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Kosarmadar N, Ghasemzadeh Z, Rezayof A. Inhibition of microglia in the basolateral amygdala enhanced morphine-induced antinociception: Possible role of GABAA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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152
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Pandamooz S, Nabiuni M, Miyan J, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Organotypic Spinal Cord Culture: a Proper Platform for the Functional Screening. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4659-74. [PMID: 26310972 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvements in organotypic slice culturing and its accompanying technological innovations have made this biological preparation increasingly useful ex vivo experimental model. Among organotypic slice cultures obtained from various central nervous regions, spinal cord slice culture is an absorbing model that represents several unique advantages over other current in vitro and in vivo models. The culture of developing spinal cord slices, as allows real-time observation of embryonic cells behaviors, is an instrumental platform for developmental investigation. Importantly, due to the ability of ex vivo models to recapitulate different aspects of corresponding in vivo conditions, these models have been subject of various manipulations to derive disease-relevant slice models. Moreover spinal cord slice cultures represent a potential platform for screening of different pharmacological agents and evaluation of cell transplantation and neuroregenerative materials. In this review, we will focus on studies carried out using the ex vivo model of spinal cord slice cultures and main advantages linked to practicality of these slices in both normal and neuropathological diseases and summarize them in different categories based on application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Pandamooz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleel Miyan
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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153
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Li Q, Tsuneki M, Krauthammer M, Couture R, Schwartz M, Madri JA. Modulation of Sox10, HIF-1α, Survivin, and YAP by Minocycline in the Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Handicaps following Hypoxic Insult. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants are at an increased risk of developing cognitive and motor handicaps due to chronic hypoxia. Although the current therapies have reduced the incidence of these handicaps, untoward side effects abound. Using a murine model of sublethal hypoxia, we demonstrated reduction in several transcription factors that modulate expression of genes known to be involved in several neural functions. We demonstrate the induction of these genes by minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with noncanonical functions, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Specifically, there was induction of genes, including Sox10, Hif1a, Hif2a, Birc5, Yap1, Epo, Bdnf, Notch1 (cleaved), Pcna, Mag, Mobp, Plp1, synapsin, Adgra2, Pecam1, and reduction in activation of caspase 3, all known to affect proliferation, apoptosis, synaptic transmission, and nerve transmission. Minocycline treatment of mouse pups reared under sublethal hypoxic conditions resulted in improvement in open field testing parameters. These studies demonstrate beneficial effects of minocycline treatment following hypoxic insult, document up-regulation of several genes associated with improved cognitive function, and support the possibility of minocycline as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of neurodevelopmental handicaps observed in the very premature newborn population. Additionally, these studies may aid in further interpretation of the effects of minocycline in the treatment trials and animal model studies of fragile X syndrome and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Masayuki Tsuneki
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Krauthammer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rachael Couture
- Department Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Department Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph A Madri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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154
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Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis of Astrocytes: Therapeutic Intervention by Minocycline. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:577-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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155
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Zhang Z, Nong J, Zhong Y. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective layer-by-layer coatings for neural implants. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:046015. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/4/046015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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156
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Arout CA, Edens E, Petrakis IL, Sofuoglu M. Targeting Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in Clinical Treatment: Neurobiological Considerations. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:465-86. [PMID: 26142224 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioid analgesics have become a cornerstone in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, resulting in a steady rise of opioid prescriptions. Subsequently, there has been a striking increase in the number of opioid-dependent individuals, opioid-related overdoses, and fatalities. Clinical use of opioids is further complicated by an increasingly deleterious profile of side effects beyond addiction, including tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), where OIH is defined as an increased sensitivity to already painful stimuli. This paradoxical state of increased nociception results from acute and long-term exposure to opioids, and appears to develop in a substantial subset of patients using opioids. Recently, there has been considerable interest in developing an efficacious treatment regimen for acute and chronic pain. However, there are currently no well-established treatments for OIH. Several substrates have emerged as potential modulators of OIH, including the N-methyl-D-aspartate and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and most notably, the innate neuroimmune system. This review summarizes the neurobiology of OIH in the context of clinical treatment; specifically, we review evidence for several pathways that show promise for the treatment of pain going forward, as prospective adjuvants to opioid analgesics. Overall, we suggest that this paradoxical state be considered an additional target of clinical treatment for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Arout
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA,
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157
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Chijiwa T, Oka T, Lkhagvasuren B, Yoshihara K, Sudo N. Prior chronic stress induces persistent polyI:C-induced allodynia and depressive-like behavior in rats: Possible involvement of glucocorticoids and microglia. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:264-73. [PMID: 25936823 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When animals suffer from viral infections, they develop a set of symptoms known as the "sickness response." Recent studies suggest that psychological stress can modulate the sickness response. However, it remains uncertain whether acute and chronic psychosocial stresses have the same effect on viral infection-induced sickness responses. To address this question, we compared changes in polyI:C-induced sickness responses, such as fever, change of body weight and food intake, mechanical allodynia, and depressive-like behavior, in rats that had been pre-exposed to single and repeated social defeat stresses. Intraperitoneal injection of polyI:C induced a maximal fever of 38.0°C 3h after injection. Rats exposed to prior social defeat stress exhibited blunted febrile responses, which were more pronounced in the repeated stress group. Furthermore, only the repeated stress group showed late-onset and prolonged mechanical allodynia lasting until 8days after injection in the von Frey test and prolonged immobility time in the forced swim test 9days post-injection. To assess the role of glucocorticoids and microglia in the delayed and persistent development of these sickness responses in rats exposed to repeated stress, we investigated the effect of pretreatment with RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, on polyI:C-induced allodynia and depressive-like behavior. Pretreatment with either drug inhibited both the delayed allodynia and depressive-like behavior. The present study demonstrates that repeated, but not single, social defeat stress followed by systemic polyI:C administration induced prolonged allodynia and depressive-like behavior in rats. Our results show that even though a single-event psychosocial stress does not have any effect by itself, animals may develop persistent allodynia and depressive-like behavior when they suffer from an infectious disease if they are pre-exposed to repeated or chronic psychosocial stress. Furthermore, this study suggests that stress-induced corticosterone and microglial activation play a pivotal role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Chijiwa
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Battuvshin Lkhagvasuren
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yoshihara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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158
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Minocycline protection of neomycin induced hearing loss in gerbils. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:934158. [PMID: 25950003 PMCID: PMC4407513 DOI: 10.1155/2015/934158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This animal study was designed to determine if minocycline ameliorates cochlear damage is caused by intratympanic injection of the ototoxic aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin. Baseline auditory-evoked brainstem responses were measured in gerbils that received 40 mM intratympanic neomycin either with 0, 1.2, or 1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal minocycline. Four weeks later auditory-evoked brainstem responses were measured and compared to the baseline measurements. Minocycline treatments of 1.2 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg resulted in significantly lower threshold increases compared to 0 mg/kg, indicating protection of hearing loss between 6 kHz and 19 kHz. Cochleae were processed for histology and sectioned to allow quantification of the spiral ganglion neurons and histological evaluation of organ of Corti. Significant reduction of spiral ganglion neuron density was demonstrated in animals that did not receive minocycline, indicating that those receiving minocycline demonstrated enhanced survival of spiral ganglion neurons, enhanced survival of sensory hairs cells and spiral ganglion neurons, and reduced hearing threshold elevation correlates with minocycline treatment demonstrating that neomycin induced hearing loss can be reduced by the simultaneous application of minocycline.
