151
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Altered Interleukin-10 Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Regulates Obesity-Mediated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2956-2966. [PMID: 27644327 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00181-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a major characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although obesity-mediated inflammation is causally associated with insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we examined the effects of chronic obesity in mice with muscle-specific overexpression of interleukin-10 (MIL10). After 16 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD), MIL10 mice became markedly obese but showed improved insulin action compared to that of wild-type mice, which was largely due to increased glucose metabolism and reduced inflammation in skeletal muscle. Since leptin regulates inflammation, the beneficial effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were further examined in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Muscle-specific overexpression of IL-10 in ob/ob mice (MCK-IL10ob/ob) did not affect spontaneous obesity, but MCK-IL10ob/ob mice showed increased glucose turnover compared to that in ob/ob mice. Last, mice with muscle-specific ablation of IL-10 receptor (M-IL10R-/-) were generated to determine whether IL-10 signaling in skeletal muscle is involved in IL-10 effects on glucose metabolism. After an HFD, M-IL10R-/- mice developed insulin resistance with reduced glucose metabolism compared to that in wild-type mice. Overall, these results demonstrate IL-10 effects to attenuate obesity-mediated inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, and our findings implicate a potential therapeutic role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in treating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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152
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Paulis L, Foulquier S, Namsolleck P, Recarti C, Steckelings UM, Unger T. Combined Angiotensin Receptor Modulation in the Management of Cardio-Metabolic Disorders. Drugs 2016; 76:1-12. [PMID: 26631237 PMCID: PMC4700059 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or obesity are linked with chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Consequently, RAS inhibition by ACE inhibitors or angiotensin AT1 receptor (AT1R) blockers is the evidence-based standard for cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk patients, including diabetics with albuminuria. In addition, RAS inhibition reduces the new onset of diabetes mellitus. Yet, the high and increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders, and the high residual risk even in properly treated patients, calls for additional means of pharmacological intervention. In the past decade, the stimulation of the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has been shown to reduce inflammation, improve cardiac and vascular remodeling, enhance insulin sensitivity and increase adiponectin production. Therefore, a concept of dual AT1R/AT2R modulation emerges as a putative means for risk reduction in cardio-metabolic diseases. The approach employing simultaneous RAS blockade (AT1R) and RAS stimulation (AT2R) is distinct from previous attempts of double intervention in the RAS by dual blockade. Dual blockade abolishes the AT1R-linked RAS almost completely with subsequent risk of hypotension and hypotension-related events, i.e. syncope or renal dysfunction. Such complications might be especially prominent in patients with renal impairment or patients with isolated systolic hypertension and normal-to-low diastolic blood pressure values. In contrast to dual RAS blockade, the add-on of AT2R stimulation does not exert significant blood pressure effects, but it may complement and enhance the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic/de-stiffening effects of the AT1R blockade and improve the metabolic profile. Further studies will have to investigate these putative effects in particular for settings in which blood pressure reduction is not primarily desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovit Paulis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 81108, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pawel Namsolleck
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Recarti
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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153
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Felley LE, Sharma A, Theisen E, Romero-Masters JC, Sauer JD, Gumperz JE. Human Invariant NKT Cells Induce IL-1β Secretion by Peripheral Blood Monocytes via a P2X7-Independent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2455-64. [PMID: 27534556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-1β plays a central role in inflammatory responses that are initiated by microbial challenges, as well as in those that are due to endogenous processes (often called sterile inflammation). IL-1β secretion that occurs independently of microbial stimulation is typically associated with the presence of endogenous alarmins, such as extracellular ATP (an indicator of cytopathic damage). In this study, we show that IL-2-activated human invariant NKT (iNKT) cells stimulate the secretion of IL-1β protein by human peripheral blood monocytes in a manner that requires neither the presence of microbial compounds nor signaling through the extracellular ATP receptor P2X7 Monocyte IL-1β production was specifically induced by iNKT cells, because similarly activated polyclonal autologous T cells did not have this effect. Secretion of IL-1β protein occurred rapidly (within 3-4 h) and required cell contact between the iNKT cells and monocytes. Similar to IL-1β production induced by TLR stimulation, the iNKT-induced pathway appeared to entail a two-step process involving NF-κB signaling and IL1B gene transcription, as well as assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of caspase-1. However, in contrast to the classical inflammasome-mediated pathway of IL-1β production, activation of monocytes via P2X7 was dispensable for iNKT-induced IL-1β secretion, and potassium efflux was not required. Moreover, the iNKT-induced effect involved caspase-8 activity, yet it induced little monocyte death. These results suggest that IL-2-activated human iNKT cells induce monocytes to produce IL-1β through a distinctive pathway that does not require the presence of microbial danger signals or alarmins associated with cytopathic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Felley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - Akshat Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - James C Romero-Masters
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706; and
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154
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Abstract
Adipose tissue has traditionally been defined as connective tissue that stores excess calories in the form of triacylglycerol. However, the physiologic functions attributed to adipose tissue are expanding, and it is now well established that adipose tissue is an endocrine gland. Among the endocrine factors elaborated by adipose tissue are the adipokines; hormones, similar in structure to cytokines, produced by adipose tissue in response to changes in adipocyte triacylglycerol storage and local and systemic inflammation. They inform the host regarding long-term energy storage and have a profound influence on reproductive function, blood pressure regulation, energy homeostasis, the immune response, and many other physiologic processes. The adipokines possess pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and play a critical role in integrating systemic metabolism with immune function. In calorie restriction and starvation, proinflammatory adipokines decline and anti-inflammatory adipokines increase, which informs the host of energy deficits and contributes to the suppression of immune function. In individuals with normal metabolic status, there is a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines. This balance shifts to favor proinflammatory mediators as adipose tissue expands during the development of obesity. As a consequence, the proinflammatory status of adipose tissue contributes to a chronic low-grade state of inflammation and metabolic disorders associated with obesity. These disturbances are associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and many other pathological conditions. This review focuses on the impact of energy homeostasis on the adipokines in immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mancuso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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155
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Luo X, Jia R, Zhang Q, Sun B, Yan J. Cold-Induced Browning Dynamically Alters the Expression Profiles of Inflammatory Adipokines with Tissue Specificity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050795. [PMID: 27223282 PMCID: PMC4881611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure or β3-adrenoceptor agonist treatment induces the adipose tissues remodeling, relevant for beige adipogenesis within white adipose tissue (WAT). It remains unclear whether this process influences inflammatory adipokines expression in adipose tissues. We determine the temporal profile of cold or β3-adrenoceptor agonist (CL316,243)-induced changes in the expression of inflammatory adipokines in adipose tissues in mice or primary mice adipocytes. Male C57BL/6J mice at eight weeks old were exposed to 4 °C for 1–5 days. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), inguinal subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) and epididymal WAT (eWAT) were harvested for gene and protein expression analysis. In addition, cultured primary mice brown adipocyte (BA) and white adipocyte (WA) treated with or without CL316,243 were harvested for gene expression analysis. The inflammatory adipokines expressed significantly higher in WAT than BAT at baseline. They were rapidly changed in iBAT, while down-regulated in sWAT and up-regulated in eWAT during the cold acclimation. Upon CL316,243 treatment, detected inflammatory adipokines except Leptin were transiently increased in both BA and WA. Our in vivo and in vitro data demonstrate that the browning process alters the inflammatory adipokines expression in adipose tissues, which is acutely responded to in iBAT, dynamically decreased in sWAT whilst increased in eWAT for compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Qiangling Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
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156
