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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various cells are small phospholipid membrane-enclosed entities that can carry miRNA. They are now central to research in many fields of biology because they seem to constitute a new system of cell-cell communication. Physical and chemical characteristics of many EVs, as well as their biogenesis pathways, resemble those of retroviruses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate viral proteins and fragments of viral RNA, being thus indistinguishable from defective (noninfectious) retroviruses. EVs, depending on the proteins and genetic material incorporated in them, play a significant role in viral infection, both facilitating and suppressing it. Deciphering the mechanisms of EV-cell interactions may facilitate the design of EVs that inhibit viral infection and can be used as vehicles for targeted drug delivery.
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152
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Biochemical and proteomic characterization of retrovirus Gag based microparticles carrying melanoma antigens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29425. [PMID: 27403717 PMCID: PMC4941533 DOI: 10.1038/srep29425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membraneous particles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. Retroviruses utilize the cellular vesiculation pathway for virus budding/assembly and the retrovirus Gag protein induces the spontaneous formation of microvesicles or virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed in the mammalian cells. In this study, five different melanoma antigens, MAGEA4, MAGEA10, MART1, TRP1 and MCAM, were incorporated into the VLPs and their localization within the particles was determined. Our data show that the MAGEA4 and MAGEA10 proteins as well as MCAM are expressed on the surface of VLPs. The compartmentalization of exogenously expressed cancer antigens within the VLPs did not depend on the localization of the protein within the cell. Comparison of the protein content of VLPs by LC-MS/MS-based label-free quantitative proteomics showed that VLPs carrying different cancer antigens are very similar to each other, but differ to some extent from VLPs without recombinant antigen. We suggest that retrovirus Gag based virus-like particles carrying recombinant antigens have a potential to be used in cancer immunotherapy.
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153
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Welton JL, Brennan P, Gurney M, Webber JP, Spary LK, Carton DG, Falcón-Pérez JM, Walton SP, Mason MD, Tabi Z, Clayton A. Proteomics analysis of vesicles isolated from plasma and urine of prostate cancer patients using a multiplex, aptamer-based protein array. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31209. [PMID: 27363484 PMCID: PMC4929354 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics analysis of biofluid-derived vesicles holds enormous potential for discovering non-invasive disease markers. Obtaining vesicles of sufficient quality and quantity for profiling studies has, however, been a major problem, as samples are often replete with co-isolated material that can interfere with the identification of genuine low abundance, vesicle components. Here, we used a combination of ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography to isolate and analyse vesicles of plasma or urine origin. We describe a sample-handling workflow that gives reproducible, quality vesicle isolations sufficient for subsequent protein profiling. Using a semi-quantitative aptamer-based protein array, we identified around 1,000 proteins, of which almost 400 were present at comparable quantities in plasma versus urine vesicles. Significant differences were, however, apparent with elements like HSP90, integrin αVβ5 and Contactin-1 more prevalent in urinary vesicles, while hepatocyte growth factor activator, prostate-specific antigen–antichymotrypsin complex and many others were more abundant in plasma vesicles. This was also applied to a small set of specimens collected from men with metastatic prostate cancer, highlighting several proteins with the potential to indicate treatment refractory disease. The study provides a practical platform for furthering protein profiling of vesicles in prostate cancer, and, hopefully, many other disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Louise Welton
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brennan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gurney
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Paul Webber
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Kate Spary
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Gil Carton
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Sean Peter Walton
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm David Mason
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
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154