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159
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Réus GZ, Abelaira HM, Maciel AL, Dos Santos MAB, Carlessi AS, Steckert AV, Ferreira GK, De Prá SD, Streck EL, Macêdo DS, Quevedo J. Minocycline protects against oxidative damage and alters energy metabolism parameters in the brain of rats subjected to chronic mild stress. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:545-53. [PMID: 25112549 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies have been suggested that minocycline can be a potential new agent for the treatment of depression. In addition, both oxidative stress and energy metabolism present an important role in pathophysiology of depression. So, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of minocycline on stress oxidative parameters and energy metabolism in the brain of adult rats submitted to the chronic mild stress protocol (CMS). After CMS Wistar, both stressed animals as controls received twice ICV injection of minocycline (160 μg) or vehicle. The oxidative stress and energy metabolism parameters were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PF), hippocampus (HIP), amygdala (AMY) and nucleus accumbens (Nac). Our findings showed that stress induced an increase on protein carbonyl in the PF, AMY and NAc, and mynocicline injection reversed this alteration. The TBARS was increased by stress in the PF, HIP and NAc, however, minocycline reversed the alteration in the PF and HIP. The Complex I was incrased in AMY by stress, and minocycline reversed this effect, however reduced Complex I activity in the NAc; Complex II reduced in PF and AMY by stress or minocycline; the Complex II-III increased in the HIP in stress plus minocycline treatment and in the NAc with minocycline; in the PF and HIP there were a reduced in Complex IV with stress and minocycline. The creatine kinase was reduced in AMY and NAc with stress and minocycline. In conclusion, minocycline presented neuroprotector effects by reducing oxidative damage and regulating energy metabolism in specific brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil,
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160
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Lisiecka DM, Suckling J, Barnes TRE, Chaudhry IB, Dazzan P, Husain N, Jones PB, Joyce EM, Lawrie SM, Upthegrove R, Deakin B. The benefit of minocycline on negative symptoms in early-phase psychosis in addition to standard care - extent and mechanism (BeneMin): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 25886254 PMCID: PMC4351843 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative symptoms of psychosis do not respond to the traditional therapy with first- or second-generation antipsychotics and are among main causes of a decrease in quality of life observed in individuals suffering from the disorder. Minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracyclic antibiotic displaying neuroprotective properties has been suggested as a new potential therapy for negative symptoms. In the two previous clinical trials comparing minocycline and placebo, both added to the standard care, patients receiving minocycline showed increased reduction in negative symptoms. Three routes to neuroprotection by minocycline have been identified: neuroprotection against grey matter loss, anti-inflammatory action and stabilisation of glutamate receptors. However, it is not yet certain what the extent of the benefit of minocycline in psychosis is and what its mechanism is. We present a protocol for a multi-centre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial entitled The Benefit of Minocycline on Negative Symptoms of Psychosis: Extent and Mechanism (BeneMin). METHODS After providing informed consent, 226 participants in the early phase of psychosis will be randomised to receive either 100 mg modified-release capsules of minocycline or similar capsules with placebo for 12 months in addition to standard care. The participants will be tested for outcome variables before and after the intervention period. The extent of benefit will be tested via clinical outcome measures, namely the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score, social and cognitive functioning scores, antipsychotic medication dose equivalent and level of weight gain. The mechanism of action of minocycline will be tested via blood screening for circulating cytokines and magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional T1-weighted rapid gradient-echo, proton density T2-weighted dual echo and T2*-weighted gradient echo planar imaging with N-back task and resting state. Eight research centres in UK and 15 National Health Service Trusts and Health Boards will be involved in recruiting participants, performing the study and analysing the data. DISCUSSION The BeneMin trial can inform as to whether in minocycline we have found a new and effective therapy against negative symptoms of psychosis. The European Union Clinical Trial Register: EudraCT 2010-022463-35 with the registration finalised in July 2011. The recruitment in the trial started in January 2013 with the first patient recruited in March 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Lisiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas R E Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
- West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Imran B Chaudhry
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Lancashire Care Early Intervention Service, Accrington, UK.
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
| | - Nusrat Husain
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Peter B Jones
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Bill Deakin
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, Manchester, UK.
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161
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Chaves C, Marque CR, Maia-de-Oliveira JP, Wichert-Ana L, Ferrari TB, Santos AC, Araújo D, Machado-de-Sousa JP, Bressan RA, Elkis H, Crippa JA, Guimarães FS, Zuardi AW, Baker GB, Dursun SM, Hallak JEC. Effects of minocycline add-on treatment on brain morphometry and cerebral perfusion in recent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:439-45. [PMID: 25497439 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline has neuroprotective effects and is a potential treatment for schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms of action of minocycline in the CNS remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of minocycline on brain morphology and cerebral perfusion in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia after 12months of a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of minocycline add-on treatment. This study included 24 outpatients with recent-onset schizophrenia randomized for 12months of adjuvant treatment with minocycline (200mg/d) or placebo. MRI (1.5T) and [(99m)Tc]-ECD SPECT brain scans were performed at the end of the 12-month of trial. Between-condition comparisons of SPECT and MRI brain images were performed using statistical parametric mapping and analyzed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Minocycline adjuvant treatment significantly reduced positive and negative symptoms when compared with placebo. The VBM analysis of MRI scans showed that the patients in the placebo group had significant lower gray matter volumes in the midposterior cingulate cortex and in the precentral gyrus in comparison with the patients in the minocycline group. In addition, a decreased ECD uptake in the minocycline condition was observed in fronto-temporal areas. These results suggest that minocycline may protect against gray matter loss and modulate fronto-temporal areas involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, minocycline add-on treatment may be a potential treatment in the early stages of schizophrenia and may ameliorate clinical deterioration and brain alterations observed in this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Chaves
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil.
