151
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Yang Z, Sun YX, Ye T, Shi N, Tang F, Hu HY. Characterization of trihalomethane, haloacetic acid, and haloacetonitrile precursors in a seawater reverse osmosis system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:391-397. [PMID: 27792956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has been extensively applied to replenish the limited freshwater resources. One concern of such technology is the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the pre-chlorination process. For the SWRO tested in this study, the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) increased by 35.1, 23.7 and 4.9μg/L, respectively, after a seawater sample (with UV254/DOC of 3.7L/mg·m and Br- of 50.9mg/L) was pre-chlorinated (1-2mg-Cl2/L). The dissolved organic matter (DOM) with molecular weight (MW) <1kDa dominated the formation of total THMs, HAAs and HANs. To further investigate DBPs precursors in the seawater, the DOM with MW<1kDa was fractionated to hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), and hydrophilic substances (HIS). The excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectra analysis showed that most aromatic protein and fulvic acid of the DOM with MW<1kDa were present in the HON and HIS fractions. The HON fraction was the dominant precursor to form THMs and HAAs, while HIS controlled the formation of HANs. Furthermore, bromo - DBPs dominated the total DBPs yields after the chlorination of HIS fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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152
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Zuo YT, Hu Y, Lu WW, Cao JJ, Wang F, Han X, Lu WQ, Liu AL. Toxicity of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone and five regulated drinking water disinfection by-products for the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:456-463. [PMID: 27669387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Scarce toxicological data are available for 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ), an emerging water disinfection by-product (DBP) that is of potential public health concern. This study investigated the effects of DCBQ on the lethality, respiration rate, and DNA damage in the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. Meanwhile, the toxic effects of five regulated DBPs, dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), monobromoacetic acid (MBA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), have also been evaluated. The tested DBPs increased the lethality and inhibited the respiration of C. elegans with an identical order of toxicity as follows: DCBQ>MBA>DBA>DCA>TCA>NDMA. The EC50 value (median concentration causing 50% reduction in respiration compared with untreated C. elegans) is at least 30-fold lower than the corresponding LC50 value (median lethal concentration). Exposure to DCBQ and NDMA, but not to MBA, DBA, DCA, or TCA, resulted in DNA damage to C. elegans. The study suggested that DCBQ was more potent in inducing general toxicity than some regulated DBPs, and it revealed the in vivo genotoxic effect of DCBQ. Furthermore, the C. elegans-based bioassays may provide potentially useful tools for the toxicology assessment and ranking of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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153
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Sayess R, Reckhow DA. An improved method for total organic iodine in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 108:250-259. [PMID: 27836169 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A concise, rapid, and sensitive method is developed to measure organically-bound iodine in water. Total organic iodine (TOI) is used as an integrative surrogate that reflects the amount of iodinated organics in a water sample and is quantified using a refined method that builds on previous adsorption and detection approaches. The proposed method combines adsorption, combustion, and trapping of combustion products, with an offline inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for iodide detection. During method development, three analytical variables (factors) were varied across two levels each in order to optimize the method for iodine recovery: 1) the sample pH prior to adsorption on the granular activated carbon (GAC); 2) the amount of base addition to the trap solution; and 3) composition of the ICP-MS wash solution. These factors were tested with solutions of eight iodinated model organic compounds, two iodinated inorganic compounds, and field water samples using a full factorial experimental design. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and related statistical methods were deployed to identify the best combination of conditions (i.e., treatment) that results in the most complete recovery of iodine from the model compounds and the highest rejection of inorganic iodine. The chosen treatment for TOI measurement incorporates a sample pH of less than 1 prior to adsorption onto the GAC, a solution of 2% (v/v) tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for trapping of combustion products, and a TMAH wash solution of 0.1% (v/v) for the ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassil Sayess
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, United States.
| | - David A Reckhow
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, United States
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154
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Hu Y, Tan L, Zhang SH, Zuo YT, Han X, Liu N, Lu WQ, Liu AL. Detection of genotoxic effects of drinking water disinfection by-products using Vicia faba bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1509-1517. [PMID: 27785718 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based bioassays have gained wide use among the toxicological and/or ecotoxicological assessment procedures because of their simplicity, sensitivity, low cost, and reliability. The present study describes the use of Vicia faba (V. faba) micronucleus (MN) test and V. faba comet assay in the evaluation of the genotoxic potential of disinfection by-products (DBPs) commonly found in chlorine-disinfected drinking water. Five haloacetic acids and three halogenated acetonitriles were chosen as representatives of DBPs in this study because they are of potentially great public health risk. Results of the MN test indicated that monochloroacetic acid (MCA), monobromoacetic acid (MBA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) caused a statistically significant increase in MN frequency in V. faba root tip cells. However, no genotoxic response was observed for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN). Results of the comet assay showed that all tested DBPs induced a statistically significant increase in genomic DNA damage to V. faba root tip cells. On considering the capacity to detect genomic damage of a different nature, we suggest that a combination of V. faba MN test and V. faba comet assay is a useful tool for the detection of genotoxic effects of DBPs. It is worthy of assessing the feasibility of using V. faba comet assay combined with V. faba MN test to screen for the genotoxic activity of chlorinated drinking water in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Occupational Medicine of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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155
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Manasfi T, De Méo M, Di Giorgio C, Coulomb B, Boudenne JL. Assessing the genotoxicity of two commonly occurring byproducts of water disinfection: Chloral hydrate and bromal hydrate. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 813:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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156
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Su X, Li R, Tsang JS. The 228bp upstream non-coding region of haloacids transporter gene dehp2 has regulated promoter activity. Gene 2016; 593:322-9. [PMID: 27576348 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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157
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Dong S, Lu J, Plewa MJ, Nguyen TH. Comparative Mammalian Cell Cytotoxicity of Wastewaters for Agricultural Reuse after Ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11752-11759. [PMID: 27689387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reusing wastewater in agriculture is becoming increasingly common, which necessitates disinfection to ensure reuse safety. However, disinfectants can react with wastewater constituents to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs), many of which are toxic and restrict the goal of safe reuse. Our objective was to benchmark the induction of mammalian cell cytotoxicity after ozonation against chlorination for three types of real wastewaters: municipal secondary effluent and two sources of minimally treated swine farm wastewaters. A new method to evaluate samples of suspected high cytotoxicity was devised. For the secondary effluent, ozonation reduced the cytotoxicity by as much as 10 times; chlorination lowered the cytotoxicity only when followed by dechlorination. The swine farm wastewaters were up to 2000 times more cytotoxic than the secondary effluent, and the highest reduction in cytotoxicity was 17 times as achieved by ozonation. These results indicate that secondary effluent is preferred over swine wastewaters for agricultural reuse regardless of the tested disinfectants. Ozonation consistently reduced the cytotoxicity of both the full strength and the organic extracts of all tested wastewaters more than chlorination. The only significant correlation was observed in the secondary wastewater between total haloacetonitriles and cytotoxicity. While the association of reduced toxicity with the modification or reduction of specific compound(s) is unclear, regulated DBPs may not be the primary forcing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, §Department of Crop Sciences, ‡Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, ⊥Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, §Department of Crop Sciences, ‡Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, ⊥Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, §Department of Crop Sciences, ‡Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, ⊥Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, §Department of Crop Sciences, ‡Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, ⊥Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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158
