Exploring the therapeutic implications of natural compounds modulating apoptosis in vascular dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a prevalent form of dementia stemming from cerebrovascular disease, manifesting in memory impairment and executive dysfunction, thereby imposing a substantial societal burden. Unfortunately, no drugs have been approved for the treatment of VaD due to its intricate pathogenesis, and the development of innovative and efficacious medications is urgently needed. Apoptosis, a programmed cell death process crucial for eliminating damaged or unwanted cells within an organism, assumes pivotal roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis maintenance. An increasing body of evidence indicates that apoptosis may significantly influence the onset and progression of VaD, and numerous natural compounds have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis and its correlation with VaD. We also provide a crucial reference for developing innovative pharmaceuticals by systematically reviewing the latest research progress concerning the neuroprotective effects of natural compounds on VaD by regulating apoptosis. Further high-quality clinical studies are imperative to firmly ascertain these natural compounds' clinical efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of VaD.

Pathological Characteristics of Ferroptosis in Kidney Tissues in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Background

Diabetes kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes and is currently considered the primary cause of end-stage renal disease. Ferroptosis has been found to participate in the development of DKD. However, no ferroptosis-related markers have been evaluated in human DKD samples. This study aimed to examine the ferroptosis-related pathological alterations in DKD samples.

Methods

This study enrolled patients with DKD at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2018 and December 2022, of whom 30 were diagnosed with DKD and 10 with non-DKD (CON). Clinical data of patients were collected, and hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E), PASM, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate pathological changes and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins, including GPX4, ACSL4, Nrf2, TfR1, FTH, and FTL.

Results

Compared with the CON group, patients with DKD exhibited significantly elevated serum creatinine levels and reduced eGFR (P < 0.05). Iron content and the expression of the ferroptosis-related protein ACSL4 were significantly increased, while the expression of Nrf2 was significantly decreased in the renal tissues of patients with DKD (P all < 0.05). There were no differences in the expression of GPX4, TfR1, FTH, or FTL between the two groups. Nrf2 and ACSL4 expression were influential factors in the occurrence of DKD and both exhibited diagnostic value for DKD. Nrf2 was a protective factor (OR, < 1), whereas ACSL4 was a risk factor (OR, > 1).

Conclusion

Ferroptosis-promoting gene profile was identified in DKD renal samples, indicating that ferroptosis may participate in the pathogenesis of DKD. The expression levels of Nrf2 and ASCL4 in the kidneys are related to the severity and progression of DKD.

The inter-relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, dementia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I

BACKGROUND

Given sparse relevant data, the aim of this study was to determine whether Helicobacter pylori infection, including cytotoxin-associated gene-A (CagA) producing strains, is associated with dementia in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

METHODS

Longitudinal data from 1115 participants in the community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I (mean age 64.0 years, 48.0 % males; 38.0 % H. pylori seronegative, 24.3 % H. pylori seropositive/CagA seronegative, and 37.7 % H. pylori/CagA seropositive at baseline) were analyzed.

RESULTS

During up to 19 years of follow-up, 50.3 % and 83.5 % of participants without and with incident dementia, respectively, died. In Cox proportional hazards models, H. pylori/CagA seropositivity (hazard ratio (95 % CI) 1.68 (1.15, 2.46), P = 0.008), but not H. pylori seropositivity/CagA seronegativity (P = 0.541) was an independent predictor of incident dementia, but neither H. pylori seropositivity/CagA seronegativity nor H. pylori/CagA seropositivity were significant predictors in competing risks models (P ≥ 0.280).

CONCLUSIONS

Although CagA seropositivity in T2DM may have a contributory etiologic role in the risk of dementia, this may be through its association with reduced cardiovascular/all-cause mortality.

Plant‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Emerging Tools for Cancer Therapeutics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures secreted by cells that play important roles in intercellular communication and material transport. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, lipophilicity, and homing properties, EVs have been used as a new generation of drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Despite the potential clinical benefits of animal‐derived extracellular vesicles (AEVs), their large‐scale production remains sluggish due to the exorbitant cost of cell culture, challenging quality control measures, and limited production capabilities. This constraint significantly hinders their widespread clinical application. Plant‐derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) share similar functionalities with AEVs, yet they hold several advantages including a wide variety of source materials, cost‐effectiveness, ease of preparation, enhanced safety, more stable physicochemical properties, and notable efficacy. These merits position PEVs as promising contenders with broad potential in the biomedical sector. This review will elucidate the advantages of PEVs, delineating their therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment, and explore the prospective applications of engineered PEVs as targeted delivery nano‐system for drugs, microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and beyond. The aim is to heighten researchers’ focus on PEVs and expedite the progression from fundamental research to the transformation of groundbreaking discoveries.

Suppression of ferroptosis through the SLC7A11/glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 axis contributes to the therapeutic action of the Tangshenning formula on diabetic renal tubular injury

BACKGROUND

Tangshenning (TSN) is a safe and effective formula to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN), and clinical studies have demonstrated that its therapeutic effects are related to oxidative stress improvements in patients. Herein, this study aims to explore the potential mechanism of how TSN alleviates diabetic renal tubular injury.

METHODS

The ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used to identify the chemical composition and serum components of TSN. KK-Ay mice served to investigate the protective effects and regulatory mechanisms of TSN on tubular damage in DN. Furthermore, inhibitors and inducers of ferroptosis were employed in high glucose-cultured tubular epithelial cells (TECs) to verify the potential mechanisms of TSN. The expressions of proteins related to renal tubular injury, ferroptosis and solute carrier family 7, member 11 (SLC7A11)/glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis were analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescence. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed in kidney tissues and TECs by a transmission electron microscope. Pathological changes in the renal tissues were observed by HE, PAS, and Prussian blue staining. Ferroptosis-related reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferrous ion, the intake of cystine, GSH, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were evaluated and contrasted in vivo or in vitro.

RESULTS

51 compounds of TSN powder and 11 components in TSN-containing serum were identified by UPLC-QTOF/MS method. Administration of TSN ameliorated the elevated levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, abnormal expression of renal tubular injury markers, and pathological damage to the renal tubules in DN mice model. Intriguingly, a strong inhibition of ferroptosis after TSN treatment occurred in both DN mice model and high glucose-cultured TECs. Notably, induction of ferroptosis by erastin attenuated the protective effect of TSN in high glucose-cultured TECs, while the ferroptosis inhibition by ferrostatin-1 treatment protected renal tubular, which was similar to TSN, suggesting the contribution of TSN-mediated by the inhibition of ferroptosis in DN progression. Mechanistically, TSN upregulated the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 axis to inhibit ferroptosis.

CONCLUSION

TSN may delay the DN progression and attenuate the renal tubular injury by inhibiting the ferroptosis regulated by the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 axis.

Exploring the diagnostic potential of miRNA signatures in the Fabry disease serum: A comparative study of automated and manual sample isolations

Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by galactosidase α (GLA) gene mutations, exhibits diverse clinical manifestations, and poses significant diagnostic challenges. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improved patient outcomes, pressing the need for reliable biomarkers. In this study, we aimed to identify miRNA candidates as potential biomarkers for Fabry disease using the KingFisher™ automated isolation method and NanoString nCounter® miRNA detection assay. Clinical serum samples were collected from both healthy subjects and Fabry disease patients. RNA extraction from the samples was performed using the KingFisher™ automated isolation method with the MagMAX mirVanaTM kit or manually using the Qiagen miRNeasy kit. The subsequent NanoString nCounter® miRNA detection assay showed consistent performance and no correlation between RNA input concentration and raw count, ensuring reliable and reproducible results. Interestingly, the detection range and highly differential miRNA between the control and disease groups were found to be distinct depending on the isolation method employed. Nevertheless, enrichment analysis of miRNA-targeting genes consistently revealed significant associations with angiogenesis pathways in both isolation methods. Additionally, our investigation into the impact of enzyme replacement therapy on miRNA expression indicated that some differential miRNAs may be sensitive to treatment. Our study provides valuable insights to identify miRNA biomarkers for Fabry disease. While different isolation methods yielded various detection ranges and highly differential miRNAs, the consistent association with angiogenesis pathways suggests their significance in disease progression. These findings lay the groundwork for further investigations and validation studies, ultimately leading to the development of non-invasive and reliable biomarkers to aid in early diagnosis and treatment monitoring for Fabry disease.