| | - Cristiane R Marque
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - João P Maia-de-Oliveira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lauro Wichert-Ana
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago B Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Antonio C Santos
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Radiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Araújo
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - João P Machado-de-Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helio Elkis
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio W Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Glen B Baker
- National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaime E C Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
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162
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Zheng LS, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K. Minocycline treatment ameliorates interferon-alpha- induced neurogenic defects and depression-like behaviors in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:5. [PMID: 25674053 PMCID: PMC4309184 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is widely used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis and malignancy, because of its immune-activating, antiviral, and antiproliferative properties. However, long-term IFN-α treatment frequently causes depression, which limits its clinical utility. The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of IFN-α-induced depression are not currently understood. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the hippocampus continuously generate new neurons, and some evidence suggests that decreased neurogenesis plays a role in the neuropathology of depression. We previously reported that IFN-α treatment suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis and induced depression-like behaviors via its receptors in the brain in adult mice. However, it is unclear how systemic IFN-α administration induces IFN-α signaling in the hippocampus. In this study, we analyzed the role of microglia, immune cells in the brain, in mediating the IFN-α-induced neurogenic defects and depressive behaviors. In vitro studies demonstrated that IFN-α treatment induced the secretion of endogenous IFN-α from microglia, which suppressed NSC proliferation. In vivo treatment of adult mice with IFN-α for 5 weeks increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-α, and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Both effects were prevented by simultaneous treatment with minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation. Furthermore, minocycline treatment significantly suppressed IFN-α-induced depressive behaviors in mice. These results suggest that microglial activation plays a critical role in the development of IFN-α-induced depression, and that minocycline is a promising drug for the treatment of IFN-α-induced depression in patients, especially those who are low responders to conventional antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Shun Zheng
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya, Japan ; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya, Japan
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163
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Naviaux JC, Wang L, Li K, Bright AT, Alaynick WA, Williams KR, Powell SB, Naviaux RK. Antipurinergic therapy corrects the autism-like features in the Fragile X (Fmr1 knockout) mouse model. Mol Autism 2015; 6:1. [PMID: 25705365 PMCID: PMC4334917 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to test a new approach to drug treatment of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in the Fragile X (Fmr1) knockout mouse model. Methods We used behavioral analysis, mass spectrometry, metabolomics, electron microscopy, and western analysis to test the hypothesis that the disturbances in social behavior, novelty preference, metabolism, and synapse structure are treatable with antipurinergic therapy (APT). Results Weekly treatment with the purinergic antagonist suramin (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally), started at 9 weeks of age, restored normal social behavior, and improved metabolism, and brain synaptosomal structure. Abnormalities in synaptosomal glutamate, endocannabinoid, purinergic, and IP3 receptor expression, complement C1q, TDP43, and amyloid β precursor protein (APP) were corrected. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis identified 20 biochemical pathways associated with symptom improvements. Seventeen pathways were shared with human ASD, and 11 were shared with the maternal immune activation (MIA) model of ASD. These metabolic pathways were previously identified as functionally related mediators of the evolutionarily conserved cell danger response (CDR). Conclusions The data show that antipurinergic therapy improves the multisystem, ASD-like features of both the environmental MIA, and the genetic Fragile X models. These abnormalities appeared to be traceable to mitochondria and regulated by purinergic signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Naviaux
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - A Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - William A Alaynick
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA
| | - Kenneth R Williams
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; General Atomics, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467 USA ; Veterans Affairs Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), La Jolla, CA USA
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164
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Amiri-Nikpour MR, Nazarbaghi S, Hamdi-Holasou M, Rezaei Y. An open-label evaluator-blinded clinical study of minocycline neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: gender-dependent effect. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:45-50. [PMID: 25155474 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Minocycline as an antibiotic has been found to have neuroprotective effect on neurodegenerative diseases. This study was aimed at determining the efficacy of minocycline adjunct to aspirin in improving neurological outcomes of ischemic stroke during 3-month follow-up. METHODS AND MATERIALS In an open-label evaluator-blinded trial, 60 patients with ischemic stroke were allocated into two groups to receive either 200 mg of oral minocycline daily for 5 days during 6-24 h following onset of signs and symptoms, or not receiving any, as control; all patients also received 100 mg of aspirin daily. Clinical assessment at baseline and on days 30, 60, and 90 was performed using National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. RESULTS Fifty-three patients (88.3%) completed the study. Females in the treatment and control groups were 53.8% and 51.9%, respectively (P = 0.884). Among all patients, NIHSS score was significantly lower in the minocycline-treated compared with control on day 90 (minocycline median 4, interquartile range 4-7, control median 7, interquartile range 5-8, P = 0.031). Among males, NIHSS was lower in minocycline-treated compared with controls on days 30, 60, and 90 (P < 0.05); however, females showed no significant differences at the same times compared with controls. No adverse outcomes including myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, and mortality were observed in the both groups. CONCLUSION Patients with ischemic stroke who received oral minocycline daily for 5 days had significantly better neurological outcomes on day 90 than controls. However, females showed no significant clinical improvement compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surena Nazarbaghi
- Department of Neurology; Imam Khomeini Hospital; Urmia University of Medical Sciences; Urmia Iran
| | - Milad Hamdi-Holasou
- Department of Neurology; Imam Khomeini Hospital; Urmia University of Medical Sciences; Urmia Iran
| | - Yousef Rezaei
- Seyyed-al-Shohada Heart Center; Urmia University of Medical Sciences; Urmia Iran
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165
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Levkovitz Y, Fenchel D, Kaplan Z, Zohar J, Cohen H. Early post-stressor intervention with minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, attenuates post-traumatic stress response in an animal model of PTSD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:124-32. [PMID: 25487770 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of minocycline, a tetracycline with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective capacities, in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Rats were exposed to psychogenic stress and treated 1h later with minocycline or saline. Behavioral measures included the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and acoustic startle response (ASR) 7 days post stress-exposure. One day after behavioral testing, animals were exposed to a trauma cue and freezing response was assessed. Local levels of cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the hippocampus, frontal cortex (FC) and hypothalamus were then examined. Minocycline attenuated anxious-like behaviors in stress-exposed rats. In addition, decreased levels of cytokines were measured in exposed rats treated with minocycline compared to their counterparts treated with saline. This study suggests a potential use of minocycline in preventing physiological and behavioral alternations resulting from acute exposure to psychological stress. As this is the first study to report beneficial outcomes for minocycline treatment in an animal model of PTSD, further investigations of the use of minocycline in stress-related conditions with emphasis on PTSD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechiel Levkovitz
- Beer-Yaakov Mental Health Center, Beer-Yaakov, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Daphna Fenchel
- Beer-Yaakov Mental Health Center, Beer-Yaakov, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Zeev Kaplan
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Joseph Zohar
- Division of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Cohen
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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166
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Wang N, Mi X, Gao B, Gu J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang X. Minocycline inhibits brain inflammation and attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neuroscience 2014; 287:144-56. [PMID: 25541249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that brain inflammation mediated by glial cells may contribute to epileptogenesis. Minocycline is a second-generation tetracycline and has potent antiinflammatory effects independent of its antimicrobial action. The present study aimed to investigate whether minocycline could exert antiepileptogenic effects in a rat lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The temporal patterns of microglial and astrocytic activation were examined in the hippocampal CA1 and the adjacent cortex following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). These findings displayed that SE caused acute and persistent activation of microglia and astrocytes. Based on these findings, Minocycline was administered once daily at 45 mg/kg for 14 days following SE. Six weeks after termination of minocycline treatment, spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) were recorded by continuous video monitoring. Minocycline inhibited the SE-induced microglial activation and the increased production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the hippocampal CA1 and the adjacent cortex, without affecting astrocytic activation. In addition, Minocycline prevented the SE-induced neuronal loss in the brain regions examined. Moreover, minocycline significantly reduced the frequency, duration, and severity of SRS during the two weeks monitoring period. These results demonstrated that minocycline could mitigate SE-induced brain inflammation and might exert disease-modifying effects in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. These findings offer new insights into deciphering the molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis and exploring a novel therapeutic strategy for prevention of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - X Mi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - B Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - J Gu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - W Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China.
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167
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Diaz-Arrastia R, Kochanek PM, Bergold P, Kenney K, Marx CE, Grimes CJB, Loh LTCY, Adam LTCGE, Oskvig D, Curley KC, Salzer W. Pharmacotherapy of traumatic brain injury: state of the science and the road forward: report of the Department of Defense Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:135-58. [PMID: 23968241 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial investments by government, philanthropic, and commercial sources over the past several decades, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains an unmet medical need and a major source of disability and mortality in both developed and developing societies. The U.S. Department of Defense neurotrauma research portfolio contains more than 500 research projects funded at more than $700 million and is aimed at developing interventions that mitigate the effects of trauma to the nervous system and lead to improved quality of life outcomes. A key area of this portfolio focuses on the need for effective pharmacological approaches for treating patients with TBI and its associated symptoms. The Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup was established by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) with the overarching goal of providing a strategic research plan for developing pharmacological treatments that improve clinical outcomes after TBI. To inform this plan, the Workgroup (a) assessed the current state of the science and ongoing research and (b) identified research gaps to inform future development of research priorities for the neurotrauma research portfolio. The Workgroup identified the six most critical research priority areas in the field of pharmacological treatment for persons with TBI. The priority areas represent parallel efforts needed to advance clinical care; each requires independent effort and sufficient investment. These priority areas will help the USAMRMC and other funding agencies strategically guide their research portfolios to ensure the development of effective pharmacological approaches for treating patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
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168
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Involvement of pro- and antinociceptive factors in minocycline analgesia in rat neuropathic pain model. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:57-66. [PMID: 25304927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In neuropathic pain the repeated minocycline treatment inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of the microglial markers and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The minocycline diminished the pronociceptive (IL-6, IL-18), but not antinociceptive (IL-1alpha, IL-4, IL-10) cytokines at the spinal cord level. In vitro primary cell culture studies have shown that MMP-9, TIMP-1, IL-1beta, IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 are of microglial origin. Minocycline reduces the production of pronociceptive factors, resulting in a more potent antinociceptive effect. This change in the ratio between pro- and antinociceptive factors, in favour of the latter may be the mechanism of minocycline analgesia in neuropathy.