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Han C, Wu W, Ale A, Kim MS, Cai D. Central Leptin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) in Diurnal Control of Blood Pressure and Hypertension. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15131-42. [PMID: 27226618 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and TNFα can individually work in the brain to affect blood pressure; however, it remains unknown whether these two cytokines might have an interactive role in this process and, if so, how. In this work, we found that leptin stimulation led to TNFα production under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, and diurnal fluctuation of leptin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid predicted the circadian changes of TNFα gene expression in the hypothalamus. Signaling analysis showed that leptin stimulation led to a rapid and strong STAT3 activation followed by a second-phase moderate STAT3 activation, which was selectively abolished by anti-inflammatory chemical PS1145 or TNFα antagonist WP9QY. Physiological study in normal mice revealed that diurnal rise of blood pressure was abrogated following central administration of PS1145 or a leptin receptor antagonist. Central TNFα pretreatment was found to potentiate the effect of leptin in elevating blood pressure in normal mice. In pathophysiology, dietary obesity mimicked TNFα pretreatment in promoting leptin-induced blood pressure rise, and this effect was blocked by central treatment with either PS1145 or WP9QY. Hence, central leptin employs TNFα to mediate the diurnal blood pressure elevation in physiology while enhancement of this mechanism can contribute to hypertension development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Han
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Wenhe Wu
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Albert Ale
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Min Soo Kim
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Dongsheng Cai
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
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157
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Maurya R, Bhattacharya P, Ismail N, Dagur PK, Joshi AB, Razdan K, McCoy JP, Ascher J, Dey R, Nakhasi HL. Differential Role of Leptin as an Immunomodulator in Controlling Visceral Leishmaniasis in Normal and Leptin-Deficient Mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:109-119. [PMID: 27114296 PMCID: PMC4944674 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. There are no vaccines and available drugs against leishmaniasis are toxic. Immunomodulators that specifically boost the anti-microbial activities of the immune cells could alleviate several of these limitations. Therefore, finding novel immunomodulators for VL therapy is a pressing need. This study is aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone capable of regulating the immune response, in L. donovani-infected mice. We observed that recombinant leptin treatment reduced splenic parasite burden compared with non-treated infected normal mice. Decrease in parasite burden correlated with an induction of innate immune response in antigen-presenting cells that showed an increase in nitric oxide, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine (interferon gamma [IFNγ], interleukin12 [IL]12, and IL1β) response in the splenocytes, indicating host-protecting Th1 response mediated by leptin. Moreover, in infected normal mice, leptin treatment induced IFNγ production from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, compared with non-treated infected mice. Alternatively, leptin-deficient (Ob/Ob) mice had higher splenic and liver parasite burden compared with the infected normal mice. However, leptin treatment failed to reduce the splenic parasite burden and improve a host-protective cytokine response in these mice. In addition, in contrast to dendritic cells (DCs) from a normal mouse, Ob/Ob mouse–derived DCs showed a defect in the induction of innate immune response on Leishmania infection that could not be reversed by leptin treatment. Therefore, our findings reveal that leptin has a differential immunomodulatory effect in controlling VL in normal and Ob/Ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amritanshu B Joshi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kundan Razdan
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jill Ascher
- Division of Veterinary Services, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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158
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Kang YE, Kim JM, Joung KH, Lee JH, You BR, Choi MJ, Ryu MJ, Ko YB, Lee MA, Lee J, Ku BJ, Shong M, Lee KH, Kim HJ. The Roles of Adipokines, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance in Modest Obesity and Early Metabolic Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154003. [PMID: 27101398 PMCID: PMC4839620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of adipokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipose tissue macrophages in obesity-associated insulin resistance have been explored in both animal and human studies. However, our current understanding of obesity-associated insulin resistance relies on studies of artificial metabolic extremes. The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of adipokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipose tissue macrophages in human patients with modest obesity and early metabolic dysfunction. We obtained omental adipose tissue and fasting blood samples from 51 females undergoing gynecologic surgery. We investigated serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines as well as the mRNA expression of proinflammatory and macrophage phenotype markers in visceral adipose tissue using ELISA and quantitative RT-PCR. We measured adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration using immunohistochemical analysis. Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin were significantly correlated with HOMA-IR and body mass index. The levels of expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α in visceral adipose tissue were also higher in the obese group (body mass index ≥ 25). The expression of mRNA MCP-1 in visceral adipose tissue was positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.428, p = 0.037) but not with HOMA-IR, whereas TNF-α in visceral adipose tissue was correlated with HOMA-IR (r = 0.462, p = 0.035) but not with body mass index. There was no obvious change in macrophage phenotype or macrophage infiltration in patients with modest obesity or early metabolic dysfunction. Expression of mRNA CD163/CD68 was significantly related to mitochondrial-associated genes and serum inflammatory cytokine levels of resistin and leptin. These results suggest that changes in the production of inflammatory biomolecules precede increased immune cell infiltration and induction of a macrophage phenotype switch in visceral adipose tissue. Furthermore, serum resistin and leptin have specific roles in the regulation of adipose tissue macrophages in patients with modest obesity or early metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Eun Kang
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Hye Joung
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram You
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Ryu
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bok Ko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min A. Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junguee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of internal medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of internal medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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159
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Could gestational diabetes mellitus be managed through dietary bioactive compounds? Current knowledge and future perspectives. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1129-44. [PMID: 26879600 PMCID: PMC4825102 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious problem growing worldwide that needs to be addressed with urgency in consideration of the resulting severe complications for both mother and fetus. Growing evidence indicates that a healthy diet rich in fruit, vegetables, nuts, extra-virgin olive oil and fish has beneficial effects in both the prevention and management of several human diseases and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the latest data concerning the effects of dietary bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and PUFA on the molecular mechanisms regulating glucose homoeostasis. Several studies, mostly based on in vitro and animal models, indicate that dietary polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, positively modulate the insulin signalling pathway by attenuating hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, reducing inflammatory adipokines, and modifying microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Very few data about the influence of dietary exposure on GDM outcomes are available, although this approach deserves careful consideration. Further investigation, which includes exploring the ‘omics’ world, is needed to better understand the complex interaction between dietary compounds and GDM.
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160
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Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Veronica J, Maurya R. Leptin induces the phagocytosis and protective immune response in Leishmania donovani infected THP-1 cell line and human PBMCs. Exp Parasitol 2015; 160:54-9. [PMID: 26688099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease responsible for several deaths in malnourished children due to impaired cell-mediated immunity, which is accompanied by low circulating leptin levels. The cytokine function of leptin is implicated for several immune regulation activities such as hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity. Its deficiency associated with polarization of Th2 response, which coincides with VL pathogenesis. To determine the cytokine role of leptin in case of experimental VL, we tested the leptin associated Th1/Th2 type cytokine profile at mRNA level from Leishmania donovani infected human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also tested the effect of leptin on macrophages activation (viz. studying the phosphorylation of signaling moieties), phagocytic activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during infection. We observed that leptin induced Th1 specific response by upregulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in THP-1 and IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-2 in PBMCs. We also observed the downregulation of Th2 type cytokine i.e. IL-10 in THP-1 and unaltered expression of cytokines i.e. TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-4 in PBMCs. In addition, leptin stimulates the macrophages by inducing phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt which are usually dephosphorylated in L. donovani infection. In concordance, leptin also induces the macrophage phagocytic activity by enhancing the intracellular ROS generation which helps in phagolysosome formation and oxidative killing of the parasite. In compilation, leptin is able to maintain the defensive environment against L. donovani infection through the classical macrophage activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Sambamurthy Chandrasekaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India.