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Chuang YH, Parker KM, Mitch WA. Development of Predictive Models for the Degradation of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts during the UV/H 2O 2 Advanced Oxidation Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11209-11217. [PMID: 27632694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that the reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used to purify municipal wastewater to potable quality have difficulty removing low molecular weight halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and industrial chemicals. Because of the wide range of chemical characteristics of these DBPs, this study developed methods to predict their degradation within the UV/H2O2 AOP via UV direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical (•OH) reaction, so that DBPs most likely to pass through the AOP could be predicted. Among 26 trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes, halonitromethanes and haloacetamides, direct photolysis rate constants (254 nm) varied by ∼3 orders of magnitude, with rate constants increasing with Br and I substitution. Quantum yields varied little (0.12-0.59 mol/Einstein), such that rate constants were driven by the orders of magnitude variation in molar extinction coefficients. Quantum chemical calculations indicated a strong correlation between molar extinction coefficients and decreasing energy gaps between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals (i.e., ELUMO-EHOMO). Rate constants for 37 trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes, halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and haloacetic acids with •OH measured by gamma radiolysis spanned 4 orders of magnitude. Based on these rate constants, a quantitative structure-reactivity relationship model (Group Contribution Method) was developed which predicted •OH rate constants for 5 additional halogenated compounds within a factor of 2. A kinetics model combining the molar extinction coefficients, quantum yields and •OH rate constants predicted experimental DBP loss in a lab-scale UV/H2O2 AOP well. Highlighting the difficulty associated with degrading these DBPs, at the 500-1000 mJ/cm2 UV fluence applied in potable reuse trains, 50% removal would be achieved generally only for compounds with several -Br or -I substituents, mostly due to higher molar extinction coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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159
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Feng Q, Liu S, Mao Z, Xu J, Wang Z, Le XC. Cover features and new Associate Editors of the Journal of Environmental Sciences. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 48:1-5. [PMID: 27745653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Suqin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhengang Mao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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160
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Xiao Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Lim KY, Webster RD, Lim TT. Comparative evaluation of iodoacids removal by UV/persulfate and UV/H2O2 processes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:629-639. [PMID: 27479295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To develop a cost-effective method for post-formation mitigation of iodinated disinfection by-products, degradation of iodoacids by UV, UV/PS (persulfate), and UV/H2O2 was extensively investigated in this study. UV direct photolysis of 4 iodoacids followed first-order kinetics with rate constants in the range of 2.43 × 10(-4)-3.02 × 10(-3) cm(2) kJ(-1). The derived quantum yields (Ф254) of the 4 iodoacids range from 0.13 to 0.34, respectively. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was subsequently established and applied to predict the direct photolysis rates of 6 other structurally similar iodoacids whose standards are commercially unavailable. At a UV dose of 140 mJ cm(-2) which is typically applied for disinfection of drinking water, the removal percentages of 4 iodoacids were only between 3.35% and 34.7%. Thus, ICH2CO2H (IAA), the most photo-recalcitrant species, was selected as the target compound for removal in the UV/PS and UV/H2O2 processes. The IAA degradation rates decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 11 in both processes. Humic acid (HA) and HCO3(-) had inhibitory effects on IAA degradation in both processes. Cl(-) adversely affected the IAA degradation in the UV/PS process but had no effect in the UV/H2O2 process. Generally, in the deionized (DI) water, surface water, treated drinking water, and secondary effluent, UV/PS process is more effective than UV/H2O2 process for IAA removal, based on the same molar ratio of oxidant: IAA. SO4(-) generated in the UV/PS process yields a greater mineralization of IAA than HO in the UV/H2O2 process. IO3(-) was the predominant end-product in the UV/PS process, while I(-) was the major end-product in the UV/H2O2 process. The respective contributions of UV, HO, and SO4(-) for IAA removal in the UV/PS process were 7.8%, 14.7%, and 77.5%, respectively, at a specific condition (1.5 μM IAA, 60 μM oxidant, and pH 7). Compared to UV/H2O2 process, UV/PS was also observed as more cost-effective process based on the electrical energy per order (EE/O) and chemical cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xiao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore; Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kok-Yong Lim
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Physical and Mathematic Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Teik-Thye Lim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Republic of Singapore.
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161
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Transport of haloacids across biological membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:3061-3070. [PMID: 27668346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Haloacids are considered to be environmental pollutants, but some of them have also been tested in clinical research. The way that haloacids are transported across biological membranes is important for both biodegradation and drug delivery purposes. In this review, we will first summarize putative haloacids transporters and the information about haloacids transport when studying carboxylates transporters. We will then introduce MCT1 and SLC5A8, which are respective transporter for antitumor agent 3-bromopyruvic acid and dichloroacetic acid, and monochloroacetic acid transporters Deh4p and Dehp2 from a haloacids-degrading bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis of these haloacids transporters and other monocarboxylate transporters reveals their evolutionary relationships. Haloacids transporters are not studied to the extent that they deserve compared with their great application potentials, thus future inter-discipline research are desired to better characterize their transport mechanisms for potential applications in both environmental and clinical fields.
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162
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Yang L, Schmalz C, Zhou J, Zwiener C, Chang VWC, Ge L, Wan MP. An insight of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation by alternative disinfectants for swimming pool disinfection under tropical conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:535-546. [PMID: 27300590 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is the most commonly used disinfectant in pool treatment system. Outdoor pools usually suffer from the strong sunlight irradiation which degrades the free chlorine rapidly. In addition, more pools start to adopt the recirculation of swimming pool water, which intensifies the disinfection by-product (DBP) accumulation issue. Given these potential drawbacks of using NaClO in the tropical environment, two alternative organic-based disinfectants, trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA, C3Cl3N3O3) and bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH, C5H6BrClN2O2), were investigated and compared to NaClO in terms of their self-degradation and the formation of DBPs, including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), under simulated tropical climate conditions. The result reveals that halogen stabilizer, TCCA, had the advantages of slower free chlorine degradation and lower DBP concentration compared to NaClO, which makes it a good alternative disinfectant. BCDMH was not recommended mainly due to the highly reactive disinfecting ingredient, hypobromous acid (HBrO), which fails to sustain the continuous disinfection requirement. Total disinfectant dosage was the main factor that affects residual chlorine/bromine and THM/HAA formation regardless of different disinfectant dosing methods, e.g. shock dosing (one-time spiking) in the beginning, and continuous dosing during the whole experimental period. Two-stage second-order-kinetic-based models demonstrate a good correlation between the measured and predicted data for chlorine decay (R(2) ≥ 0.95), THM (R(2) ≥ 0.99) and HAA (R(2) ≥ 0.83) formation. Higher temperature was found to enhance the DBP formation due to the temperature dependence of reaction rates. Thus, temperature control of pools, especially for those preferring higher temperatures (e.g. hydrotherapy and spa), should take both bather comfort and DBP formation potential into consideration. It is also observed that chlorine competition existed between different precursors from natural organic matters (NOM) in filling water and body fluid analogue (BFA). Among the composition of BFA, uric acid, citric acid and hippuric acid were found to be the main precursors for HAA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Yang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Christina Schmalz
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jin Zhou
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Victor W-C Chang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Division of Environmental and Water Resources, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Man Pun Wan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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163
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Zeng T, Plewa MJ, Mitch WA. N-Nitrosamines and halogenated disinfection byproducts in U.S. Full Advanced Treatment trains for potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:176-186. [PMID: 27262122 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water utilities are increasingly considering indirect and direct potable reuse of municipal wastewater effluents. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), particularly N-nitrosamines, are key contaminants of potential health concern for potable reuse. This study quantified the concentrations of N-nitrosamines and a suite of regulated and unregulated halogenated DBPs across five U.S. potable reuse Full Advanced Treatment trains incorporating microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and UV-based advanced oxidation. Low μg/L concentrations of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, dichloroacetonitrile, and dichloroacetamide were detected in the secondary or tertiary wastewater effluents serving as influents to potable reuse treatment trains, while the concentrations of N-nitrosamines were more variable (e.g., <2-320 ng/L for N-nitrosodimethylamine). Ozonation promoted the formation of N-nitrosamines, haloacetaldehydes, and haloacetamides, but biological activated carbon effectively reduced concentrations of these DBPs. Application of chloramines upstream of microfiltration for biofouling control increased DBP concentrations to their highest levels observed along the treatment trains. Reverse osmosis rejected DBPs to varying degrees, ranging from low for some (e.g., N-nitrosamines, trihalomethanes, and haloacetonitriles) to high for other DBPs. UV-based advanced oxidation eliminated N-nitrosamines, but only partially removed halogenated DBPs. Chloramination of the treatment train product waters under simulated distribution system conditions formed additional DBPs, with concentrations often equaling or exceeding those in the treatment train influents. Overall, the concentration profiles of DBPs were fairly consistent within individual treatment trains for sampling campaigns separated by months and across different treatment trains for the same sampling time window. Weighting DBP concentrations by their toxic potencies highlighted the potential significance of haloacetonitriles, which were not effectively removed by reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation, to the DBP-associated toxicity in potable reuse waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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164