Application of Carbon Nanomaterials to Enhancing Tumor Immunotherapy: Current Advances and Prospects

Recent advances in tumor immunotherapy have highlighted the pivotal role of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon dots, graphene quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes. This review examines the unique benefits of these materials in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action within immunotherapy. These include applications in immunoregulation, recognition, and enhancement. We explore how these nanomaterials when combined with specific biomolecules, can form immunosensors. These sensors are engineered for highly sensitive and specific detection of tumor markers, offering crucial support for early diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions. This review also addresses significant challenges facing carbon nanomaterials in clinical settings, such as issues related to long-term biocompatibility and the hurdles of clinical translation. These challenges require extensive ongoing research and discussion. This review is of both theoretical and practical importance, aiming to promote using carbon nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy, potentially transforming clinical outcomes and enhancing patient care.

The role of NOP58 in prostate cancer progression through SUMOylation regulation and drug response

Background

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in men. Its molecular pathogenesis is closely linked to various genetic and epigenetic alterations, including posttranslational modifications like SUMOylation. Identifying biomarkers that predict outcomes and specific therapeutic targets depends on a comprehensive understanding of these processes. With growing interest in SUMOylation as a mechanism affecting prostate cancer-related genes, this study aimed to investigate the central role of SUMOylation in prostate cancer prognostics, focusing on the significance of NOP58.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, integrating differential expression analysis, survival analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and single-cell transcriptomic analyses using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Key genes were identified through intersections of Venn diagrams, Boralta algorithm signatures, and machine learning models. These signaling mechanisms were validated through experimental studies, including immunohistochemical staining and gene ontology analyses.

Results

The dual-gene molecular subtype analysis with SUMO1, SUMO2, and XPO1 genes revealed significant differences in survival outcomes across molecular subtypes, further emphasizing the potential impact of NOP58 on SUMOylation, a key post-translational modification, in prostate cancer. NOP58 overexpression was strongly associated with shorter overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI), and disease-specific death in prostate cancer patients. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that NOP58 was significantly overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that NOP58 could distinguish prostate cancer from control samples with high diagnostic accuracy. Gene Ontology analysis, along with GSVA and GSEA, suggested that NOP58 may be involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair pathways. Moreover, NOP58 knockdown led to increased BCL2 expression and decreased Ki67 levels, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Colony formation assays further showed that NOP58 knockdown inhibited, while its overexpression promoted, colony formation, highlighting the critical role of NOP58 in prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Additionally, NOP58 was linked to drug responses, including Methotrexate, Rapamycin, Sorafenib, and Vorinostat.

Conclusion

NOP58 is a key regulator of prostate cancer progression through its mediation of the SUMOylation pathway. Its expression level serves as a reliable prognostic biomarker and an actionable therapeutic target, advancing precision medicine for prostate cancer. Targeting NOP58 may enhance therapeutic efficacy and improve outcomes in oncology.

Targeting exercise-related genes and placental growth factor for therapeutic development in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), are complex and heterogeneous diseases driven by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins play a crucial role in cancer progression, making them a promising target for pharmacological intervention. This study aims to identify key exercise-related genes with prognostic value in HNSCC through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, with a particular focus on the therapeutic potential of placental growth factor (PIGF).

Methods

Transcriptome data for HNSCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and analyzed for their prognostic significance. Exercise-related gene sets were retrieved from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) database. Functional enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and GSEA, were conducted. The biological functions and clinical implications of key genes were further explored through single-gene expression analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and in vitro cellular experiments.

Results

The study identified exercise-related genes associated with survival prognosis in HNSCC. GO and KEGG pathway analyses highlighted the biological functions of these genes, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves confirmed their prognostic value. PIGF expression analysis using TCGA data showed its diagnostic potential, with higher expression linked to advanced tumor stages. Single-cell sequencing revealed PIGF's role in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PIGF plays a pivotal role in enhancing cell proliferation and colony formation in HNSCC, with PIGF knockdown significantly impairing these functions, highlighting its importance in tumor growth regulation. Additionally, PIGF's predictive performance in drug sensitivity across cancer datasets suggests its potential as a pharmacological target, offering opportunities to modulate the immune microenvironment and improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.

Conclusion

This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying HNSCC and identifies exercise-related genes, particularly PIGF, as promising biomarkers for clinical treatment and personalized medicine. By focusing on PTMs and their role in cancer progression, our findings suggest that targeting PIGF may offer innovative therapeutic strategies.

Applications of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in medicine

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapeutic agents owing to their natural abundance, accessibility, and unique biological properties. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the therapeutic potential of plant-derived EVs and emphasizes their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and tumor-inhibitory effects. Here, we discussed the advancements in isolation and purification techniques, such as ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography, which are critical for maintaining the functional integrity of these nanovesicles. Next, we investigated the diverse administration routes of EVs and carefully weighed their respective advantages and challenges related to bioavailability and patient compliance. Moreover, we elucidated the multifaceted mechanisms of action of plant-derived EVs, including their roles in anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antitumor activity, and modulation of gut microbiota. We also discussed the impact of EVs on specific diseases such as cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the importance of addressing current challenges related to production scalability, regulatory compliance, and immunogenicity. Finally, we proposed future research directions for optimizing EV extraction and developing targeted delivery systems. Through these efforts, we envision the seamless integration of plant-derived EVs into mainstream medicine, offering safe and potent therapeutic alternatives across various medical disciplines.

Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds With a Focus on Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a common form of cancer among women characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the breast tissue. The most common treatments for this condition include chemotherapy, surgical intervention, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The primary issues associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy are their adverse events and significant financial burden among patients in underdeveloped countries. This highlights the need to explore and develop superior therapeutic options that are less detrimental and more economically efficient. Plants provide an abundant supply of innovative compounds and present a promising new avenue for investigating cancer. Plants and their derivations are undergoing a revolution due to their reduced toxicity, expediency, cost-effectiveness, safety, and simplicity in comparison to conventional treatment methods. Natural products are considered promising candidates for the development of anticancer drugs, due perhaps to the diverse pleiotropic effects on target events. The effects of plant-derived products are limited to cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. Identification of compounds with strong anticancer properties and development of plant-based medications for cancer treatment might be crucial steps in breast cancer therapy. Although bioactive compounds have potent anticancer properties, they also have drawbacks that need to be resolved before their application in clinical trials and improved for the approved drugs. This study aims to give comprehensive information on known anticancer compounds, including their sources and molecular mechanisms of actions, along with opportunities and challenges in plant-based anticancer therapies.

Acute liver damage generates age independent microglia morphology changes in mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a silent global epidemic, frequently contributing to systemic inflammation. As the primary immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia undergo morphological changes that serve as critical indicators of CNS health. In this study, we aimed to quantify alterations in microglial morphology within the cortex of young and aged mice with liver damage. Our results demonstrated that hepatic dysfunction leads to a significant increase in total branch length in both young (285.79±68.23 μm) and aged animals (268.67±69.06 μm), compared to their respective controls (164.07±33.05 μm and 140.96±27.18 μm) (p<0.0001). Additionally, aged animals with liver damage exhibited a mean branch length of 5.84±0.66 μm, higher than 2.63±0.19 μm observed in those without liver injury. The number of primary branches in aged mice with liver damage decreased from 6.6±1.2 branches to 3.1±1.5 (p<0.0001). In addition, we have shown a decrease in the number of secondary branches in aged animals with liver damage. This suggests that microglia not only respond to CNS-specific injuries but also to chronic systemic pathologies like NAFLD. These findings highlight the importance of better understanding the liver-brain axis in order to better understand the neuroimmune consequences of systemic diseases.

Screening potential antileukemia agents from duckweed: Integration of chemical profiling, network pharmacology, and experimental validation

INTRODUCTION

The identification of active dietary flavonoids in food is promising for novel drug discovery. The active ingredients of duckweed (a widely recognized food and herb with abundant flavonoids) that are associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have yet to be identified, and their underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to identify novel constituents exhibiting antileukemia activity in duckweed through the integration of chemical profiling, network pharmacology, and experimental validation.

METHODS

First, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to characterize the primary constituents of duckweed. Subsequently, AML cell-xenograft tumor models were used to validate the anticancer effect of duckweed extract. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis was conducted to predict the potential active compounds and drug targets against AML. Lastly, based on these findings, two monomers (apiin and luteoloside) were selected for experimental validation.

RESULTS

A total of 17 compounds, all of which are apigenin and luteolin derivatives, were identified in duckweed. The duckweed extract significantly inhibited AML cell growth in vivo. Furthermore, a total of 88 targets for duckweed against AML were predicted, with key targets including PTGS2, MYC, MDM2, VEGFA, CTNNB1, CASP3, EGFR, TP53, HSP90AA1, CCND1, MMP9, TNF, and MAPK1. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses indicated that these targets were primarily involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Lastly, both apiin and luteoloside effectively induced apoptosis through CASP3 activation, and this effect could be partially reversed by a caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD).