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161
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Zhou Y, Yu X, Chen H, Sjöberg S, Roux J, Zhang L, Ivoulsou AH, Bensaid F, Liu CL, Liu J, Tordjman J, Clement K, Lee CH, Hotamisligil GS, Libby P, Shi GP. Leptin Deficiency Shifts Mast Cells toward Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Protects Mice from Obesity and Diabetes by Polarizing M2 Macrophages. Cell Metab 2015; 22:1045-58. [PMID: 26481668 PMCID: PMC4670585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. This study demonstrates that leptin deficiency slants MCs toward anti-inflammatory functions. MCs in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of lean humans and mice express negligible leptin. Adoptive transfer of leptin-deficient MCs expanded ex vivo mitigates diet-induced and pre-established obesity and diabetes in mice. Mechanistic studies show that leptin-deficient MCs polarize macrophages from M1 to M2 functions because of impaired cell signaling and an altered balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, but do not affect T cell differentiation. Rampant body weight gain in ob/ob mice, a strain that lacks leptin, associates with reduced MC content in WAT. In ob/ob mice, genetic depletion of MCs exacerbates obesity and diabetes, and repopulation of ex vivo expanded ob/ob MCs ameliorates these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Research Institute of Nephrology, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Sara Sjöberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joséphine Roux
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Al-Habib Ivoulsou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Farid Bensaid
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Joan Tordjman
- INSERM, U 872, Paris, F-75006 France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France; Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France
| | - Karine Clement
- INSERM, U 872, Paris, F-75006 France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France; Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gokhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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DiSpirito JR, Mathis D. Immunological contributions to adipose tissue homeostasis. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:315-21. [PMID: 26616665 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is composed of many functionally and developmentally distinct cell types, the metabolic core of which is the adipocyte. The classification of "adipocyte" encompasses three primary types - white, brown, and beige - with distinct origins, anatomic distributions, and homeostatic functions. The ability of adipocytes to store and release lipids, respond to insulin, and perform their endocrine functions (via secretion of adipokines) is heavily influenced by the immune system. Various cell populations of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system can resist or exacerbate the development of the chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss these interactions, with a focus on their consequences for adipocyte and adipose tissue function in the setting of chronic overnutrition. In addition, we will review the effects of diet composition on adipose tissue inflammation and recent evidence suggesting that diet-driven disruption of the gut microbiota can trigger pathologic inflammation of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R DiSpirito
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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163
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Coimbra S, Oliveira H, Neuparth M, Proença J, Figueiredo A, Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A. Systemic inflammation and proinflammatory interleukin-17 signalling persist at the end of therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome and psoriasis, reducing the length of remission. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:414-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Coimbra
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Laboratório de Bioquímica; Faculdade de Farmácia (FFUP); Universidade do Porto; R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- CESPU; Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde; Gandra-PRD Portugal
| | - H. Oliveira
- Serviço de Dermatologia; Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - M.J. Neuparth
- CESPU; Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde; Gandra-PRD Portugal
| | - J.B. Proença
- CESPU; Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde; Gandra-PRD Portugal
| | - A. Figueiredo
- Serviço de Dermatologia; Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - P. Rocha-Pereira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS); Universidade da Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - A. Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Laboratório de Bioquímica; Faculdade de Farmácia (FFUP); Universidade do Porto; R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
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Babaei Z, Moslemi D, Parsian H, Khafri S, Pouramir M, Mosapour A. Relationship of obesity with serum concentrations of leptin, CRP and IL-6 in breast cancer survivors. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2015; 27:223-9. [PMID: 26462194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the adverse effect of obesity on quality of life among women with breast cancer, including alteration in some inflammatory markers. The aim of this study was to determine the status of serum levels of leptin, IL-6 and CRP in obese, overweight and normal weight breast cancer survivors in order to determine the relationship between inflammatory markers' levels and obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on 75 women with breast cancer, 30 obese, 15 overweight and 30 normal weight patients. Serum leptin, IL-6, CRP, total protein, albumin and lipid profile as well as anthropometric parameters were measured in three groups. RESULTS Serum leptin levels of obese patients were significantly higher than those of overweight and normal weight patients (P<0.05). Higher serum CRP and lower albumin levels were observed in obese patients in comparison with normal weight patients (P<0.05). HDL-C level was significantly different between overweight and normal weight patients (P<0.05). Significant differences in serum IL-6 levels were not observed between the study groups (P>0.05). Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that leptin was significantly associated with BMI (P<0.001), while albumin was negatively correlated with BMI (P<0.05). CRP levels were significantly correlated with BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, high leptin levels and alteration in acute phase proteins in obese patients may exaggerate the inflammation status. As inflammation has the potential to increase the susceptibility of the patients to metastasis development, it is necessary to decline its rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Babaei
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Dariush Moslemi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Soraya Khafri
- Department of Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Pouramir
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abbas Mosapour
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Minervino D, Gumiero D, Nicolazzi MA, Carnicelli A, Fuorlo M, Guidone C, Di Gennaro L, Fattorossi A, Mingrone G, Landolfi R. Leukocyte Activation in Obese Patients: Effect of Bariatric Surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1382. [PMID: 26447995 PMCID: PMC4616761 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity is a major global health problem. In severe obesity, bariatric surgery (BS) allows to obtain a significant weight loss and comorbidities improvement, among them one of the factors is the thrombotic risk. In this observational study, we measured indices of leukocyte activation in severely obese patients as markers of increased thrombotic risk in relation with serum markers of inflammation before and after BS. Frequency of polymorphonuclear neutrophil-platelet (PLT) and monocyte (MONO)-PLT aggregates as well as of tissue factor (TF) expressing MONOs was measured in the peripheral blood of 58 consecutive obese patients and 30 healthy controls. In 31 of the 58 obese patients, data obtained at the enrollment were compared with those obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months after BS. Compared with healthy controls, obese patients showed a higher frequency of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL)-PLT aggregates (7.47 ± 2.45 [6.82-8.11]% vs 5.85 ± 1.89 [5.14-6.55]%, P = 0.001), MONO-PLT aggregates (12.31 ± 7.33 [10.38-14.24]% vs 8.14 ± 2.22 [7.31-8.97]%, P < 0.001), and TF expressing MONOs (4.01 ± 2.11 [3.45-4.56]% vs 2.64 ± 1.65 [2.02-3.25]%, P = 0.002). PMNL-PLT and MONO-PLT aggregate frequency was positively correlated with TF expressing MONOs (R2 = 0.260, P = 0.049 and R2 = 0.318, P = 0.015, respectively). BS was performed in 31 patients and induced a significant reduction of the body mass index, and waist and hip circumferences. These effects were associated with a significant decrease of PMNL-PLT aggregates at 12 months (7.58 ± 2.27 [6.75-8.42]% vs 4.47 ± 1.11 [3.93-5.01]%, P < 0.001), and a reduction of TF expressing MONOs at 6 (3.82 ± 2.04 [3.07-4.57]% vs 1.60 ± 1.69 [0.30-2.90]%, P = 0.008) and 12 months (3.82 ± 2.04 [3.07-4.57]% vs 1.71 ± 0.54 [1.45-1.97]%, P = 0.001) after BS.These data suggest that leukocyte-PLT aggregate formation and MONO activation represent an important mechanism underlying the increased thrombotic risk of obese patients. We also show that BS is effective in normalizing these inflammatory indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Minervino