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Miranda AC, Lepretti M, Rizzo L, Caputo I, Vaiano V, Sacco O, Lopes WS, Sannino D. Surface water disinfection by chlorination and advanced oxidation processes: Inactivation of an antibiotic resistant E. coli strain and cytotoxicity evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:1-6. [PMID: 26945469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of antibiotics into the environment can result in antibiotic resistance (AR) spread, which in turn can seriously affect human health. Antibiotic resistant bacteria have been detected in different aquatic environments used as drinking water source. Water disinfection may be a possible solution to minimize AR spread but conventional processes, such as chlorination, result in the formation of dangerous disinfection by-products. In this study advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely H2O2/UV, TiO2/UV and N-TiO2/UV, have been compared with chlorination in the inactivation of an AR Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain in surface water. TiO2 P25 and nitrogen doped TiO2 (N-TiO2), prepared by sol-gel method at two different synthesis temperatures (0 and -20°C), were investigated in heterogeneous photocatalysis experiments. Under the investigated conditions, chlorination (1.0 mg L(-1)) was the faster process (2.5 min) to achieve total inactivation (6 Log). Among AOPs, H2O2/UV resulted in the best inactivation rate: total inactivation (6 Log) was achieved in 45 min treatment. Total inactivation was not observed (4.5 Log), also after 120 min treatment, only for N-doped TiO2 synthesized at 0°C. Moreover, H2O2/UV and chlorination processes were evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity potential by means of 3-(4,5-dime-thylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium colorimetric test on a human-derived cell line and they similarly affected HepG2 cells viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Costa Miranda
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Brazil
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vaiano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Olga Sacco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Wilton Silva Lopes
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Brazil
| | - Diana Sannino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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165
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Jeong CH, Gao L, Dettro T, Wagner ED, Ricke WA, Plewa MJ, Flaws JA. Monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products inhibit follicle growth and steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian antral follicles in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 62:71-6. [PMID: 27151372 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Water disinfection greatly reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases, but the reaction between disinfectants and natural organic matter in water leads to the formation of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs). DBPs have been shown to be toxic, but their effects on the ovary are not well defined. This study tested the hypothesis that monohalogenated DBPs (chloroacetic acid, CAA; bromoacetic acid, BAA; iodoacetic acid, IAA) inhibit antral follicle growth and steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles. Antral follicles were isolated and cultured with either vehicle or DBPs (0.25-1.00mM of CAA; 2-15μM of BAA or IAA) for 48 and 96h. Follicle growth was measured every 24h and the media were analyzed for estradiol levels at 96h. Exposure to DBPs significantly inhibited antral follicle growth and reduced estradiol levels compared to controls. These data demonstrate that DBP exposure caused ovarian toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H Jeong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tyler Dettro
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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166
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Postigo C, Cojocariu CI, Richardson SD, Silcock PJ, Barcelo D. Characterization of iodinated disinfection by-products in chlorinated and chloraminated waters using Orbitrap based gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3401-11. [PMID: 27007731 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) have opened up the possibility to use the high resolution-accurate mass (HRAM) Orbitrap mass analyzer to further characterize the volatile and semivolatile fractions of environmental samples. This work describes the utilization of GC Orbitrap MS technology to characterize iodine-containing disinfection by-products (iodo-DBPs) in chlorinated and chloraminated DBP mixture concentrates. These DBP mixtures were generated in lab-scale disinfection reactions using Llobregat river water and solutions containing Nordic Lake natural organic matter (NOM). The DBPs generated were concentrated using XAD resins, and extracts obtained were analyzed in full scan mode with the GC Orbitrap MS. Integration of high resolution accurate mass information and fragment rationalization allowed the characterization of up to 11 different iodo-DBPs in the water extracts analyzed, including one new iodo-DBP reported for the first time. Overall, formation of iodo-DBPs was enhanced during chloramination reactions. As expected, NOM characteristics and iodide and bromide content of the tested waters affected the amount and type of iodo-DBPs generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristian I Cojocariu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Paul J Silcock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tudor Road, Manor Park, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 1TA, UK
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
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167
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Stalter D, O'Malley E, von Gunten U, Escher BI. Fingerprinting the reactive toxicity pathways of 50 drinking water disinfection by-products. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 91:19-30. [PMID: 26773486 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A set of nine in vitro cellular bioassays indicative of different stages of the cellular toxicity pathway was applied to 50 disinfection by-products (DBPs) to obtain a better understanding of the commonalities and differences in the molecular mechanisms of reactive toxicity of DBPs. An Eschericia coli test battery revealed reactivity towards proteins/peptides for 64% of the compounds. 98% activated the NRf2-mediated oxidative stress response and 68% induced an adaptive stress response to genotoxic effects as indicated by the activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. All DBPs reactive towards DNA in the E. coli assay and activating p53 also induced oxidative stress, confirming earlier studies that the latter could trigger DBP's carcinogenicity. The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ELUMO as reactivity descriptor was linearly correlated with oxidative stress induction for trihalomethanes (r(2)=0.98) and haloacetamides (r(2)=0.58), indicating that potency of these DBPs is connected to electrophilicity. However, the descriptive power was poor for haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (r(2) (<) 0.06). For HAAs, we additionally accounted for speciation by including the acidity constant with ELUMO in a two-parameter multiple linear regression model. This increased r(2) to >0.80, indicating that HAAs' potency is connected to both, electrophilicity and speciation. Based on the activation of oxidative stress response and the soft electrophilic character of most tested DBPs we hypothesize that indirect genotoxicity-e.g., through oxidative stress induction and/or enzyme inhibition-is more plausible than direct DNA damage for most investigated DBPs. The results provide not only a mechanistic understanding of the cellular effects of DBPs but the effect concentrations may also serve to evaluate mixture effects of DBPs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Elissa O'Malley
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beate I Escher
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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168
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Pals JA, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Energy of the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, Thiol Reactivity, and Toxicity of Three Monobrominated Water Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3215-21. [PMID: 26854864 PMCID: PMC4800005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of drinking water protects public health against waterborne pathogens. However, during disinfection, toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Exposure to DBPs was associated with increased risk of bladder cancer in humans. DBPs are generated at concentrations below their carcinogenic potencies; it is unclear how exposure leads to adverse health outcomes. We used computational estimates of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) to predict thiol reactivity and additive toxicity among soft electrophile DBPs. Bromoacetic acid (BAA) was identified as non-thiol-reactive, which was supported by in chemico and in vitro data. Bromoacetonitrile (BAN) and bromoacetamide (BAM) were thiol-reactive. Genotoxicity induced by these compounds was reduced by increasing the thiol pool with N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC), while NAC had little effect on BAA. BAN and BAM shared depletion of glutathione (GSH) or cellular thiols as a molecular initiating event (MIE), whereas BAA induces toxicity through another pathway. Binary mixtures of BAM and BAN expressed a potentiating effect in genotoxicity. We found that soft electrophile DBPs could be an important predictor of common mechanism groups that demonstrated additive toxicity. In silico estimates of ELUMO could be used to identify the most relevant DBPs that are the forcing factors of the toxicity of finished drinking waters.