CONCLUSION

Duckweed extract has an antileukemic effect, and apiin derived from duckweed shows potential as a treatment for AML.

Future challenges of contrast media in radiology

Contrast media (CM) were first used soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. Ever since, continuous technological development and pharmaceutical research has led to tremendous progress in radiology, more available techniques and contrast media, and expanded knowledge around their indications. A greater prevalence of chronic diseases, population ageing, and the rise in diagnosis and survival times among cancer patients have resulted in a growing demand for diagnostic imaging and an increased consumption of CM. This article presents the main lines of research in CM development which seek to minimise toxicity and maximise efficacy, opening up new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities through new molecules or nanomedicine. The sector, which is continuously evolving, faces challenges such as shortages and the need for more equitable and sustainable practices.

Immunomodulatory effects of Triphala and its constituents in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral precancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma shows increased occurrence in those who consume tobacco products, alcohol, betel quid, and areca nut, and is also considered to occur due to genetic alteration. Though there are numerous advancements in treatment, survival remains a question with late diagnosis. Hence, there are continuous inventions of new drugs. The introduction of Ayurveda in the therapy has paved the way for the longevity of the patients affected. One such introduction is the use of Triphala. The current study aims to review the anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-microbial, and apoptotic action of Triphala and thus evaluate the anti-cancer action of Triphala. A literature search was done, in various electronic databases and the data were extracted according to the predefined criteria. Original studies of 19 reports were included in the analysis. Nineteen (six studies with Triphala combination) In vitro/In vivo studies were included in this systematic review. The included study showed that Triphala effectively modulates the immune system. The effects included were anti-oxidative, immune modulation, anti-proliferative, tumor suppression, apoptotic effect, reversal of precancerous lesion, and anti-microbial action. The analyses also showed that there is no side effect of Triphala up to the recommended dosage. Triphala, is a nourishing supplement that is well-known in Ayurveda for its capacity to restore healthy tissues and promote aging gracefully through its properties such as anti-oxidant, ant-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic apoptotic, and immune-modulatory properties. Hence, Triphala can be a promising drug in the prevention and treatment of oral cancer.

cGAS Deficiency Regulates the Phenotypic Polarization and Glycolysis of Microglia Through Lactylation in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Cell Model

Promoting the M2 phenotype polarization of microglia is of great significance in alleviating hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The umbilical artery blood sample was collected to evaluate the expression of cGAS, and the aberrant expressed cGAS was verified in the oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) microglia which was established to mimic HIE in vitro. Then the regulating role of cGAS on the transformation of microglia M2 phenotype polarization and glycolysis was investigated. Moreover, the lactylation of cGAS in OGD treated microglia was evaluated by western blot. cGAS was found to be highly expressed in umbilical artery blood of HIE group, and OGD treated microglia. OGD interference activated microglia into M1 phenotype by enhancing CD86 and suppressing CD206 levels; meanwhile, the microglia in OGD group highly expressed IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-α, and lowly expressed IL-4, IL-10, and Arg-1. Inhibition of cGAS promotes the transformation of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype. Meanwhile, OGD increased ECAR and decreased OCR to regulate glycolysis, cGAS deficiency inhibits glycolysis in OGD treated microglia. Moreover, the pan lysine lactylation (Pan-Kla) levels and lactated cGAS levels in microglia were upregulated in the OGD group. Lactate reversed the effects of cGAS knockdown on microglia polarization and glycolysis. The present study reveals that the cGAS-mediated neuron injury is associated with high level of cGAS lactylation. Inhibition of cGAS promotes the M2 phenotype polarization of microglia and suppress glycolysis. Thereby, targeting cGAS provides a new strategy for the development of therapeutic agents against HIE.

Investigation of In Vitro Anti-cancer and Apoptotic Potential of Onion-Derived Nanovesicles Against Prostate and Cervical Cancer Cell Lines

Plant-derived compounds have recently garnered significant interest in the field of medicine due to their rich repertoire of phytochemicals, which holds promise for exploring novel therapies to treat cancer. This study embarks on the first-time investigation of the anti-cancerous effect of onion-derived nanovesicles (ODNVs). ODNVs were isolated employing differential centrifugation followed by ultracentrifugation and subsequent characterization using dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, we delineated the anti-cancerous effect of ODNVs on two cancer cell line models HeLa (cervical cancer) and PC-3 (prostate cancer) using MTT assay, DAPI-based DNA damage using immunofluorescence microscopy, colony formation assay, migration assay, cell cycle analysis, and evaluation of apoptosis using flow cytometry and western blotting. The findings revealed dose- and time-dependent anti-proliferative effects of ODNVs on both HeLa and PC3 cell lines, accompanied by selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Additional results highlighted that ODNVs prevented colony growth and induced S-phase cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis induction was evaluated through alterations in nuclear morphology and the number of apoptotic cells, which increased significantly after ODNV treatment in both cancer cell lines. Furthermore, annexin V/PI staining evaluation of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry demonstrated that ODNV treatment significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in both PC-3 and HeLa cells. Finally, Western blot analysis indicated changes in apoptosis-related proteins including bcl-2, bax, and caspase-3, emphasizing that the anti-cancerous effect of ODNVs is attributed to the induction of apoptosis and suggests the  unexplored anti-cancerous potential of ODNVs.

Exosome-related gene identification and diagnostic model construction in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) may cause severe hepatic impairment, acute hepatic insufficiency, and multiorgan system collapse. Exosomes can alleviate HIRI. Therefore, this study explored the role of exosomal-related genes (ERGs) in HIRI using bioinformatics to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms and novel diagnostic markers for HIRI. We merged the GSE12720, GSE14951, and GSE15480 datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database into a combined gene dataset (CGD). CGD was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on a comparison of the HIRI and healthy control cohorts. The impact of these DEGs on HIRI was assessed through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA). ERGs were retrieved from the GeneCards database and prior studies, and overlapped with the identified DEGs to yield the set of exosome-related differentially expressed genes (ERDEGs). Functional annotations and enrichment pathways of these genes were determined using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Diagnostic models for HIRI were developed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. Key genes with diagnostic value were identified from the overlap, and single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was conducted to evaluate the immune infiltration characteristics. A molecular regulatory interaction network was established using Cytoscape software to elucidate the intricate regulatory mechanisms of key genes in HIRI. Finally, exosome score (Es) was obtained using ssGSEA and the HIRI group was divided into the Es_High and Es_Low groups based on the median Es. Gene expression was analyzed to understand the impact of all genes in the CGD on HIRI. Finally, the relative expression levels of the five key genes in the hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 3810 DEGs were identified through differential expression analysis of the CGD, and 61 of these ERDEGs were screened. Based on GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, the ERDEGs were mainly enriched in wound healing, MAPK, protein kinase B signaling, and other pathways. GSEA and GSVA revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in the TP53, MAPK, TGF[Formula: see text], JAK-STAT, MAPK, and NFKB pathways. Five key genes (ANXA1, HNRNPA2B1, ICAM1, PTEN, and THBS1) with diagnostic value were screened using the LASSO regression and SVM algorithms and their molecular interaction network was established using Cytoscape software. Based on ssGSEA, substantial variations were found in the expression of 18 immune cell types among the groups (p < 0.05). Finally, the Es of each HIRI patient was calculated. ERDEGs in the Es_High and Es_Low groups were enriched in the IL18, TP53, MAPK, TGF[Formula: see text], and JAK-STAT pathways. The differential expression of these five key genes in the H/R model was verified using qRT-PCR. Herein, five key genes were identified as potential diagnostic markers. Moreover, the potential impact of these genes on pathways and the regulatory mechanisms of their interaction network in HIRI were revealed. Altogether, our findings may serve as a theoretical foundation for enhancing clinical diagnosis and elucidating underlying pathogeneses.