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Iwai K, Minamisawa T, Suga K, Yajima Y, Shiba K. Isolation of human salivary extracellular vesicles by iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation and their characterizations. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:30829. [PMID: 27193612 PMCID: PMC4871899 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic methods that focus on the extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in saliva have been attracting great attention because of their non-invasiveness. EVs contain biomolecules such as proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), which originate from cells that release EVs, making them an ideal source for liquid biopsy. Although there have been many reports on density-based fractionation of EVs from blood and urine, the number of reports on EVs from saliva has been limited, most probably because of the difficulties in separating EVs from viscous saliva using density gradient centrifugation. This article establishes a protocol for the isolation of EVs from human saliva using density gradient centrifugation. The fractionated salivary EVs were characterized by atomic force microscopy, western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicate that salivary EVs have a smaller diameter (47.8±12.3 nm) and higher density (1.11 g/ml) than EVs isolated from conditioned cell media (74.0±23.5 nm and 1.06 g/ml, respectively). Additionally, to improve the throughput of density-based fractionation of EVs, the original protocol was further modified by using a fixed angle rotor instead of a swinging rotor. It was also confirmed that several miRNAs were expressed strongly in the EV-marker-expressing fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwai
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Minamisawa
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Suga
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan;
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155
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Exosome-associated release, uptake, and neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:774-788. [PMID: 27173397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is an indispensible transactivator for HIV gene transcription and replication. It has been shown to exit cells as a free protein and enter neighboring cells or interact with surface receptors of neighboring cells to regulate gene expression and cell function. In this study, we report, for the first time, exosome-associated Tat release and uptake. Using a HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase reporter-based cell assay and Western blotting or in combination with exosome inhibitor, OptiPrep gradient fractionation, and exosome depletion, we demonstrated significant presence of HIV-1 Tat in exosomes derived from Tat-expressing primary astrocytes, Tat-transfected U373.MG and 293T, and HIV-infected MT4. We further showed that exosome-associated Tat from Tat-expressing astrocytes was capable of causing neurite shortening and neuron death, further supporting that this new form of extracellular Tat is biologically active. Lastly, we constructed a Tat mutant deleted of its basic domain and determined the role of the basic domain in Tat trafficking into exosomes. Basic domain-deleted Tat exhibited no apparent effects on Tat trafficking into exosomes, while maintained its dominant-negative function in Tat-mediated LTR transactivation. Taken together, these results show a significant fraction of Tat is secreted and present in the form of exosomes and may contribute to the stability of extracellular Tat and broaden the spectrum of its target cells.
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156
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Oum YH, Desai TM, Marin M, Melikyan GB. Click labeling of unnatural sugars metabolically incorporated into viral envelope glycoproteins enables visualization of single particle fusion. J Virol Methods 2016; 233:62-71. [PMID: 27033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses infect target cells by fusing their membrane with cellular membrane through a process that is mediated by specialized viral glycoproteins. The inefficient and highly asynchronous nature of viral fusion complicates studies of virus entry on a population level. Single virus imaging in living cells has become an important tool for delineating the entry pathways and for mechanistic studies of viral fusion. We have previously demonstrated that incorporation of fluorescent labels into the viral membrane and trapping fluorescent proteins in the virus interior enables the visualization of single virus fusion in living cells. Here, we implement a new approach to non-invasively label the viral membrane glycoproteins through metabolic incorporation of unnatural sugars followed by click-reaction with organic fluorescent dyes. This approach allows for efficient labeling of diverse viral fusion glycoproteins on the surface of HIV pseudoviruses. Incorporation of a content marker into surface-labeled viral particles enables sensitive detection of single virus fusion with live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hyeun Oum
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Tanay M Desai
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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157