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169
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Chang MY, Rhee YH, Yi SH, Lee SJ, Kim RK, Kim H, Park CH, Lee SH. Doxycycline enhances survival and self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:353-64. [PMID: 25254347 PMCID: PMC4175555 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report that doxycycline, an antibacterial agent, exerts dramatic effects on human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC/iPSCs) survival and self-renewal. The survival-promoting effect was also manifest in cultures of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from hESC/iPSCs. These doxycycline effects are not associated with its antibacterial action, but mediated by direct activation of a PI3K-AKT intracellular signal. These findings indicate doxycycline as a useful supplement for stem cell cultures, facilitating their growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Hyongbum Kim
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
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170
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Chung BHY, Tao VQ, Tso WWY. Copy number variation and autism: New insights and clinical implications. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113:400-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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171
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Evidence of inflammatory system involvement in Parkinson's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:308654. [PMID: 25050341 PMCID: PMC4094726 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease underpinned by both genetic and environmental etiologic factors. Recent findings suggest that inflammation may be a pathogenic factor in the onset and progression of both familial and sporadic PD. Understanding the precise role of inflammatory factors in PD will likely lead to understanding of how the disease arises. In vivo evidence for inflammation in PD includes dysregulated molecular mediators such as cytokines, complement system and its receptors, resident microglial activation, peripheral immune cells invasion, and altered composition and phenotype of peripheral immune cells. The growing awareness of these factors has prompted novel approaches to modulate the immune system, although it remains whether these approaches can be used in humans. Influences of ageing and differential exposure to environmental agents suggest potential host-pathogen specific pathophysiologic factors. There is a clear need for research to further unravel the pathophysiologic role of immunity in PD, with the potential of developing new therapeutic targets for this debilitating condition.
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172
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RIFAMPICIN: an antibiotic with brain protective function. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:37-42. [PMID: 24905548 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Besides its well known antibiotic activity rifampicin exerts multiple brain protective functions in acute cerebral ischemia and chronic neurodegeneration. The present mini-review gives an update of the unique activity of rifampicin in different diseases including Parkinson's disease, meningitis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease and optic nerve injury.
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173
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Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ. Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2563-2582. [PMID: 24892271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1301] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs as a result of exposure of tissues and organs to harmful stimuli such as microbial pathogens, irritants, or toxic cellular components. The primary physical manifestations of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function to the affected area. These processes involve the major cells of the immune system, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, T-cells, and B-cells. However, examination of a range of inflammatory lesions demonstrates the presence of specific leukocytes in any given lesion. That is, the inflammatory process is regulated in such a way as to ensure that the appropriate leukocytes are recruited. These events are in turn controlled by a host of extracellular molecular regulators, including members of the cytokine and chemokine families that mediate both immune cell recruitment and complex intracellular signalling control mechanisms that characterise inflammation. This review will focus on the role of the main cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors in the pathophysiology of auto-inflammatory disorders, pro-inflammatory disorders, and neurological disorders involving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Turner
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Belinda Nedjai
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Hurst
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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174
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Alto LT, Chen X, Ruhn KA, Treviño I, Tansey MG. AAV-dominant negative tumor necrosis factor (DN-TNF) gene transfer to the striatum does not rescue medium spiny neurons in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96544. [PMID: 24824433 PMCID: PMC4019512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS inflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease, and recent studies suggest that the inflammatory response may contribute to neuronal demise. In particular, increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling is implicated in the pathology of both Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously shown that localized gene delivery of dominant negative TNF to the degenerating brain region can limit pathology in animal models of PD and AD. TNF is upregulated in Huntington's disease (HD), like in PD and AD, but it is unknown whether TNF signaling contributes to neuronal degeneration in HD. We used in vivo gene delivery to test whether selective reduction of soluble TNF signaling could attenuate medium spiny neuron (MSN) degeneration in the YAC128 transgenic (TG) mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). AAV vectors encoding cDNA for dominant-negative tumor necrosis factor (DN-TNF) or GFP (control) were injected into the striatum of young adult wild type WT and YAC128 TG mice and achieved 30-50% target coverage. Expression of dominant negative TNF protein was confirmed immunohistologically and biochemically and was maintained as mice aged to one year, but declined significantly over time. However, the extent of striatal DN-TNF gene transfer achieved in our studies was not sufficient to achieve robust effects on neuroinflammation, rescue degenerating MSNs or improve motor function in treated mice. Our findings suggest that alternative drug delivery strategies should be explored to determine whether greater target coverage by DN-TNF protein might afford some level of neuroprotection against HD-like pathology and/or that soluble TNF signaling may not be the primary driver of striatal neuroinflammation and MSN loss in YAC128 TG mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Ruhn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Isaac Treviño
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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175
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Silva T, Reis J, Teixeira J, Borges F. Alzheimer's disease, enzyme targets and drug discovery struggles: from natural products to drug prototypes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:116-45. [PMID: 24726823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incapacitating neurodegenerative disease that slowly destroys brain cells. This disease progressively compromises both memory and cognition, culminating in a state of full dependence and dementia. Currently, AD is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and its prevalence in the developed world is increasing rapidly. Classic drugs, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), fail to decline disease progression and display several side effects that reduce patient's adhesion to pharmacotherapy. The past decade has witnessed an increasing focus on the search for novel AChEIs and new putative enzymatic targets for AD, like β- and γ-secretases, sirtuins, caspase proteins and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In addition, new mechanistic rationales for drug discovery in AD that include autophagy and synaptogenesis have been discovered. Herein, we describe the state-of-the-art of the development of recent enzymatic inhibitors and enhancers with therapeutic potential on the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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176
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Desjarlais M, Pratt J, Lounis A, Mounier C, Haidara K, Annabi B. Tetracycline derivative minocycline inhibits autophagy and inflammation in concanavalin-a-activated human hepatoma cells. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:63-73. [PMID: 24634581 PMCID: PMC3948715 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is among the non-antibiotic cellular effects exerted by the anti-inflammatory tetracycline derivative minocycline. The impact of minocycline on the signal transduction functions of membrane-bound MMPs is however unknown. We assessed minocycline in a concanavalin-A (ConA)-activated human HepG2 hepatoma cell model, a condition known to increase the expression of membrane type-1 MMP (MT-MMP) and to trigger inflammatory and autophagy processes. We found that minocycline inhibited ConA-induced formation of autophagic acidic vacuoles, green fluorescent microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) puncta formation, gene and protein expression of autophagy biomarker BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), invasion biomarker MT1-MMP, and inflammation biomarker cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Gene silencing of MT1-MMP abrogated ConA-induced formation of autophagic acidic vacuoles and ConA-induced expressions of BNIP3 and COX-2. Minocycline was also shown to inhibit ConA-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation as well as gene expression of NANOS1, a biomarker believed to colocalize with MT1-MMP and the specific silencing of which further inhibited ConA-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that part of minocycline’s effects on autophagy could be exerted through the inhibition of MT1-MMP signaling functions, which contribute to the autophagy and inflammatory phenotype of ConA-activated HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Desjarlais
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Pratt
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amine Lounis
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Khadidja Haidara
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Minocycline upregulates pro-survival genes and downregulates pro-apoptotic genes in experimental glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:761-72. [PMID: 24566901 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, was reported to be neuroprotective in experimental glaucoma and optic nerve transection as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying that neuroprotective effect in murine glaucoma. METHODS Elevated intraocular pressure was induced in 159 rats by the translimbal photocoagulation laser model. Minocycline 22 mg/kg or saline was injected intraperitoneally starting 3 days before the induction of glaucoma, and continued daily until the animals were sacrificed. The effect of minocycline on gene expression was evaluated using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array for apoptosis. The involvement of selected pro-apoptotic, pro-survival, and inflammatory genes was further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR at multiple time points. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the effect of minocycline on microglial activation and to localize Bcl-2 changes. RESULTS Minocycline significantly increased the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 expression at day 8 and day 14 after the induction of glaucoma (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03 respectively), and decreased IL-18 expression in the retina at day 14 and day 30 (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001 respectively). PCR arrays suggested that additional genes were affected by minocycline, including Tp53bp2, TRAF4, osteoprotegerin, caspase 1 and 4, and members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Additionally, minocycline decreased the amount of activated microglia in glaucomatous eyes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that minocycline upregulates pro-survival genes and downregulates apoptotic genes, thus shifting the balance toward the anti-apoptotic side in experimental glaucoma.