Network Pharmacology, Molecular Dynamics and In Vitro Assessments of Indigenous Herbal Formulations for Alzheimer's Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative condition marked by amyloid plaques, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss. Besides conventional medical care, herbal therapies, both raw and refined, have attracted researchers for their potential therapeutic effects. As a proof-of-concept, our study combined HPLC-DAD analysis of bioactive constituents, network pharmacology, molecular dynamics (MD), molecular docking, post-MD analysis, and experimental verification to investigate the mechanisms of crude drug formulations as a therapeutic strategy for AD. We identified nine bioactive compounds targeting 188 proteins and 1171 AD-associated genes. Using a Venn diagram, we found 47 overlapping targets, forming "herb-compound-target (HCT)" interaction networks and a protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network. Simulations analyzed binding interactions among the three core targets and their compounds. MD assessed the stability of the best-ranked poses and beneficial compounds for each protein. Among the top 22 hub genes, AChE, BChE, and MAO, ranked 10, 14, and 34, respectively, were selected for further analysis. Two tetraherbal formulations, Form A and Form B, showed notable activity against AChE. Form A exhibited significant (p < 0.0001) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 114.842 ± 2.084 µg/mL) compared to Form B (IC50 = 142.829 ± 4.258 µg/mL), though weaker than galantamine (IC50 = 27.950 ± 0.122 µg/mL). Form B had significant inhibitory effects on BChE (IC50 = 655.860 ± 32.812 µg/mL) compared to Form A (IC50 = 679.718 ± 20.656 µg/mL), but lower than galantamine (IC50 = 23.126 ± 0.683 µg/mL). Both forms protected against Fe2+-mediated brain injury by inhibiting MAO. Docking identified quercetin (-10.2 kcal/mol) and myricetin (-10.1 kcal/mol) for AChE; rutin (-10.6 kcal/mol) and quercetin (-9.7 kcal/mol) for BChE; and kaempferol (-9.1 kcal/mol) and quercetin (-8.9 kcal/mol) for MAO. These compounds were thermodynamically stable based on MD analysis. Collectively, the results offer a scientific rationale for the use of these specifically selected medicinal herbs as AD medications.

Therapeutic effects of natural compounds against diabetic complications via targeted modulation of ferroptosis

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, can result in serious tissue and organ damage due to long-term metabolic dysfunction, leading to various complications. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and developing effective prevention and treatment drugs is crucial. The role of ferroptosis in diabetic complications has emerged as a significant area of research in recent years. Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of regulated cell death closely linked to iron metabolism imbalance and lipid peroxidation, has garnered increasing attention in studies exploring the potential role of natural products in its regulation. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, outlines detection methods, and synthesizes information from natural product databases. It also summarizes current research on how natural products may regulate ferroptosis in diabetic complications. Studies have shown that these products can modulate the ferroptosis process by influencing iron ion balance and combating oxidative stress. This highlights the potential of natural products in treating diabetic complications by regulating ferroptosis, offering a new strategy for managing such complications.

Application of multi-omics in the study of traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is playing an increasingly important role in disease treatment due to the advantages of multi-target, multi-pathway mechanisms, low adverse reactions and cost-effectiveness. However, the complexity of TCM system poses challenges for research. In recent years, there has been a surge in the application of multi-omics integrated research to explore the active components and treatment mechanisms of TCM from various perspectives, which aids in advancing TCM's integration into clinical practice and holds immense importance in promoting modernization. In this review, we discuss the application of proteomics, metabolomics, and mass spectrometry imaging in the study of composition, quality evaluation, target identification, and mechanism of action of TCM based on existing literature. We focus on the workflows and applications of multi-omics based on mass spectrometry in the research of TCM. Additionally, potential research ideas for future exploration in TCM are outlined. Overall, we emphasize the advantages and prospects of multi-omics based on mass spectrometry in the study of the substance basis and mechanism of action of TCM. This synthesis of methodologies holds promise for enhancing our understanding of TCM and driving its further integration into contemporary medical practices.

Enhanced osteogenic differentiation in 3D hydrogel scaffold via macrophage mitochondrial transfer

To assess the efficacy of a novel 3D biomimetic hydrogel scaffold with immunomodulatory properties in promoting fracture healing. Immunomodulatory scaffolds were used in cell experiments, osteotomy mice treatment, and single-cell transcriptomic sequencing. In vitro, fluorescence tracing examined macrophage mitochondrial transfer and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Scaffold efficacy was assessed through alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, and in vivo experiments. The scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant-immune regulation. Single-cell sequencing revealed a shift in macrophage distribution towards the M2 phenotype. In vitro experiments showed that macrophage mitochondria promoted BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation. In vivo experiments confirmed accelerated fracture healing. The GAD/Ag-pIO scaffold enhances osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing through immunomodulation and promotion of macrophage mitochondrial transfer.

Constructing machine learning models based on non-contrast CT radiomics to predict hemorrhagic transformation after stoke: a two-center study

Purpose

Machine learning (ML) models were constructed according to non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) images as well as clinical and laboratory information to assess risk stratification for the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort was constructed with 180 AIS patients who were diagnosed at two centers between January 2019 and October 2023 and were followed for HT outcomes. Patients were analyzed for clinical risk factors for developing HT, infarct texture features were extracted from NCCT images, and the radiomics score (Rad-score) was calculated. Then, five ML models were established and evaluated, and the optimal ML algorithm was used to construct the clinical, radiomics, and clinical-radiomics models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the performance of the three models in predicting HT.

Results

Based on the outcomes of the AIS patients, 104 developed HT, and the remaining 76 had no HT. The HT group consisted of 27 hemorrhagic infarction (HI) and 77 parenchymal-hemorrhage (PH). Patients with HT had a greater neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, infarct volume, and Rad-score and lower Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS) (all p < 0.01) than patients without HT. The best ML algorithm for building the model was logistic regression. In the training and validation cohorts, the AUC values for the clinical, radiomics, and clinical-radiomics models for predicting HT were 0.829 and 0.876, 0.813 and 0.898, and 0.876 and 0.957, respectively. In subgroup analyses with different treatment modalities, different infarct sizes, and different stroke time windows, the assessment accuracy of the clinical-radiomics model was not statistically meaningful (all p > 0.05), with an overall accuracy of 79.5%. Moreover, this model performed reliably in predicting the PH and HI subcategories, with accuracies of 82.9 and 92.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

ML models based on clinical and NCCT radiomics characteristics can be used for early risk evaluation of HT development in AIS patients and show great potential for clinical precision in treatment and prognostic assessment.

Pantothenate-encapsulated liposomes combined with exercise for effective inhibition of CRM1-mediated PKM2 translocation in Alzheimer's therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition characterized by metabolic imbalances and neuroinflammation, posing a formidable challenge in medicine due to the lack of effective treatments. Despite considerable research efforts, a cure for AD remains elusive, with current therapies primarily focused on symptom management rather than addressing the disease's underlying causes. This study initially discerned, through Mendelian randomization analysis that elevating pantothenate levels significantly contributes to the prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease. We explore the therapeutic potential of pantothenate encapsulated in liposomes (Pan@TRF@Liposome NPs), targeting the modulation of CRM1-mediated PKM2 nuclear translocation, a critical mechanism in AD pathology. Additionally, we investigate the synergistic effects of exercise, proposing a combined approach to AD treatment. Exercise-induced metabolic alterations share significant similarities with those associated with dementia, suggesting a potential complementary effect. The Pan@TRF@Liposome NPs exhibit notable biocompatibility, showing no liver or kidney toxicity in vivo, while demonstrating stability and effectiveness in modulating CRM1-mediated PKM2 nuclear translocation, thereby reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. The combined treatment of exercise and Pan@TRF@Liposome NP administration in an AD animal model leads to improved neurofunctional outcomes and cognitive performance. These findings highlight the nanoparticles' role as effective modulators of CRM1-mediated PKM2 nuclear translocation, with significant implications for mitigating neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Together with exercise, this dual-modality approach could offer new avenues for enhancing cognitive performance and neurofunctional outcomes in AD, marking a promising step forward in developing treatment strategies for this challenging disorder.

Application of nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment: a systematic review

It is estimated that cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The primary or secondary cause of cancer-related mortality for women is breast cancer. The main treatment method for different types of cancer is chemotherapy with drugs. Because of less water solubility of chemotherapy drugs or their inability to pass through membranes, their body absorbs them inadequately, which lowers the treatment's effectiveness. Drug specificity and pharmacokinetics can be changed by nanotechnology using nanoparticles. Instead, targeted drug delivery allows medications to be delivered to the targeted sites. In this review, we focused on nanoparticles as carriers in targeted drug delivery, their characteristics, structure, and the previous studies related to breast cancer. It was shown that nanoparticles could reduce the negative effects of chemotherapy drugs while increasing their effectiveness. Lipid-based nanocarriers demonstrated notable results in this instance, and some products that are undergoing various stages of clinical trials are among the examples. Nanoparticles based on metal or polymers demonstrated a comparable level of efficacy. With the number of cancer cases rising globally, many researchers are now looking into novel treatment approaches, particularly the use of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer. In order to help clinicians, this article aimed to gather more information about various areas of nanoparticle application in breast cancer therapy, such as modifying their synthesis and physicochemical characterization. It also sought to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between nanoparticles and biologically normal or infected tissues.

