spread. To address this issue, we used a model of spontaneous lung fluorescent metastases that we characterised previously. We stably transfected the human HN cDNA into fluorescent H460MGFP cells and selected two clones characterised by different levels of HN-expression: HN110 and HN704, with a high and a low level of HN-expression, respectively. In vitro, we demonstrated that HN704 cell migration was significantly increased. Inoculation of clones to nude mice had no significant effect on tumour growth, but clearly revealed opposite effects on metastatic spread: HN110 significantly decreased the number of fluorescent metastases whereas HN704 significantly increased it. We also analysed HN, HA and hyaluronidase contents in sera and tumours. These results demonstrate that HN can play a role as either a suppressor or promoter of metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paris
- Animal Cell Technology Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2.
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1482
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Simpson MA. Concurrent expression of hyaluronan biosynthetic and processing enzymes promotes growth and vascularization of prostate tumors in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:247-57. [PMID: 16816377 PMCID: PMC1698770 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive cells in prostate cancer secrete extracellular hyaluronan (HA) as a result of up-regulated HA synthase enzymes HAS2 and HAS3. Combined detection of HA and the HA processing hyaluronidase enzyme Hyal1 in prostate tumors correlates with poor outcome. HA oligomers produced by hyaluronidases are potent angiogenic stimuli. We investigated the respective roles of HAS2 and Hyal1 using 22Rv1 human prostate tumor cells that lack both enzyme activities. Stable transfectants were selected for overexpression of Hyal1 or HAS2 and for coexpression of Hyal1 and HAS2. HAS2 overexpression elevated HA production and excess pericellular HA retention. However, HAS2-transfected tumor cell growth in culture was dramatically slowed. Coexpression of Hyal1 with HAS2 diminished HA retention but restored growth kinetics, supporting a possible combined role for excess HA synthesis and processing in maximizing unrestricted growth of prostate cancer cells. In mice, overexpression of HAS2 increased subcutaneous tumor size. Excess activity of either Hyal1 or HAS2 enhanced angiogenesis, but the most significant tumorigenic potential was realized by coexpression of both Hyal1 and HAS2 enzymes. Thus, HA production by tumor cells in prostate cancer may enhance the aggressive potential of the cells by increasing Hyal1-dependent autocrine proliferation and potentiating vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N241 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, USA.
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1483
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Scheibner KA, Lutz MA, Boodoo S, Fenton MJ, Powell JD, Horton MR. Hyaluronan fragments act as an endogenous danger signal by engaging TLR2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1272-81. [PMID: 16818787 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Upon tissue injury, high m.w. hyaluronan (HA), a ubiquitously distributed extracellular matrix component, is broken down into lower m.w. (LMW) fragments, which in turn activate an innate immune response. In doing so, LMW HA acts as an endogenous danger signal alerting the immune system of a breach in tissue integrity. In this report, we demonstrate that LMW HA activates the innate immune response via TLR-2 in a MyD88-, IL-1R-associated kinase-, TNFR-associated factor-6-, protein kinase Czeta-, and NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Furthermore, we show that intact high m.w. HA can inhibit TLR-2 signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that LMW HA can act as an adjuvant promoting Ag-specific T cell responses in vivo in wild-type but not TLR-2(null) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Scheibner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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1484
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Struve J, Maher PC, Li YQ, Kinney S, Fehlings MG, Kuntz C, Sherman LS. Disruption of the hyaluronan-based extracellular matrix in spinal cord promotes astrocyte proliferation. Glia 2006; 52:16-24. [PMID: 15892130 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte proliferation is tightly controlled during development and in the adult nervous system. In the present study, we find that a high-molecular-weight (MW) form of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is found in rat spinal cord tissue and becomes degraded soon after traumatic spinal cord injury. Newly synthesized HA accumulates in injured spinal cord as gliosis proceeds, such that high-MW HA becomes overabundant in the extracellular matrix surrounding glial scars after 1 month. Injection of hyaluronidase, which degrades HA, into normal spinal cord tissue results in increased numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells that also express the nuclear proliferation marker Ki-67, suggesting that HA degradation promotes astrocyte proliferation. In agreement with this observation, adding high- but not low-MW HA to proliferating astrocytes in vitro inhibits cell growth, while treating confluent, quiescent astrocyte cultures with hyaluronidase induces astrocyte proliferation. Collectively, these data indicate that high-MW HA maintains astrocytes in a state of quiescence, and that degradation of HA following CNS injury relieves growth inhibition, resulting in increased astrocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Struve
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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1485
