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The Role of the Pathogen Dose and PI3Kγ in Immunometabolic Reprogramming of Microglia for Innate Immune Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052578. [PMID: 33806610 PMCID: PMC7961448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, exhibit long-term response changes indicative of innate immune memory (IIM). Our previous studies revealed IIM patterns of microglia with opposing immune phenotypes: trained immunity after a low dose and immune tolerance after a high dose challenge with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Compelling evidence shows that innate immune cells adopt features of IIM via immunometabolic control. However, immunometabolic reprogramming involved in the regulation of IIM in microglia has not been fully addressed. Here, we evaluated the impact of dose-dependent microglial priming with ultra-low (ULP, 1 fg/mL) and high (HP, 100 ng/mL) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) doses on immunometabolic rewiring. Furthermore, we addressed the role of PI3Kγ on immunometabolic control using naïve primary microglia derived from newborn wild-type mice, PI3Kγ-deficient mice and mice carrying a targeted mutation causing loss of lipid kinase activity. We found that ULP-induced IIM triggered an enhancement of oxygen consumption and ATP production. In contrast, HP was followed by suppressed oxygen consumption and glycolytic activity indicative of immune tolerance. PI3Kγ inhibited glycolysis due to modulation of cAMP-dependent pathways. However, no impact of specific PI3Kγ signaling on immunometabolic rewiring due to dose-dependent LPS priming was detected. In conclusion, immunometabolic reprogramming of microglia is involved in IIM in a dose-dependent manner via the glycolytic pathway, oxygen consumption and ATP production: ULP (ultra-low-dose priming) increases it, while HP reduces it.
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152
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Liao WT, Hung CH, Liang SS, Yu S, Lu JH, Lee CH, Chai CY, Yu HS. Anti-Inflammatory Effects Induced by Near-Infrared Light Irradiation through M2 Macrophage Polarization. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2056-2066.e10. [PMID: 33676947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) can penetrate the dermis. NIR is able to regulate cutaneous component cells and immune cells and shows significant anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. However, the mechanisms of these effects are largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to elucidate NIR-induced molecular mechanisms on macrophages because macrophages play initial roles in directing immune responses by their M1 or M2 polarizations. Proteomic analysis revealed that NIR radiation enhanced the expression of mitochondrial respiratory gene citrate synthase. This increased citrate synthase expression was triggered by NIR-induced H3K4 hypermethylation on the citrate synthase gene promoter but not by heat, which led to macrophage M2 polarization and finally resulted in TGFβ1 release from CD4+ cells. These cellular effects were validated in human primary macrophages and abdominal NIR-irradiated mouse experiments. In a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate‒induced inflammatory model on mouse ear, we confirmed that NIR irradiation induced significant anti-inflammatory effects through decreased M1 counts, reduced TNF-α, and increased CCL22 and/or TGFβ1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital of the C.G.M.F., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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153
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Zhu B, Guo X, Xu H, Jiang B, Li H, Wang Y, Yin Q, Zhou T, Cai JJ, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G, Wu C. Adipose tissue inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity is possibly associated with disruption of PFKFB3 in hematopoietic cells. J Transl Med 2021; 101:328-340. [PMID: 33462362 PMCID: PMC7897240 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) is a causal factor of systemic insulin resistance; however, precisely how immune cells regulate WAT inflammation in relation to systemic insulin resistance remains to be elucidated. The present study examined a role for 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in hematopoietic cells in regulating WAT inflammation and systemic insulin sensitivity. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for 12 weeks and examined for WAT inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (iPFK2) content, while additional HFD-fed mice were treated with rosiglitazone and examined for PFKFB3 mRNAs in WAT stromal vascular cells (SVC). Also, chimeric mice in which PFKFB3 was disrupted only in hematopoietic cells and control chimeric mice were also fed an HFD and examined for HFD-induced WAT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. In vitro, adipocytes were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived macrophages and examined for adipocyte proinflammatory responses and insulin signaling. Compared with their respective levels in controls, WAT iPFK2 amount in HFD-fed mice and WAT SVC PFKFB3 mRNAs in rosiglitazone-treated mice were significantly increased. When the inflammatory responses were analyzed, peritoneal macrophages from PFKFB3-disrputed mice revealed increased proinflammatory activation and decreased anti-inflammatory activation compared with control macrophages. At the whole animal level, hematopoietic cell-specific PFKFB3 disruption enhanced the effects of HFD feeding on promoting WAT inflammation, impairing WAT insulin signaling, and increasing systemic insulin resistance. In vitro, adipocytes co-cultured with PFKFB3-disrupted macrophages revealed increased proinflammatory responses and decreased insulin signaling compared with adipocytes co-cultured with control macrophages. These results suggest that PFKFB3 disruption in hematopoietic cells only exacerbates HFD-induced WAT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Boxiong Jiang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongli Yin
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - James J Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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154
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Mata R, Yao Y, Cao W, Ding J, Zhou T, Zhai Z, Gao C. The Dynamic Inflammatory Tissue Microenvironment: Signality and Disease Therapy by Biomaterials. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:4189516. [PMID: 33623917 PMCID: PMC7879376 DOI: 10.34133/2021/4189516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is an active multiplex process involving the dynamic inflammatory microenvironment. Under a normal physiological framework, inflammation is necessary for the systematic immunity including tissue repair and regeneration as well as returning to homeostasis. Inflammatory cellular response and metabolic mechanisms play key roles in the well-orchestrated tissue regeneration. If this response is dysregulated, it becomes chronic, which in turn causes progressive fibrosis, improper repair, and autoimmune disorders, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Therefore, understanding of the complex inflammatory multiple player responses and their cellular metabolisms facilitates the latest insights and brings novel therapeutic methods for early diseases and modern health challenges. This review discusses the recent advances in molecular interactions of immune cells, controlled shift of pro- to anti-inflammation, reparative inflammatory metabolisms in tissue regeneration, controlling of an unfavorable microenvironment, dysregulated inflammatory diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies including the use of biomaterials, which expand therapeutic views and briefly denote important gaps that are still prevailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Mata
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuejun Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zihe Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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155
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Talty R, Olino K. Metabolism of Innate Immune Cells in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040904. [PMID: 33670082 PMCID: PMC7927092 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Both cancer cells and immune cells depend on specific metabolic programs for their survival and function. Depending on which metabolic changes occur, immune cells can either promote or suppress the antitumor immune response. This review summarizes the metabolic pathways that polarize innate immune cells for immune activation or suppression and describes the current clinical applications of these findings. Abstract Cancer cells possess specific metabolic requirements for their survival, proliferation, and progression. Within a shared microenvironment, immune cells depend on competing metabolic pathways for their development and effector function. As a result, local acidification, hypoxia, and nutrient depletion in the tumor microenvironment can alter the antitumor immune response and even promote resistance to immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer. Although T cells are the primary effectors of the antitumor response, growing evidence demonstrates that innate immune cells are critical to successful tumor clearance. This review aims to summarize current research related to the innate immune system, metabolism, and cancer. We first discuss the specific metabolic requirements of innate immune cells for immune activation and suppression and conclude by highlighting ongoing clinical applications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Talty
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Kelly Olino
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Correspondence:
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156
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Owen AM, Fults JB, Patil NK, Hernandez A, Bohannon JK. TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622614. [PMID: 33679711 PMCID: PMC7930332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica B Fults