Investigating the therapeutic potential of hesperidin targeting CRISP2 in intervertebral disc degeneration and cancer risk mitigation

Background

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can lead to disc herniation and spinal instability, sometimes requiring surgical intervention. Currently, estrogen has a potential protective effect on IDD, and estrogen is associated with an increased risk of some cancers, such as breast and endometrial cancer. Therefore, it is important to identify natural compounds that estrogen analogues treat IDD while reducing the risk of tumor development.

Objective

This study aims to explore a natural metabolic treatment strategy by targeting CRISP2 with the natural compound Hesperidin to mimic the protective effects of estrogen on IDD and reduce the risk of tumor development.

Methods

Microarray data from healthy volunteers and IDD patients were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and RNA sequencing and clinical data from various cancer types were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the Bioconductor Limma package, followed by principal component analysis, volcano plot, and heatmap visualization. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, CIBERSORT and ssGSEA immune cell infiltration assessments, survival analysis, metabolite enrichment analysis, and molecular docking were performed. Hesperidin's interaction with CRISP2 was further validated through molecular docking and experimental studies.

Results

Hesperidin significantly reduced the expression of CRISP2, iNOS, and COX2 in IDD models, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, and diminished inflammatory markers. CIBERSORT and ssGSEA analyses revealed a correlation between CRISP2 and immune cell infiltration. Survival analysis demonstrated that CRISP2 expression levels were associated with patient survival across various cancer types. Hesperidin was found to mimic estrogen's effects on IDD and reduce tumor progression. Cell culture and experimental validation confirmed Hesperidin's protective effects on nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs).

Conclusion

Hesperidin, as a potential natural metabolic regulator, not only has therapeutic effects on IDD but may also synergize with estrogen therapy to promote spinal health without increasing cancer risk. This study presents a new clinical approach for IDD treatment and lays the foundation for further drug development and experimental research.

Unveiling the Mechanism of Liangxue Siwu Decoction in Treating Rosacea Through Network Pharmacology and in-vitro Experimental Validation

Background

Rosacea, a recurring dermatological disorder, demands effective therapeutic approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine, particularly Liangxue Siwu Decoction (LXSWD), has shown promise in managing inflammatory skin diseases, such as rosacea. This study focuses on uncovering LXSWD's specific effects on the inflammatory symptoms of rosacea.

Objective

Our research investigates LXSWD's therapeutic effectiveness in rosacea treatment and delves into its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Network pharmacology was utilized to identify LXSWD's key components and their targets in rosacea management, which were then validated by molecular docking. An in vivo rosacea-like model in LL-37-induced mice was developed, subdividing them into control, model, and LXSWD groups. The LXSWD group received oral administration (25.0 g/kg/day) for six days before model induction. Post-treatment evaluations included skin tissue analyses to verify our network pharmacology predictions.

Results

Key active ingredients in LXSWD, such as quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin, were identified alongside central target proteins like TNF and MMPs. Our molecular docking study confirmed the interactions between these ingredients and targets. Analyses through GO and KEGG pathways indicated LXSWD's role in mitigating inflammation, particularly influencing the TNF and IL-17 pathways. LXSWD treatment in vivo markedly alleviated LL-37-induced symptoms in mice, showing a marked reduction in inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05) and modulation of crucial genes (p < 0.05). These results, supported by immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot, underline the modulatory effects of LXSWD on MMPs, offering significant protection against rosacea's inflammation alterations (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments, this study elucidates LXSWD's potential mechanisms in rosacea treatment. It offers a novel theoretical framework for its clinical use in managing rosacea.

A role of gut microbiota metabolites in HLA-E and NKG2 blockage immunotherapy against tumors: new insights for clinical application

One of major breakthroughs in immunotherapy against tumor is from blocking immune checkpoint molecules on tumor and reactive T cells. The development of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockage antibodies has triggered to search for additional effective therapeutic strategies. This causes recent findings that blocking the interaction of checkpoint molecule NKG2A in NK and CD8 T cells with HLA-E in tumors is effective in defensing tumors. Interestingly, gut microbiota also affects this immune checkpoint immunotherapy against tumor. Gut microbiota such as bacteria can contribute to the regulation of host immune response and homeostasis. They not only promote the differentiation and function of immunosuppressive cells but also the inflammatory cells through the metabolites such as tryptophan (Trp) and bile acid (BA) metabolites as well as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These gut microbiota metabolites (GMMs) educated immune cells can affect the differentiation and function of effective CD8 and NK cells. Notably, these metabolites also directly affect the activity of CD8 and NK cells. Furthermore, the expression of CD94/NKG2A in the immune cells and/or their ligand HLA-E in the tumor cells is also regulated by gut microbiota associated immune factors. These findings offer new insights for the clinical application of gut microbiota in precise and/or personalized treatments of tumors. In this review, we will discuss the impacts of GMMs and GMM educated immune cells on the activity of effective CD8 and NK cells and the expression of CD94/NKG2A in immune cells and/or their ligand HLA-E in tumor cells.

The role of GZMA as a target of cysteine and biomarker in Alzheimer's disease, pelvic organ prolapse, and tumor progression

Objective: This study aims to investigate how changes in peripheral blood metabolites in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients affect the development of Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) using a multi-omics approach. We specifically explore the interactions of signaling pathways, gene expression, and protein-metabolite interactions, with a focus on GZMA and cysteine in age-related diseases. Methods: This study utilized multi-omics analysis, including metabolomics and transcriptomics, to evaluate the perturbations in peripheral blood metabolites and their effect on POP in AD patients. Additionally, a comprehensive pan-cancer and immune infiltration analysis was performed on the core targets of AD combined with POP, exploring their potential roles in tumor progression and elucidating their pharmacological relevance to solid tumors. Results: We identified 47 differential metabolites linked to 9 significant signaling pathways, such as unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. A thorough gene expression analysis revealed numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showing significant changes in gene profiles of AD and POP. Network topology analysis highlighted central nodes in the AD-POP co-expressed genes network. Functional analyses indicated involvement in critical biological processes and pathways. Molecular docking studies showed strong interactions between cysteine and proteins PTGS2 and GZMA, and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of these complexes. In vitro validation demonstrated that cysteine reduced ROS levels and protected cell viability. GZMA was widely expressed in various cancers, associated with immune cells, and correlated with patient survival prognosis. Conclusion: Multi-omics analysis revealed the role of peripheral blood metabolites in the molecular dynamics of AD and their interactions with POP. This study identified potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, emphasizing the effectiveness of integrative approaches in treating AD and POP concurrently. The findings highlight the need for in-depth research on novel targets and biomarkers to advance therapeutic strategies.

Advancing osteoarthritis therapy with GMOCS hydrogel-loaded BMSCs-exos

This study investigated the mechanism of the extracellular matrix-mimicking hydrogel-mediated TGFB1/Nrf2 signaling pathway in osteoarthritis using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos). A GMOCS-Exos hydrogel was synthesized and evaluated for its impact on chondrocyte viability and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. In an OA rat model, GMOCS-Exos promoted cartilage regeneration and inhibited NETs formation. Transcriptome sequencing identified TGFB1 as a key gene, with GMOCS-Exos activating Nrf2 signaling through TGFB1. Depletion of TGFB1 hindered the cartilage-protective effect of GMOCS-Exos. This study sheds light on a promising therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis through GMOCS-Exos-mediated TGFB1/Nrf2 pathway modulation.

Mechanism underlying the effects of exercise against type 2 diabetes: A review on research progress

Exercise has emerged as one of the important and effective non-drug therapies used for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in certain nations. The present report summarizes the latest findings from the research on the beneficial effect of exercise on T2D. The objectives were to provide references for the theoretical study and the clinical practice of exercise-based management of T2D, in addition to identify the limitations of the existing literature, thereby provide direction for future research in this field.

Angiogenesis in heterotopic ossification: From mechanisms to clinical significance

Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the formation of pathologic bone in nonskeletal tissues (including muscles, tendons or other soft tissues). HO typically occurs after a severe injury and can occur in any part of the body. HO lesions are highly vascularized. Angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of HO. Surgical resection is considered an effective treatment for HO. However, it is difficult to completely remove new vessels, which can lead to the recurrence of HO and is often accompanied by significant problems such as intraoperative hemorrhage, demonstrating the important role of angiogenesis in HO. Here, we broadly summarize the current understanding of how angiogenesis contributes to HO; in particular, we focus on new insights into the cellular and signaling mechanisms underlying HO angiogenesis. We also review the development and current challenges associated with antiangiogenic therapy for HO.