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Kalra H, Drummen GPC, Mathivanan S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:170. [PMID: 26861301 PMCID: PMC4783904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication was long thought to be regulated exclusively through direct contact between cells or via release of soluble molecules that transmit the signal by binding to a suitable receptor on the target cell, and/or via uptake into that cell. With the discovery of small secreted vesicular structures that contain complex cargo, both in their lumen and the lipid membrane that surrounds them, a new frontier of signal transduction was discovered. These “extracellular vesicles” (EV) were initially thought to be garbage bags through which the cell ejected its waste. Whilst this is a major function of one type of EV, i.e., apoptotic bodies, many EVs have intricate functions in intercellular communication and compound exchange; although their physiological roles are still ill-defined. Additionally, it is now becoming increasingly clear that EVs mediate disease progression and therefore studying EVs has ignited significant interests among researchers from various fields of life sciences. Consequently, the research effort into the pathogenic roles of EVs is significantly higher even though their protective roles are not well established. The “Focus on extracellular vesicles” series of reviews highlights the current state of the art regarding various topics in EV research, whilst this review serves as an introductory overview of EVs, their biogenesis and molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Gregor P C Drummen
- Cellular Stress and Ageing Program, Bionanoscience and Bio-Imaging Program, Bio&Nano-Solutions, D-33647 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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158
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid cells differently contribute to B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily overexpression during primary HIV infection. AIDS 2016; 30:365-76. [PMID: 26558721 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After describing heightened levels of circulating B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (BAFF) as well as changes in B-cell phenotype and functions during acute infection by simian immunodeficiency virus, we wanted to determine whether and by which cells BAFF was over-expressed in primary HIV-infected (PHI) patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We simultaneously examined circulating BAFF levels by ELISA and membrane-bound BAFF (mBAFF) expression by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors and PHI patients followed for 6 months. We also examined whether HIV-1 modifies BAFF expression or release in various myeloid cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in vitro. RESULTS Circulating BAFF levels were transiently increased at enrolment. They positively correlated with CXCL10 levels and inversely with B-cell counts. Whereas mBAFF was expressed by most pDC and on a fraction of intermediate monocytes in healthy donors, the frequency of mBAFF cells significantly increased among nonclassical monocytes and CD1c dendritic cells but decreased among pDC in PHI patients. In contrast to myeloid cells, pDC never released BAFF upon stimulation. Their mBAFF expression was enhanced by HIV-1, independently of type I IFN. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that the pattern of BAFF expression by myeloid cells and pDC is altered in PHI patients and constitutes a valuable marker of immune activation whose circulating levels correlate with CXCL10 levels. Due to their homing in different tissue areas, pDC and myeloid cells might target different B-cell subsets through their mBAFF expression or soluble BAFF release.
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159
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Elevated Abundance, Size, and MicroRNA Content of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles in Viremic HIV-1+ Patients: Correlations With Known Markers of Disease Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 70:219-27. [PMID: 26181817 PMCID: PMC4627170 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of factors only partly understood, the generalized elevated immune activation and inflammation characterizing HIV-1-infected patients are corrected incompletely with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes and microvesicles released by several cell types may contribute to immune activation and dysfunction. EV size, abundance, and content appear to differ according to infection phase, disease progression, and ART. METHODS We examined whether the size of EVs and the abundance of exosomes in plasma are associated with cell and tissue activation as well as with viral production. Acetylcholinesterase-bearing (AChE+) exosomes in plasma were quantified using an AChE assay. EV size was analyzed using dynamic light scattering. Proteins and microRNAs present in EVs were detected by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Exosomes were found more abundant in the plasma of ART-naive patients. EV size was larger in ART-naive than in ART-suppressed patients, elite controllers, or healthy control subjects. Both exosome abundance and EV sizes were inversely correlated with CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio and neutrophil, platelet, and CD4 T-cell counts and positively correlated with CD8 T-cell counts. A negative correlation was found between CD4 T-cell nadir and exosome abundance, but not EV size. Levels of miR-155 and miR-223 but not miR-92 were strongly correlated negatively with EV abundance and size in ART-naive patients. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of circulating EVs and EV-borne microRNA is possible and may provide new insight into HIV-1 pathogenesis, disease progression, and the associated inflammatory state, as well as the efficacy of ART and the treatments intended to reduce immune activation.