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178
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Comparative Neuroprotective Effects of Dexamethasone and Minocycline during Hepatic Encephalopathy. Neurol Res Int 2014; 2014:254683. [PMID: 24693424 PMCID: PMC3945529 DOI: 10.1155/2014/254683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Encephalopathy and brain edema are serious complications of acute liver injury and may lead to rapid death of patients. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in the cytotoxic brain oedema and the neuroprotective effects of both minocycline and dexamethasone.
Methods. 48 male albino rats were divided into 4 groups: control group, acute liver injury (ALI) group, minocycline pretreated ALI group, and dexamethasone pretreated ALI group. 24 hours after acute liver injury serum ammonia, liver enzymes, brain levels of heme oxygenase-1 gene, iNOS gene expression, nitrite/nitrate, and cytokines were measured. In addition, the grades of encephalopathy and brain water content were assessed. Results. ALI was associated with significant increases in all measured inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, iNOS gene expression, and nitrite/nitrate. Both minocycline and dexamethasone significantly modulated the inflammatory changes and the oxidative/nitrosative stress associated with ALI. However, only minocycline but not dexamethasone significantly reduced the cytotoxic brain oedema. Conclusion. Both minocycline and dexamethasone could modulate inflammatory and oxidative changes observed in brain after ALI and could be novel preventative therapy for hepatic encephalopathy episodes.
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179
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Doll CA, Broadie K. Impaired activity-dependent neural circuit assembly and refinement in autism spectrum disorder genetic models. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:30. [PMID: 24570656 PMCID: PMC3916725 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-use activity during circuit-specific critical periods refines brain circuitry by the coupled processes of eliminating inappropriate synapses and strengthening maintained synapses. We theorize these activity-dependent (A-D) developmental processes are specifically impaired in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASD genetic models in both mouse and Drosophila have pioneered our insights into normal A-D neural circuit assembly and consolidation, and how these developmental mechanisms go awry in specific genetic conditions. The monogenic fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common cause of heritable ASD and intellectual disability, has been particularly well linked to defects in A-D critical period processes. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is positively activity-regulated in expression and function, in turn regulates excitability and activity in a negative feedback loop, and appears to be required for the A-D remodeling of synaptic connectivity during early-use critical periods. The Drosophila FXS model has been shown to functionally conserve the roles of human FMRP in synaptogenesis, and has been centrally important in generating our current mechanistic understanding of the FXS disease state. Recent advances in Drosophila optogenetics, transgenic calcium reporters, highly-targeted transgenic drivers for individually-identified neurons, and a vastly improved connectome of the brain are now being combined to provide unparalleled opportunities to both manipulate and monitor A-D processes during critical period brain development in defined neural circuits. The field is now poised to exploit this new Drosophila transgenic toolbox for the systematic dissection of A-D mechanisms in normal versus ASD brain development, particularly utilizing the well-established Drosophila FXS disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA ; Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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180
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Levkovitch-Verbin H, Waserzoog Y, Vander S, Makarovsky D, Ilia P. Minocycline mechanism of neuroprotection involves the Bcl-2 gene family in optic nerve transection. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:755-61. [PMID: 24410139 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.878340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The second-generation tetracycline, minocycline, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective therapeutic benefits in many neurodegenerative diseases including experimental glaucoma and optic nerve transection (ONT). This study investigated the mechanism underlying minocycline neuroprotection in a model of ONT. ONT was applied unilaterally in 36 Wistar rat eyes. The rats were randomly divided into a minocycline (22 mg/kg/d) treatment group and a saline treatment group (control). Treatment (minocycline or saline) was given by intraperitoneal injections initiated 3 d before ONT and continued daily until the end of the experiment. The involvement of pro-apoptotic, pro-survival and inflammatory pathways was analyzed by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction at 4 h and 3 d after the transection in both treatment groups. The involvement of Bcl-2 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We found that Minocycline significantly increased the expression of the antiapoptotic gene bcl-2 4 h after transection (n = 8, p = 0.008) and decreased the expression of Bax at the same time point (n = 8, p = 0.03). Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP1) and Gadd45α were significantly upregulated in the retinas of eyes with ONTs compared to control (n = 10 for each gene, p = 0.02, p = 0.03, p = 0.04, respectively) but this effect was unaffected by minocycline. This study further support that the mechanism underlying minocycline neuroprotection involves the Bcl-2 gene family, suggesting that minocycline has antiapoptotic properties that support its value as a promising neuroprotective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Levkovitch-Verbin
- From the Sam Rothberg Ophthalmic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Israel
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181
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Viscomi MT, Molinari M. Remote neurodegeneration: multiple actors for one play. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:368-89. [PMID: 24442481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Remote neurodegeneration significantly influences the clinical outcome in many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Because these processes develop days or months after injury, they are accompanied by a therapeutic window of opportunity. The complexity and clinical significance of remote damage is prompting many groups to examine the factors of remote degeneration. This research is providing insights into key unanswered questions, opening new avenues for innovative neuroprotective therapies. In this review, we evaluate data from various remote degeneration models to describe the complexity of the systems that are involved and the importance of their interactions in reducing damage and promoting recovery after brain lesions. Specifically, we recapitulate the current data on remote neuronal degeneration, focusing on molecular and cellular events, as studied in stroke and brain and spinal cord injury models. Remote damage is a multifactorial phenomenon in which many components become active in specific time frames. Days, weeks, or months after injury onset, the interplay between key effectors differentially affects neuronal survival and functional outcomes. In particular, we discuss apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative damage, and autophagy-all of which mediate remote degeneration at specific times. We also review current findings on the pharmacological manipulation of remote degeneration mechanisms in reducing damage and sustaining outcomes. These novel treatments differ from those that have been proposed to limit primary lesion site damage, representing new perspectives on neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Experimental Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143, Rome, Italy,
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182
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Santucci R, Sinibaldi F, Patriarca A, Santucci D, Fiorucci L. Misfolded proteins and neurodegeneration: role of non-native cytochrome c in cell death. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:507-17. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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183