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Joddar B, Ramamurthi A. Elastogenic effects of exogenous hyaluronan oligosaccharides on vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5698-707. [PMID: 16899292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan, may upregulate innately poor elastin matrix synthesis by adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). HA scaffolds could thus be useful to regenerate damaged vascular elastin. In an earlier study, we established that the elastogenic effects of non-oligomeric HA are fragment size- and/or dose-specific. We currently investigate the pro-elastogenic effects of exogenous HA oligomers on rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). RASMCs were cultured with pure HA oligomers (4-mers) and mixtures (4-8mers) obtained by enzymatic digestion of long-chain HA (MW approximately 2000kDa). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)/Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Spectroscopy Time-Of-Flight Analysis (MALDI-TOF) showed HA digestates to contain a mixture of 4-8mers with a predominance of 4-mers (75+/-0.4% w/w). Cell layers supplemented with both pure HA 4-mers or oligomer mixtures showed proliferation levels similar to non-HA controls over 21 days of culture. Pure 4-mers and oligomer mixtures enhanced DNA-normalized output of tropoelastin by 1.6 and 1.8 times, respectively, and that of matrix elastin by approximately 2.7 times relative to controls. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE/Western Blot and a desmosine assay semi-quantitatively confirmed the observed biochemical trends for tropoelastin and matrix elastin, respectively. HA oligomers induced enhanced synthesis of the elastin crosslinker, desmosine, and appeared to stabilize the elastin matrix by suppression of elastin-laminin receptor (ELR) activity relative to controls. Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) showed elastin deposits within oligomer-supplemented cultures to be distinct, longitudinally oriented, aggregating fibrils, and clumps, and to be less abundant and mostly amorphous in controls. HA oligomers preserved normal fibrillin-mediated elastin matrix deposition. Results suggest that HA oligos are highly pro-elastogenic, promote elastin fibril formation, and stabilize elastin matrix and may thus be usefully incorporated into scaffolds for guided elastin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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1486
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Brown AL, Srokowski EM, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD, Woodhouse KA. Development of a Model Bladder Extracellular Matrix Combining Disulfide Cross-Linked Hyaluronan with Decellularized Bladder Tissue. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:648-57. [PMID: 16881043 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
[Image: see text] In this work we investigate the feasibility of modifying porcine-derived BAM to include HA with a view to developing a model, artificial extracellular matrix for the study of bladder cell-matrix interactions. HA-DPTH was incorporated into BAM disks and then cross-linked oxidatively to a disulfide containing hydrogel. Disks were seeded with bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC) and UEC under three culture configurations and incubated for 3, 7, and 14 d. At each time point, matrix contraction was measured, and media supernatants assayed for cell-secreted gelatinase activity. To evaluate cell adherence and organization, triple immunofluorescent labeling of cell nuclei, actin cytoskeleton, and focal contacts was performed. HA-modified BAM exhibited a significant increase in matrix contraction and induced a higher level of cell-secreted gelatinase activity compared to unmodified BAM. Immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated that BSMCs remained adherent to both scaffold types over time. The distribution and organization of the cytoskeleton and focal contacts did not appear to be altered by the presence of HA. Interestingly, cellular infiltration into modified BAM was evident by 7 d and continued beyond 14 d, while BSMCs seeded onto unmodified BAM remained localized to the surface out to 14 d, with minimal infiltration evident only at day 28. These differences in cell infiltration support the gelatinase activity results. Increases in cell migration and matrix proteolysis in the presence of HA may be contributing factors toward BAM remodeling leading to increased matrix contraction with time. The model ECM developed in this work will be utilized for future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms controlling key remodeling events associated with bladder repair. Matrix contraction of cell-seeded BAM scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
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1487
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Cook AC, Chambers AF, Turley EA, Tuck AB. Osteopontin Induction of Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Expression Promotes Breast Cancer Malignancy. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24381-9. [PMID: 16807238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602694200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a tumor-associated, secreted phosphoprotein that has been implicated in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Research concerning how OPN functions in tumor progression has led to the identification of a limited number of genes that contribute functionally to OPN-induced cellular behaviors. Recent microarray analysis, comparing 21NT breast cancer cells transfected to constitutively overexpress OPN with control cells, revealed hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) to be a gene highly up-regulated in OPN-overexpressing cells. In this study, we further examined the relationship between OPN and HAS2. We show that 21NT OPN-transfected cells express high levels of HAS2, which is associated with increased HA production and matrix retention and is necessary for tumor cell adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells and anchorage-independent growth. Finally, stable transfection of antisense HAS2 into 21NT cells overexpressing OPN resulted in a reduction in HAS2 expression, HA production, and pericellular retention. Antisense-mediated down-regulation of HAS2 also resulted in a significant decrease in cellular proliferation and colony growth in soft agar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the ability of OPN to regulate HAS2 expression and HA production in breast cancer cells and further illustrates a unique functional relationship by which enhanced HA production facilitates OPN-mediated cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Cook