Tea, coffee, and caffeine intake and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Background: Limited and conflicting evidence exists for the associations between tea, coffee, and caffeine intake and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This meta-analysis aimed to elucidate these associations and quantify potential dose-response relationships. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched up to 11 June 2024 for cohort studies. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with the dose-response relationship assessed using restricted cubic splines. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Our analysis encompassed 38 cohorts, totalling 751 824 participants and 13 017 dementia and 17 341 AD cases. For dementia, compared with the lowest category, the pooled RRs (95% CI) in the highest category of tea, coffee, and caffeine were 0.84 (0.74-0.96, n = 6), 0.95 (0.87-1.02, n = 9), and 0.94 (0.70-1.25, n = 5), with all rated as low certainty in GRADE. For AD, the pooled RRs (95% CI) in the highest category of tea, coffee, and caffeine compared to the lowest category were 0.93 (0.87-1.00, n = 6), 1.01 (0.90-1.12, n = 10), and 1.34 (1.04-1.74, n = 2), with certainty ratings of low, low, and very low, respectively. Dose-response analysis indicated a non-linear relationship between coffee intake (Poverall = 0.04 and Pnonlinear = 0.01) and dementia risk, showing the protective association of risk of dementia with 1 to 3 cups per day of coffee intake. There is a linear association between tea intake and risk of dementia, with a significantly decreased risk of dementia for each 1 cup per day increase in tea consumption (0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, Poverall = 0.01 and Pnonlinear = 0.68). Conclusion: Increased tea consumption was associated with a decreased risk of dementia and AD, and a non-linear relationship was found between coffee and dementia, supporting public health recommendations for dementia prevention.

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Frontier in Cancer Therapeutics

Recent advancements in nanomedicine and biotechnology have unveiled the remarkable potential of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) as a novel and promising approach for cancer treatment. These naturally occurring nanoscale particles exhibit exceptional biocompatibility, targeted delivery capabilities, and the capacity to load therapeutic agents, positioning them at the forefront of innovative cancer therapy strategies. PDEVs are distinguished by their unique properties that facilitate tumor targeting and penetration, thereby enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery systems. Their intrinsic biological composition allows for the evasion of the immune response, enabling the efficient transport of loaded therapeutic molecules directly to tumor sites. Moreover, PDEVs possess inherent anti-cancer properties, including the ability to induce cell cycle arrest and promote apoptotic pathways within tumor cells. These vesicles have also demonstrated antimetastatic effects, inhibiting the spread and growth of cancer cells. The multifunctional nature of PDEVs allows for the simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents, further enhancing their therapeutic potential. Engineering and modification techniques, such as encapsulation, and the loading of therapeutic agents via electroporation, sonication, and incubation, have enabled the customization of PDEVs to improve their targeting efficiency and therapeutic load capacity. This includes surface modifications to increase affinity for specific tumor markers and the encapsulation of various types of therapeutic agents, such as small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. Their plant-derived origin offers an abundant and renewable source to produce therapeutic vesicles, reducing costs and facilitating scalability for clinical applications. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research on PDEVs as emerging anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy.

Inflammatory Role of CCR1 in the Central Nervous System

BACKGROUND

Chemokine ligands and their corresponding receptors are essential for regulating inflammatory responses. Chemokine receptors can stimulate immune activation or inhibit/promote signaling pathways by binding to specific chemokine ligands. Among these receptors, CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is extensively studied as a G protein-linked receptor target, predominantly expressed in various leukocytes, and is considered a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Furthermore, CCR1 is essential for monocyte extravasation and transportation in inflammatory conditions. Its involvement in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, has been extensively studied along with its ligands. Animal models have demonstrated the beneficial effects resulting from inhibiting CCR1 or its ligands.

SUMMARY

This review demonstrates the significance of CCR1 in CNS inflammatory diseases, the molecules implicated in the inflammatory pathway, and potential drugs or molecules for treating CNS diseases. This evidence may offer new targets or strategies for treating inflammatory CNS diseases.

Mechanisms of mitophagy and oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease

Neurological diseases have consistently represented a significant challenge in both clinical treatment and scientific research. As research has progressed, the significance of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and progression of neurological diseases has become increasingly prominent. Mitochondria serve not only as a source of energy, but also as regulators of cellular growth and death. Both oxidative stress and mitophagy are intimately associated with mitochondria, and there is mounting evidence that mitophagy and oxidative stress exert a pivotal regulatory influence on the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. In recent years, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI), vascular dementia (VaD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which collectively represent a significant public health concern. Reduced levels of mitophagy have been observed in CI/RI, VaD and AD. The improvement of associated pathology has been demonstrated through the increase of mitophagy levels. CI/RI results in cerebral tissue ischemia and hypoxia, which causes oxidative stress, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and damage to the cerebral vasculature. The BBB disruption and cerebral vascular injury may induce or exacerbate VaD to some extent. In addition, inadequate cerebral perfusion due to vascular injury or altered function may exacerbate the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) thereby contributing to or exacerbating AD pathology. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; alteplase) and endovascular thrombectomy are effective treatments for stroke. However, there is a narrow window of opportunity for the administration of tPA and thrombectomy, which results in a markedly elevated incidence of disability among patients with CI/RI. It is regrettable that there are currently no there are still no specific drugs for VaD and AD. Despite the availability of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical first-line drugs for AD, including memantine, donepezil hydrochloride, and galantamine, these agents do not fundamentally block the pathological process of AD. In this paper, we undertake a review of the mechanisms of mitophagy and oxidative stress in neurological disorders, a summary of the clinical trials conducted in recent years, and a proposal for a new strategy for targeted treatment of neurological disorders based on both mitophagy and oxidative stress.

Analysis of the microecological mechanism of diabetic kidney disease based on the theory of "gut-kidney axis": A systematic review

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the main microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, as well as the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Intestinal microbiota has emerged as a crucial regulator of its occurrence and development. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota can disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, abnormal immunological response, reduction in short-chain fatty acid metabolites, and elevation of uremic toxins, all closely related to the occurrence and development of DKD. However, the underlying mechanisms of how intestinal microbiota and its metabolites influence the onset and progression of DKD has not been fully elucidated. In the current review, we will try to summarize the microecological mechanism of DKD by focusing on three aspects: the intestinal microbiota and its associated metabolites, and the "gut-kidney axis," and try to summarize therapies targeted at managing the intestinal microbiota, expecting to provide theoretical basis for the subsequent study of the relationship between intestinal homeostasis and DKD, and will open an emerging perspective and orientation for DKD treatment.

Exercise-augmented THSD7B exhibited a positive prognostic implication and tumor-suppressed functionality in pan-cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer, one of the most prevalent malignancies among women worldwide, has rising incidence rates. Physical activity, particularly exercise, has emerged as a significant modifier of cancer prognosis, influencing both tumor biology and patient outcomes.

METHODS

In this study, we utilized a murine breast cancer model, dividing mice into a control group and an exercise group; the latter underwent 21 days of voluntary running. We conducted RNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, pan-cancer analysis, and cellular experiments to investigate the underlying mechanisms influenced by exercise.

RESULTS

Exercise led to a significant reduction in tumor size and weight. Post-exercise mRNA sequencing indicated a notable upregulation of THSD7B in the exercised mice, with significant alterations observed in pathways such as MicroRNAs in cancers and the Calcium signaling pathway. In a broader cancer context, THSD7B showed considerable expression variability, being significantly downregulated in several cancers, correlating with positive prognostic outcomes in PRAD, LAML, KIRC, and GBM and highlighting its potential role as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target. THSD7B expression was also negatively associated with processes of breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the dual role of exercise in modulating gene expression relevant to tumor growth and highlights the potential of THSD7B as a therapeutic target in cancer. Future research should further explore the specific mechanisms by which exercise and THSD7B influence cancer progression and develop immunotherapy-enhanced strategies to change patient outcomes in clinical settings.