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169
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Jeong CH, Postigo C, Richardson SD, Simmons JE, Kimura SY, Mariñas BJ, Barcelo D, Liang P, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Occurrence and Comparative Toxicity of Haloacetaldehyde Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13749-59. [PMID: 25942416 PMCID: PMC4791037 DOI: 10.1021/es506358x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of drinking water disinfection greatly reduced waterborne diseases. However, the reaction between disinfectants and natural organic matter in the source water leads to an unintended consequence, the formation of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are the third largest group by weight of identified DBPs in drinking water. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence and comparative toxicity of the emerging HAL DBPs. A new HAL DBP, iodoacetaldehyde (IAL) was identified. This study provided the first systematic, quantitative comparison of HAL toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The rank order of HAL cytotoxicity is tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL) ≈ chloroacetaldehyde (CAL) > dibromoacetaldehyde (DBAL) ≈ bromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) ≈ dibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) > IAL > bromoacetaldehyde (BAL) ≈ bromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL) > dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL) > trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL). The HALs were highly cytotoxic compared to other DBP chemical classes. The rank order of HAL genotoxicity is DBAL > CAL ≈ DBCAL > TBAL ≈ BAL > BDCAL>BCAL ≈ DCAL>IAL. TCAL was not genotoxic. Because of their toxicity and abundance, further research is needed to investigate their mode of action to protect the public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H. Jeong
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Benito J. Mariñas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R China
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 217-333-3614.
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170
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Regli S, Chen J, Messner M, Elovitz MS, Letkiewicz FJ, Pegram RA, Pepping TJ, Richardson SD, Wright JM. Estimating Potential Increased Bladder Cancer Risk Due to Increased Bromide Concentrations in Sources of Disinfected Drinking Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13094-13102. [PMID: 26489011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Public water systems are increasingly facing higher bromide levels in their source waters from anthropogenic contamination through coal-fired power plants, conventional oil and gas extraction, textile mills, and hydraulic fracturing. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this in coming years. We estimate bladder cancer risk from potential increased bromide levels in source waters of disinfecting public drinking water systems in the United States. Bladder cancer is the health end point used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its benefits analysis for regulating disinfection byproducts in drinking water. We use estimated increases in the mass of the four regulated trihalomethanes (THM4) concentrations (due to increased bromide incorporation) as the surrogate disinfection byproduct (DBP) occurrence metric for informing potential bladder cancer risk. We estimate potential increased excess lifetime bladder cancer risk as a function of increased source water bromide levels. Results based on data from 201 drinking water treatment plants indicate that a bromide increase of 50 μg/L could result in a potential increase of between 10(-3) and 10(-4) excess lifetime bladder cancer risk in populations served by roughly 90% of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Regli
- Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Jimmy Chen
- Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Michael Messner
- Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Michael S Elovitz
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | | | - Rex A Pegram
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - T J Pepping
- Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Internship/Research Participation Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - J Michael Wright
- Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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171
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Gordon AR, Richardson TL, Pinckney JL. Ecotoxicology of bromoacetic acid on estuarine phytoplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:369-375. [PMID: 26247379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bromoacetic acid is formed when effluent containing chlorine residuals react with humics in natural waters containing bromide. The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of bromoacetic acid on estuarine phytoplankton as a proxy for ecosystem productivity. Bioassays were used to measure the EC50 for growth in cultured species and natural marine communities. Growth inhibition was estimated by changes in chlorophyll a concentrations measured by fluorometry and HPLC. The EC50s for cultured Thalassiosira pseudonana were 194 mg L(-1), 240 mg L(-1) for Dunaliella tertiolecta and 209 mg L(-1) for Rhodomonas salina. Natural phytoplankton communities were more sensitive to contamination with an EC50 of 80 mg L(-1). Discriminant analysis suggested that bromoacetic acid additions cause an alteration of phytoplankton community structure with implications for higher trophic levels. A two-fold EC50 decrease in mixed natural phytoplankton populations affirms the importance of field confirmation for establishing water quality criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Gordon
- Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Tammi L Richardson
- Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - James L Pinckney
- Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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172
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Michałowicz J, Wróblewski W, Mokra K, Maćczak A, Kwiatkowska M. Comparative study of the effect of chloro-, dichloro-, bromo-, and dibromoacetic acid on necrotic, apoptotic and morphological changes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study). Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1416-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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173
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Procházka E, Escher BI, Plewa MJ, Leusch FDL. In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Adaptive Stress Responses to Selected Haloacetic Acid and Halobenzoquinone Water Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2059-68. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Procházka
- Smart
Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Smart
Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Cell
Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research−UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental
Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Frederic D. L. Leusch
- Smart
Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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174
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Kim D, Amy GL, Karanfil T. Disinfection by-product formation during seawater desalination: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 81:343-355. [PMID: 26099832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to increased freshwater demand across the globe, seawater desalination has become the technology of choice in augmenting water supplies in many parts of the world. The use of chemical disinfection is necessary in desalination plants for pre-treatment to control both biofouling as well as the post-disinfection of desalinated water. Although chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant in desalination plants, its reaction with organic matter produces various disinfection by-products (DBPs) (e.g., trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], and haloacetonitriles [HANs]), and some DBPs are regulated in many countries due to their potential risks to public health. To reduce the formation of chlorinated DBPs, alternative oxidants (disinfectants) such as chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and ozone can be considered, but they also produce other types of DBPs. In addition, due to high levels of bromide and iodide concentrations in seawater, highly cytotoxic and genotoxic DBP species (i.e., brominated and iodinated DBPs) may form in distribution systems, especially when desalinated water is blended with other source waters having higher levels of organic matter. This article reviews the knowledge accumulated in the last few decades on DBP formation during seawater desalination, and summarizes in detail, the occurrence of DBPs in various thermal and membrane plants involving different desalination processes. The review also identifies the current challenges and future research needs for controlling DBP formation in seawater desalination plants and to reduce the potential toxicity of desalinated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Gary L Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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175
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Allard S, Tan J, Joll CA, von Gunten U. Mechanistic Study on the Formation of Cl-/Br-/I-Trihalomethanes during Chlorination/Chloramination Combined with a Theoretical Cytotoxicity Evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11105-14. [PMID: 26280905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination followed by chloramination can be used to mitigate the formation of potentially toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) while controlling the formation of regulated chloro-bromo-DBPs (Cl-/Br-DBPs). Water samples containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates were subjected to 3 disinfection scenarios: NH2Cl, prechlorination followed by ammonia addition, and HOCl alone. A theoretical cytotoxicity evaluation was carried out based on the trihalomethanes (THMs) formed. This study demonstrates that the presence of bromide not only enhances the yield and rate of iodate formation, it also increases the formation of brominated I-THM precursors. A shift in the speciation from CHCl2I to the more toxic CHBr2I, as well as increased iodine incorporation in THMs, was observed in the presence of bromide. For low bromide concentrations, a decrease in I-THM formation and theoretical cytotoxicity was achieved only for high prechlorination times, while for high bromide concentrations, a short prechlorination time enabled the full conversion of iodide to iodate. For low DOM concentrations or DOM with low reactivity, Br-/I-THMs were preferentially formed for short prechlorination times, inducing high cytotoxicity. However, for high chlorine exposures, the cytotoxicity induced by the formation of regulated THMs might outweigh the benefit of I-THM mitigation. For high DOM concentrations or DOM with higher reactivity, mixed I-THMs were formed together with high concentrations of regulated THMs. In this case, based on the cytotoxicity of the THMs formed, the use of NH2Cl is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Jace Tan
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ETH Zürich , 8600 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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176
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Kimura SY, Vu TN, Komaki Y, Plewa MJ, Mariñas BJ. Acetonitrile and N-Chloroacetamide Formation from the Reaction of Acetaldehyde and Monochloramine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9954-63. [PMID: 26167888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitriles and amides are two classes of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) associated with chloramination that are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than regulated DBPs. Monochloramine reacts with acetaldehyde, a common ozone and free chlorine disinfection byproduct, to form 1-(chloroamino)ethanol. Equilibrium (K1) and forward and reverse rate (k1,k-1) constants for the reaction between initial reactants and 1-(chloroamino)ethanol were determined between 2 and 30 °C. Activation energies for k1 and k-1 were 3.04 and 45.2 kJ·mol(-1), respectively, and enthalpy change for K1 was -42.1 kJ·mol(-1). In parallel reactions, 1-(chloroamino)ethanol (1) slowly dehydrated (k2) to (chloroimino)ethane that further decomposed to acetonitrile and (2) was oxidized (k3) by monochloramine to produce N-chloroacetamide. Both reactions were acid/base catalyzed, and rate constants were characterized at 10, 18, and 25 °C. Modeling for drinking water distribution system conditions showed that N-chloroacetamide and acetonitrile concentrations were 5-9 times higher at pH 9.0 compared to 7.8. Furthermore, acetonitrile concentration was found to form 7-10 times higher than N-chloroacetamide under typical monochloramine and acetaldehyde concentrations. N-chloroacetamide cytotoxicity (LC50 = 1.78 × 10(-3) M) was comparable to dichloroacetamide and trichloroacetamide, but less potent than N,2-dichloroacetamide and chloroacetamide. While N-chloroacetamide was not found to be genotoxic, N,2-dichloroacetamide genotoxic potency (5.19 × 10(-3) M) was on the same order of magnitude as chloroacetamide and trichloroacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Y Kimura
- †Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Science, and §Science and Technology Center for Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Trang Nha Vu
- †Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Science, and §Science and Technology Center for Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yukako Komaki
- †Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Science, and §Science and Technology Center for Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- †Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Science, and §Science and Technology Center for Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Benito J Mariñas
- †Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Science, and §Science and Technology Center for Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
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177
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Dichloroacetate Decreases Cell Health and Activates Oxidative Stress Defense Pathways in Rat Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:129031. [PMID: 26301238 PMCID: PMC4537706 DOI: 10.1155/2015/129031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a water purification byproduct that is known to be hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic and to induce peripheral neuropathy and damage macrophages. This study characterizes the effects of the haloacetate on lung cells by exposing rat alveolar type II (L2) cells to 0–24 mM DCA for 6–24 hours. Increasing DCA concentration and the combination of increasing DCA concentration plus longer exposures decrease measures of cellular health. Length of exposure has no effect on oxidative stress biomarkers, glutathione, SOD, or CAT. Increasing DCA concentration alone does not affect total glutathione or its redox ratio but does increase activity in the SOD/CAT oxidative stress defense pathway. These data suggest that alveolar type II cells rely on SOD and CAT more than glutathione to combat DCA-induced stress.