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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1488
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Hellström M, Johansson B, Engström-Laurent A. Hyaluronan and its receptor CD44 in the heart of newborn and adult rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:587-92. [PMID: 16700028 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a dynamic space and a prerequisite for the function of cardiomyocytes. We have previously reported on the distribution of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HYA) and its cellular receptor CD44 in the vascular system. In newborn rats, HYA and its receptor were colocalized, but in the adult animals, no such colocalization was observed. Furthermore, the distribution of both HYA and CD44 differed between newborn and adult animals. In this study, the distribution of HYA and its receptor CD44 is explored in the heart. Hearts from newborn and adult rats were stained for visualization of HYA and CD44 using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. HYA stained the interstitium of the myocardium heterogeneously. Strong staining was seen in the heart valves of both newborn and adult animals. CD44 staining was sparse in hearts from both newborn and adult animals. There are no major changes in the distribution of HYA in the myocardium during the postnatal development in contrast to the blood vessels. Thus, the structure of the interstitium does not change after birth when the heart starts to grow mainly through cardiomyocyte hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia. The abundance of HYA in the heart valves is probably related to their unique physiological properties to withstand repetitive mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hellström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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1489
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Hertegård S, Dahlqvist A, Goodyer E. Viscoelastic measurements after vocal fold scarring in rabbits--short-term results after hyaluronan injection. Acta Otolaryngol 2006; 126:758-63. [PMID: 16803717 DOI: 10.1080/00016480500470147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The scarring model resulted in significant damage and elevated viscoelasticity of the lamina propria. Hyaluronan preparations may alter viscoelasticity in scarred rabbit vocal folds. OBJECTIVES Vocal fold scarring results in stiffness of the lamina propria and severe voice problems. The aims of this study were to examine the degree of scarring achieved in the experiment and to measure the viscoelastic properties after injection of hyaluronan in rabbit vocal folds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two vocal folds from 15 New Zealand rabbits were scarred, 8 vocal folds were controls. After 8 weeks 12 of the scarred vocal folds received injections with 2 types of cross-linked hyaluronan products and 10 scarred folds were injected with saline. After 11 more weeks the animals were sacrificed. After dissection, 15 vocal folds were frozen for viscoelastic measurements, whereas 14 vocal folds were prepared and stained. Measurements were made of the lamina propria thickness. Viscoelasticity was measured on intact vocal folds with a linear skin rheometer (LSR) adapted to laryngeal measurements. RESULTS Measurements on the digitized slides showed a thickened lamina propria in the scarred samples as compared with the normal vocal folds (p<0.05). The viscoelastic analysis showed a tendency to stiffening of the scarred vocal folds as compared with the normal controls (p=0.05). There was large variation in stiffness between the two injected hyaluronan products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hertegård
- Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
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1490
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Li L, Heldin CH, Heldin P. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced receptor activation and fibroblast migration by hyaluronan activation of CD44. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26512-9. [PMID: 16809345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605607200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix molecule hyaluronan was found to suppress platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta-receptor activation and PDGF-BB-induced migration of primary human dermal fibroblasts. The suppressive effect of hyaluronan was neutralized by a monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits hyaluronan binding to its receptor CD44. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the PDGF beta-receptor and CD44 can form a complex. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of hyaluronan on PDGF beta-receptor activation was not seen in the presence of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. Our observations suggest that hyaluronan suppresses PDGF beta-receptor activation by recruiting a CD44-associated tyrosine phosphatase to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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1491