- From the Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics (DM, DG, MAN, AC, MF, CG, LDG, GM, RL); and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AF), Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Lee JH, Han KD, Jung HM, Youn YH, Lee JY, Park YG, Lee SH, Park YM. Association Between Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, and Adiposity and the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Young Korean Adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 8:107-14. [PMID: 26739403 PMCID: PMC4713873 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whether obesity is a risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between obesity and AD in Korean young adults. METHODS We included nationally representative data of 5,202 Korean adults aged 19-40 years, obtained from the cross-sectional Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010. RESULTS Single (unmarried) status was more frequently observed in AD patients (male, [P=0.0002] and female, [P<0.0001]). AD prevalence exhibited a U-shape trend in relation to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and total body fat (BF) percentage, especially in young adult women. Women with BMI ≥25 kg/m², WC ≥80 cm, and highest quartile (Q4) of total BF percentage had the highest prevalence of AD. The odds ratio (OR) for participants with both BMI ≥25 kg/m² and WC ≥80 cm was 3.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71-3.55); therefore, having both general and abdominal obesity was considered a prominent risk factor for AD in young women. After adjustment for confounding factors, including age, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, vitamin D, income level, and single status, high BMI (≥30 kg/m²) (OR=4.08, 95% CI: 1.53-10.93), high WC (≥80 cm) (OR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.07-3.94), and high BF percentage (Q4) (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.24-3.57) were shown to be significantly associated with AD in young adult women. CONCLUSIONS In this large-scale nation-wide study of Korean adults, obesity was positively related to the presence of AD in women. Our findings suggest that weight management may help prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Mi Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Min Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Martínez-Fernández L, Laiglesia LM, Huerta AE, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015. [PMID: 26219838 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) have been reported to improve obesity-associated metabolic disorders including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Growing evidence exits about adipose tissue as a target in mediating the beneficial effects of these marine n-3 PUFAs in adverse metabolic syndrome manifestations. Therefore, in this manuscript we focus in reviewing the current knowledge about effects of marine n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue metabolism and secretory functions. This scope includes n-3 PUFAs actions on adipogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis as well as on fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. The effects of n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue glucose uptake and insulin signaling are also summarized. Moreover, the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and AMPK activation in mediating n-3 PUFAs actions on adipose tissue functions are discussed. Finally, the mechanisms underlying the ability of n-3 PUFAs to prevent and/or ameliorate adipose tissue inflammation are also revised, focusing on the role of n-3 PUFAs-derived specialized proresolving lipid mediators such as resolvins, protectins and maresins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain
| | - Laura M Laiglesia
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain
| | - Ana E Huerta
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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168
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Christensen A, Pike CJ. Menopause, obesity and inflammation: interactive risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217222 PMCID: PMC4493396 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, the development of which is regulated by several environmental and genetic risk factors. Two factors theorized to contribute to the initiation and/or progression of AD pathogenesis are age-related increases in inflammation and obesity. These factors may be particularly problematic in women. The onset of menopause in mid-life elevates the vulnerability of women to AD, an increased risk that is likely associated with the depletion of estrogens. Menopause is also linked with an abundance of additional changes, including increased central adiposity and inflammation. Here, we review the current literature to explore the interactions between obesity, inflammation, menopause and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christensen
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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170
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Huertas A, Tu L, Thuillet R, Le Hiress M, Phan C, Ricard N, Nadaud S, Fadel E, Humbert M, Guignabert C. Leptin signalling system as a target for pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1066-80. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) and perivascular inflammation lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) progression, but they are not specifically targeted by the current therapies. Since leptin (Ob) and its main receptor ObR-b contribute to systemic vascular cell proliferation and inflammation, we questioned whether targeting Ob/ObR-b axis would be an effective antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory strategy against PAH.In idiopathic PAH (iPAH), using human lung tissues and primary cell cultures (early passages ≤5), we demonstrate that pulmonary endothelial cells (P-ECs) over produce Ob and that PA-SMCs overexpress ObR-b. Furthermore, we obtain evidence that Ob enhances proliferation of human PA-SMCs in vitro and increases right ventricular systolic pressure in Ob-treated mice in the chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) model. Using human cells, we also show that Ob leads to monocyte activation and increases cell adhesion molecule expression levels in P-ECs. We also find that Ob/ObR-b axis contributes to PH susceptibility by using ObR-deficient rats, which display less severe hypoxia-induced PH (pulmonary haemodynamics, arterial muscularisation, PA-SMC proliferation and perivascular inflammation). Importantly, we demonstrate the efficacy of two curative strategies using a soluble Ob neutraliser and dichloroacetate in hypoxia-induced PH.We demonstrate here that Ob/ObR-b axis may represent anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory targets in PAH.
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171
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Ghantous CM, Azrak Z, Hanache S, Abou-Kheir W, Zeidan A. Differential Role of Leptin and Adiponectin in Cardiovascular System. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:534320. [PMID: 26064110 PMCID: PMC4433709 DOI: 10.1155/2015/534320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin are differentially expressed adipokines in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Leptin levels are directly associated with adipose tissue mass, while adiponectin levels are downregulated in obesity. Although significantly produced by adipocytes, leptin is also produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Plasma leptin concentrations are elevated in cases of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. As for the event of left ventricular hypertrophy, researchers have been stirring controversy about the role of leptin in this form of cardiac remodeling. In this review, we discuss how leptin has been shown to play an antihypertrophic role in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy through in vitro experiments, population-based cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal cohort studies. Conversely, we also examine how leptin may actually promote left ventricular hypertrophy using in vitro analysis and human-based univariate and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. On the other hand, as opposed to leptin's generally detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, adiponectin is a cardioprotective hormone that reduces left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this review, we also highlight adiponectin signaling and its protective actions on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Ghantous
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Z. Azrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - S. Hanache
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - W. Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - A. Zeidan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- *A. Zeidan:
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173
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Andrade-Oliveira V, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. Adipokines as drug targets in diabetes and underlying disturbances. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:681612. [PMID: 25918733 PMCID: PMC4397001 DOI: 10.1155/2015/681612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are worldwide health problems. White fat dynamically participates in hormonal and inflammatory regulation. White adipose tissue is recognized as a multifactorial organ that secretes several adipose-derived factors that have been collectively termed "adipokines." Adipokines are pleiotropic molecules that gather factors such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, vaspin, hepcidin, RBP4, and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF and IL-1β, among others. Multiple roles in metabolic and inflammatory responses have been assigned to these molecules. Several adipokines contribute to the self-styled "low-grade inflammatory state" of obese and insulin-resistant subjects, inducing the accumulation of metabolic anomalies within these individuals, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Thus, adipokines are an interesting drug target to treat autoimmune diseases, obesity, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue inflammation. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the roles of adipokines in different immune and nonimmune cells, which will contribute to diabetes as well as to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance development. We describe how adipokines regulate inflammation in these diseases and their therapeutic implications. We also survey current attempts to exploit adipokines for clinical applications, which hold potential as novel approaches to drug development in several immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Andrade-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Niels O. S. Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
- *Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira:
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Martins LM, Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, Torres-Leal FL, Marreiro DDN. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is considered an endocrine organ. When present in excess, WAT can influence metabolism via biologically active molecules. Following unregulated production of such molecules, adipose tissue dysfunction results, contributing to complications associated with obesity. Previous studies have implicated pro- and anti-inflammatory substances in the regulation of inflammatory response and in the development of insulin resistance. In obese individuals, pro-inflammatory molecules produced by adipose tissue contribute to the development of insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the molecules with anti-inflammatory action, that have been associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity, have your decreased production. Imbalance of these substances contributes significantly to metabolic disorders found in obese individuals. The current review aims to provide updated information regarding the activity of biomolecules produced by WAT.