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160
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Guo BB, Bellingham SA, Hill AF. Stimulating the Release of Exosomes Increases the Intercellular Transfer of Prions. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5128-37. [PMID: 26769968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by cells and play important roles in intercellular communication and pathogen transfer. Exosomes have been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including prion disease and Alzheimer disease. Prion disease arises upon misfolding of the normal cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into the disease-associated isoform, PrP(Sc). The disease has a unique transmissible etiology, and exosomes represent a novel and efficient method for prion transmission. The precise mechanism by which prions are transmitted from cell to cell remains to be fully elucidated, although three hypotheses have been proposed: direct cell-cell contact, tunneling nanotubes, and exosomes. Given the reported presence of exosomes in biological fluids and in the lipid and nucleic acid contents of exosomes, these vesicles represent an ideal mechanism for encapsulating prions and potential cofactors to facilitate prion transmission. This study investigates the relationship between exosome release and intercellular prion dissemination. Stimulation of exosome release through treatment with an ionophore, monensin, revealed a corresponding increase in intercellular transfer of prion infectivity. Conversely, inhibition of exosome release using GW4869 to target the neutral sphingomyelinase pathway induced a decrease in intercellular prion transmission. Further examination of the effect of monensin on PrP conversion revealed that monensin also alters the conformational stability of PrP(C), leading to increased generation of proteinase K-resistant prion protein. The findings presented here provide support for a positive relationship between exosome release and intercellular transfer of prion infectivity, highlighting an integral role for exosomes in facilitating the unique transmissible nature of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda B Guo
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Shayne A Bellingham
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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161
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Konadu KA, Huang MB, Roth W, Armstrong W, Powell M, Villinger F, Bond V. Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 26780239 DOI: 10.3791/53495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. They are found in a number of biological fluids and are known to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules. Originally thought to be little more than reservoirs for cellular debris, the roles of exosomes regulating biological processes and in diseases are increasingly appreciated. Several methods have been described for isolating exosomes from cellular culture media and biological fluids. Due to their small size and low density, differential ultracentrifugation and/or ultrafiltration are the most commonly used techniques for exosome isolation. However, plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals contains both exosomes and HIV viral particles, which are similar in size and density. Thus, efficient separation of exosomes from HIV viral particles in human plasma has been a challenge. To address this limitation, we developed a procedure modified from Cantin et. al., 2008 for purification of exosomes from HIV particles in human plasma. Iodixanol velocity gradients were used to separate exosomes from HIV-1 particles in the plasma of HIV-1 positive individuals. Virus particles were identified by p24 ELISA. Exosomes were identified on the basis of exosome markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the CD9, CD63, and CD45 antigens. Our gradient procedure yielded exosome preparations free of virus particles. The efficient purification of exosomes from human plasma enabled us to examine the content of plasma-derived exosomes and to investigate their immune modulatory potential and other biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateena Addae Konadu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Ming Bo Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - William Roth
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | | | - Michael Powell
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Vincent Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine;
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162
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Exosomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis: Threat or Opportunity? Adv Virol 2016; 2016:9852494. [PMID: 26981123 PMCID: PMC4766318 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9852494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-sized vesicles, also known as exosomes, are derived from endosomes of diverse cell types and present in multiple biological fluids. Depending on their cellular origins, the membrane-bound exosomes packed a variety of functional proteins and RNA species. These microvesicles are secreted into the extracellular space to facilitate intercellular communication. Collective findings demonstrated that exosomes from HIV-infected subjects share many commonalities with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) particles in terms of proteomics and lipid profiles. These observations postulated that HIV-resembled exosomes may contribute to HIV pathogenesis. Interestingly, recent reports illustrated that exosomes from body fluids could inhibit HIV infection, which then bring up a new paradigm for HIV/AIDS therapy. Accumulative findings suggested that the cellular origin of exosomes may define their effects towards HIV-1. This review summarizes the two distinctive roles of exosomes in regulating HIV pathogenesis. We also highlighted several additional factors that govern the exosomal functions. Deeper understanding on how exosomes promote or abate HIV infection can significantly contribute to the development of new and potent antiviral therapeutic strategy and vaccine designs.