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Tang Y, Nakada MT, Rafferty P, Laraio J, McCabe FL, Millar H, Cunningham M, Snyder LA, Bugelski P, Yan L. Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression by EMMPRIN via the PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:371-7. [PMID: 16778084 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inducer (EMMPRIN) is a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in many solid tumors. In addition to its ability to stimulate stromal MMP expression, tumor-associated EMMPRIN also induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. To explore the underlying signaling pathways used by EMMPRIN, we studied the involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), JUN, and p38 kinases in EMMPRIN-mediated VEGF regulation. Overexpression of EMMPRIN in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells stimulated the phosphorylation of only Akt and MAPKs but not that of JUN and p38 kinases. Conversely, inhibition of EMMPRIN expression resulted in suppressed Akt and MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 inhibited VEGF production by EMMPRIN-overexpressing cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. On the other hand, the MAPK inhibitor U0126 did not affect VEGF production. In vivo, EMMPRIN-overexpressing tumors with elevated VEGF expression had a high level of phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK. Finally, when fibroblast cells were treated with recombinant EMMPRIN, Akt kinase but not MAPK was phosphorylated concomitant with an increase in VEGF production. Both the activation of Akt kinase and the induction of VEGF were specifically inhibited with a neutralizing antibody to EMMPRIN. Our results show that in both tumor and fibroblast cells EMMPRIN regulates VEGF production via the PI3K-Akt pathway but not via the MAPK, JUN, or p38 kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Oncology Research, Centocor R&D, Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
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1492
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Abstract
The diffusion of toxins from the site of a bite into the circulation is essential for successful envenomation. Degradation of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by venom hyaluronidase is a key factor in this diffusion. Hyaluronidase not only increases the potency of other toxins but also damages the local tissue. In spite of its important role, little attention has been paid to this enzyme. Hyaluronidase exists in various isoforms and generates a wide range of hyaluronic acid degradation products. This suggests that beyond its role as a spreading factor venom hyaluronidase deserves to be explored as a possible therapeutic target for inhibiting the systemic distribution of venom and also for minimizing local tissue destruction at the site of the bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kemparaju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore--570 006, India.
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1493
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Moussian B, Tång E, Tonning A, Helms S, Schwarz H, Nüsslein-Volhard C, Uv AE. Drosophila Knickkopf and Retroactive are needed for epithelial tube growth and cuticle differentiation through their specific requirement for chitin filament organization. Development 2006; 133:163-71. [PMID: 16339194 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise epithelial tube diameters rely on coordinated cell shape changes and apical membrane enlargement during tube growth. Uniform tube expansion in the developing Drosophila trachea requires the assembly of a transient intraluminal chitin matrix, where chitin forms a broad cable that expands in accordance with lumen diameter growth. Like the chitinous procuticle, the tracheal luminal chitin cable displays a filamentous structure that presumably is important for matrix function. Here, we show that knickkopf (knk) and retroactive (rtv) are two new tube expansion mutants that fail to form filamentous chitin structures, both in the tracheal and cuticular chitin matrices. Mutations in knk and rtv are known to disrupt the embryonic cuticle, and our combined genetic analysis and chemical chitin inhibition experiments support the argument that Knk and Rtv specifically assist in chitin function. We show that Knk is an apical GPI-linked protein that acts at the plasma membrane. Subcellular mislocalization of Knk in previously identified tube expansion mutants that disrupt septate junction (SJ) proteins, further suggest that SJs promote chitinous matrix organization and uniform tube expansion by supporting polarized epithelial protein localization. We propose a model in which Knk and the predicted chitin-binding protein Rtv form membrane complexes essential for epithelial tubulogenesis and cuticle formation through their specific role in directing chitin filament assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Moussian
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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1494
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Pelletier L, Guillaumot P, Frêche B, Luquain C, Christiansen D, Brugière S, Garin J, Manié SN. Gamma-secretase-dependent proteolysis of CD44 promotes neoplastic transformation of rat fibroblastic cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3681-7. [PMID: 16585194 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metalloprotease-dependent extracellular domain cleavage of the adhesion molecule CD44 is frequently observed in human tumors and is thought to promote metastasis. This cleavage is followed by gamma-secretase-dependent release of CD44 intracellular domain (CD44-ICD), which exhibits nuclear signaling activity. Using a reversible Ret-dependent oncogenic conversion model and a restricted proteomic approach, we identified a positive correlation between the neoplastic transformation of Rat-1 cells and the expression of standard CD44. In these transformed cells, CD44 was found to undergo a sequential metalloprotease and gamma-secretase cleavage, resulting in an increase in expression of CD44-ICD. We showed that this proteolytic fragment possesses a transforming activity. In support of this role, a significant and specific reduction in Ret-induced transformation of Rat-1 cells was observed following drug-mediated inhibition of gamma-secretase. Taken together, these findings suggest that the shedding of CD44 may not only modulate metastasis but also affects earlier events in tumorigenesis through the release of CD44-ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Pelletier