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178
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Varshney M, Chandra A, Jain R, Ahmad R, Bihari V, Chandran CK, Mudiam MKR, Patnaik S, Goel SK. Occupational health hazards of trichloroethylene among workers in relation to altered mRNA expression of cell cycle regulating genes (p53, p21, bax and bcl-2) and PPARA. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:748-757. [PMID: 28962410 PMCID: PMC5598265 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is widely used as a metal degreaser in industrial processes. The present study reports on the effects of TCE exposure on workers employed in the lock industries. To ensure exposure of the workers to TCE, its toxic metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and trichloroethanol (TCEOH) were detected in the plasma of the subjects through solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-electron capture detection. TCA, DCA and TCEOH were detected in the range of 0.004–2.494 μg/mL, 0.01–3.612 μg/mL and 0.002–0.617 μg/mL, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed up-regulated expression of p53 (2.4-fold; p < 0.05), p21 (2-fold; p < 0.01), bax (2.9-fold; p < 0.01) mRNAs and down-regulated expression of bcl-2 (67%; p < 0.05) mRNAs, indicating DNA damaging potential of these metabolites. No effects were observed on the levels of p16 and c-myc mRNAs. Further, as TCA and DCA, the ligand of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA), are involved in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents, we examined expression of PPARA mRNA and let-7c miRNA in the workers. No statistically significant differences in expression of PPARA mRNA and let-7c miRNA in patients were observed as compared to values in controls. Dehydroepiandosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is a reported endogenous ligand of PPARA so its competitive role was also studied. We observed decreased levels of DHEAS hormone in the subjects. Hence, its involvement in mediation of the observed changes in the levels of various mRNAs analyzed in this study appears unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Varshney
- Petroleum Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Abhijit Chandra
- Surgical Gastroenterology Division, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Rajeev Jain
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Biochemical and Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Vipin Bihari
- Epidemiology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - C Keshava Chandran
- Epidemiology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Mohana K R Mudiam
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Satykam Patnaik
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - S K Goel
- Petroleum Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly - Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), M.G. Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, India
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179
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Teixidó E, Piqué E, Gonzalez-Linares J, Llobet JM, Gómez-Catalán J. Developmental effects and genotoxicity of 10 water disinfection by-products in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:54-66. [PMID: 25719465 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products are contaminants produced during drinking water disinfection. Several DBPs have been implicated in a variety of toxic effects, mainly carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. Moreover, DBPs exposure has also been associated with an increased risk of developmental effects. In this study, the developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of 10 DBPs (four trihalomethanes [THMs], five haloacetic acids [HAAs] and sodium bromate) in the zebrafish embryo model were evaluated. Embryos exposed for 72 hours were observed for different endpoints such as growth, hatching success, malformations and lethality. THMs exposure resulted in adverse developmental effects and a significant reduced tail length. Two HAAs, tribromoacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid, along with sodium bromate were found to cause a significant increase in malformation rate. Chloroform, chlorodibromomethane and sodium bromate produced a weak induction of DNA damage to whole embryos. However, developmental effects occurred at a range of concentrations (20-100 μg/mL) several orders of magnitude above the levels that can be attained in fetal blood in humans exposed to chlorinated water. In conclusion, the teratogenic and genotoxic activity observed by some DBPs in zebrafish reinforce the view that there is a weak capacity of disinfection products to cause developmental effects at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Teixidó
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
| | - Esther Piqué
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Linares
- GRET-CERETOX and Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Barcelona Science Park. Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan M Llobet
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
| | - Jesús Gómez-Catalán
- GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
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180
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Li J, Wang W, Moe B, Wang H, Li XF. Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of Halobenzoquinones, an Emerging Class of Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:306-18. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500494r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Wei Wang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Birget Moe
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Hailin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100085
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2G3
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181
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, JM Palms Center, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, JM Palms Center, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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182
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Plewa MJ, Wagner ED. Charting a New Path To Resolve the Adverse Health Effects of DBPs. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1190.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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183
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Ali A, Kurzawa-Zegota M, Najafzadeh M, Gopalan RC, Plewa MJ, Anderson D. Effect of drinking water disinfection by-products in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and sperm. Mutat Res 2014; 770:136-43. [PMID: 25771880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated by the chemical disinfection of water and may pose hazards to public health. Two major classes of DBPs are found in finished drinking water: haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). HAAs are formed following disinfection with chlorine, which reacts with iodide and bromide in the water. Previously the HAAs were shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of HAAs in human somatic and germ cells and whether oxidative stress is involved in genotoxic action. In the present study both somatic and germ cells have been examined as peripheral blood lymphocytes and sperm. METHODS The effects of three HAA compounds: iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA) and chloroacetic acid (CAA) were investigated. After determining appropriate concentration responses, oxygen radical involvement with the antioxidants, butylated hydroxanisole (BHA) and the enzyme catalase, were investigated in the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay under alkaline conditions, >pH 13 and the micronucleus assay. RESULTS In the Comet assay, BHA and catalase were able to reduce DNA damage in each cell type compared to HAA alone. In the micronucleus assay, micronuclei (MNi) were found in peripheral lymphocytes exposed to all three HAAs and catalase and BHA were in general, able to reduce MNi induction, suggesting oxygen radicals play a role in both assays. CONCLUSION These observations are of concern to public health since both human somatic and germ cells show similar genotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ali
- Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology Group, Medical Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Malgorzata Kurzawa-Zegota
- Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology Group, Medical Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Mojgan Najafzadeh
- Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology Group, Medical Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Rajendran C Gopalan
- Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology Group, Medical Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and NSF Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Diana Anderson
- Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology Group, Medical Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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184
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Lin T, Wu S, Chen W. Formation potentials of bromate and brominated disinfection by-products in bromide-containing water by ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13987-14003. [PMID: 25035057 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation involved in drinking water treatment raises issues of water quality security when the raw water contains bromide (Br(-)). Br(-) ions may be converted to bromate (BrO3 (-)) during ozonation and some brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) in the following chlorination. In this study, the effects of ozone (O3) dosage, contact time, pH, and Br(-) and ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations on the formation of BrO3 (-) and Br-DBPs have been investigated. The results show that decreasing the initial Br(-) concentration is an effective means of controlling the formation of BrO3 (-). When the concentration of Br(-) was lower than 100 μg/L, by keeping the ratio of O3 dosage to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at less than 1, BrO3 (-) production was effectively suppressed. The concentration of BrO3 (-) steadily increased with increasing O3 dosage at high Br(-) concentration (>900 μg/L). Additionally, a longer ozonation time increased the concentrations of BrO3 (-) and total organic bromine (TOBr), while it had less impact on the formation potentials of brominated trihalomethanes (Br-THMFP) and haloacetic acids (Br-HAAFP). Higher pH value and the presence of ammonia may lead to an increase in the formation potential of BrO3 (-) and Br-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China,
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185