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163
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Rodrigues ML, Oliveira DL, Vargas G, Girard-Dias W, Franzen AJ, Frasés S, Miranda K, Nimrichter L. Analysis of Yeast Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1459:175-190. [PMID: 27665559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3804-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are important carriers of biologically active components in a number of organisms, including fungal cells. Experimental characterization of fungal EVs suggested that these membranous compartments are likely involved in the regulation of several biological events. In fungal pathogens, these events include mechanisms of disease progression and/or control, suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention or disease prophylaxis. In this manuscript we describe methods that have been used in the last 10 years for the characterization of EVs produced by yeast forms of several fungal species. Experimental approaches detailed in this chapter include ultracentrifugation methods for EV fractionation, chromatographic approaches for analysis of EV lipids, microscopy techniques for analysis of both intracellular and extracellular vesicular compartments, interaction of EVs with host cells, and physical chemical analysis of EVs by dynamic light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS) Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4036, Sala 814, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Debora L Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS) Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4036, Sala 814, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wendell Girard-Dias
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson J Franzen
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frasés
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Diretoria de Programas, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO), Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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164
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Abstract
Proteomics has increasingly become an invaluable tool to characterize proteomes from various subcellular compartments. Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV infection on host exosomal proteomes. The procedure, described below, involves differential isotope labeling of cells, exosome purification, mass spectrometric quantification, and various bioinformatic analyses/verifications. Although this chapter focuses on analyzing the effects of HIV-1 infection on the exosomal proteome, the protocol can easily be adapted to other subcellular compartments under different stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, Room 430, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Bharat Ramratnam
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, Lab 414, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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165
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Greening DW, Xu R, Ji H, Tauro BJ, Simpson RJ. A protocol for exosome isolation and characterization: evaluation of ultracentrifugation, density-gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1295:179-209. [PMID: 25820723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-150 nm extracellular vesicles that are released from a multitude of cell types, and perform diverse cellular functions including intercellular communication, antigen presentation, and transfer of tumorigenic proteins, mRNA and miRNA. Exosomes are important regulators of the cellular niche, and their altered characteristics in many diseases, such as cancer, suggest their importance for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and as drug delivery vehicles. Exosomes have been purified from biological fluids and in vitro cell cultures using a variety of strategies and techniques. In this chapter, we reveal the protocol and key insights into the isolation, purification and characterization of exosomes, distinct from shed microvesicles and apoptotic blebs. Using the colorectal cancer cell line LIM1863 as a cell model, a comprehensive evaluation of exosome isolation methods including ultracentrifugation (UC-Exos), OptiPrep™ density-based separation (DG-Exos), and immunoaffinity capture using anti-EpCAM-coated magnetic beads (IAC-Exos) were examined. All exosome isolation methodologies contained 40-150 nm vesicles based on electron microscopy, and positive for exosome markers (Alix, TSG101, HSP70) based on immunoblotting. This protocol employed a proteomic profiling approach to characterize the protein composition of exosomes, and label-free spectral counting to evaluate the effectiveness of each method in exosome isolation. Based on the number of MS/MS spectra identified for exosome markers and proteins associated with their biogenesis, trafficking, and release, IAC-Exos was shown to be the most effective method to isolate exosomes. However, the use of density-based separation (DG-Exos) provides significant advantages for exosome isolation when the use of immunoaffinity capture is limited (due to antibody availability and suitability of exosome markers).
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), LIMS1, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia,
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166
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Arenaccio C, Anticoli S, Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Olivetta E, Federico M. Latent HIV-1 is activated by exosomes from cells infected with either replication-competent or defective HIV-1. Retrovirology 2015; 12:87. [PMID: 26502902 PMCID: PMC4623921 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Completion of HIV life cycle in CD4(+) T lymphocytes needs cell activation. We recently reported that treatment of resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes with exosomes produced by HIV-1 infected cells induces cell activation and susceptibility to HIV replication. Here, we present data regarding the effects of these exosomes on cells latently infected with HIV-1. RESULTS HIV-1 latently infecting U937-derived U1 cells was activated upon challenge with exosomes purified from the supernatant of U937 cells chronically infected with HIV-1. This effect was no more detectable when exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1 strains either nef-deleted or expressing a functionally defective Nef were used, indicating that Nef is the viral determinant of exosome-induced HIV-1 activation. Treatment with either TAPI-2, i.e., a