The roles of dietary polyphenols at crosstalk between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease in ameliorating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction via PI3K/Akt signaling pathways

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are crucially involved in its physiological and pathophysiological processes. Growing animal and clinical studies have suggested that AD is also comorbid with some metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and therefore, it is often considered brain diabetes. AD and T2DM share multiple molecular and biochemical mechanisms, including impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review article, we mainly introduce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and explain their role and the underlying molecular mechanism in T2DM and AD pathogenesis; then, according to the current literature, we comprehensively evaluate the possibility of regulating oxidative homeostasis and mitochondrial function as therapeutics against AD. Furthermore, considering dietary polyphenols' antioxidative and antidiabetic properties, the strategies for applying them as potential therapeutical interventions in patients with AD symptoms are assessed.

Blood biomarkers for post-stroke cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a frequent consequence of stroke, which affects the quality of life and prognosis of stroke survivors. Numerous studies have indicated that blood biomarkers may be the key determinants for predicting and diagnosing cognitive impairment, but the results remain varied. Therefore, this meta-analysis aims to summarize potential biomarkers associated with PSCI.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched for studies exploring blood biomarkers associated with PSCI from inception to 15 April 2022.

RESULTS

63 studies were selected from 4,047 references, which involves 95 blood biomarkers associated with the PSCI. We meta-analyzed 20 potential blood biomarker candidates, the results shown that the homocysteine (Hcy) (SMD = 0.35; 95 %CI: 0.20-0.49; P < 0.00001), c-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD = 0.49; 95 %CI: 0.20-0.78; P = 0.0008), uric acid (UA) (SMD = 0.41; 95 %CI: 0.06-0.76; P = 0.02), interleukin 6 (IL-6) (SMD = 0.92; 95 % CI: 0.27-1.57; P = 0.005), cystatin C (Cys-C) (SMD = 0.58; 95 %CI: 0.28-0.87; P = 0.0001), creatinine (SMD = 0.39; 95 %CI: 0.23-0.55; P < 0.00001) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (SMD = 0.45; 95 %CI: 0.08-0.82; P = 0.02) levels were significantly higher in patients with PSCI than in the non-PSCI group.

CONCLUSION

Based on our findings, we recommend that paramedics focus on the blood biomarkers levels of Hcy, CRP, UA, IL-6, Cys-C, creatinine and TNF-α in conjunction with neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment to assess the risk of PSCI, which may help with early detection and timely preventive measures. At the same time, other potential blood biomarkers should be further validated in future studies.

Exercise-downregulated CD300E acted as a negative prognostic implication and tumor-promoted role in pan-cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer ranks as one of the most prevalent malignancies among women globally, with increasing incidence rates. Physical activity, particularly exercise, has emerged as a potentially significant modifier of cancer prognosis, influencing tumor biology and patient outcomes.

METHODS

Using a murine breast cancer model, we established a control and an exercise group, where the latter was subjected to 21 days of voluntary running. RNA Sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, pan-cancer analysis, and cell experiments were performed to validate the underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

We observed that exercise significantly reduced tumor size and weight, without notable changes in body weight, suggesting that physical activity can modulate tumor dynamics. mRNA sequencing post-exercise revealed substantial downregulation of CD300E in the exercise group, accompanied by alterations in critical pathways such as MicroRNAs in cancers and the Calcium signaling pathway. Expanding our analysis to a broader cancer spectrum, CD300E demonstrated significant expression variability across multiple cancer types, with pronounced upregulation in myeloma, ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancers. This upregulation was correlated with poorer prognostic outcomes, emphasizing CD300E's potential role as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Moreover, CD300E expression was associated with cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the dual role of exercise in modulating gene expression relevant to tumor growth and the potential of CD300E as a target in cancer therapeutics. Further research is encouraged to explore the mechanisms by which exercise and CD300E influence cancer progression and to develop targeted strategies that could enhance patient outcomes in clinical settings.

Research progress in the mechanism of acupuncture regulating microglia in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system, characterized by memory and cognitive dysfunction. Acupuncture is an effective means to alleviate the symptoms of AD. Recent studies have shown that microglia play an important role in the occurrence and development of AD. Acupuncture can regulate the activity of microglia, inhibit neuroinflammation, regulate phagocytosis, and clear Aβ Pathological products such as plaque can protect nerve cells and improve cognitive function in AD patients. This article summarizes the relationship between microglia and AD, as well as the research progress in the mechanism of acupuncture regulating microglia in the treatment of AD. The mechanism of acupuncture regulating microglia in the treatment of AD is mainly reviewed from two aspects: inhibiting neuroinflammatory activity and regulating phagocytic function.

Tracking neuroinflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: a strategy for individualized therapeutic approaches?

BACKGROUND

Recent trials of anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies, including lecanemab and donanemab, in early Alzheimer disease (AD) showed that these drugs have limited clinical benefits and their use comes with a significant risk of serious adverse events. Thus, it seems crucial to explore complementary therapeutic approaches. Genome-wide association studies identified robust associations between AD and several AD risk genes related to immune response, including but not restricted to CD33 and TREM2. Here, we critically reviewed the current knowledge on candidate neuroinflammatory biomarkers and their role in characterizing the pathophysiology of AD.

MAIN BODY

Neuroinflammation is recognized to be a crucial and contributing component of AD pathogenesis. The fact that neuroinflammation is most likely present from earliest pre-stages of AD and co-occurs with the deposition of Aβ reinforces the need to precisely define the sequence and nature of neuroinflammatory events. Numerous clinical trials involving anti-inflammatory drugs previously yielded unfavorable outcomes in early and mild-to-moderate AD. Although the reasons behind these failures remain unclear, these may include the time and the target selected for intervention. Indeed, in our review, we observed a stage-dependent neuroinflammatory process in the AD brain. While the initial activation of glial cells counteracts early brain Aβ deposition, the downregulation in the functional state of microglia occurs at more advanced disease stages. To address this issue, personalized neuroinflammatory modulation therapy is required. The emergence of reliable blood-based neuroinflammatory biomarkers, particularly glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of reactive astrocytes, may facilitate the classification of AD patients based on the ATI(N) biomarker framework. This expands upon the traditional classification of Aβ ("A"), tau ("T"), and neurodegeneration ("N"), by incorporating a novel inflammatory component ("I").

CONCLUSIONS

The present review outlines the current knowledge on potential neuroinflammatory biomarkers and, importantly, emphasizes the role of longitudinal analyses, which are needed to accurately monitor the dynamics of cerebral inflammation. Such a precise information on time and place will be required before anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions can be considered for clinical evaluation. We propose that an effective anti-neuroinflammatory therapy should specifically target microglia and astrocytes, while considering the individual ATI(N) status of patients.

Glycerophosphoinositol modulates FGA and NOTCH3 in exercise-induced muscle adaptation and colon cancer progression

Objectives

Fibroleukin (FGA) and NOTCH3 are vital in both exercise-induced muscle adaptation and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) progression. This study aims to elucidate the roles of FGA and NOTCH3 in phenotypic variations of striated muscle induced by exercise and in COAD development. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate the prognostic significance of these proteins.

Methods

Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess the binding affinities of 39 compounds to the NOTCH3 protein. In vitro assays, including mobileular viability, gene expression, and apoptosis assays, were performed to evaluate the effects of glycerophosphoinositol on FGA and NOTCH3 expression. Additionally, copy number variation (CNV), methylation status, and survival analyses were conducted across multiple cancers types.

Results

The NOTCH signaling pathway was consistently upregulated in exercise-induced muscle samples. High NOTCH3 expression was associated with poor prognosis in COAD, extracellular matrix organization, immune infiltration, and activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Molecular docking identified gamma-Glu-Trp, gamma-Glutamyltyrosine, and 17-Deoxycortisol as strong binders to NOTCH3. Glycerophosphoinositol treatment modulated FGA and NOTCH3 expression, influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis. CNV and methylation analyses revealed specific changes in FGA and NOTCH3 across 20 cancers types. Survival analyses showed strong associations between FGA/NOTCH3 expression and survival metrics, with negative correlations for FGA and positive correlations for NOTCH3.

Conclusion

FGA and NOTCH3 play significant roles in exercise-induced muscle adaptation and colon cancer progression. The expression profiles and interactions of these proteins provide promising prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. These findings offer valuable insights into the post-translational modifications (PTMs) in human cancer, highlighting novel pharmacological and therapeutic opportunities.