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Wang S, Zheng W, Liu X, Xue P, Jiang S, Lu D, Zhang Q, He G, Pi J, Andersen ME, Tan H, Qu W. Iodoacetic acid activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13478-88. [PMID: 25332096 DOI: 10.1021/es502855x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is an unregulated drinking-water disinfection byproduct with potent cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity in animals. Oxidative stress is thought to be essential for IAA toxicity, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. Here we evaluated the toxicity of IAA by examining nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response, luciferase antioxidant response element (ARE) activity, and intracellular glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells. IAA showed significant activation of ARE-luciferase reporter, mRNA, and protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes (GCLC, NQO1, and HO-1). IAA also increased the intracellular GSH level in HepG2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we verified IAA induced Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in rats. Subsequently, we confirmed the specific role of Nrf2 in IAA induced toxicity using NRF2-knockdown cells. Deficiency of NRF2 significantly enhanced sensitivity to IAA toxicity and led to an increase of IAA induced micronulei. We also examined the effects of antioxidant on Nrf2-mediated response in IAA treated cells. Pretreatment with curcumin markedly reduced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (micronuclei formation) IAA in HepG2 cells. Our work here provides direct evidence that IAA activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in vitro and in vivo and that oxidative stress plays a role in IAA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Yi Xue Yuan Road 138, Shanghai 200032, China
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186
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Garcia-Segura S, Keller J, Brillas E, Radjenovic J. Removal of organic contaminants from secondary effluent by anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond anode as tertiary treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:551-557. [PMID: 25464295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have been widely investigated as promising technologies to remove trace organic contaminants from water, but have rarely been used for the treatment of real waste streams. Anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode was applied for the treatment of secondary effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant containing 29 target pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed from the contaminants decay, dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand removal. The effect of applied current and pH was evaluated. Almost complete mineralization of effluent organic matter and trace contaminants can be obtained by this EAOP primarily due to the action of hydroxyl radicals formed at the BDD surface. The oxidation of Cl(-) ions present in the wastewater at the BDD anode gave rise to active chlorine species (Cl2/HClO/ClO(-)), which are competitive oxidizing agents yielding chloramines and organohalogen byproducts, quantified as adsorbable organic halogen. However, further anodic oxidation of HClO/ClO(-) species led to the production of ClO3(-) and ClO4(-) ions. The formation of these species hampers the application as a single-stage tertiary treatment, but posterior cathodic reduction of chlorate and perchlorate species may reduce the risks associated to their presence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Bld. (60), St Lucia, QLD 072, Australia; Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jürg Keller
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Bld. (60), St Lucia, QLD 072, Australia
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Bld. (60), St Lucia, QLD 072, Australia.
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187
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Werschkun B, Banerji S, Basurko OC, David M, Fuhr F, Gollasch S, Grummt T, Haarich M, Jha AN, Kacan S, Kehrer A, Linders J, Mesbahi E, Pughiuc D, Richardson SD, Schwarz-Schulz B, Shah A, Theobald N, von Gunten U, Wieck S, Höfer T. Emerging risks from ballast water treatment: the run-up to the International Ballast Water Management Convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:256-66. [PMID: 25048914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and discharge of ballast water by ocean-going ships contribute to the worldwide spread of aquatic invasive species, with negative impacts on the environment, economies, and public health. The International Ballast Water Management Convention aims at a global answer. The agreed standards for ballast water discharge will require ballast water treatment. Systems based on various physical and/or chemical methods were developed for on-board installation and approved by the International Maritime Organization. Most common are combinations of high-performance filters with oxidizing chemicals or UV radiation. A well-known problem of oxidative water treatment is the formation of disinfection by-products, many of which show genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term toxicity. In natural biota, genetic damages can affect reproductive success and ultimately impact biodiversity. The future exposure towards chemicals from ballast water treatment can only be estimated, based on land-based testing of treatment systems, mathematical models, and exposure scenarios. Systematic studies on the chemistry of oxidants in seawater are lacking, as are data about the background levels of disinfection by-products in the oceans and strategies for monitoring future developments. The international approval procedure of ballast water treatment systems compares the estimated exposure levels of individual substances with their experimental toxicity. While well established in many substance regulations, this approach is also criticised for its simplification, which may disregard critical aspects such as multiple exposures and long-term sub-lethal effects. Moreover, a truly holistic sustainability assessment would need to take into account factors beyond chemical hazards, e.g. energy consumption, air pollution or waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Werschkun
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Banerji
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane C Basurko
- Marine Division, AZTI-Tecnalia, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, SI 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Frank Fuhr
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tamara Grummt
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster Branch, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, D-08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Michael Haarich
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (TI), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Palmaille 9, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stefan Kacan
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kehrer
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Jan Linders
- Pastoor Pieckweg 8, NL-3828 PR Hoogland, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Mesbahi
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Dandu Pughiuc
- Marine Environment Division, International Maritime Organization (IMO), 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Amisha Shah
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wieck
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
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188
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Verdugo EM, Krause C, Genskow K, Han Y, Baltrusaitis J, Mattes TE, Valentine RL, Cwiertny DM. N-functionalized carbon nanotubes as a source and precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine: implications for environmental fate, transport, and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9279-9287. [PMID: 25073818 DOI: 10.1021/es501578u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous byproducts may be generated during the environmental processing of engineered nanomaterials. Here, we explore the ability of carbon nanotubes with nitrogen-containing surface groups (N-CNTs) to generate N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chemical disinfection. Unexpectedly, we observed that commercial N-CNTs with amine, amide, or N-containing polymer (PABS) surface groups are a source of NDMA. As-received powders can leach up to 50 ng of NDMA per mg of N-CNT in aqueous suspension; presumably NDMA originates as a residue from N-CNT manufacturing. Furthermore, reaction of N-CNTs with free chlorine, monochloramine, and ozone generated byproduct NDMA at yields comparable to those reported for natural organic matter. Chlorination also altered N-CNT surface chemistry, with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicating addition of Cl, loss of N, and an increase in surface O. Although these changes can increase N-CNT suspension stability, they do not enhance their acute toxicity in E. coli bioassays above that observed for as-received powders. Notably, however, dechlorination of reacted N-CNTs with sulfite completely suppresses N-CNT toxicity. Collectively, our work demonstrates that N-CNTs are both a source and precursor of NDMA, a probable human carcinogen, while chemical disinfection can produce CNTs exhibiting surface chemistry and environmental behavior distinct from that of native (i.e., as-received) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard M Verdugo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ⊥Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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189
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Yeh RYL, Farré MJ, Stalter D, Tang JYM, Molendijk J, Escher BI. Bioanalytical and chemical evaluation of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 59:172-84. [PMID: 24793115 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pool water disinfection is vital to prevent microbial pathogens. However, potentially hazardous disinfection by-products (DBP) are formed from the reaction between disinfectants and organic/inorganic precursors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of DBPs in various swimming pool types in Brisbane, Australia, including outdoor, indoor and baby pools, and the dynamics after a complete water renewal. Chemical analysis of 36 regulated and commonly found DBPs and total adsorbable organic halogens as well as in vitro bioassays targeting cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity were used to evaluate swimming pool water quality. Dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid dominated in the pool water samples with higher levels (up to 2600 μg/L) than the health guideline values set by the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (100 μg/L). Chlorinated DBPs occurred at higher concentrations compared to tap water, while brominated DBPs decreased gradually with increasing pool water age. Biological effects were expressed as chloroacetic acid equivalent concentrations and compared to predicted effects from chemical analysis and biological characterisation of haloacetic acids. The quantified haloacetic acids explained 35-118% of the absorbable organic halogens but less than 4% of the observed non-specific toxicity (cytotoxicity), and less than 1% of the observed oxidative stress response and genotoxicity. While the DBP concentrations in Australian pools found in this study are not likely to cause any adverse health effect, they are higher than in other countries and could be reduced by better hygiene of pool users, such as thorough showering prior to entering the pool and avoiding urination during swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Y L Yeh
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Maria José Farré
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Stalter
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Janet Y M Tang
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Molendijk
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia.