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Bhalala US, Koehler RC, Kannan S. Neuroinflammation and neuroimmune dysregulation after acute hypoxic-ischemic injury of developing brain. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:144. [PMID: 25642419 PMCID: PMC4294124 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury to developing brain results from birth asphyxia in neonates and from cardiac arrest in infants and children. It is associated with varying degrees of neurologic sequelae, depending upon the severity and length of HI. Global HI triggers a series of cellular and biochemical pathways that lead to neuronal injury. One of the key cellular pathways of neuronal injury is inflammation. The inflammatory cascade comprises activation and migration of microglia - the so-called "brain macrophages," infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the brain, and release of cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokines. In this article, we review the inflammatory and immune mechanisms of secondary neuronal injury after global HI injury to developing brain. Specifically, we highlight the current literature on microglial activation in relation to neuronal injury, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory/restorative pathways, the role of peripheral immune cells, and the potential use of immunomodulators as neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal S Bhalala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation affecting microglia plays an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia, and appropriate control of microglial activation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia. Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline that inhibits microglial activation, has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect in various models of neurodegenerative disease, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties, and an ability to modulate glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Given that these mechanisms overlap with neuropathologic pathways, minocycline may have a potential role in the adjuvant treatment of schizophrenia, and improve its negative symptoms. Here, we review the relevant studies of minocycline, ranging from preclinical research to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Psychology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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185
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Sorrells SF, Munhoz CD, Manley NC, Yen S, Sapolsky RM. Glucocorticoids increase excitotoxic injury and inflammation in the hippocampus of adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 100:129-40. [PMID: 25228100 PMCID: PMC4304880 DOI: 10.1159/000367849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Stress exacerbates neuron loss in many CNS injuries via the actions of adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) hormones. For some injuries, this GC endangerment of neurons is accompanied by greater immune cell activation in the CNS, a surprising outcome given the potent immunosuppressive properties of GCs. METHODS To determine whether the effects of GCs on inflammation contribute to neuron death or result from it, we tested whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could protect neurons from GCs during kainic acid excitotoxicity in adrenalectomized male rats. We next measured GC effects on (1) chemokine production (CCL2 and CINC-1), (2) signals that suppress immune activation (CX3CL1, CD22, CD200, and TGF-β), and (3) NF-κB activity. RESULTS Concurrent treatment with minocycline, but not indomethacin, prevented GC endangerment. GCs did not substantially affect CCL2, CINC-1, or baseline NF-κB activity, but they did suppress CX3CL1, CX3CR1, and CD22 expression in the hippocampus - factors that normally restrain inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that cellular inflammation is not necessarily suppressed by GCs in the injured hippocampus; instead, GCs may worsen hippocampal neuron death, at least in part by increasing the neurotoxicity of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina D. Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathan C. Manley
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
| | - Sandra Yen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
| | - Robert M. Sapolsky
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA
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186
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Beardsley PM, Hauser KF. Glial modulators as potential treatments of psychostimulant abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:1-69. [PMID: 24484974 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glia (including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes), which constitute the majority of cells in the brain, have many of the same receptors as neurons, secrete neurotransmitters and neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory factors, control clearance of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts, and are intimately involved in synaptic plasticity. Despite their prevalence and spectrum of functions, appreciation of their potential general importance has been elusive since their identification in the mid-1800s, and only relatively recently have they been gaining their due respect. This development of appreciation has been nurtured by the growing awareness that drugs of abuse, including the psychostimulants, affect glial activity, and glial activity, in turn, has been found to modulate the effects of the psychostimulants. This developing awareness has begun to illuminate novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for treating psychostimulant abuse, for which targeting more conventional neuronal targets has not yet resulted in a single, approved medication. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular pharmacology, physiology, and functional relationships that the glia have especially in the light in which they present themselves as targets for pharmacotherapeutics intended to treat psychostimulant abuse disorders. We then review a cross section of preclinical studies that have manipulated glial processes whose behavioral effects have been supportive of considering the glia as drug targets for psychostimulant-abuse medications. We then close with comments regarding the current clinical evaluation of relevant compounds for treating psychostimulant abuse, as well as the likelihood of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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187
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Abstract
Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has shown anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective effects in many models of cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative disease. Its high penetration of the blood-brain barrier, good safety profile, and delayed therapeutic window make it an ideal candidate for use in stroke. In animal models, minocycline reduced infarct size and improved neurologic outcome when administered acutely, with similar neuroprotective benefits seen following delayed administration. To date, two early phase clinical trials have shown minocycline to be safe and potentially effective in acute ischemic stroke, alone or in combination with tissue plasminogen activator. A large efficacy clinical trial is now needed to confirm previous studies, allow for subgroup analysis, and pinpoint the potential place for minocycline in acute stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, HM 1200, 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA. Department of Neurology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
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188
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Abcouwer SF, Lin CM, Shanmugam S, Muthusamy A, Barber AJ, Antonetti DA. Minocycline prevents retinal inflammation and vascular permeability following ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:149. [PMID: 24325836 PMCID: PMC3866619 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many retinal diseases are associated with vascular dysfunction accompanied by neuroinflammation. We examined the ability of minocycline (Mino), a tetracycline derivative with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, to prevent vascular permeability and inflammation following retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, a model of retinal neurodegeneration with breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 45 min of pressure-induced retinal ischemia, with the contralateral eye serving as control. Rats were treated with Mino prior to and following IR. At 48 h after reperfusion, retinal gene expression, cellular inflammation, Evan’s blue dye leakage, tight junction protein organization, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation were measured. Cellular inflammation was quantified by flow-cytometric evaluation of retinal tissue using the myeloid marker CD11b and leukocyte common antigen CD45 to differentiate and quantify CD11b+/CD45low microglia, CD11b+/CD45hi myeloid leukocytes and CD11bneg/CD45hi lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) immunoreactivity was used to determine the inflammatory state of these cells. Results Mino treatment significantly inhibited IR-induced retinal vascular permeability and disruption of tight junction organization. Retinal IR injury significantly altered mRNA expression for 21 of 25 inflammation- and gliosis-related genes examined. Of these, Mino treatment effectively attenuated IR-induced expression of lipocalin 2 (LCN2), serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 3 N (SERPINA3N), TNF receptor superfamily member 12A (TNFRSF12A), monocyte chemoattractant-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). A marked increase in leukostasis of both myeloid leukocytes and lymphocytes was observed following IR. Mino treatment significantly reduced retinal leukocyte numbers following IR and was particularly effective in decreasing the appearance of MHCII+ inflammatory leukocytes. Surprisingly, Mino did not significantly inhibit retinal cell death in this model. Conclusions IR induces a retinal neuroinflammation within hours of reperfusion characterized by inflammatory gene expression, leukocyte adhesion and invasion, and vascular permeability. Despite Mino significantly inhibiting these responses, it failed to block neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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189