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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157
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Korwar AM, Hossain A, Lee TJ, Shay AE, Basrur V, Conlon K, Smith PB, Carlson BA, Salis HM, Patterson AD, Prabhu KS. Selenium-dependent metabolic reprogramming during inflammation and resolution. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100410. [PMID: 33581115 PMCID: PMC7966868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace element selenium (Se) is incorporated as the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, into selenoproteins through tRNA[Ser]Sec. Selenoproteins act as gatekeepers of redox homeostasis and modulate immune function to effect anti-inflammation and resolution. However, mechanistic underpinnings involving metabolic reprogramming during inflammation and resolution remain poorly understood. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of murine bone marrow–derived macrophages cultured in the presence or absence of Se (as selenite) was used to examine temporal changes in the proteome and metabolome by multiplexed tandem mass tag–quantitative proteomics, metabolomics, and machine-learning approaches. Kinetic deltagram and clustering analysis indicated that addition of Se led to extensive reprogramming of cellular metabolism upon stimulation with LPS enhancing the pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, to aid in the phenotypic transition toward alternatively activated macrophages, synonymous with resolution of inflammation. Remodeling of metabolic pathways and consequent metabolic adaptation toward proresolving phenotypes began with Se treatment at 0 h and became most prominent around 8 h after LPS stimulation that included succinate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate kinase, and sedoheptulokinase. Se-dependent modulation of these pathways predisposed bone marrow–derived macrophages to preferentially increase oxidative phosphorylation to efficiently regulate inflammation and its timely resolution. The use of macrophages lacking selenoproteins indicated that all three metabolic nodes were sensitive to selenoproteome expression. Furthermore, inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase complex with dimethylmalonate affected the proresolving effects of Se by increasing the resolution interval in a murine peritonitis model. In summary, our studies provide novel insights into the role of cellular Se via metabolic reprograming to facilitate anti-inflammation and proresolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind M Korwar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ayaan Hossain
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Chemical Engineering, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tai-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley E Shay
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, Proteomics Resource Facility, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Conlon
- Department of Pathology, Proteomics Resource Facility, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip B Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Metabolomics Facility, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard M Salis
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Chemical Engineering, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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158
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Yang S, Qin C, Hu ZW, Zhou LQ, Yu HH, Chen M, Bosco DB, Wang W, Wu LJ, Tian DS. Microglia reprogram metabolic profiles for phenotype and function changes in central nervous system. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105290. [PMID: 33556540 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to various types of environmental and cellular stress, microglia rapidly activate and exhibit either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes to maintain tissue homeostasis. Activation of microglia can result in changes in morphology, phagocytosis capacity, and secretion of cytokines. Furthermore, microglial activation also induces changes to cellular energy demand, which is dependent on the metabolism of various metabolic substrates including glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Accumulating evidence demonstrates metabolic reprogramming acts as a key driver of microglial immune response. For instance, microglia in pro-inflammatory states preferentially use glycolysis for energy production, whereas, cells in anti-inflammatory states are mainly powered by oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding microglial metabolic pathways under physiological and pathological circumtances. We will then discuss how metabolic reprogramming can orchestrate microglial response to a variety of central nervous system pathologies. Finally, we highlight how manipulating metabolic pathways can reprogram microglia towards beneficial functions, and illustrate the therapeutic potential for inflammation-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zi-Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hai-Han Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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159
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Sheedy FJ, Divangahi M. Targeting immunometabolism in host defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunology 2021; 162:145-159. [PMID: 33020911 PMCID: PMC7808148 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of ineffective vaccines, increasing antibiotic resistance and the decline in new antibacterial drugs in the pipeline, tuberculosis (TB) still remains pandemic. Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which causes TB, results in either direct elimination of the pathogen, most likely by the innate immune system, or infection and containment that requires both innate and adaptive immunity to form the granuloma. Host defence strategies against infectious diseases are comprised of both host resistance, which is the ability of the host to prevent invasion or to eliminate the pathogen, and disease tolerance, which is defined by limiting the collateral tissue damage. In this review, we aim to examine the metabolic demands of the immune cells involved in both host resistance and disease tolerance, chiefly the macrophage and T-lymphocyte. We will further discuss how baseline metabolic heterogeneity and inflammation-driven metabolic reprogramming during infection are linked to their key immune functions containing mycobacterial growth and instructing protective immunity. Targeting key players in immune cellular metabolism may provide a novel opportunity for treatments at different stages of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J. Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry & ImmunologyTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins‐Christie LaboratoriesDepartment of MedicineDepartment of PathologyDepartment of Microbiology & ImmunologyMcGill University Health CentreMcGill International TB CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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160
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Chambers M, Rees A, Cronin JG, Nair M, Jones N, Thornton CA. Macrophage Plasticity in Reproduction and Environmental Influences on Their Function. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607328. [PMID: 33519817 PMCID: PMC7840613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key components of the innate immune system and exhibit extensive plasticity and heterogeneity. They play a significant role in the non-pregnant cycling uterus and throughout gestation they contribute to various processes underpinning reproductive success including implantation, placentation and parturition. Macrophages are also present in breast milk and impart immunomodulatory benefits to the infant. For a healthy pregnancy, the maternal immune system must adapt to prevent fetal rejection and support development of the semi-allogenic fetus without compromising host defense. These functions are dependent on macrophage polarization which is governed by the local tissue microenvironmental milieu. Disruption of this microenvironment, possibly by environmental factors of infectious and non-infectious origin, can affect macrophage phenotype and function and is linked to adverse obstetric outcomes, e.g. spontaneous miscarriage and preterm birth. Determining environmental influences on cellular and molecular mechanisms that control macrophage polarization at the maternal-fetal interface and the role of this in pregnancy complications could support approaches to alleviating adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Chambers
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - April Rees
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - James G Cronin
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Manju Nair
- Maternity and Child Health, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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161
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Reprogramming of Central Carbon Metabolism in Myeloid Cells upon Innate Immune Receptor Stimulation. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism is a relatively new field of research that aims at understanding interconnections between the immune system and cellular metabolism. This is now well-documented for innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) when they engage their differentiation or activation programs. Several studies have shown that stimulation of DCs or macrophages by the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to increased glycolytic activity and rewiring of central carbon metabolism. These metabolic modulations are essential to support and settle immunological functions by providing energy and immunoregulatory metabolites. As the understanding of molecular mechanisms progressed, significant differences between cell types and species have also been discovered. Pathways leading to the regulation of central carbon metabolism in macrophages and DCs by PRR signaling and consequences on cellular functions are reviewed here.