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Huang CJ, Stewart JK, Shibata Y, Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and leptin are associated with stress-induced interleukin-6 cytokine expression ex vivo in obesity. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:687-94. [PMID: 25424507 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with enhanced inflammation and mental stress, but limited information has addressed the potential additive effect of psychological stress on obesity-associated inflammation. This study examined whether obese subjects would elicit a greater host immune response (IL-6 mRNA and cytokine) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in response to mental stress. Blood samples for LPS-stimulated IL-6 mRNA and cytokine were collected prior to and following mental stress. Results showed that obese subjects elicited a greater LPS-induced IL-6 along with its mRNA expression following mental stress compared to normal-weight subjects. Stress-induced IL-6 cytokine response to LPS was correlated with the baseline levels of plasma LPS binding protein (LBP) and leptin. These findings are consistent with the idea that endogenous inflammatory agents (e.g., LBP and leptin), often elevated with obesity, enhance inflammatory responses to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Törőcsik D, Kovács D, Camera E, Lovászi M, Cseri K, Nagy GG, Molinaro R, Rühl R, Tax G, Szabó K, Picardo M, Kemény L, Zouboulis CC, Remenyik É. Leptin promotes a proinflammatory lipid profile and induces inflammatory pathways in human SZ95 sebocytes. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:1326-35. [PMID: 24975960 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, the adipocyte-secreted hormone that regulates weight, is known to link lipid metabolism with inflammation in various cell types. However, its role in human sebocytes has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leptin in human sebaceous gland biology. METHODS Expression of the long form of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunochemistry. Lipid analysis was by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometer mass detection. Lipid bodies were visualized by BODIPY staining using fluorescent microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were assessed by real-time qRT-PCR and their release was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and 5-lipooxygenase (LOX) protein expression and phosphorylation of p65 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of Ob-Rb was detected in human sebaceous glands and in cultured human SZ95 sebocytes. The treatment of SZ95 sebocytes with leptin led to enlarged intracellular lipid bodies, increased ratios of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and decreased vitamin E levels. Further supporting a proinflammatory role, leptin induced COX-2 and 5-LOX expression in SZ95 sebocytes and augmented the production of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines. On leptin treatment, the STAT-3 and nuclear factor-κB pathways were activated, indicating that these known leptin signalling pathways are active in human sebocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that leptin signalling may be involved in the proinflammatory regulation of sebaceous lipid metabolism and the induction of inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H4032, Hungary
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177
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes current knowledge on the contribution of mesenteric adipose tissue in intestinal inflammation. We will describe the cellular and humoral characteristics of creeping fat, their potential impact for Crohn's disease and propose a working model for the critical interplay between the creeping fat and the inflamed intestine. RECENT FINDINGS Creeping fat can be distinguished from healthy adipose tissue by its distinctively small adipocytes, by a specific microenvironment defined by high levels of adipokines and by a dominant immune cell infiltration. In Crohn's disease transmural inflammation facilitates increased bacterial translocation into the creeping fat. Translocalizing antigens can directly activate (pre)adipocytes via innate receptors. Adipocyte-derived mediators modulate phenotype and function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Activated (pre)adipocytes and adipokine-modulated immune cells might support a degree of inflammatory activation within the creeping fat that allows competent immune defense against exogenous factors while preventing systemic inflammation. SUMMARY Fat tissue as an active organ in health and disease has been ignored for too long. The last few years of research provided evidence for the complex metabolic and immunological functions of adipose tissue. On the basis of the available data, creeping fat in Crohn's disease exerts a protective function by a localized anti-inflammatory effect, thus preventing a systemic inflammatory response.
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178
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Pohl J, Woodside B, Luheshi GN. Leptin modulates the late fever response to LPS in diet-induced obese animals. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:41-7. [PMID: 25108212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an important modulator of both inflammation and energy homeostasis, making it a key interface between the inflammatory response to pathogenic stimuli and the energy status of the host. In previous studies we demonstrated that sickness responses to systemic immune challenge, including fever, are significantly exacerbated in diet induced obese animals. To investigate whether this exacerbation is functionally linked to the obesity associated increase in circulating levels of leptin, a species-specific leptin antiserum (LAS) was used to neutralize endogenous leptin in diet-induced obese adult male Wistar rats treated with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100μg/kg). LAS significantly reduced the magnitude of the later phases of the fever response, and attenuated the circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1ra and bioactivity of leptin in the obese animals. In addition, the antiserum significantly attenuated the hypothalamic expression of IL-1ß, IκBα, COX2, SOCS3 and IL-6 in both lean and obese rats 10h after the LPS injection and NF-IL6 in the hypothalamus of obese rats only. The relatively late rise in brain IL-6 suggested a role in mediating the extended fever response in obese animals and we tested this by neutralizing brain IL-6 using an IL6-AS injected intracerebroventricularly (4μl, icv). The IL6-AS significantly but transiently (between 9h and 12h post LPS) reduced the late fever response of obese rats. These results demonstrate that leptin plays an important part in modulating the late portion of the fever response to LPS, likely through the induction of hypothalamic IL-6 in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pohl
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Giamal N Luheshi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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179
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Kataoka Y, Nicholls SJ. Imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in obesity: excessive fat accumulation, plaque progression and vulnerability. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:1471-89. [PMID: 25355677 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.975210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is becoming a major health issue in the world due to sedentary lifestyles and increasing intake of Western diets. Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue has been increasingly considered to play a critical role in inducing metabolic disturbances and promoting atherogenesis. Arterial wall imaging permits direct visualization of atheroma burden in various vascular beds. In addition, recent advances in imaging technology help characterize components, microstructures and functional features of atherosclerotic plaques. These imaging modalities have contributed to elucidating factors associated with atherosclerosis in obese patients. Also, it provides opportunities to evaluate the effect of novel therapies on plaques in the setting of obesity. The findings of recent imaging studies and the clinical implications will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kataoka
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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180
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Cannon JG, Sharma G, Sloan G, Dimitropoulou C, Baker RR, Mazzoli A, Kraj B, Mulloy A, Cortez-Cooper M. Leptin regulates CD16 expression on human monocytes in a sex-specific manner. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12177. [PMID: 25303952 PMCID: PMC4254102 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass is linked mechanistically to the cardiovascular system through leptin, a 16 kDa protein produced primarily by adipocytes. In addition to increasing blood pressure via hypothalamic‐sympathetic pathways, leptin stimulates monocyte migration, cytokine secretion, and other functions that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development. These functions are also characteristics of CD16‐positive monocytes that have been implicated in the clinical progression of atherosclerosis. This investigation sought to determine if leptin promoted the development of such CD16‐positive monocytes. Cells from 45 healthy men and women with age ranging from 20 to 59 years were analyzed. Circulating numbers of CD14++16++ monocytes, which are primary producers of TNFα, were positively related to plasma leptin concentrations (P < 0.0001), with a stronger correlation in men (P < 0.05 for leptin × sex interaction). In vitro, recombinant human leptin induced CD16 expression in a dose‐related manner (P = 0.02), with a stronger influence on monocytes from men (P = 0.03 for leptin × sex interaction). There were no sex‐related differences in total leptin receptor expression on any monocyte subtypes, relative expression of long versus short isoforms of the receptor, or soluble leptin receptor concentrations in the plasma. The number of circulating CD14+16++ monocytes, which preferentially migrate into nascent plaques, was positively related to systolic blood pressure (R = 0.56, P = 0.0008) and intima‐media thickness (R = 0.37, P = 0.03), and negatively related to carotid compliance (R = −0.39, P = 0.02). These observations indicate that leptin promotes the development of CD16‐positive monocyte populations in a sex‐specific manner and that these subpopulations are associated with diminished vascular function. e12177 Recombinant leptin induced CD16 expression on human monocytes in vitro in a dose‐ and sex‐specific manner. In vivo, CD16 expression on human monocytes correlated with plasma leptin concentrations in a sex‐specific manner. Blood pressure, carotid intima‐media thickness and carotid compliance were related to the number of circulating CD16‐positive monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Cannon