specific inhibitor of the pro-TNFα-processing ADAM17 enzyme, or anti-TNFα Abs abolished HIV-1 activation. Hence, similar to what previously demonstrated for the exosome-mediated activation of uninfected CD4(+) T lymphocytes, the Nef-ADAM17-TNFα axis is part of the mechanism of latent HIV-1 activation. It is noteworthy that these observations have been reproduced using: (1) primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1; (2) exosomes from both primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes and macrophages acutely infected with HIV-1; (3) co-cultures of HIV-1 acutely infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes and autologous lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1, and (4) exosomes from cells expressing a defective HIV-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that latent HIV-1 can be activated by TNFα released by cells upon ingestion of exosomes released by infected cells, and that this effect depends on the activity of exosome-associated ADAM17. These pieces of evidence shed new light on the mechanism of HIV reactivation in latent reservoirs, and might also be relevant to design new therapeutic interventions focused on HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arenaccio
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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167
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Exosome release following activation of the dendritic cell immunoreceptor: A potential role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Virology 2015; 484:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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168
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Zaborowski MP, Balaj L, Breakefield XO, Lai CP. Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study. Bioscience 2015; 65:783-797. [PMID: 26955082 PMCID: PMC4776721 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, is a phenomenon shared by many cell types as a means of communicating with other cells and also potentially removing cell contents. The cargo of EVs includes the proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane receptors of the cells from which they originate. EVs released into the extracellular space can enter body fluids and potentially reach distant tissues. Once taken up by neighboring and/or distal cells, EVs can transfer functional cargo that may alter the status of recipient cells, thereby contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. In this article, we will focus on EV composition, mechanisms of uptake, and their biological effects on recipient cells. We will also discuss established and recently developed methods used to study EVs, including isolation, quantification, labeling and imaging protocols, as well as RNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MikoŁaj P Zaborowski
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Charles P Lai
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
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Abstract
Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that carry host and pathogen derived genomic, proteomic, and lipid cargos. Exosomes are secreted by most cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, consequently regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of exosomes in viral pathogenesis, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] is beginning to unravel. Recent research reports suggest that exosomes from various sources play important but different roles in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. From these reports, it appears that the source of exosomes is the defining factor for the exosomal effect on HIV-1. In this review, we will describe how HIV-1 infection is modulated by exosomes and in turn how exosomes are targeted by HIV-1 factors. Finally, we will discuss potentially emerging therapeutic options based on exosomal cargos that may have promise in preventing HIV-1 transmission.
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170
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Bautista D, Rodríguez LS, Franco MA, Angel J, Barreto A. Caco-2 cells infected with rotavirus release extracellular vesicles that express markers of apoptotic bodies and exosomes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:697-708. [PMID: 25975376 PMCID: PMC4463923 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that infecting human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) with rotavirus (RV) increases the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with an immunomodulatory function that, upon concentration at 100,000×g, present buoyant densities on a sucrose gradient of between 1.10 to 1.18 g/ml (characteristic of exosomes) and higher than 1.24 g/ml (proposed for apoptotic bodies). The effect of cellular death induced by RV on the composition of these EV is unknown. Here, we evaluated exosome (CD63, Hsc70, and AChE) and apoptotic body (histone H3) markers in EVs isolated by differential centrifugation (4000×g, 10,000×g, and 100,000×g) or filtration/ultracentrifugation (100,000×g) protocols. When we infected cells in the presence of caspase inhibitors, Hsc70 and AChE diminished in EVs obtained at 100,000×g, but not in EVs obtained at 4000×g or 10,000×g. In addition, caspase inhibitors decreased CD63 and AChE in vesicles with low and high buoyant densities. Without caspase inhibitors, RV infection increased exosome markers in all of the EVs obtained by differential centrifugation. However, CD63 preferentially localized in the 100,000×g fraction and H3 only increased in EVs concentrated at 100,000×g and with high buoyant densities on a sucrose gradient. Thus, RV infection increases the release of EVs that, upon concentration at 100,000×g, are composed by exosomes and apoptotic bodies, which can partially be separated using sucrose gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bautista
- />Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz-Stella Rodríguez
- />Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A. Franco
- />Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juana Angel
- />Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Barreto
- />Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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171
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Bellingham SA, Guo B, Hill AF. The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Biol Cell 2015; 107:389-418. [PMID: 26032945 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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172