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162
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Liu Y, Xu R, Gu H, Zhang E, Qu J, Cao W, Huang X, Yan H, He J, Cai Z. Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses. Biomark Res 2021; 9:1. [PMID: 33407885 PMCID: PMC7786975 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis, with the function of tissue development and repair, but also in defense against pathogens. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are considered as the main component in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in tumor initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, metabolic studies have revealeded specific metabolic pathways in macrophages are tightly associated with their phenotype and function. Generally, pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) rely mainly on glycolysis and exhibit impairment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) are more dependent on mitochondrial OXPHOS. However, accumulating evidence suggests that macrophage metabolism is not as simple as previously thought. This review discusses recent advances in immunometabolism and describes how metabolism determines macrophage phenotype and function. In addition, we describe the metabolic characteristics of TAMs as well as their therapeutic implications. Finally, we discuss recent obstacles facing this area as well as promising directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruyi Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiyao Gu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enfan Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianwei Qu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Cao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haimeng Yan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingsong He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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163
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Di Gioia M, Zanoni I. Dooming Phagocyte Responses: Inflammatory Effects of Endogenous Oxidized Phospholipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:626842. [PMID: 33790857 PMCID: PMC8005915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.626842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous oxidized phospholipids are produced during tissue stress and are responsible for sustaining inflammatory responses in immune as well as non-immune cells. Their local and systemic production and accumulation is associated with the etiology and progression of several inflammatory diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the biological activities of these oxidized phospholipids remain elusive. Increasing evidence highlights the ability of these stress mediators to modulate cellular metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and to alter the activation and polarization of these cells. Because these immune cells serve a key role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ function, understanding how endogenous oxidized lipids reshape phagocyte biology and function is vital for designing clinical tools and interventions for preventing, slowing down, or resolving chronic inflammatory disorders that are driven by phagocyte dysfunction. Here, we discuss the metabolic and signaling processes elicited by endogenous oxidized lipids and outline new hypotheses and models to elucidate the impact of these lipids on phagocytes and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Gioia
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ivan Zanoni,
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164
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Sreejit G, Fleetwood AJ, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Origins and diversity of macrophages in health and disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1222. [PMID: 33363732 PMCID: PMC7750014 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first immune cells in the developing embryo and have a central role in organ development, homeostasis, immunity and repair. Over the last century, our understanding of these cells has evolved from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells to master regulators involved in governing a myriad of cellular processes. A better appreciation of macrophage biology has been matched with a clearer understanding of their diverse origins and the flexibility of their metabolic and transcriptional machinery. The understanding of the classical mononuclear phagocyte system in its original form has now been expanded to include the embryonic origin of tissue-resident macrophages. A better knowledge of the intrinsic similarities and differences between macrophages of embryonic or monocyte origin has highlighted the importance of ontogeny in macrophage dysfunction in disease. In this review, we provide an update on origin and classification of tissue macrophages, the mechanisms of macrophage specialisation and their role in health and disease. The importance of the macrophage niche in providing trophic factors and a specialised environment for macrophage differentiation and specialisation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA
| | - Andrew J Fleetwood
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of ImmunometabolismBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA
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165
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Abstract
Metabolic pathways and redox reactions are at the core of life. In the past decade(s), numerous discoveries have shed light on how metabolic pathways determine the cellular fate and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells, giving rise to an area of research referred to as immunometabolism. Upon activation, however, immune cells not only engage specific metabolic pathways but also rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system, which in turn supports metabolic reprogramming. In fact, studies addressing the redox metabolism of immune cells are an emerging field in immunology. Here, we summarize recent insights revealing the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the differential requirement of the main cellular antioxidant pathways, including the components of the thioredoxin (TRX) and glutathione (GSH) pathways, as well as their transcriptional regulator NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), for proliferation, survival and function of T cells, B cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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166
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Elebo N, Fru P, Omoshoro-Jones J, Candy GP, Nweke EE. Role of different immune cells and metabolic pathways in modulating the immune response in pancreatic cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4981-4991. [PMID: 33174057 PMCID: PMC7646946 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer, making it a leading cause of cancer‑related deaths. It is characteristically resistant to treatment, which results in low survival rates. In pancreatic cancer, immune cells undergo transitions that can inhibit or promote their functions, enabling treatment resistance and tumor progression. These transitions can be fostered by metabolic pathways that are dysregulated during tumorigenesis. The present review aimed to summarize the different immune cells and their roles in pancreatic cancer. The review also highlighted the individual metabolic pathways in pancreatic cancer and how they enable transitions in immune cells. Finally, the potential of targeting metabolic pathways for effective therapeutic strategies was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenna Elebo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Pascaline Fru
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Jones Omoshoro-Jones
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey Patrick Candy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Ekene Emmanuel Nweke
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
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167
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Li PH, Zhang R, Cheng LQ, Liu JJ, Chen HZ. Metabolic regulation of immune cells in proinflammatory microenvironments and diseases during ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101165. [PMID: 32898718 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of ageing includes molecular changes within cells and interactions between cells, eventually resulting in age-related diseases. Although various cells (immune cells, parenchymal cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells) in tissues secrete proinflammatory signals in age-related diseases, immune cells are the major contributors to inflammation. Many studies have emphasized the role of metabolic dysregulation in parenchymal cells in age-related inflammatory diseases. However, few studies have discussed metabolic modifications in immune cells during ageing. In this review, we introduce the metabolic dysregulation of major nutrients (glucose, lipids, and amino acids) within immune cells during ageing, which leads to dysfunctional NAD + metabolism that increases immune cell senescence and leads to the acquisition of the corresponding senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We then focus on senescent immune cell interactions with parenchymal cells and the extracellular matrix and their involvement in angiogenesis, which lead to proinflammatory microenvironments in tissues and inflammatory diseases at the systemic level. Elucidating the roles of metabolic modifications in immune cells during ageing will provide new insights into the mechanisms of ageing and therapeutic directions for age-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical college Hospital, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Ageing, Novato, United States
| | - Li-Qin Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Jing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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168
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Artyomov MN, Van den Bossche J. Immunometabolism in the Single-Cell Era. Cell Metab 2020; 32:710-725. [PMID: 33027638 PMCID: PMC7660984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research has identified metabolic pathways that are crucial for the proper regulation of immune cells and how, when deranged, they can cause immune dysfunction and disease progression. However, due to technical limitations such insights have relied heavily on bulk measurements in immune cells, often activated in vitro. But with the emergence of single-cell applications, researchers can now estimate the metabolic state of individual immune cells in clinical samples. Here, we review these single-cell techniques and their ability to validate common principles in immunometabolism, while also revealing context-dependent metabolic heterogeneity within the immune cell compartment. We also discuss current gaps and limitations, as well as identify future opportunities to move the field forward toward the development of therapeutic targets and improved diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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169
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Palmieri EM, McGinity C, Wink DA, McVicar DW. Nitric Oxide in Macrophage Immunometabolism: Hiding in Plain Sight. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110429. [PMID: 33114647 PMCID: PMC7693038 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to inflammatory signals, immune myeloid cells, like macrophages, increase production of cytokines and NO, which is important for pathogen killing. Under these proinflammatory circumstances, called “M1”, macrophages undergo a series of metabolic changes including rewiring of their tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here, we review findings indicating that NO, through its interaction with heme and non-heme metal containing proteins, together with components of the electron transport chain, functions not only as a regulator of cell respiration, but also a modulator of intracellular cell metabolism. Moreover, diverse effects of NO and NO-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) involve precise interactions with different targets depending on concentration, temporal, and spatial restrictions. Although the role of NO in macrophage reprogramming has been in evidence for some time, current models have largely minimized its importance. It has, therefore, been hiding in plain sight. A review of the chemical properties of NO, past biochemical studies, and recent publications, necessitates that mechanisms of macrophage TCA reprogramming during stimulation must be re-imagined and re-interpreted as mechanistic results of NO exposure. The revised model of metabolic rewiring we describe here incorporates many early findings regarding NO biochemistry and brings NO out of hiding and to the forefront of macrophages immunometabolism.
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170
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The Role of Metabolic Enzymes in the Regulation of Inflammation. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110426. [PMID: 33114536 PMCID: PMC7693344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells undergo dramatic metabolic reprogramming in response to external stimuli. These metabolic pathways, long considered as simple housekeeping functions, are increasingly understood to critically regulate the immune response, determining the activation, differentiation, and downstream effector functions of both lymphoid and myeloid cells. Within the complex metabolic networks associated with immune activation, several enzymes play key roles in regulating inflammation and represent potential therapeutic targets in human disease. In some cases, these enzymes control flux through pathways required to meet specific energetic or metabolic demands of the immune response. In other cases, key enzymes control the concentrations of immunoactive metabolites with direct roles in signaling. Finally, and perhaps most interestingly, several metabolic enzymes have evolved moonlighting functions, with roles in the immune response that are entirely independent of their conventional enzyme activities. Here, we review key metabolic enzymes that critically regulate inflammation, highlighting mechanistic insights and opportunities for clinical intervention.