- Génétique moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, UMR 5201, Faculté de Médecine, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69-373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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1495
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Schätzlein AG. Delivering cancer stem cell therapies - a role for nanomedicines? Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1309-15. [PMID: 16682183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), i.e. cancer cells that can self-renew, constitute only a minority of the cells of a tumour, but, because of their ability to initiate and repopulate tumours, failure to control CSCs can potentially lead to tumour re-growth, even though the bulk tumour may have been treated successfully. Nanomedicines improve spatio-temporal control over drug kinetics and distribution, thus opening the prospect of safer and more specific therapies to address the challenges posed by CSCs. In particular, these systems have the potential to facilitate CSC-aware therapy by overcoming resistance to conventional cytotoxic drugs and by targeting novel therapies to the tumour and CSC-marker positive cells. This review examines the implications of the CSC paradigm specifically for the development of nanomedicines, i.e. therapies based on macromolecules or supramolecular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Schätzlein
- CRUK Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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1496
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Rosato A, Banzato A, De Luca G, Renier D, Bettella F, Pagano C, Esposito G, Zanovello P, Bassi P. HYTAD1-p20: A new paclitaxel-hyaluronic acid hydrosoluble bioconjugate for treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2006; 24:207-15. [PMID: 16678050 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the development of a new water-soluble paclitaxel-hyaluronic acid bioconjugate, HYTAD1-p20, for intravesical treatment of superficial bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS HYTAD1-p20 was synthesized by carboxyl esterification of hyaluronic acid with paclitaxel, and its physicochemical and biologic properties were characterized. RESULTS Paclitaxel loading was optimized at 20% w/w; this procedure increased by 500-fold the paclitaxel concentration in the resulting water-soluble biomaterial. In vitro, HYTAD1-p20 exerted a much higher dose-dependent inhibitory effect against RT-4 and RT-112/84 bladder carcinoma cell growth than that of free drug, and directly interacted with CD44 expressed by bladder tumor cells. In vivo, results of pharmacokinetic studies performed in mice after bladder catheterization and intravesical instillation of HYTAD1-p20 disclosed that drug leakage was negligible during a 2-hour analysis. Histologic examination of drug-instilled bladders revealed that HYTAD1-p20 was extremely well tolerated, while paclitaxel alone produced mucosal disruption and submucosal infiltration of inflammatory cells. Treatment of severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing subcutaneous RT-112/84 tumors with maximum tolerated doses of bioconjugate or paclitaxel showed that HYTAD1-p20 exerted a therapeutic activity comparable to that of free drug. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that HYTAD1-p20 significantly improved results obtained with conventional paclitaxel in terms of hydrosolubility, in vitro activity against human bladder cancer cells, and in vivo biocompatibility. This bioconjugate is a potentially useful treatment for superficial urothelial malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosato
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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1497
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Deepa SS, Carulli D, Galtrey C, Rhodes K, Fukuda J, Mikami T, Sugahara K, Fawcett JW. Composition of perineuronal net extracellular matrix in rat brain: a different disaccharide composition for the net-associated proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17789-800. [PMID: 16644727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600544200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a method to extract differentially chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are diffusely present in the central nervous system (CNS) matrix and CSPGs that are present in the condensed matrix of perineuronal nets (PNNs). Adult rat brain was sequentially extracted with Tris-buffered saline (TBS), TBS-containing detergent, 1 m NaCl, and 6 m urea. Extracting tissue sections with these buffers showed that the diffuse and membrane-bound CSPGs were extracted in the first three buffers, but PNN-associated CSPGs remained and were only removed by 6 m urea. Most of the CSPGs were extracted to some degree with all the buffers, with neurocan, brevican, aggrecan, and versican particularly associated with the stable urea-extractable PNNs. The CSPGs in stable complexes only extractable in urea buffer are found from postnatal day 7-14 coinciding with PNN formation. Disaccharide composition analysis indicated a different glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition for PGs strongly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM). For CS/dermatan sulfate (DS)-GAG the content of nonsulfated, 6-O-sulfated, 2,6-O-disulfated, and 4,6-O-disulfated disaccharides were higher and for heparan sulfate (HS)-GAG, the content of 6-O-sulfated, 2-N-, 6-O-disulfated, 2-O-, 2-N-disulfated, and 2-O-, 2-N-, 6-O-trisulfated disaccharides were higher in urea extract compared with other buffer extracts. Digestions with chondroitinase ABC and hyaluronidase indicated that aggrecan, versican, neurocan, brevican, and phosphacan are retained in PNNs through binding to hyaluronan (HA). A comparison of the brain and spinal cord ECM with respect to CSPGs indicated that the PNNs in both parts of the CNS have the same composition.