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Brüning A, Brem GJ, Vogel M, Mylonas I. Tetracyclines cause cell stress-dependent ATF4 activation and mTOR inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:281-9. [PMID: 24280420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines have long been used as valuable broad-spectrum antibiotics. The high antibacterial activity of tetracyclines, combined with their good tolerability, has led to their widespread use in treating various infectious diseases. However, similar to other antibiotics, tetracyclines are also known for their adverse effects on different human tissues, including hepatic steatosis. We observed that tetracyclines, including doxycycline and minocycline, caused enhanced expression of the liver chalone inhibin βE in HepG2 cells, mediated by the cell stress-regulated transcription factor ATF4. ATF4 and its target genes ATF3, CHOP, and inhibin βE are involved in cell cycle control, cell survival, cell metabolism, and modulation of cytokine expression. Furthermore, we observed that long term tetracycline incubation also caused inhibition of the mTOR complex, a central regulator of cell metabolism, further contributing to the observed cell-cycle arrest and autophagy in doxycycline- and minocycline-treated cell lines. ATF4 activation and mTOR inhibition link two crucial regulators of the cellular stress response and cell metabolism to the effects of tetracyclines on eukaryotic cell metabolism, and may help to understand the antibiotic-independent influence of these drugs on human tissues. Since the observed effects of tetracyclines on human cells were also found to be dependent on the magnesium ion concentrations supplied, the data further indicate the importance of magnesium supplementation to reduce or prevent side effects of long term treatment with tetracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Brüning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - German J Brem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marianne Vogel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioannis Mylonas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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190
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Ghavami S, Shojaei S, Yeganeh B, Ande SR, Jangamreddy JR, Mehrpour M, Christoffersson J, Chaabane W, Moghadam AR, Kashani HH, Hashemi M, Owji AA, Łos MJ. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:24-49. [PMID: 24211851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic proteins and damaged organelles. It involves a sequential set of events including double membrane formation, elongation, vesicle maturation and finally delivery of the targeted materials to the lysosome. Apoptotic cell death is best described through its morphology. It is characterized by cell rounding, membrane blebbing, cytoskeletal collapse, cytoplasmic condensation, and fragmentation, nuclear pyknosis, chromatin condensation/fragmentation, and formation of membrane-enveloped apoptotic bodies, that are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells. Neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in the Western societies, with larger percentage of members living to an older age. They have to be seen not only as a health problem, but since they are care-intensive, they also carry a significant economic burden. Deregulation of autophagy plays a pivotal role in the etiology and/or progress of many of these diseases. Herein, we briefly review the latest findings that indicate the involvement of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. We provide a brief introduction to autophagy and apoptosis pathways focusing on the role of mitochondria and lysosomes. We then briefly highlight pathophysiology of common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Then, we describe functions of autophagy and apoptosis in brain homeostasis, especially in the context of the aforementioned disorders. Finally, we discuss different ways that autophagy and apoptosis modulation may be employed for therapeutic intervention during the maintenance of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mehrpour
- INSERM U845, Research Center "Growth & Signaling" Paris Descartes University Medical School, France
| | - Jonas Christoffersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wiem Chaabane
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Hessam H Kashani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali A Owji
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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191
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Chen YI, Lee YJ, Wilkie DA, Lin CT. Evaluation of potential topical and systemic neuroprotective agents for ocular hypertension-induced retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:432-42. [PMID: 24171811 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate for drugs with superior neuroprotective efficacy and investigate their underlying mechanisms related to antioxidation. PROCEDURES Brinzolamide (1%), timolol (0.5%), minocycline (22 mg/kg), lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg), and methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) were administered to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The retina was evaluated by electroretinography and histological analysis. The antioxidative capacity of drugs was evaluated to clarify the underlying mechanism. The oxidant/antioxidant profiles of plasma, red blood cells, and retina were analyzed by lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and by measuring the activities of antioxidants. Proteomic analysis was used to investigate the possible protective mechanisms of the drug against ischemia-reperfusion injury. RESULTS The results suggested that timolol, methylprednisolone, and minocycline protected retinal function. Methylprednisolone and minocycline possessed good antioxidative activity. Brinzolamide and lidocaine preserved the structural integrity of the retina, but not retinal function. CONCLUSION Methylprednisolone, minocycline, and timolol have potential acute or delayed benefit in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Their neuroprotective actions depend at least partially on the ability to alleviate oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ing Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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192
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Schönfeld P, Siemen D, Kreutzmann P, Franz C, Wojtczak L. Interaction of the antibiotic minocycline with liver mitochondria - role of membrane permeabilization in the impairment of respiration. FEBS J 2013; 280:6589-99. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Detlef Siemen
- Department of Neurology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Peter Kreutzmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Claudia Franz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Lech Wojtczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw Poland
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193
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Watabe M, Kato TA, Tsuboi S, Ishikawa K, Hashiya K, Monji A, Utsumi H, Kanba S. Minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, reduces 'honey trap' risk in human economic exchange. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1685. [PMID: 23595250 PMCID: PMC3629414 DOI: 10.1038/srep01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has been reported to improve symptoms of psychiatric disorders and to facilitate sober decision-making in healthy human subjects. Here we show that minocycline also reduces the risk of the ‘honey trap’ during an economic exchange. Males tend to cooperate with physically attractive females without careful evaluation of their trustworthiness, resulting in betrayal by the female. In this experiment, healthy male participants made risky choices (whether or not to trust female partners, identified only by photograph, who had decided in advance to exploit the male participants). The results show that trusting behaviour in male participants significantly increased in relation to the perceived attractiveness of the female partner, but that attractiveness did not impact trusting behaviour in the minocycline group. Animal studies have shown that minocycline inhibits microglial activities. Therefore, this minocycline effect may shed new light on the unknown roles microglia play in human mental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Watabe
- Organization for Japan-US Studies, Waseda University, 513 Waseda Tsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan.