Lithium Ions as Modulators of Complex Biological Processes: The Conundrum of Multiple Targets, Responsiveness and Non-Responsiveness, and the Potential to Prevent or Correct Dysregulation of Systems during Aging and in Disease

Lithium is one of the lightest elements on Earth and it has been in the environment since the formation of the galaxy. While a common element, it has not been found to be an essential element in biological processes, ranging from single cell organisms to Homo sapiens. Instead, at an early stage of evolution, organisms committed to a range of elements such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron to serve essential functions. Such ions serve critical functions in ion channels, as co-factors in enzymes, as a cofactor in oxygen transport, in DNA replication, as a storage molecule in bone and liver, and in a variety of other roles in biological processes. While seemingly excluded from a major essential role in such processes, lithium ions appear to be able to modulate a variety of biological processes and "correct" deviation from normal activity, as a deficiency of lithium can have biological consequences. Lithium salts are found in low levels in many foods and water supplies, but the effectiveness of Li salts to affect biological systems came to recent prominence with the work of Cade, who reported that administrating Li salts calmed guinea pigs and was subsequently effective at relatively high doses to "normalize" a subset of patients with bipolar disorders. Because of its ability to modulate many biological pathways and processes (e.g., cyclic AMP, GSK-3beta, inositol metabolism, NaK ATPases, neuro processes and centers, immune-related events, respectively) both in vitro and in vivo and during development and adult life, Li salts have become both a useful tool to better understand the molecular regulation of such processes and to also provide insights into altered biological processes in vivo during aging and in disease states. While the range of targets for lithium action supports its possible role as a modulator of biological dysregulation, it presents a conundrum for researchers attempting to elucidate its specific primary target in different tissues in vivo. This review will discuss aspects of the state of knowledge regarding some of the systems that can be influenced, focusing on those involving neural and autoimmunity as examples, some of the mechanisms involved, examples of how Li salts can be used to study model systems, as well as suggesting areas where the use of Li salts could lead to additional insights into both disease mechanisms and natural processes at the molecular and cell levels. In addition, caveats regarding lithium doses used, the strengths and weaknesses of rodent models, the background genetics of the strain of mice or rats employed, and the sex of the animals or the cells used, are discussed. Low-dose lithium may have excellent potential, alone or in combination with other interventions to prevent or alleviate aging-associated conditions and disease progression.

Assessing and recovering Alzheimer's disease: a comparative analysis of standard neuropsychological approaches and virtual reality interventions with the use of digital storytelling

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly affects the elderly population. Traditional assessment methods, including neuropsychological tests like the MMSE, have been the cornerstone of AD diagnosis for decades. These methods are grounded in a wealth of research and clinical experience, providing a robust framework for understanding the cognitive deficits of AD. The evolution of AD assessment and rehabilitation has recently been tackled with the introduction of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies.

Objectives

To evaluate the use of storytelling and reminiscence therapy in virtual reality programs as a complementary and enhancing modality alongside standard assessment and rehabilitation for Alzheimer's patients. To explore how regular interaction with VR narratives can slow cognitive decline or improve relevant features of cognitive functioning over the time. To propose a new assessment and rehabilitative tool based on the use of VR and digital storytelling.

Method

A comparative analysis of Standard Neuropsychological Approaches and Virtual Reality Interventions in patients with Alzheimer disorder was carried out. A literature overview on the empirical studies between 2019 and 2024 was conducted.

Results

We propose a new VR-based setup mediated by the use of storytelling for the assessment and recovery of AD.

Conclusion

The employment of storytelling within VR programs for the assessment and rehabilitation of Alzheimer's disease can positively impact both the cognitive and emotional realms of patients, with beneficial outcomes on caregivers' and families' burden. The successful implementation of this approach requires careful consideration of accessibility, data interpretation, and standard validation protocols.

The Key Role of Nutritional Intervention in Delaying Disease Progression and the Therapeutic Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease-A Challenge for Physicians and Patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an increasingly common pathology that affects patients' quality of life, and it is frequently associated with a high mortality rate, especially in the final stages of the disease. At the same time, diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that contributes to the increased number of patients with CKD through diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The alternation of hypoglycemia with hyperglycemia is a condition in the occurrence of microvascular complications of diabetes, including DKD, which involves structural and functional changes in the kidneys. The therapeutic management of diabetic nephropathy is a much-discussed topic, both from nutritional medical recommendations and a pharmacotherapy perspective. The diet starting point for patients with DKD is represented by a personalized and correct adjustment of macro- and micronutrients. The importance of nutritional status in DKD patients is given by the fact that it represents a modifiable factor, which contributes to the evolution and prognosis of the disease. Since, in most cases, it is necessary to restrict many types of food, malnutrition must be considered and avoided as much as possible.

Comparison of nanovesicles derived from Panax notoginseng at different size: physical properties, composition, and bioactivity

Aim

Plant-derived nanovesicles have emerged as potential agents for combating tumors. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Panax notoginseng-derived nanovesicles (PnNVs) on the proliferation and migration of squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, we explored the relationship between plant tuber size and the physical properties, composition and bioactivity of these nanovesicles.

Methods

We isolated PnNVs from Panax notoginseng tubers of varying sizes: small-sized (s_PnNVs), medium-sized (m_PnNVs) and large-sized (l_PnNVs), and evaluated for size, potential, and morphology. Cellular uptake efficiency was assessed using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The ability of different PnNVs to inhibit oral squamous cell carcinoma cells was evaluated using plate cloning, CCK8 assay, and scratch healing assay. Off-target metabolomics was used to compare metabolic compounds of different PnNVs.

Results

Our findings revealed that s_PnNVs exhibited lower potential but had the highest cellular uptake efficiency, whereas m_PnNVs were characterized by the smallest size and lowest cellular uptake efficiency. Notably, m_PnNVs demonstrated the most effective inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma growth and migration. Compositional analyses showed that PnNVs were rich in proteins and contained lower levels of RNA, with l_PnNVs having the highest protein content. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of specific antitumour-related metabolites in m_PnNVs compared to s_PnNVs and l_PnNVs.

Conclusion

Overall, our results underscore the influence of plant tuber size on the bioactivity of the nanovesicles from which they are derived, emphasizing its importance for experimental design and study reproducibility.

Mediation of depressive symptoms in the association between blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio and cognition among middle-aged and elderly adults: evidence from a national longitudinal cohort study

BACKGROUND

The relationships between BUNCr (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine ratio) and cognitive function, as well as depressive symptoms, remain unclear. We aim to investigate the association between BUNCr and cognition, as well as depressive symptoms, and to identify the mechanisms underlying these relationships.

METHODS

We utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2015 to 2020. Cognitive function was assessed using the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) scale, while depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10). We employed multivariate linear regression models to examine the association between BUNCr and cognitive function, as well as depressive symptoms. Additionally, causal mediation analysis was conducted to identify potential mediation effects of depressive symptoms between BUNCr and cognition.

RESULTS

We observed a negative association between BUNCr and cognitive function (coefficient: -0.192; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.326 ∼ -0.059) and a positive relationship between BUNCr and depressive symptoms (coefficient: 0.145; 95% CI: 0.006 ∼ 0.285). In addition, the causal mediation analysis revealed that depressive symptoms (proportion mediated: 7.0%) significantly mediated the association between BUNCr and cognition.

CONCLUSION

Our study has unveiled that BUNCr is inversely associated with cognitive function and positively linked to depressive symptoms. Moreover, we found that depressive symptoms significantly mediated the association between BUNCr and cognition. These findings provide new evidence and insights for the prevention and management of cognitive function and dementia.

Endothelial cells-derived exosomes-based hydrogel improved tendinous repair via anti-inflammatory and tissue regeneration-promoting properties

Tendon injuries are common orthopedic ailments with a challenging healing trajectory, especially in cases like the Achilles tendon afflictions. The healing trajectory of tendon injuries is often suboptimal, leading to scar formation and functional impairment due to the inherent low metabolic activity and vascularization of tendon tissue. As pressing is needed for effective interventions, efforts are made to explore biomaterials to augment tendon healing. However, tissue engineering approaches face hurdles in optimizing tissue scaffolds and nanomedical strategies. To navigate these challenges, an injectable hydrogel amalgamated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells-derived exosomes (HUVECs-Exos) was prepared and named H-Exos-gel in this study, aiming to enhance tendon repair. In our research involving a model of Achilles tendon injuries in 60 rats, we investigated the efficacy of H-Exos-gel through histological assessments performed at 2 and 4 weeks and behavioral assessments conducted at the 4-week mark revealed its ability to enhance the Achilles tendon's mechanical strength, regulate inflammation and facilitate tendon regeneration and functional recovery. Mechanically, the H-Exos-gel modulated the cellular behaviors of macrophages and tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) by inhibiting inflammation-related pathways and promoting proliferation-related pathways. Our findings delineate that the H-Exos-gel epitomizes a viable bioactive medium for tendon healing, heralding a promising avenue for the clinical amelioration of tendon injuries.