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Kreimer S, Belov AM, Ghiran I, Murthy SK, Frank DA, Ivanov AR. Mass-spectrometry-based molecular characterization of extracellular vesicles: lipidomics and proteomics. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2367-84. [PMID: 25927954 DOI: 10.1021/pr501279t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are submicron-scale, anuclear, phospholipid bilayer membrane enclosed vesicles that contain lipids, metabolites, proteins, and RNA (micro and messenger). They are shed from many, if not all, cell types and are present in biological fluids and conditioned cell culture media. The term EV, as coined by the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), encompasses exosomes (30-100 nm in diameter), microparticles (100-1000 nm), apoptotic blebs, and other EV subsets. EVs have been implicated in cell-cell communication, coagulation, inflammation, immune response modulation, and disease progression. Multiple studies report that EV secretion from disease-affected cells contributes to disease progression, e.g., tumor niche formation and cancer metastasis. EVs are attractive sources of biomarkers due to their biological relevance and relatively noninvasive accessibility from a range of physiological fluids. This review is focused on the molecular profiling of the protein and lipid constituents of EVs, with emphasis on mass-spectrometry-based "omic" analytical techniques. The challenges in the purification and molecular characterization of EVs, including contamination of isolates and limitations in sample quantities, are discussed along with possible solutions. Finally, the review discusses the limited but growing investigation of post-translational modifications of EV proteins and potential strategies for future in-depth molecular characterization of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ionita Ghiran
- ∥Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - David A Frank
- ⊥Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,#Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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173
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Hagiwara K, Ochiya T, Kosaka N. A paradigm shift for extracellular vesicles as small RNA carriers: from cellular waste elimination to therapeutic applications. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 4:31-7. [PMID: 24533256 PMCID: PMC3918124 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important avenue for target-specific gene silencing that is mainly performed by either small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs). This novel method is rapidly becoming a powerful tool for gene therapy. However, the rapid degradation of siRNAs and miRNAs and the limited duration of their action in vivo call for an efficient delivery technology. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as delivery systems. The use of EVs as small RNA carriers has multiple advantages over conventional delivery systems. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the potential application of EVs as small RNA delivery systems. Moreover, we focus on some of the obstacles to EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Hagiwara
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
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174
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González E, Falcón-Pérez JM. Cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a platform to identify low-invasive disease biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:907-23. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1043272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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175
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Luo X, Fan Y, Park IW, He JJ. Exosomes are unlikely involved in intercellular Nef transfer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124436. [PMID: 25919665 PMCID: PMC4412529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef is an important pathogenic factor for HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. Several recent studies including ours have demonstrated that Nef can be transferred to neighboring cells and alters the function of these cells. However, how the intercellular Nef transfer occurs is in dispute. In the current study, we attempted to address this important issue using several complementary strategies, a panel of exosomal markers, and human CD4+ T lymphocyte cell line Jurkat and a commonly used cell line 293T. First, we showed that Nef was transferred from Nef-expressing or HIV-infected Jurkat to naïve Jurkat and other non-Jurkat cells and that the transfer required the membrane targeting function of Nef and was cell density-dependent. Then, we showed that Nef transfer was cell-cell contact-dependent, as exposure to culture supernatants or exosomes from HIV-infected Jurkat or Nef-expressing Jurkat and 293T led to little Nef detection in the target cells Jurkat. Thirdly, we demonstrated that Nef was only detected to be associated with HIV virions but not with acetylcholinesterase (AChE+) exosomes from HIV-infected Jurkat and not in the exosomes from Nef-expressing Jurkat. In comparison, when it was over-expressed in 293T, Nef was detected in detergent-insoluble AChE+/CD81low/TSG101low exosomes, but not in detergent-soluble AChE-/CD81high/TSG101high exosomes. Lastly, microscopic imaging showed no significant Nef detection in exosomal vesicle-like structures in and out 293T. Taken together, these results show that exosomes are unlikely involved in intercellular Nef transfer. In addition, this study reveals existence of two types of exosomes: AChE+/CD81low/TSG101low exosomes and AChE-/CD81high/TSG101high exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
| | - Johnny J. He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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176