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190
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Deng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Wu B, Ding L, Xu K, Ren H. Mice in vivo toxicity studies for monohaloacetamides emerging disinfection byproducts based on metabolomic methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8212-8218. [PMID: 24941154 DOI: 10.1021/es502010v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetamides (HAcAms) as a new class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) have been widely detected in drinking water and reclaimed water. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of monoHAcAms are determined by the leaving tendency of the halogens and decrease following a rank order of iodoacetamide (IAcAm)>bromoacetamide (BAcAm)≫chloroacetamide (CAcAm). However, the in vivo toxicity date for monoHAcAms is limited. In this study, hepatic oxidative stress and metabolomics responses in mice corresponding to monoHAcAms exposure were investigated. Exposure to the monoHAcAms decreased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and increased the level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), indicating that each exposure generated oxidative stress in mice liver. Metabolomic alterations were also induced by each monoHAcAms exposure. In addition, disruptions of metabolic pathways, related to amino acid, energy and lipid metabolism, were identified based on the significantly changed metabolites. These data, for the first time, provide a comprehensive view for the toxic effects of monoHAcAms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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191
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Wang W, Qian Y, Li J, Moe B, Huang R, Zhang H, Hrudey SE, Li XF. Analytical and toxicity characterization of halo-hydroxyl-benzoquinones as stable halobenzoquinone disinfection byproducts in treated water. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4982-8. [PMID: 24734972 DOI: 10.1021/ac5007238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is potentially associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Four halobenzoquinones (HBQs) have been detected in treated drinking water and have shown potency in producing reactive oxygen species and inducing damage to cellular DNA and proteins. These HBQs are unstable in drinking water. The fate and behavior of these HBQs in drinking water distribution systems is unclear. Here we report the high-resolution mass spectrometry identification of the transformation products of HBQs as halo-hydroxyl-benzoquinones (OH-HBQs) in water under realistic conditions. To further examine the kinetics of transformation, we developed a solid-phase extraction with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method to determine both the HBQs and OH-HBQs. The method provides reproducible retention times (SD < 0.05 min), limits of detection (LODs) at subnanogram per liter levels, and recoveries of 68%-96%. Using this method, we confirmed that decrease of HBQs correlated with increase of OH-HBQs in both the laboratory experiments and several distribution systems, supporting that OH-HBQs were more stable forms of HBQ DBPs. To understand the toxicological relevance of the OH-HBQs, we studied the in vitro toxicity with CHO-K1 cells and determined the IC50 of HBQs and OH-HBQs ranging from 15.9 to 72.9 μM. While HBQs are 2-fold more toxic than OH-HBQs, both HBQs and OH-HBQs are substantially more toxic than the regulated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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192
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Villanueva CM, Kogevinas M, Cordier S, Templeton MR, Vermeulen R, Nuckols JR, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Levallois P. Assessing exposure and health consequences of chemicals in drinking water: current state of knowledge and research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:213-21. [PMID: 24380896 PMCID: PMC3948022 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe drinking water is essential for well-being. Although microbiological contamination remains the largest cause of water-related morbidity and mortality globally, chemicals in water supplies may also cause disease, and evidence of the human health consequences is limited or lacking for many of them. OBJECTIVES We aimed to summarize the state of knowledge, identify gaps in understanding, and provide recommendations for epidemiological research relating to chemicals occurring in drinking water. DISCUSSION Assessing exposure and the health consequences of chemicals in drinking water is challenging. Exposures are typically at low concentrations, measurements in water are frequently insufficient, chemicals are present in mixtures, exposure periods are usually long, multiple exposure routes may be involved, and valid biomarkers reflecting the relevant exposure period are scarce. In addition, the magnitude of the relative risks tends to be small. CONCLUSIONS Research should include well-designed epidemiological studies covering regions with contrasting contaminant levels and sufficient sample size; comprehensive evaluation of contaminant occurrence in combination with bioassays integrating the effect of complex mixtures; sufficient numbers of measurements in water to evaluate geographical and temporal variability; detailed information on personal habits resulting in exposure (e.g., ingestion, showering, swimming, diet); collection of biological samples to measure relevant biomarkers; and advanced statistical models to estimate exposure and relative risks, considering methods to address measurement error. Last, the incorporation of molecular markers of early biological effects and genetic susceptibility is essential to understand the mechanisms of action. There is a particular knowledge gap and need to evaluate human exposure and the risks of a wide range of emerging contaminants. CITATION Villanueva CM, Kogevinas M, Cordier S, Templeton MR, Vermeulen R, Nuckols JR, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Levallois P. 2014. Assessing exposure and health consequences of chemicals in drinking water: current state of knowledge and research needs. Environ Health Perspect 122:213–221; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206229
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193
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Righi E, Fantuzzi G, Predieri G, Aggazzotti G. Bromate, chlorite, chlorate, haloacetic acids, and trihalomethanes occurrence in indoor swimming pool waters in Italy. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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194
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Stayner LT, Pedersen M, Patelarou E, Decordier I, Vande Loock K, Chatzi L, Espinosa A, Fthenou E, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gracia-Lavedan E, Stephanou EG, Kirsch-Volders M, Kogevinas M. Exposure to brominated trihalomethanes in water during pregnancy and micronuclei frequency in maternal and cord blood lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:100-6. [PMID: 24184846 PMCID: PMC3888564 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water disinfection by-products have been associated with an increased cancer risk. Micronuclei (MN) frequency in lymphocytes is a marker of genomic damage and can predict adult cancer risk. OBJECTIVE We evaluated maternal exposure to drinking water brominated trihalomethanes (BTHM) in relation to MN frequency in maternal and cord blood lymphocytes. METHODS MN frequency was examined in 214 mothers and 223 newborns from the Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece, in 2007-2008. Residential BTHM water concentrations were estimated during pregnancy using tap water analyses and modeling. Questionnaires on water related habits were used to estimate BTHM exposure from all routes. Associations between BTHM and MN frequency were estimated using negative binomial regression. RESULTS BTHM concentrations in residential tap water during pregnancy ranged from 0.06 to 7.1 μg/L. MN frequency in maternal binucleated lymphocytes was found to increase with BTHM concentrations in residential water for exposure during the first [rate ratio (RR) for 1 μg/L=1.05; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.11] and second trimesters (RR for 1 μg/L=1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.06), and through all routes of BTHM exposure during the first trimester (RR for 1 μg/week=3.14; 95% CI: 1.16, 8.50). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that exposure to BTHM may increase the frequency of MN in maternal binucleated lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Thomas Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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195
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Zeng T, Arnold WA. Clustering chlorine reactivity of haloacetic acid precursors in inland lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:139-148. [PMID: 24299068 DOI: 10.1021/es403766n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents the major pool of organic precursors for harmful disinfection byproducts, such as haloacetic acids (HAAs), formed during drinking water chlorination, but much of it remains molecularly uncharacterized. Knowledge of model precursors is thus a prerequisite for understanding the more complex whole water DOM. The utility of HAA formation potential data from model DOM precursors, however, is limited due to the lack of comparability to water samples. In this study, the formation kinetics of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), the two predominant HAA species, were delineated upon chlorination of seventeen model DOM precursors and sixty-eight inland lake water samples collected from the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Of particular interest was the finding that the DCAA and TCAA formation rate constants could be grouped into four statistically distinct clusters reflecting the core structural features of model DOM precursors (i.e., non-β-diketone aliphatics, β-diketone aliphatics, non-β-diketone phenolics, and β-diketone phenolics). A comparative approach built upon hierarchical cluster analysis was developed to gain further insight into the chlorine reactivity patterns of HAA precursors in inland lake waters as defined by the relative proximity to four model precursor clusters. This work highlights the potential for implementing an integrated kinetic-clustering approach to constrain the chlorine reactivity of DOM in source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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196