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gyanendra Sharma
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gloria Sloan
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - R Randall Baker
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Mazzoli
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Barbara Kraj
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anthony Mulloy
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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181
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Inzaugarat ME, Billordo LA, Vodánovich F, Cervini GM, Casavalle PL, Vedire C, Cherñavsky AC. Alterations in innate and adaptive immune leukocytes are involved in paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:381-90. [PMID: 23852831 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is the main source of the cytokines and adipokines that are increased in the context of obesity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines by circulating immune cells can be regulated by these pro-inflammatory factors even before infiltration into adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE To investigate the alterations that can occur in circulating monocytes and lymphocytes in paediatric obesity. METHODS In this study, 54 paediatric obese patients and 30 age-matched metabolically healthy individuals were enrolled. Intracellular cytokines were analyzed after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or leptin plus PMA stimulation of lymphocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured using dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Both a 'stimulation index' and a 'fold of increase' were calculated for statistical purposes. RESULTS Both interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by circulating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and ROS production by monocytes following PMA stimulation were increased in obese patients. Leptin induced an increased production of IFN-γ in both subsets of T cells and tumour necrosis factor alpha in monocytes, and linoleic acid induced a higher ROS production in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS The distinct functional responses of circulating cells suggest that alterations in both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the maintenance of low-grade inflammation in paediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Inzaugarat
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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182
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Macadamia oil supplementation attenuates inflammation and adipocyte hypertrophy in obese mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:870634. [PMID: 25332517 PMCID: PMC4190113 DOI: 10.1155/2014/870634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess of saturated fatty acids in the diet has been associated with obesity, leading to systemic disruption of insulin signaling, glucose intolerance, and inflammation. Macadamia oil administration has been shown to improve lipid profile in humans. We evaluated the effect of macadamia oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, lipid profile, and adipocyte size in high-fat diet (HF) induced obesity in mice. C57BL/6 male mice (8 weeks) were divided into four groups: (a) control diet (CD), (b) HF, (c) CD supplemented with macadamia oil by gavage at 2 g/Kg of body weight, three times per week, for 12 weeks (CD + MO), and (d) HF diet supplemented with macadamia oil (HF + MO). CD and HF mice were supplemented with water. HF mice showed hypercholesterolemia and decreased insulin sensitivity as also previously shown. HF induced inflammation in adipose tissue and peritoneal macrophages, as well as adipocyte hypertrophy. Macadamia oil supplementation attenuated hypertrophy of adipocytes and inflammation in the adipose tissue and macrophages.
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183
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Al-Fadhli MA, Saraya MA, Qasem JA. Evaluation of leptin, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in serum of malaria patients as prognostic markers of treatment outcome. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:441-5. [PMID: 25182944 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze serum leptin levels in patients with malaria falciparum and compare them with healthy controls and correlate with development and outcome of malaria infection. METHODS Sixty cases of malaria falciparum were included in this study as patients. Thirty healthy individuals of comparable age, racial and body mass index were taken as controls. All patients were diagnosed by clinical picture and the presence of malaria parasites in blood film. Estimation of liver function test, kidney function test, complete blood count, fasting blood sugar, fasting serum insulin, pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 (IL1), estimation of morning serum leptin and calculation of body mass index (kg/m(2)) were done in both groups on the day of admission, on discharge and 7 d after discharge. RESULTS At admission, leptin levels were significantly higher in patients group than in control while fasting serum insulin levels were not significantly different between the two groups. There were significant increases as regard to TNFα and IL1 in malaria patients. Significant differences were observed between the control and the patient group for leptin, TNFα and IL1 at the time of admission and discharge. After discharge for 7 d, a significant decline in serum leptin levels, TNFα and IL1 in the patients group was observed as compared with time of admission and time of discharge, a positive correlation between serum leptin levels and TNFα and IL1. CONCLUSIONS Leptin hormone level might play an important role in development and outcome of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Saraya
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait ; Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jafar Abdulrida Qasem
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait
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184
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Maternal circulating concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and adiponectin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:926932. [PMID: 25202741 PMCID: PMC4151523 DOI: 10.1155/2014/926932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether maternal serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, and adiponectin were associated with GDM. A systematic search of PubMed and Medline was undertaken. In total, 27 trials were evaluated by meta-analyses using the software Review Manager 5.0. The results showed that maternal TNF-α (P = 0.0003) and leptin (P < 0.00001) concentrations were significantly higher in GDM patients versus controls. However, maternal adiponectin (P < 0.00001) concentration was significantly lower in GDM patients compared with controls. Subgroup analysis taking in consideration the effect of obesity on maternal adipokine levels showed that circulating levels of TNF-α and leptin remained elevated in GDM patients compared to their body mass index (BMI) matched controls, and adiponectin level remained depressed in GDM individuals. Our findings strengthen the clinical evidence that GDM is accompanied by exaggerated inflammatory responses.
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185
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Obesity-induced hyperleptinemia improves survival and immune response in a murine model of sepsis. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:98-114. [PMID: 24595112 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a growing health problem and associated with immune dysfunction. Sepsis is defined as systemic inflammatory response syndrome that occurs during infection. Excessive inflammation combined with immune dysfunction can lead to multiorgan damage and death. METHODS The authors investigated the influence of a class 1 obesity (body mass index between 30 and 34.9) on immune function and outcome in sepsis and the role of leptin on the immune response. The authors used a long-term high-fat-diet feeding model (12 weeks) on C57Bl/6 mice (n = 100) and controls on standard diet (n = 140) followed by a polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. RESULTS The authors show that class 1 obesity is connected to significant higher serum leptin levels (data are mean ± SEM) (5.7 ± 1.2 vs. 2.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml; n = 5; P = 0.033) and improved innate immune response followed by significant better survival rate in sepsis (71.4%, n = 10 vs. 10%, n = 14; P < 0.0001). Additional sepsis-induced increases in leptin levels stabilize body temperature and are associated with a controlled immune response in a time-dependent and protective manner. Furthermore, leptin treatment of normal-weight septic mice with relative hypoleptinemia (n = 35) also significantly stabilizes body temperature, improves cellular immune response, and reduces proinflammatory cytokine response resulting in improved survival (30%; n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Relative hyperleptinemia of class 1 obesity or induced by treatment is protective in sepsis. Leptin seems to play a regulatory role in the immune system in sepsis, and treatment of relative hypoleptinemia could offer a new way of an individual sepsis therapy.