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171
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Implications of metabolism-driven myeloid dysfunctions in cancer therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:829-841. [PMID: 33077904 PMCID: PMC7570408 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is maintained by an adequate balance of myeloid and lymphoid responses. In chronic inflammatory states, including cancer, this balance is lost due to dramatic expansion of myeloid progenitors that fail to mature to functional inflammatory neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), thus giving rise to a decline in the antitumor effector lymphoid response. Cancer-related inflammation orchestrates the production of hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines that perpetuate recruitment and activation of myeloid precursors, resulting in unresolved and chronic inflammation. This pathologic inflammation creates profound alterations in the intrinsic cellular metabolism of the myeloid progenitor pool, which is amplified by competition for essential nutrients and by hypoxia-induced metabolic rewiring at the tumor site. Therefore, persistent myelopoiesis and metabolic dysfunctions contribute to the development of cancer, as well as to the severity of a broad range of diseases, including metabolic syndrome and autoimmune and infectious diseases. The aims of this review are to (1) define the metabolic networks implicated in aberrant myelopoiesis observed in cancer patients, (2) discuss the mechanisms underlying these clinical manifestations and the impact of metabolic perturbations on clinical outcomes, and (3) explore new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to restore immunometabolism and differentiation of myeloid cells towards an effector phenotype to increase host antitumor immunity. We propose that the profound metabolic alterations and associated transcriptional changes triggered by chronic and overactivated immune responses in myeloid cells represent critical factors influencing the balance between therapeutic efficacy and immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) for current therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
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172
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Heparin-Binding Protein Enhances NF-κB Pathway-Mediated Inflammatory Gene Transcription in M1 Macrophages via Lactate. Inflammation 2020; 44:48-56. [PMID: 33052541 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In early-stage sepsis, glucose metabolism is increased primarily through glycolysis in the inflammatory response of M1 macrophages. Heparin-binding protein (HBP) has been linked to sepsis, which can promote macrophage activation and inflammatory factor release. However, the mechanism by which glucose metabolism regulates the inflammatory response is unclear. We show that HBP contributes to sepsis by modulating the inflammatory response via lactate-dependent glycolysis in macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mouse were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of M1-related proinflammatory genes was investigated by PCR array. IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Intracellular lactate levels were measured using lactate assays. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). TNF-α levels were measured by qRT-PCR. HBP enhanced inflammatory gene expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages and intracellular lactate accumulation and significantly increased LPS-stimulated NF-κB transcriptional activity and TNF-α expression through lactate. Lactate was essential for the HBP-induced increase in LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression. The critical role of lactate in HBP-induced NF-κB signaling was confirmed, as α-CHCA-mediated (MCT) suppression significantly inhibited NF-κB activity and TNF-α expression. HBP plays an important role in the initial inflammatory reaction, presumably by activating M1 macrophages, increasing lactate levels, and regulating proinflammatory factor release via NF-κB pathway activation.
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173
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Ma L, Li H, Hu J, Zheng J, Zhou J, Botchlett R, Matthews D, Zeng T, Chen L, Xiao X, Athrey G, Threadgill D, Li Q, Glaser S, Francis H, Meng F, Li Q, Alpini G, Wu C. Indole Alleviates Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation in a Manner Involving Myeloid Cell 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 3. Hepatology 2020; 72:1191-1203. [PMID: 31953865 PMCID: PMC7365739 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Indole is a microbiota metabolite that exerts anti-inflammatory responses. However, the relevance of indole to human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not clear. It also remains largely unknown whether and how indole acts to protect against NAFLD. The present study sought to examine the association between the circulating levels of indole and liver fat content in human subjects and explore the mechanisms underlying indole actions in mice with diet-induced NAFLD. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a cohort of 137 subjects, the circulating levels of indole were reversely correlated with body mass index. In addition, the circulating levels of indole in obese subjects were significantly lower than those in lean subjects and were accompanied with increased liver fat content. At the whole-animal level, treatment of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice with indole caused significant decreases in the severity of hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In cultured cells, indole treatment stimulated the expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a master regulatory gene of glycolysis, and suppressed macrophage proinflammatory activation in a PFKFB3-dependent manner. Moreover, myeloid cell-specific PFKFB3 disruption exacerbated the severity of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation and blunted the effect of indole on alleviating diet-induced NAFLD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that indole is relevant to human NAFLD and capable of alleviating diet-induced NAFLD phenotypes in mice in a myeloid cell PFKFB3-dependent manner. Therefore, indole mimetic and/or macrophage-specific PFKFB3 activation may be the viable preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for inflammation-associated diseases including NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rachel Botchlett
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Destiny Matthews
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Giri Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, Corresponding addresses: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, ; Gianfranco Alpini, PhD, Indianapolis, IN 46202, ; or Qifu Li, MD, PhD, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202., Corresponding addresses: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, ; Gianfranco Alpini, PhD, Indianapolis, IN 46202, ; or Qifu Li, MD, PhD, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, Corresponding addresses: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, ; Gianfranco Alpini, PhD, Indianapolis, IN 46202, ; or Qifu Li, MD, PhD, Chongqing 400016, China,
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174
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Fan S, Wu K, Zhao M, Yuan J, Ma S, Zhu E, Chen Y, Ding H, Yi L, Chen J. LDHB inhibition induces mitophagy and facilitates the progression of CSFV infection. Autophagy 2020; 17:2305-2324. [PMID: 32924761 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1823123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism caters to the energy and metabolite needs of cells. Although the role of the terminal metabolic enzyme LDHB (lactate dehydrogenase B) in the glycolysis pathway has been widely studied in cancer cells, its role in viral infection is relatively unknown. In this study, we found that CSFV (classical swine fever virus) infection reduces pyruvate levels while promotes lactate release in pigs and in PK-15 cells. Moreover, using a yeast two-hybrid screening system, we identified LDHB as a novel interacting partner of CSFV non-structural protein NS3. These results were confirmed via co-immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase and confocal assays. Furthermore, knockdown of LDHB via interfering RNA induced mitochondrial fission and mitophagy, as detected reduced mitochondrial mass. Upon inhibition of LDHB, expression of the mitophagy proteins TOMM20 and VDAC1 decreased and the ubiquitination of MFN2, a mitochondrial fusion mediator, was promoted. In addition, a sensitive dual fluorescence reporter (mito-mRFP-EGFP) was utilized to analyze the delivery of autophagosomes to lysosomes in LDHB inhibition cells. Furthermore, LDHB inhibition promoted NFKB signaling, which was regulated by mitophagy; meanwhile, infection with CSFV negated these NFKB anti-viral responses. Inhibition of LDHB also inhibited apoptosis, providing an environment conducive to persistent viral infection. Finally, we demonstrated that LDHB inhibition promoted CSFV growth via mitophagy, whereas its overexpression decreased CSFV replication. Our data revealed a novel mechanism through which LDHB, a metabolic enzyme, mediates CSFV infection, and provides new avenues for the development of anti-viral strategies.Abbreviations: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; CCCP:carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CCK-8:cell counting kit-8; CSFV:classical swine fever virus; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO:dimethyl sulfoxide; EGFP:enhanced green fluorescent protein; FBS:fetal bovine serum; FITC:fluorescein isothiocyanate; GST:glutathione-S-transferase; HCV:hepatitis C virus; IFN:interferon; LDH:lactate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3/LC3:microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFN2:mitofusin 2; MOI:multiplicity of infection; NFKB:nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1; NFKBIA:nuclear factor inhibitor alpha; NS3:nonstructural protein 3; NKIRAS2:NFKB inhibitor interacting Ras like 2; PRKN:parkin E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PBS:phosphate-buffered saline; qRT-PCR:real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RELA:RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit; shRNA: short hairpin RNA; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TCID50:50% tissue culture infectious doses; TEM:transmission electron microscopy; TNF:tumor necrosis factor; TOMM20:translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; VDAC1:voltage dependent anion channel 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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175
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Abstract
Through the successes of checkpoint blockade and adoptive cellular therapy, immunotherapy has become an established treatment modality for cancer. Cellular metabolism has emerged as a critical determinant of the viability and function of both cancer cells and immune cells. In order to sustain prodigious anabolic needs, tumours employ a specialized metabolism that differs from untransformed somatic cells. This metabolism leads to a tumour microenvironment that is commonly acidic, hypoxic and/or depleted of critical nutrients required by immune cells. In this context, tumour metabolism itself is a checkpoint that can limit immune-mediated tumour destruction. Because our understanding of immune cell metabolism and cancer metabolism has grown significantly in the past decade, we are on the cusp of being able to unravel the interaction of cancer cell metabolism and immune metabolism in therapeutically meaningful ways. Although there are metabolic processes that are seemingly fundamental to both cancer and responding immune cells, metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity may serve to distinguish the two. As such, understanding the differential metabolic requirements of the diverse cells that comprise an immune response to cancer offers an opportunity to selectively regulate immune cell function. Such a nuanced evaluation of cancer and immune metabolism can uncover metabolic vulnerabilities and therapeutic windows upon which to intervene for enhanced immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Leone