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1498
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Monslow J, Williams JD, Fraser DJ, Michael DR, Foka P, Kift-Morgan AP, Luo DD, Fielding CA, Craig KJ, Topley N, Jones SA, Ramji DP, Bowen T. Sp1 and Sp3 mediate constitutive transcription of the human hyaluronan synthase 2 gene. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18043-50. [PMID: 16603733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510467200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is synthesized at the plasma membrane by the HA synthase (HAS) enzymes HAS1, -2, and -3 and performs multiple functions as part of the vertebrate extracellular matrix. Up-regulation of HA synthesis in the renal corticointerstitium, and the resultant extracellular matrix expansion, is a common feature of renal fibrosis. However, the regulation of expression of these HAS isoforms at transcriptional and translational levels is poorly understood. We have recently described the genomic structures of the human HAS genes, thereby identifying putative promoter regions for each isoform. Further analysis of the HAS2 gene identified the transcription initiation site and showed that region F3, comprising the proximal 121 bp of promoter sequence, mediated full constitutive transcription. In the present study, we have analyzed this region in the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Electrophoretic mobility shift and promoter assay data demonstrated that transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 bound to three sites immediately upstream of the HAS2 transcription initiation site and that mutation of the consensus recognition sequences within these sites ablated their transcriptional response. Furthermore, subsequent knockdown of Sp1 or Sp3 using small interfering RNAs decreased constitutive HAS2 mRNA synthesis. In contrast, significant binding of HK-2 nuclear proteins by putative upstream NF-Y, CCAAT, and NF-kappaB recognition sites was not observed. The identification of Sp1 and Sp3 as principal mediators of HAS2 constitutive transcription augments recent findings identifying upstream promoter elements and provides further insights into the mechanism of HAS2 transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Monslow
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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1499
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Kultti A, Rilla K, Tiihonen R, Spicer AP, Tammi RH, Tammi MI. Hyaluronan synthesis induces microvillus-like cell surface protrusions. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:15821-8. [PMID: 16595683 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512840200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthases (HASs) are plasma membrane enzymes that simultaneously elongate, bind, and extrude the growing hyaluronan chain directly into extracellular space. In cells transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Has3, the dorsal surface was decorated by up to 150 slender, 3-20-microm-long microvillus-type plasma membrane protrusions, which also contained filamentous actin, the hyaluronan receptor CD44, and lipid raft microdomains. Enzymatic activity of HAS was required for the growth of the microvilli, which were not present in cells transfected with other GFP proteins or inactive GFP-Has3 mutants or in cells incubated with exogenous soluble hyaluronan. The microvilli induced by HAS3 were gradually withered by introduction of an inhibitor of hyaluronan synthesis and rapidly retracted by hyaluronidase digestion, whereas they were not affected by competition with hyaluronan oligosaccharides and disruption of the CD44 gene, suggesting independence of hyaluronan receptors. The data bring out the novel concept that the glycocalyx created by dense arrays of hyaluronan chains, tethered to HAS during biosynthesis, can induce and maintain prominent microvilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kultti
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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1500
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Stairs DB, Notarfrancesco KL, Chodosh LA. The serine/threonine kinase, Krct, affects endbud morphogenesis during murine mammary gland development. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:919-40. [PMID: 16315096 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-1806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
STK16/Krct (Kinase related to cerevisiae and thaliana) is a ubiquitously expressed member of a unique family of serine/threonine protein kinases that is conserved among all eukaryotes. Despite its cloning 6 years ago to date, the function of this kinase remains unknown. In an attempt to identify a function for Krct, we have generated a doxycycline-dependent transgenic mouse model that permits the inducible overexpression of Krct in the mammary glands of mice treated with tetracycline derivatives. Analysis of these mice reveals that modest overexpression of Krct in the mammary gland during puberty results in duplication of the terminal endbud axis such that multiple, rather than single, budding structures arise at the ends of primary ducts. Supernumerary endbuds in Krct overexpressing mice resemble wild-type terminal endbuds with regard to cellular proliferation rates and localization of cap cells, myoepithelial cells and body cells. However, aberrant transgenic endbuds are surrounded by an increased amount of periductal stroma that in many cases encompasses the entire endbud. These data suggest that Krct may play a role in regulating stromal-epithelial interactions that occur during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104-6160, USA
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