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186
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Conde J, Scotece M, Abella V, López V, Pino J, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. An update on leptin as immunomodulator. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1165-70. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.942289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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187
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Umeki H, Tokuyama R, Ide S, Okubo M, Tadokoro S, Tezuka M, Tatehara S, Satomura K. Leptin promotes wound healing in the oral mucosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101984. [PMID: 25033454 PMCID: PMC4102470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptin, a 16 kDa circulating anti-obesity hormone, exhibits many physiological properties. Recently, leptin was isolated from saliva; however, its function in the oral cavity is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of leptin in the oral cavity by focusing on its effect on wound healing in the oral mucosa. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine the expression of the leptin receptor (Ob-R) in human/rabbit oral mucosa. To investigate the effect of leptin on wound healing in the oral mucosa, chemical wounds were created in rabbit oral mucosa, and leptin was topically administered to the wound. The process of wound repair was histologically observed and quantitatively analyzed by measuring the area of ulceration and the duration required for complete healing. The effect of leptin on the proliferation, differentiation and migration of human oral mucosal epithelial cells (RT7 cells) was investigated using crystal violet staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and a wound healing assay, respectively. RESULTS Ob-R was expressed in spinous/granular cells in the epithelial tissue and vascular endothelial cells in the subepithelial connective tissue of the oral mucosa. Topical administration of leptin significantly promoted wound healing and shortened the duration required for complete healing. Histological analysis of gingival tissue beneath the ulceration showed a denser distribution of blood vessels in the leptin-treated group. Although the proliferation and differentiation of RT7 cells were not affected by leptin, the migration of these cells was accelerated in the presence of leptin. CONCLUSION Topically administered leptin was shown to promote wound healing in the oral mucosa by accelerating epithelial cell migration and enhancing angiogenesis around the wounded area. These results strongly suggest that topical administration of leptin may be useful as a treatment to promote wound healing in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirochika Umeki
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Tokuyama
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Ide
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Okubo
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Susumu Tadokoro
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Tezuka
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiko Tatehara
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satomura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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188
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Adiponectin, leptin, and chemerin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a close linkage with obesity and length of the disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:701915. [PMID: 25105135 PMCID: PMC4101968 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, and aging are closely associated and adipokines seem to have a crucial role in their pathophysiology. We aim to study the relationship between aging and chemerin, adiponectin, and leptin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Age correlated positively with chemerin and leptin and inversely with adiponectin. Body mass index (BMI) correlated positively with leptin (in males) and chemerin and inversely with adiponectin. The patients with ≥65 years (n = 34) showed significantly higher leptin and chemerin and lower adiponectin levels than middle-aged (38–64 years) patients (n = 39) and controls (n = 20). After statistical adjustment for length of disease, there was a loss of significance, between T2DM groups, for adiponectin and, in female, for leptin. In the older group, BMI correlated with adiponectin and with leptin, but not with chemerin.
Adiponectin and leptin levels in elderly T2DM patients seem to be closely linked to obesity and to length of the disease. In elderly T2DM patients, chemerin concentrations are increased and seem to be independent of length of disease and BMI, suggesting that adipocyte dysfunction is enhanced with aging. The understanding of the glucose homeostasis impairment in the elderly is mandatory in order to achieve ways to improve their quality of life and longevity.
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189
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Chng CL, Lai OF, Chew CSM, Peh YP, Fook-Chong SMC, Seah LL, Khoo DHC. Hypoxia increases adipogenesis and affects adipocytokine production in orbital fibroblasts-a possible explanation of the link between smoking and Graves' ophthalmopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:403-7. [PMID: 24967181 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of hypoxia on human orbital fibroblasts (OF) on adipogenesis and adipocytokine production. METHODS Human OF were derived from tissues obtained from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and from patients without known thyroid diseases undergoing blepharoplasty. The OF were cultured separately under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Comparisons of adipocytokine concentrations using multiplex ELISA and lipid accumulation in the cells using Oil Red O staining were subsequently performed. RESULTS There was increased adipogenesis in OF from GO subject when exposed to hypoxic culture conditions. This was not observed in OF from normal controls. Hypoxia led to an increase in leptin and a decrease in MCP-1 secretion in OF cultures. CONCLUSION Hypoxia induces adipogenesis in OF and may represent a mechanism by which smoking contributes to deterioration of GO. We also found novel changes to leptin and MCP-1 production in OF cultures exposed to hypoxia suggesting important roles of these cytokines in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaw Ling Chng
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Level 3, the Academia, 20 College Road 169856, Singapore
| | - Oi Fah Lai
- Department of Clinical Research, Academia Discovery Tower Level 9 Research Office 2, 20 College Road 169856, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Sze-Min Chew
- Department of Clinical Research, Academia Discovery Tower Level 9 Research Office 2, 20 College Road 169856, Singapore
| | - Yu Pei Peh
- Department of Clinical Research, Academia Discovery Tower Level 9 Research Office 2, 20 College Road 169856, Singapore
| | | | - Lay Leng Seah
- Oculoplastic/Aesthetic Eyeplastic Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue 168751, Singapore
| | - Daphne Hsu-Chin Khoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Level 3, the Academia, 20 College Road 169856, Singapore
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190
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Rocha NP, Scalzo PL, Barbosa IG, de Sousa MS, Morato IB, Vieira ÉLM, Christo PP, Reis HJ, Teixeira AL. Circulating levels of adipokines in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2014; 339:64-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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191
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Nakamura K, Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines: a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiol 2014; 63:250-9. [PMID: 24355497 PMCID: PMC3989503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Recent studies aimed at understanding the microenvironment of adipose tissue and its impact on systemic metabolism have shed light on the pathogenesis of obesity-linked cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ by secreting multiple immune-modulatory proteins known as adipokines. Obesity leads to increased expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines and diminished expression of anti-inflammatory adipokines, resulting in the development of a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state. This adipokine imbalance is thought to be a key event in promoting both systemic metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. This review will focus on the adipose tissue microenvironment and the role of adipokines in modulating systemic inflammatory responses that contribute to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakamura
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José J Fuster
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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192
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Adipokines as potential biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:425068. [PMID: 24799765 PMCID: PMC3985296 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by severe joint injury. Recently, research has been focusing on the possible identification of predictor markers of disease onset and/or progression, of joint damage, and of therapeutic response. Recent findings have uncovered the role of white adipose tissue as a pleiotropic organ not only specialized in endocrine functions but also able to control multiple physiopathological processes, including inflammation. Adipokines are a family of soluble mediators secreted by white adipose tissue endowed with a wide spectrum of actions. This review will focus on the recent advances on the role of the adipokine network in the pathogenesis of RA. A particular attention will be devoted to the action of these proteins on RA effector cells, and on the possibility to use circulating levels of adipokines as potential biomarkers of disease activity and therapeutic response.