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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176
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Hackett EE, Sheedy FJ. An Army Marches on Its Stomach: Metabolic Intermediates as Antimicrobial Mediators in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:446. [PMID: 32984072 PMCID: PMC7477320 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the immune system are reliant on their metabolic state to launch effective responses to combat mycobacterial infections. The bioenergetic profile of the cell determines the molecular fuels and metabolites available to the host, as well as to the bacterial invader. How cells utilize the nutrients in their microenvironment—including glucose, lipids and amino acids—to sustain their functions and produce antimicrobial metabolites, and how mycobacteria exploit this to evade the immune system is of great interest. Changes in flux through metabolic pathways alters the intermediate metabolites present. These intermediates are beginning to be recognized as key modulators of immune signaling as well as direct antimicrobial effectors, and their impact on tuberculosis infection is becoming apparent. A better understanding of how metabolism impacts immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and how it is regulated and thus can be manipulated will open the potential for novel therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer E Hackett
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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177
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Sun L, Zhou F, Shao Y, Lv Z, Li C. Sedoheptulose kinase bridges the pentose phosphate pathway and immune responses in pathogen-challenged sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103694. [PMID: 32283109 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sedoheptulose kinase carbohydrate kinase-like protein (CARKL) is critical for immune cell activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell polarization by restricting flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). To date, little is known about CARKL in regulating immune responses in marine invertebrates. In this study, we first cloned and characterized the CARKL gene from Apostichopus japonicus (designated as AjCARKL). Time-course analysis revealed that Vibrio splendidus challenge in vivo and lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro significantly downregulated AjCARKL mRNA expression. Furthermore, AjCARKL overexpression in cultured coelomocytes not only significantly inhibited the mRNA expression level of the rate-limiting enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the PPP but sharply decreased coelomocyte proliferation, ROS production, and phagocytic rate. Additionally, AjCARKL overexpression in mouse peritoneal macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) significantly attenuated the intracellular ROS production and sensitized the M2 phenotype macrophage polarization. These results revealed that AjCARKL serves as a rheostat for cellular metabolism and is required for proper immune response by negatively regulating PPP in pathogen-challenged A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Zhimeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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178
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Soto‐Heredero G, Gómez de las Heras MM, Gabandé‐Rodríguez E, Oller J, Mittelbrunn M. Glycolysis - a key player in the inflammatory response. FEBS J 2020; 287:3350-3369. [PMID: 32255251 PMCID: PMC7496292 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response involves the activation of several cell types to fight insults caused by a plethora of agents, and to maintain the tissue homoeostasis. On the one hand, cells involved in the pro-inflammatory response, such as inflammatory M1 macrophages, Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes or activated microglia, must rapidly provide energy to fuel inflammation, which is essentially accomplished by glycolysis and high lactate production. On the other hand, regulatory T cells or M2 macrophages, which are involved in immune regulation and resolution of inflammation, preferentially use fatty acid oxidation through the TCA cycle as a main source for energy production. Here, we discuss the impact of glycolytic metabolism at the different steps of the inflammatory response. Finally, we review a wide variety of molecular mechanisms which could explain the relationship between glycolytic metabolites and the pro-inflammatory phenotype, including signalling events, epigenetic remodelling, post-transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications. Inflammatory processes are a common feature of many age-associated diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. The finding that immunometabolism could be a master regulator of inflammation broadens the avenue for treating inflammation-related pathologies through the manipulation of the vascular and immune cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Soto‐Heredero
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation LaboratoryCellular Communication & Inflammation UnitCentro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaMadridSpain
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
| | - Manuel M. Gómez de las Heras
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation LaboratoryCellular Communication & Inflammation UnitCentro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaMadridSpain
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Spain
| | - Enrique Gabandé‐Rodríguez
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation LaboratoryCellular Communication & Inflammation UnitCentro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaMadridSpain
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
| | - Jorge Oller
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation LaboratoryCellular Communication & Inflammation UnitCentro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaMadridSpain
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Immunometabolism and Inflammation LaboratoryCellular Communication & Inflammation UnitCentro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaMadridSpain
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
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179
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Chowdhury D, Alrefai H, Landero Figueroa JA, Candor K, Porollo A, Fecher R, Divanovic S, Deepe GS, Subramanian Vignesh K. Metallothionein 3 Controls the Phenotype and Metabolic Programming of Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3873-3886.e7. [PMID: 31242420 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated (M2) macrophages promote wound healing but weaken antimicrobial defenses. The mechanisms that enforce macrophage divergence and dictate the phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of M2 macrophages remain elusive. We show that alternative activation with interleukin (IL)-4 induces expression of metallothionein 3 (MT3) that regulates macrophage polarization and function. MT3 was requisite for metabolic reprograming in IL-4-stimulated macrophages or M(IL-4) macrophages to promote mitochondrial respiration and suppress glycolysis. MT3 fostered an M(IL-4) phenotype, suppressed hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α activation, and thwarted the emergence of a proinflammatory M1 program in macrophages. MT3 deficiency augmented macrophage plasticity, resulting in enhanced interferon γ (IFNγ) responsiveness and a dampened M(IL-4) phenotype. Thus, MT3 programs the phenotype and metabolic fate of M(IL-4) macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hani Alrefai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Kathleen Candor
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Roger Fecher
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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180
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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Blasco-Agell L, Serratosa J, Ferigle L, Saura J, Solà C. Parkinsonian neurotoxicants impair the anti-inflammatory response induced by IL4 in glial cells: involvement of the CD200-CD200R1 ligand-receptor pair. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10650. [PMID: 32606391 PMCID: PMC7326927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides such as rotenone is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic neurons are especially sensitive to the toxicity of compounds that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). However, there is scarce information on their effects on glia. To evaluate whether these neurotoxicants affect the immune response of glia, primary mouse mixed glial and microglial cultures were treated with interleukin (IL) 4 in the absence and presence of MPP+ or rotenone. Using qRTPCR or western blot, we determined the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, the CD200R1 microglial receptor and its ligand CD200, and genes regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. ATP and lactate levels were additionally determined as an index of cell metabolism. Microglial phagocytosis was also evaluated. MPP+ and rotenone clearly abrogated the IL4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory markers in mixed glial cultures. CD200 and CD200R1 expression and microglia phagocytosis were also affected by the neurotoxicants. Changes in the mRNA expression of the molecules regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, as well as in ATP levels and lactate release suggested that metabolic reprogramming in response to MPP+ and rotenone differs between microglial and mixed glial cultures. These findings support the hypothesis that parkinsonian neurotoxicants may impair brain immune response altering glial cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas Blasco-Agell
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ferigle
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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181
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Fol M, Włodarczyk M, Druszczyńska M. Host Epigenetics in Intracellular Pathogen Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134573. [PMID: 32605029 PMCID: PMC7369821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some intracellular pathogens are able to avoid the defense mechanisms contributing to host epigenetic modifications. These changes trigger alterations tothe chromatin structure and on the transcriptional level of genes involved in the pathogenesis of many bacterial diseases. In this way, pathogens manipulate the host cell for their own survival. The better understanding of epigenetic consequences in bacterial infection may open the door for designing new vaccine approaches and therapeutic implications. This article characterizes selected intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium spp., Listeria spp., Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Legionella spp. and Yersinia spp., which can modulate and reprogram of defense genes in host innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Fol
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-72
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182