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Zhao Y, Xiao F, Wang D, Yan M, Bi Z. Disinfection byproduct precursor removal by enhanced coagulation and their distribution in chemical fractions. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:2207-2213. [PMID: 24552048 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Raw water from the Songhua River was treated by four types of coagulants, ferric chloride (FeCI3), aluminum sulfate (AI2(SO4)3), polyaluminum chloride (PACI) and composite polyaluminum (HPAC), in order to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM). Considering the disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor treatability, DOM was divided into five chemical fractions based on resin adsorption. Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) were measured for each fraction. The results showed that hydrophobic acids (HoA), hydrophilic matter (HiM) and hydrophobic neutral (HoN) were the dominant fractions. Although both HoN and HoA were the main THM precursors, the contribution for THMFP changed after coagulation. Additionally, HoA and HiM were the main HAA precursors, while the contribution of HoN to HAAFP significantly increased after coagulation. HoM was more easily removed than HiM, no matter which coagulant was used, especially under enhanced coagulation conditions. DOC removal was highest for enhanced coagulation using FeCI3 while DBPFP was lowest using PACI. This could indicate that not all DOC fractions contained the precursors of DBPs. Reduction of THMFP and HAAFP by PACI under enhanced coagulation could reach 51% and 59% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Feng Xiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Bi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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197
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Dad A, Jeong CH, Pals JA, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Pyruvate remediation of cell stress and genotoxicity induced by haloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:629-37. [PMID: 23893730 PMCID: PMC4014312 DOI: 10.1002/em.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monohaloacetic acids (monoHAAs) are a major class of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. We propose a model of toxic action based on monoHAA-mediated inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a target cytosolic enzyme. This model predicts that GAPDH inhibition by the monoHAAs will lead to a severe reduction of cellular ATP levels and repress the generation of pyruvate. A loss of pyruvate will lead to mitochondrial stress and genomic DNA damage. We found a concentration-dependent reduction of ATP in Chinese hamster ovary cells after monoHAA treatment. ATP reduction per pmol monoHAA followed the pattern of iodoacetic acid (IAA) > bromoacetic acid (BAA) >> chloroacetic acid (CAA), which is the pattern of potency observed with many toxicological endpoints. Exogenous supplementation with pyruvate enhanced ATP levels and attenuated monoHAA-induced genomic DNA damage as measured with single cell gel electrophoresis. These data were highly correlated with the SN 2 alkylating potentials of the monoHAAs and with the induction of toxicity. The results from this study strongly support the hypothesis that GAPDH inhibition and the possible subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species is linked with the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and neurotoxicity of these DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Dad
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Comsats Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Clara H. Jeong
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Justin A. Pals
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Correspondence to: Michael J. Plewa, 364 NSRL, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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198
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Saenz de Jubera AM, Herbison JH, Komaki Y, Plewa MJ, Moore JS, Cahill DG, Mariñas BJ. Development and performance characterization of a polyamide nanofiltration membrane modified with covalently bonded aramide dendrimers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8642-8649. [PMID: 23796139 DOI: 10.1021/es400765q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A first generation of amine terminated aramide dendrimers (G1-NH2) was covalently attached to the polyamide (PA) active layer of a commercially available nanofiltration (NF) membrane. Amide bonds between G1-NH2 and PA free carboxylic groups were formed by activation of the carboxylic groups with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) or 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI), followed by aminolysis. Dendrimer attachment was assessed by indirectly measuring the concentration of carboxylic groups and amine groups before and after membrane modification with RBS using yttrium and tungstate ions (Y(3+) and WO4(2-)) as ion probes. RBS analyses showed a decrease in the concentration of carboxylic groups and an increase in amine groups on the membrane active layer, consistent with dendrimers attaching covalently to the active layer. Permeation experiments with Rhodamine WT (R-WT) revealed that the water and solutes permeability decreased after modification with dendrimer G1-NH2. Water permeability of G1-NH2 modified membrane decreased by 16-19% using EDC combined with sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide (s-NHS), and by 17-33% using CMPI. The permeability of the electrolyte BaCl2 decreased by 54% after G1-NH2 modification using EDC/s-NHS and only by 20% using CMPI, the latter consistent with a weaker Donnan exclusion effect. The permeability of the larger solute R-WT decreased by 82% in modified G1-NH2 membranes when using EDC/s-NHS, and 64% for cross-linking reagent CMPI. Thus, the use of EDC/s-NHS was more favorable because it resulted in higher gains in solute rejection with lower losses in water permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Saenz de Jubera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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199
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Ding H, Meng L, Zhang H, Yu J, An W, Hu J, Yang M. Occurrence, profiling and prioritization of halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1424-1429. [PMID: 23743579 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 28 disinfection by-products (DBPs), which were divided into 5 groups, in 70 drinking water treatment plants in 31 cities across China was investigated, and the toxic potency of each DBP group was calculated using mammalian cell toxicity data from previous studies for profiling. Of the 28 DBPs, 21 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 50%. Trihalomethanes (THM4) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the most predominant species, whose median concentration levels were at 10.53 and 10.95 μg L(-1), respectively. Two of four iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) were detected, and the concentration of the I-THMs ranged from under the detection limit to 5.58 μg L(-1). The total concentration of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in different water samples ranged from under the limit of detection to 39.20 μg L(-1), with a median concentration of 1.11 μg L(-1). Two of four halonitromethanes (HNMs) were detected, and the maximum concentrations of chloronitromethane (CNM) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were 0.96 and 0.28 μg L(-1), respectively. HANs were found to be the most potent DBP group in terms of cytotoxicity, and HANs and HAAs had the same level of genotoxic potency. These results indicate that although at a low concentration level, the toxic potency of the unregulated HANs in drinking water may not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Escobar-Hoyos LF, Hoyos-Giraldo LS, Londoño-Velasco E, Reyes-Carvajal I, Saavedra-Trujillo D, Carvajal-Varona S, Sánchez-Gómez A, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Genotoxic and clastogenic effects of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3282-90. [PMID: 23602619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second-most prevalent class of drinking water disinfection by-products formed by chemical disinfectants. Previous studies have determined DNA damage and repair of HAA-induced lesions in mammalian and human cell lines; however, little is known of the genomic DNA and chromosome damage induced by these compounds in primary human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and clastogenic effects of the monoHAA disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes. All monoHAAs were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes, the rank order of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA. After 6 h of repair time, only 50% of the DNA damage (maximum decrease in DNA damage) was repaired compared to the control. This demonstrates that primary human lymphocytes are less efficient in repairing the induced damage by monoHAAs than previous studies with mammalian cell lines. In addition, the monoHAAs induced an increase in the chromosome aberration frequency as a measurement of the clastogenic effect of these compounds. These results coupled with genomic technologies in primary human cells and other mammalian non-cancerous cell lines may lead to the identification of biomarkers that may be employed in feedback loops to aid water chemists and engineers in the overall goal of producing safer drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Escobar-Hoyos
- Department of Biology, Research Group Genetic Toxicology and Cytogenetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Education, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 2da N° 1 A-25 Barrio Caldas, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia.
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