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194
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Haber M, Abdel Baki SG, Grin'kina NM, Irizarry R, Ershova A, Orsi S, Grill RJ, Dash P, Bergold PJ. Minocycline plus N-acetylcysteine synergize to modulate inflammation and prevent cognitive and memory deficits in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2013; 249:169-77. [PMID: 24036416 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) differs in severity from severe to mild. This study examined whether a combination of the drugs minocycline (MINO) plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC) produces behavioral and histological improvements in a mild version of the controlled cortical impact model of TBI (mCCI). Following mCCI, rats acquired an active place avoidance task by learning the location of a stationary shock zone on a rotating arena. Rats acquired this task with a training protocol using a 10-minute intertrial interval. Mildly injured rats had an apparent deficit in long-term memory since they did not acquire the task when the intertrial interval was increased to 24 h. Mildly injured rats also had an apparent deficit in set shifting since, after successfully learning one shock zone location they did not learn the location of a second shock zone. MINO plus NAC synergistically limited these behavioral deficits in long-term memory and set shifting. mCCI also produced neuroinflammation at the impact site and at distal white matter tracts including the corpus callosum. At the impact site, MINO plus NAC attenuated CD68-expressing phagocytic microglia without altering neutrophil infiltration or astrocyte activation. The drugs had no effect on astrocyte activation in the corpus callosum or hippocampus. In the corpus callosum, MINO plus NAC decreased CD68 expression yet increased overall microglial activation as measured by Iba-1. MINO plus NAC acted synergistically to increase Iba-1 expression since MINO alone suppressed expression and NAC alone had no effect. Despite the known anti-inflammatory actions of the individual drugs, MINO plus NAC appeared to modulate, rather than suppress neuroinflammation. This modulation of neuroinflammation may underlie the synergistic improvement in memory and set-shifting by the drug combination after mCCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalit Haber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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195
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Pinkernelle J, Fansa H, Ebmeyer U, Keilhoff G. Prolonged minocycline treatment impairs motor neuronal survival and glial function in organotypic rat spinal cord cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73422. [PMID: 23967343 PMCID: PMC3742532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline antibiotic, exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in various experimental models of neurological diseases, such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury. However, conflicting results have prompted a debate regarding the beneficial effects of minocycline. Methods In this study, we analyzed minocycline treatment in organotypic spinal cord cultures of neonatal rats as a model of motor neuron survival and regeneration after injury. Minocycline was administered in 2 different concentrations (10 and 100 µM) at various time points in culture and fixed after 1 week. Results Prolonged minocycline administration decreased the survival of motor neurons in the organotypic cultures. This effect was strongly enhanced with higher concentrations of minocycline. High concentrations of minocycline reduced the number of DAPI-positive cell nuclei in organotypic cultures and simultaneously inhibited microglial activation. Astrocytes, which covered the surface of the control organotypic cultures, revealed a peripheral distribution after early minocycline treatment. Thus, we further analyzed the effects of 100 µM minocycline on the viability and migration ability of dispersed primary glial cell cultures. We found that minocycline reduced cell viability, delayed wound closure in a scratch migration assay and increased connexin 43 protein levels in these cultures. Conclusions The administration of high doses of minocycline was deleterious for motor neuron survival. In addition, it inhibited microglial activation and impaired glial viability and migration. These data suggest that especially high doses of minocycline might have undesired affects in treatment of spinal cord injury. Further experiments are required to determine the conditions for the safe clinical administration of minocycline in spinal cord injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Pinkernelle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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196
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Sun C, Li XX, He XJ, Zhang Q, Tao Y. Neuroprotective effect of minocycline in a rat model of branch retinal vein occlusion. Exp Eye Res 2013; 113:105-16. [PMID: 23748101 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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197
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Kay GW, Palmer DN. Chronic oral administration of minocycline to sheep with ovine CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis maintains pharmacological concentrations in the brain but does not suppress neuroinflammation or disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:97. [PMID: 23899308 PMCID: PMC3733893 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs; or Batten disease) are fatal inherited human neurodegenerative diseases affecting an estimated 1:12,500 live births worldwide. They are caused by mutations in at least 11 different genes. Currently, there are no effective treatments. Progress into understanding pathogenesis and possible therapies depends on studying animal models. The most studied animals are the CLN6 South Hampshire sheep, in which the course of neuropathology closely follows that in affected children. Neurodegeneration, a hallmark of the disease, has been linked to neuroinflammation and is consequent to it. Activation of astrocytes and microglia begins prenatally, starting from specific foci associated with the later development of progressive cortical atrophy and the development of clinical symptoms, including the occipital cortex and blindness. Both neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation generalize and become more severe with increasing age and increasing clinical severity. The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic administration of an anti-inflammatory drug, minocycline, from an early age would halt or reverse the development of disease. METHOD Minocycline, a tetracycline family antibiotic with activity against neuroinflammation, was tested by chronic oral administration of 25 mg minocycline/kg/day to presymptomatic lambs affected with CLN6 NCL at 3 months of age to 14 months of age, when clinical symptoms are obvious, to determine if this would suppress neuroinflammation or disease progression. RESULTS Minocycline was absorbed without significant rumen biotransformation to maintain pharmacological concentrations of 1 μM in plasma and 400 nM in cerebrospinal fluid, but these did not result in inhibition of microglial activation or astrocytosis and did not change the neuronal loss or clinical course of the disease. CONCLUSION Oral administration is an effective route for drug delivery to the central nervous system in large animals, and model studies in these animals should precede highly speculative procedures in humans. Minocycline does not inhibit a critical step in the neuroinflammatory cascade in this form of Batten disease. Identification of the critical steps in the neuroinflammatory cascade in neurodegenerative diseases, and targeting of specific drugs to them, will greatly increase the likelihood of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Kay
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - David N Palmer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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198
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Sultan S, Gebara E, Toni N. Doxycycline increases neurogenesis and reduces microglia in the adult hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:131. [PMID: 23898238 PMCID: PMC3722480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis results in the continuous formation of new neurons and is a process of brain plasticity involved in learning and memory. Although inducible-reversible transgenic mouse models are increasingly being used to investigate adult neurogenesis, transgene control requires the administration of an activator, doxycycline (Dox), with unknown effects on adult neurogenesis. Here, we tested the effect of Dox administration on adult neurogenesis in vivo. We found that 4 weeks of Dox treatment at doses commonly used for gene expression control, resulted in increased neurogenesis. Furthermore, the dendrites of new neurons displayed increased spine density. Concomitantly, Iba1-expressing microglia was reduced by Dox treatment. These results indicate that Dox treatment may interfere with parameters of relevance for the use of inducible transgenic mice in studies of adult neurogenesis or brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Sultan
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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199
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Kato TA, Hayakawa K, Monji A, Kanba S. Missing and Possible Link between Neuroendocrine Factors, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Microglia. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:53. [PMID: 23874274 PMCID: PMC3711058 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine systems have long been suggested to be one of the important factors in neuropsychiatric disorders, while the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. Traditionally, neuropsychiatric disorders have been mainly considered the consequence of abnormal conditions in neural circuitry. Beyond the neuronal doctrine, microglia, one of the glial cells with inflammatory/immunological functions in the central nervous system (CNS), have recently been suggested to play important roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the crosstalk between neuroendocrine factors, neuropsychiatric disorders, and microglia has been unsolved. Therefore, we herein introduce and discuss a missing and possible link between these three factors; especially highlighting the following hormones; (1) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis-related hormones such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids, (2) sex-related hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, and (3) oxytocin. A growing body of evidence has suggested that these hormones have a direct effect on microglia. We hypothesize that hormone-induced microglial activation and the following microglia-derived mediators may lead to maladaptive neuronal networks including synaptic dysfunctions, causing neuropsychiatric disorders. Future investigations to clarify the correlation between neuroendocrine factors and microglia may contribute to a novel understanding of the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan ; Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
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200
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Lam TI, Bingham D, Chang TJ, Lee CC, Shi J, Wang D, Massa S, Swanson RA, Liu J. Beneficial effects of minocycline and botulinum toxin-induced constraint physical therapy following experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2013; 27:889-99. [PMID: 23778701 DOI: 10.1177/1545968313491003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective recovery from functional impairments caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires appropriate rehabilitation therapy. Multiple pathways are involved in secondary injury and recovery suggesting a role for multimodal approaches. OBJECTIVE Here, we examined the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory agent minocycline and botulinum toxin (botox)-induced limb constraint with structured physical therapy, delivered alone or in combination, after a severe TBI produced by a controlled cortical impact in rats. METHODS Minocycline was administered at 25 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks beginning 1 day after TBI or sham surgery. For constraint/physical therapy, botox-type A was injected into the nonaffected forearm muscle 1 day after injury and 2 weeks of physical therapy commenced at 5 days after injury. Functional evaluations were conducted 8 weeks after injury. RESULTS Minocycline, either as a monotherapy or as combination treatment with botox/physical therapy significantly reduced impairments of spatial learning and memory in the water maze test, whereas botox/physical therapy reduced forelimb motor asymmetry and improved manual dexterity in the cylinder and vermicelli handling tests, A synergistic effect between the 2 treatments was observed when rats performed tasks requiring dexterity. Inflammation was attenuated in the peri-contusion cortex and hippocampus in all TBI groups receiving mono or combination therapies, though there was no significant difference in lesion size among groups. CONCLUSION These data provide a rationale for incorporating anti-inflammatory treatment during rehabilitation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina I Lam
- 1San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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