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Harry GJ, Childers G, Giridharan S, Hernandes IL. An association between mitochondria and microglia effector function. What do we think we know? NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:150-165. [PMID: 32934971 PMCID: PMC7489447 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, the microglia, represent a cell population unique in origin, microenvironment, and longevity, they assume many properties displayed by peripheral macrophages. One prominent shared property is the ability to undergo a metabolic switch towards glycolysis and away from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon activation by the pro-inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide. This shift serves to meet specific cellular demands and allows for cell survival, similar to the Warburg effect demonstrated in cancer cells. In contrast, normal survelliance phenotype or stimulation to a non-proinflammatory phenotype relies primarily on OXPHOS and fatty acid oxidation. Thus, mitochondria appear to function as a pivotal signaling platform linking energy metabolism and macrophage polarization upon activation. These unique shifts in cell bioenergetics in response to different stimuli are essential for proper effector responses at sites of infection, inflammation, or injury. Here we present a summary of recent developments as to how these dynamics characterized in peripheral macrophages are displayed in microglia. The new insights provided by an increased understanding of metabolic reprogramming in macrophages may allow for translation to the CNS and a better understanding of microglia heterogeneity, regulation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Gabrielle Childers
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
- Current affiliation: Gabrielle Childers, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sahana Giridharan
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
- Giridharan, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Irisyunuel Lopez Hernandes
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
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183
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McBride MA, Owen AM, Stothers CL, Hernandez A, Luan L, Burelbach KR, Patil TK, Bohannon JK, Sherwood ER, Patil NK. The Metabolic Basis of Immune Dysfunction Following Sepsis and Trauma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 32547553 PMCID: PMC7273750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill, severely injured and high-risk surgical patients are vulnerable to secondary infections during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Studies show that the mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism of monocytes and macrophages are impaired during sepsis. Alternatively, treatment with microbe-derived ligands, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), peptidoglycan, or β-glucan, that interact with toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes induces a state of innate immune memory that confers broad-spectrum resistance to infection with common hospital-acquired pathogens. Priming of macrophages with MPLA, CPG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), or β-glucan induces a macrophage metabolic phenotype characterized by mitochondrial biogenesis and increased oxidative metabolism in parallel with increased glycolysis, cell size and granularity, augmented phagocytosis, heightened respiratory burst functions, and more effective killing of microbes. The mitochondrion is a bioenergetic organelle that not only contributes to energy supply, biosynthesis, and cellular redox functions but serves as a platform for regulating innate immunological functions such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulatory intermediates. This review will define current knowledge of leukocyte metabolic dysfunction during and after sepsis and trauma. We will further discuss therapeutic strategies that target leukocyte mitochondrial function and might have value in preventing or reversing sepsis- and trauma-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Allison M. Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody L. Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katherine R. Burelbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tazeen K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K. Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edward R. Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naeem K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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184
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Mitochondrial function in immune cells in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165845. [PMID: 32473386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the main functions of mitochondria is production of ATP for cellular energy needs, however, it becomes more recognized that mitochondria are involved in differentiation and activation processes of immune cells. Upon activation, immune cells have a high need for energy. Immune cells have different strategies to generate this energy. In pro-inflammatory cells, such as activated monocytes and activated T and B cells, the energy is generated by increasing glycolysis, while in regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells or M2 macrophages, energy is generated by increasing mitochondrial function and beta-oxidation. Except for being important for energy supply during activation, mitochondria also induce immune responses. During an infection, they release mitochondrial danger associated molecules (DAMPs) that resemble structures of bacterial derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such mitochondrial DAMPS are for instance mitochondrial DNA with hypomethylated CpG motifs or a specific lipid that is only present in prokaryotic bacteria and mitochondria, i.e. cardiolipin. Via release of such DAMPs, mitochondria guide the immune response towards an inflammatory response against pathogens. This is an important mechanism in early detection of an infection and in stimulating and sustaining immune responses to fight infections. However, mitochondrial DAMPs may also have a negative impact. If mitochondrial DAMPs are released by damaged cells, without the presence of an infection, such as after a trauma, mitochondrial DAMPs may induce an undesired inflammatory response, resulting in tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Thus, immune cells have developed mechanisms to prevent such undesired immune activation by mitochondrial components. In the present narrative review, we will describe the current view of mitochondria in regulation of immune responses. We will also discuss the current knowledge on disturbed mitochondrial function in immune cells in various immunological diseases.
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185
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Li CL, Zhou WJ, Ji G, Zhang L. Natural products that target macrophages in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2155-2165. [PMID: 32476782 PMCID: PMC7235205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i18.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive subtype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and potentiates risks for both hepatic and metabolic diseases. Although the pathophysiology of NASH is not completely understood, recent studies have revealed that macrophage activation is a major contributing factor for the disease progression. Macrophages integrate the immune response and metabolic process and have become promising targets for NASH therapy. Natural products are potential candidates for NASH treatment and have multifactorial underlying mechanisms. Macrophage involvement in the development of steatosis and inflammation in NASH has been widely investigated. In this review, we assess the evidence for natural products or their active ingredients in the modulation of macrophage activation, recruitment, and polarization, as well as the metabolic status of macrophages. Our work may highlight the possible natural products that target macrophages as potential treatment options for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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186
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Wang Z, Zhao Q, Nie Y, Yu Y, Misra BB, Zabalawi M, Chou JW, Key CCC, Molina AJ, Quinn MA, Fessler MB, Parks JS, McCall CE, Zhu X. Solute Carrier Family 37 Member 2 (SLC37A2) Negatively Regulates Murine Macrophage Inflammation by Controlling Glycolysis. iScience 2020; 23:101125. [PMID: 32428862 PMCID: PMC7232099 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased flux of glucose through glycolysis is a hallmark of inflammatory macrophages and is essential for optimal effector functions. Solute carrier (SLC) 37A2 is an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored phosphate-linked glucose-6-phosphate transporter that is highly expressed in macrophages and neutrophils. We demonstrate that SLC37A2 plays a pivotal role in murine macrophage inflammatory activation and cellular metabolic rewiring. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly increases macrophage SLC37A2 protein expression. SLC37A2 deletion reprograms macrophages to a hyper-glycolytic process and accelerates LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production, which partially depends on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. Blockade of glycolysis normalizes the differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines between control and SLC37A2 deficient macrophages. Conversely, overexpression of SLC37A2 lowers macrophage glycolysis and significantly reduces LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that SLC37A2 dampens murine macrophage inflammation by down-regulating glycolytic reprogramming as a part of macrophage negative feedback system to curtail acute innate activation. LPS treatment rapidly elevates macrophage SLC37A2 protein expression SLC37A2 dampens early glycolytic reprogramming in acute macrophage inflammation SLC37A2 suppresses macrophage cell-surface and endosomal TLR activation SLC37A2 attenuates macrophage cellular ROS production
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yan Nie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Biswapriya B Misra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jeff W Chou
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Chia-Chi C Key
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony J Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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187
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Yvan-Charvet L, Ivanov S. Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis: Is It All about Cholesterol? J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:231-242. [PMID: 32821733 PMCID: PMC7379089 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia contributes to the chronic inflammatory response during the progression of atherosclerosis, in part by favoring cholesterol loading in macrophages and other immune cells. However, macrophages encounter a substantial amount of other lipids and nutrients after ingesting atherogenic lipoprotein particles or clearing apoptotic cells, increasing their metabolic load and impacting their behavior during atherosclerosis plaque progression. This review examines whether and how fatty acids and glucose shape the cellular metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in atherosclerosis to modulate the onset phase of inflammation and the later resolution stage, in which the balance is tipped toward tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
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188
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van Teijlingen Bakker N, Pearce EJ. Cell-intrinsic metabolic regulation of mononuclear phagocyte activation: Findings from the tip of the iceberg. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:54-67. [PMID: 32242952 PMCID: PMC10911050 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have only recently started to appreciate the extent to which immune cell activation involves significant changes in cellular metabolism. We are now beginning to understand how commitment to specific metabolic pathways influences aspects of cellular biology that are the more usual focus of immunological studies, such as activation-induced changes in gene transcription, post-transcriptional regulation of transcription, post-translational modifications of proteins, cytokine secretion, etc. Here, we focus on metabolic reprogramming in mononuclear phagocytes downstream of stimulation with inflammatory signals (such as LPS and IFNγ) vs alternative activation signals (IL-4), with an emphasis on work on dendritic cells and macrophages from our laboratory, and related studies from others. We cover aspects of glycolysis and its branching pathways (glycogen synthesis, pentose phosphate, serine synthesis, hexose synthesis, and glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle), the tricarboxylic acid pathway, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, and mitochondrial biology. Although our understanding of the metabolism of mononuclear phagocytes has progressed significantly over the last 10 years, major challenges remain, including understanding the effects of tissue residence on metabolic programming related to cellular activation, and the translatability of findings from mouse to human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki van Teijlingen Bakker