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Guadarrama-López AL, Valdés-Ramos R, Martínez-Carrillo BE. Type 2 diabetes, PUFAs, and vitamin D: their relation to inflammation. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:860703. [PMID: 24741627 PMCID: PMC3987931 DOI: 10.1155/2014/860703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases have become one of the most important public health problems, due to their high costs for treatment and prevention. Until now, researchers have considered that the etiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is multifactorial. Recently, the study of the innate immune system has offered an explanation model of the pathogenesis of T2DM. On the other hand, there is evidence about the beneficial effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 and n-6 in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases including diabetes. Furthermore, high vitamin D plasmatic concentrations have been associated with the best performance of pancreatic β cells and the improving of this disease. In conclusion, certain fatty acids in the adequate proportion as well as 25-hydroxivitamin D can modulate the inflammatory response in diabetic people, modifying the evolution of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Guadarrama-López
- Center for Research and Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Paseo Tollocan Esquina, Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz Toluca, 50180 México, MEX, Mexico
| | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Center for Research and Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Paseo Tollocan Esquina, Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz Toluca, 50180 México, MEX, Mexico
| | - Beatríz E. Martínez-Carrillo
- Center for Research and Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Paseo Tollocan Esquina, Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz Toluca, 50180 México, MEX, Mexico
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Leptin and leptin-related gene polymorphisms, obesity, and influenza A/H1N1 vaccine-induced immune responses in older individuals. Vaccine 2013; 32:881-7. [PMID: 24360890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for complicated influenza A/H1N1 disease and poor vaccine immunogenicity. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine, has many immune regulatory functions and therefore could explain susceptibility to infections and poor vaccine outcomes. We recruited 159 healthy adults (50-74 years old) who were immunized with inactivated TIV influenza vaccine that contained A/California/7/2009/H1N1 virus. We found a strong correlation between leptin concentration and BMI (r=0.55, p<0.0001), but no association with hemagglutination antibody inhibition (HAI), B-cell, or granzyme B responses. We found a slight correlation between leptin concentration and an immunosenescence marker (TREC: T-cell receptor excision circles) level (r=0.23, p=0.01). We found eight SNPs in the LEP/LEPR/GHRL genes that were associated with leptin levels and four SNPs in the PTPN1/LEPR/STAT3 genes associated with peripheral blood TREC levels (p<0.05). Heterozygosity of the synonymous variant rs2230604 in the PTPN1 gene was associated with a significantly lower (531 vs. 259, p=0.005) TREC level, as compared to the homozygous major variant. We also found eight SNPs in the LEP/PPARG/CRP genes associated with variations in influenza-specific HAI and B-cell responses (p<0.05). Our results suggest that specific allelic variations in the leptin-related genes may influence adaptive immune responses to influenza vaccine.
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Akhmedov D, Berdeaux R. The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle regeneration. Front Physiol 2013; 4:371. [PMID: 24381559 PMCID: PMC3865699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus are accompanied by increased lipid deposition in adipose and non-adipose tissues including liver, pancreas, heart and skeletal muscle. Recent publications report impaired regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle following injury in obese mice. Although muscle regeneration has not been thoroughly studied in obese and type 2 diabetic humans and mechanisms leading to decreased muscle regeneration in obesity remain elusive, the initial findings point to the possibility that muscle satellite cell function is compromised under conditions of lipid overload. Elevated toxic lipid metabolites and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as insulin and leptin resistance that occur in obese animals may contribute to decreased regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. In addition, obesity-associated alterations in the metabolic state of skeletal muscle fibers and satellite cells may directly impair the potential for satellite cell-mediated repair. Here we discuss recent studies that expand our understanding of how obesity negatively impacts skeletal muscle maintenance and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Akhmedov
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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Relation of Serum Leptin and Adiponectin Level to Serum C-Reactive Protein: The INTERLIPID Study. Int J Vasc Med 2013; 2013:601364. [PMID: 24371525 PMCID: PMC3859203 DOI: 10.1155/2013/601364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Despite considerable study, the relevance of leptin and adiponectin for atherosclerosis development is still unsettled. We investigated relations of serum leptin and adiponectin to serum C-reactive protein (CRP), using the INTERLIPID dataset on Japanese emigrants living in Hawaii and Japanese in Japan. Design and Methods. Serum leptin, adiponectin, and CRP were measured by standardized methods in men and women of ages 40 to 59 years from two population samples, one Japanese-American in Hawaii (83 men, 89 women) and the other Japanese in central Japan (111 men, 104 women). Participants with CRP >10 mg/L were excluded. Results. Sex-specific multiple linear regression analyses, with log-transformed leptin and adiponectin (log-leptin, log-adipo), site (Hawaii = 1, Japan = 0), SBP, HbA1c, smoking (cigarettes/day), and physical activity index score of the Framingham Offspring Study as covariates, showed that log-leptin directly related and log-adipo inversely related to log-CRP for both sexes (Ps < 0.05 to <0.01). Addition to the model of BMI and interaction terms (BMI × log-leptin, BMI × log-adipo, SITE × log-leptin, SITE × log-adipo) resulted in disappearance of statistical significance except for direct relation of log-leptin to log-CRP in men (P = 0.006). Conclusions. Leptin directly related to CRP independent of BMI and other confounding factors in men but not in women.
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Jitprasertwong P, Jaedicke KM, Nile CJ, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. Leptin enhances the secretion of interleukin (IL)-18, but not IL-1β, from human monocytes via activation of caspase-1. Cytokine 2013; 65:222-30. [PMID: 24275551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of leptin are elevated in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and leptin plays a role in immune responses. Elevated circulating IL-18 levels are associated with clinical complications of T2DM. IL-18 regulates cytokine secretion and the function of a number of immune cells including T-cells, neutrophils and macrophages and as such has a key role in immunity and inflammation. Pro-inflammatory monocytes exhibiting elevated cytokine secretion are closely associated with inflammation in T2DM, however, little is known about the role of leptin in modifying monocyte IL-18 secretion. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of leptin on IL-18 secretion by monocytes. We report herein that leptin increases IL-18 secretion in THP-1 and primary human monocytes but has no effect on IL-18mRNA. Leptin and LPS signalling in monocytes occurs by overlapping but distinct pathways. Thus, in contrast to a strong stimulation by LPS, leptin has no effect on IL-1βmRNA levels or IL-1β secretion. In addition, LPS stimulates the secretion of IL-6 but leptin did not whereas both treatments up regulate IL-8 secretion from the same cells. Although leptin (and LPS) has a synergistic effect with exogenous ATP on IL-18 secretion in both THP-1 and primary monocytes, experiments involving ATP assays and pharmacological inhibition of ATP signalling failed to provide any evidence that endogenous ATP secreted by leptin-stimulated monocytes was responsible for enhancement of monocyte IL-18 secretion by leptin. Analysis of the action of caspase-1 revealed that leptin up regulates caspase-1 activity and the effect of leptin on IL-18 release is prevented by caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-cmk). These data suggest that leptin activates IL-18 processing rather than IL-18 transcription. In conclusion, leptin enhances IL-18 secretion via modulation of the caspase-1 inflammasome function and acts synergistically with ATP in this regard. This process may contribute to aberrant immune responses in T2DM and other conditions of hyperleptinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- Centre for Oral Health Research and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK.
| | - Katrin M Jaedicke
- Centre for Oral Health Research and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK.
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Centre for Oral Health Research and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK.
| | - Philip M Preshaw
- Centre for Oral Health Research and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK.
| | - John J Taylor
- Centre for Oral Health Research and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK.
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Phosphorylated ganciclovir derivatives: design, synthesis and in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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