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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189
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an emergence of interest in understanding metabolic changes associated with immune responses, termed immunometabolism. As oxygen is central to all aerobic metabolism, hypoxia is now recognized to contribute fundamentally to inflammatory and immune responses. Studies from a number of groups have implicated a prominent role for oxygen metabolism and hypoxia in innate immunity of healthy tissue (physiologic hypoxia) and during active inflammation (inflammatory hypoxia). This inflammatory hypoxia emanates from a combination of recruited inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes), high rates of oxidative metabolism, and the activation of multiple oxygen-consuming enzymes during inflammation. These localized shifts toward hypoxia have identified a prominent role for the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the regulation of innate immunity. Such studies have provided new and enlightening insight into our basic understanding of immune mechanisms, and extensions of these findings have identified potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize recent literature around the topic of innate immunity and mucosal hypoxia with a focus on transcriptional responses mediated by HIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA;
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute, Systems Biology Ireland and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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190
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Abstract
Macrophage immunometabolism, the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways that alter the function of these highly plastic cells, has been the subject of intense interest in the past few years, in part because macrophage immunometabolism plays important roles in atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. In this review article, part of the Compendium on Atherosclerosis, we introduce the concepts of (1) intracellular immunometabolism-the canonical pathways of intrinsic cell activation leading to changes in intracellular metabolism, which in turn alter cellular function; and (2) intercellular immunometabolism-conditions in which intermediates of cellular metabolism are transferred from one cell to another, thereby altering the function of the recipient cell. The recent discovery that the metabolite cargo of dead and dying cells ingested through efferocytosis by macrophages can alter metabolic pathways and downstream function of the efferocyte is markedly changing the way we think about macrophage immunometabolism. Metabolic transitions of macrophages contribute to their functions in all stages of atherosclerosis, from lesion initiation to formation of advanced lesions characterized by necrotic cores, to lesion regression following aggressive lipid lowering. This review article discusses recent advances in our understanding of these different aspects of macrophage immunometabolism in atherosclerosis. With the increasing understanding of the roles of macrophage immunometabolism in atherosclerosis, new exciting concepts and potential targets for intervention are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY (I.T.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (K.E.B.)
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191
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Morris G, Puri BK, Maes M, Olive L, Berk M, Carvalho AF. The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109858. [PMID: 31923453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation of predominantly pro-inflammatory microglial phenotypes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroprogressive diseases and is associated with reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, increased ATP generation by glycolysis, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress and other metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal insults. Microglia can also adopt a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotypes with neuroprotective properties. Strategies that promote and maintain a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype may hold promise as novel therapeutic opportunities for neuroprogressive illness. Induced ketosis may promote a transition towards predominantly anti-inflammatory microglial states/phenotypes by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glycolysis and increased NAD+ production; engagement of microglial GPR109A receptors; histone deacetylase inhibition; and elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Since microglia activation can now be assessed in vivo, these data provide a clear rationale for the design of transdiagnostic randomized controlled trials of the ketogenic diet and other ketosis-inducing strategies for neuroprogressive diseases, which may also provide mechanistic insights through the assessment of "target engagement".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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192
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Ma J, Wei K, Liu J, Tang K, Zhang H, Zhu L, Chen J, Li F, Xu P, Chen J, Liu J, Fang H, Tang L, Wang D, Zeng L, Sun W, Xie J, Liu Y, Huang B. Glycogen metabolism regulates macrophage-mediated acute inflammatory responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1769. [PMID: 32286295 PMCID: PMC7156451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of how sugar metabolism affects inflammatory pathways in macrophages is incomplete. Here, we show that glycogen metabolism is an important event that controls macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. IFN-γ/LPS treatment stimulates macrophages to synthesize glycogen, which is then channeled through glycogenolysis to generate G6P and further through the pentose phosphate pathway to yield abundant NADPH, ensuring high levels of reduced glutathione for inflammatory macrophage survival. Meanwhile, glycogen metabolism also increases UDPG levels and the receptor P2Y14 in macrophages. The UDPG/P2Y14 signaling pathway not only upregulates the expression of STAT1 via activating RARβ but also promotes STAT1 phosphorylation by downregulating phosphatase TC45. Blockade of this glycogen metabolic pathway disrupts acute inflammatory responses in multiple mouse models. Glycogen metabolism also regulates inflammatory responses in patients with sepsis. These findings show that glycogen metabolism in macrophages is an important regulator and indicate strategies that might be used to treat acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Keke Wei
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Pingwei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Haiqing Fang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dianheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, 100005, China.
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193
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Läsche M, Emons G, Gründker C. Shedding New Light on Cancer Metabolism: A Metabolic Tightrope Between Life and Death. Front Oncol 2020; 10:409. [PMID: 32300553 PMCID: PMC7145406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the earliest findings of Otto Warburg, who discovered the first metabolic differences between lactate production of cancer cells and non-malignant tissues in the 1920s, much time has passed. He explained the increased lactate levels with dysfunctional mitochondria and aerobic glycolysis despite adequate oxygenation. Meanwhile, we came to know that mitochondria remain instead functional in cancer cells; hence, metabolic drift, rather than being linked to dysfunctional mitochondria, was found to be an active act of direct response of cancer cells to cell proliferation and survival signals. This metabolic drift begins with the use of sugars and the full oxidative phosphorylation via the mitochondrial respiratory chain to form CO2, and it then leads to the formation of lactic acid via partial oxidation. In addition to oncogene-driven metabolic reprogramming, the oncometabolites themselves alter cell signaling and are responsible for differentiation and metastasis of cancer cells. The aberrant metabolism is now considered a major characteristic of cancer within the past 15 years. However, the proliferating anabolic growth of a tumor and its spread to distal sites of the body is not explainable by altered glucose metabolism alone. Since a tumor consists of malignant cells and its tumor microenvironment, it was important for us to understand the bilateral interactions between the primary tumor and its microenvironment and the processes underlying its successful metastasis. We here describe the main metabolic pathways and their implications in tumor progression and metastasis. We also portray that metabolic flexibility determines the fate of the cancer cell and ultimately the patient. This flexibility must be taken into account when deciding on a therapy, since singular cancer therapies only shift the metabolism to a different alternative path and create resistance to the medication used. As with Otto Warburg in his days, we primarily focused on the metabolism of mitochondria when dealing with this scientific question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Läsche
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Günter Emons
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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194
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Castegna A, Gissi R, Menga A, Montopoli M, Favia M, Viola A, Canton M. Pharmacological targets of metabolism in disease: Opportunities from macrophages. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107521. [PMID: 32151665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From advances in the knowledge of the immune system, it is emerging that the specialized functions displayed by macrophages during the course of an immune response are supported by specific and dynamically-connected metabolic programs. The study of immunometabolism is demonstrating that metabolic adaptations play a critical role in modulating inflammation and, conversely, inflammation deeply influences the acquisition of specific metabolic settings.This strict connection has been proven to be crucial for the execution of defined immune functional programs and it is now under investigation with respect to several human disorders, such as diabetes, sepsis, cancer, and autoimmunity. The abnormal remodelling of the metabolic pathways in macrophages is now emerging as both marker of disease and potential target of therapeutic intervention. By focusing on key pathological conditions, namely obesity and diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and cancer, we will review the metabolic targets suitable for therapeutic intervention in macrophages. In addition, we will discuss the major obstacles and challenges related to the development of therapeutic strategies for a pharmacological targeting of macrophage's metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; IBIOM-CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy; Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Gissi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy; Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcella Canton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy; Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy.
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195
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Multifaceted Aspects of Metabolic Plasticity in Human Cholangiocarcinoma: An Overview of Current Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030596. [PMID: 32138158 PMCID: PMC7140515 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a deadly tumor without an effective therapy. Unique metabolic and bioenergetics features are important hallmarks of tumor cells. Metabolic plasticity allows cancer cells to survive in poor nutrient environments and maximize cell growth by sustaining survival, proliferation, and metastasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that specific signaling networks contribute to malignant tumor onset by reprogramming metabolic traits. Several evidences demonstrate that numerous metabolic mediators represent key-players of CCA progression by regulating many signaling pathways. Besides the well-known Warburg effect, several other different pathways involving carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids metabolism are altered in CCA. The goal of this review is to highlight the main metabolic processes involved in the cholangio-carcinogeneis that might be considered as potential novel druggable candidates for this disease.
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196
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Zhao H, Raines LN, Huang SCC. Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism as Hallmarks for Innate Immune Cell Activation and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030562. [PMID: 32121028 PMCID: PMC7140477 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is now understood to be fundamentally linked to intrinsic and/or extrinsic metabolic processes which are essential for immune cells to survive, proliferate, and perform their effector functions. Moreover, disruption or dysregulation of these pathways can result in detrimental outcomes and underly a number of pathologies in both communicable and non-communicable diseases. In this review, we discuss how the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids in particular can modulate innate immunity and how perturbations in these pathways can result in failure of these immune cells to properly function or induce unfavorable phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (H.Z.); (L.N.R.)
| | - Lydia N. Raines
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (H.Z.); (L.N.R.)
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (H.Z.); (L.N.R.)
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-368-3909
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197
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Muri J, Thut H, Feng Q, Kopf M. Thioredoxin-1 distinctly promotes NF-κB target DNA binding and NLRP3 inflammasome activation independently of Txnip. eLife 2020; 9:53627. [PMID: 32096759 PMCID: PMC7062472 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant systems, such as the thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) pathway, ensure cellular redox homeostasis. However, how such systems regulate development and function of myeloid cells is barely understood. Here we show that in contrast to its critical role in T cells, the murine Trx1 system is dispensable for steady-state myeloid-cell hematopoiesis due to their capacity to tap the glutathione/glutaredoxin pathway for DNA biosynthesis. However, the Trx1 pathway instrumentally enables nuclear NF-κB DNA-binding and thereby pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes and dendritic cells. Moreover, independent of this activity, Trx1 is critical for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in macrophages by detoxifying excessive ROS levels. Notably, we exclude the involvement of the Trx1 inhibitor Txnip as a redox-sensitive ligand of NLRP3 as previously proposed. Together, this study suggests that targeting Trx1 may be exploited to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Thut
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qian Feng
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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198
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Orliaguet L, Dalmas E, Drareni K, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Mechanisms of Macrophage Polarization in Insulin Signaling and Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 32140136 PMCID: PMC7042402 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease of two etiologies: metabolic and inflammatory. At the cross-section of these etiologies lays the phenomenon of metabolic inflammation. Whilst metabolic inflammation is characterized as systemic, a common starting point is the tissue-resident macrophage, who's successful physiological or aberrant pathological adaptation to its microenvironment determines disease course and severity. This review will highlight the key mechanisms in macrophage polarization, inflammatory and non-inflammatory signaling that dictates the development and progression of insulin resistance and T2D. We first describe the known homeostatic functions of tissue macrophages in insulin secreting and major insulin sensitive tissues. Importantly we highlight the known mechanisms of aberrant macrophage activation in these tissues and the ways in which this leads to impairment of insulin sensitivity/secretion and the development of T2D. We next describe the cellular mechanisms that are known to dictate macrophage polarization. We review recent progress in macrophage bio-energetics, an emerging field of research that places cellular metabolism at the center of immune-effector function. Importantly, following the advent of the metabolically-activated macrophage, we cover the known transcriptional and epigenetic factors that canonically and non-canonically dictate macrophage differentiation and inflammatory polarization. In closing perspectives, we discuss emerging research themes and highlight novel non-inflammatory or non-immune roles that tissue macrophages have in maintaining microenvironmental and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Orliaguet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Karima Drareni
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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199
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Rosas-Ballina M, Guan XL, Schmidt A, Bumann D. Classical Activation of Macrophages Leads to Lipid Droplet Formation Without de novo Fatty Acid Synthesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:131. [PMID: 32132994 PMCID: PMC7040478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism in macrophages is associated with various important inflammatory conditions. Although lipid metabolism is an important target for therapeutic intervention, the metabolic requirement involved in lipid accumulation during pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages remains incompletely characterized. We show here that macrophage activation with IFNγ results in increased aerobic glycolysis, iNOS-dependent inhibition of respiration, and accumulation of triacylglycerol. Surprisingly, metabolite tracing with 13C-labeled glucose revealed that the glucose contributed to the glycerol groups in triacylglycerol (TAG), rather than to de novo synthesis of fatty acids. This is in stark contrast to the otherwise similar metabolism of cancer cells, and previous results obtained in activated macrophages and dendritic cells. Our results establish a novel metabolic pathway whereby glucose provides glycerol to the headgroup of TAG during classical macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bumann
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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200
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Woods PS, Kimmig LM, Meliton AY, Sun KA, Tian Y, O’Leary EM, Gökalp GA, Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM. Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages Do Not Rely on Glycolysis for LPS-induced Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:243-255. [PMID: 31469581 PMCID: PMC6993551 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0244oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage effector function is dynamic in nature and largely dependent on not only the type of immunological challenge but also the tissue-specific environment and developmental origin of a given macrophage population. Recent research has highlighted the importance of glycolytic metabolism in the regulation of effector function as a common feature associated with macrophage activation. Yet, most research has used macrophage cell lines and bone marrow-derived macrophages, which do not account for the diversity of macrophage populations and the role of tissue specificity in macrophage immunometabolism. Tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TR-AMs) reside in an environment characterized by remarkably low glucose concentrations, making glycolysis-linked immunometabolism an inefficient and unlikely means of immune activation. In this study, we show that TR-AMs rely on oxidative phosphorylation to meet their energy demands and maintain extremely low levels of glycolysis under steady-state conditions. Unlike bone marrow-derived macrophages, TR-AMs did not experience enhanced glycolysis in response to LPS, and glycolytic inhibition had no effect on their proinflammatory cytokine production. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α stabilization promoted glycolysis in TR-AMs and shifted energy production away from oxidative metabolism at baseline, but it was not sufficient for TR-AMs to mount further increases in glycolysis or enhance immune function in response to LPS. Importantly, we confirmed these findings in an in vivo influenza model in which infiltrating macrophages had significantly higher glycolytic and proinflammatory gene expression than TR-AMs. These findings demonstrate that glycolysis is dispensable for macrophage effector function in TR-AM and highlight the importance of macrophage tissue origin (tissue resident vs. recruited) in immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker S. Woods
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lucas M. Kimmig
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angelo Y. Meliton
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kaitlyn A. Sun
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yufeng Tian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erin M. O’Leary
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gizem A. Gökalp
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert B. Hamanaka
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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