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Szatanek R, Baran J, Siedlar M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M. Isolation of extracellular vesicles: Determining the correct approach (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:11-7. [PMID: 25902369 PMCID: PMC4494580 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has revised the interpretation of intercellular communication. It is now well established that EVs play a significant role in coagulation, inflammation, cancer and stem cell renewal and expansion. Their release presents an intriguing, transporting/trafficking network of biologically active molecules, which are able to reach and modulate the function/behavior of the target cells in a variety of ways. Moreover, the presence of EVs in various body fluids points to their potential for use as biomarkers and prognostic indicators in the surveillance/monitoring of a variety of diseases. Although vast knowledge on the subject of EVs has accumulated over the years, there are still fundamental issues associated with the correct approach for their isolation. This review comprises the knowledge on EV isolation techniques that are currently available. The aim of this reveiw was to make both experienced researchers and newcomers to the field aware that different types of EVs require unique isolation approaches. The realization of this 'uniqueness' is the first step in the right direction for the complete assessment of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
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177
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Chen C, Lin BR, Hsu MY, Cheng CM. Paper-based devices for isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles. J Vis Exp 2015:e52722. [PMID: 25867034 PMCID: PMC4401401 DOI: 10.3791/52722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous particles released from various types of cells, hold a great potential for clinical applications. They contain nucleic acid and protein cargo and are increasingly recognized as a means of intercellular communication utilized by both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. However, due to their small size, current protocols for isolation of EVs are often time consuming, cumbersome, and require large sample volumes and expensive equipment, such as an ultracentrifuge. To address these limitations, we developed a paper-based immunoaffinity platform for separating subgroups of EVs that is easy, efficient, and requires sample volumes as low as 10 μl. Biological samples can be pipetted directly onto paper test zones that have been chemically modified with capture molecules that have high affinity to specific EV surface markers. We validate the assay by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (P-ELISA), and transcriptome analysis. These paper-based devices will enable the study of EVs in the clinic and the research setting to help advance our understanding of EV functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University;
| | - Bo-Ren Lin
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University
| | | | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University
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178
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Hubert A, Barbeau B, Subra C, Bissonnette L, Gilbert C. Role and future applications of extracellular vesicles in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released naturally in vivo and in vitro from cells and tissues into biological fluids such as plasma, urine, saliva and amniotic fluid, and into culture medium. EV may contain proteins, lipids, mRNA and miRNA significant of the physiological status or of their cellular origin and affect the functions of neighboring cells. The characterization of EVs present in HIV-1-infected individuals provides insight into pathogenesis, inflammation and disease progression. However, the potential of EVs to become reliable research or diagnostic tools is currently limited by the difficulty of distinguishing apoptotic and plasma membrane EVs, exosomes and virions. In spite of this methodological limitation, EVs are expected to become highly useful tools in biomedicine and uncover a research area expected to lead to innovative R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hubert
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Subra
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Bissonnette
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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179
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Desimmie BA, Weydert C, Schrijvers R, Vets S, Demeulemeester J, Proost P, Paron I, De Rijck J, Mast J, Bannert N, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. HIV-1 IN/Pol recruits LEDGF/p75 into viral particles. Retrovirology 2015; 12:16. [PMID: 25809198 PMCID: PMC4357141 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamic interaction between HIV and its host governs the replication of the virus and the study of the virus-host interplay is key to understand the viral lifecycle. The host factor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) tethers the HIV preintegration complex to the chromatin through a direct interaction with integrase (IN). Small molecules that bind the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of the HIV IN dimer (LEDGINs) block HIV replication through a multimodal mechanism impacting early and late stage replication including HIV maturation. Furthermore, LEDGF/p75 has been identified as a Pol interaction partner. This raised the question whether LEDGF/p75 besides acting as a molecular tether in the target cell, also affects late steps of HIV replication. Results LEDGF/p75 is recruited into HIV-1 particles through direct interaction with the viral IN (or Pol polyprotein) and is a substrate for HIV-1 protease. Incubation in the presence of HIV-1 protease inhibitors resulted in detection of full-length LEDGF/p75 in purified viral particles. We also demonstrate that inhibition of LEDGF/p75-IN interaction by specific mutants or LEDGINs precludes incorporation of LEDGF/p75 in virions, underscoring the specificity of the uptake. LEDGF/p75 depletion did however not result in altered LEDGIN potency. Conclusion Together, these results provide evidence for an IN/Pol mediated uptake of LEDGF/p75 in viral particles and a specific cleavage by HIV protease. Understanding of the possible role of LEDGF/p75 or its cleavage fragments in the viral particle awaits further experimentation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0134-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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180
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Konadu KA, Chu J, Huang MB, Amancha PK, Armstrong W, Powell MD, Villinger F, Bond VC. Association of Cytokines With Exosomes in the Plasma of HIV-1-Seropositive Individuals. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1712-6. [PMID: 25512626 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and viremic individuals exhibit elevated levels of plasma cytokines. Here we show that most cytokines are not in free form but appear associated with exosomes that are distinct from virions. Purified exosomes were analyzed to determine the levels of 21 cytokines and chemokines and compared with exosome-depleted plasma. Most cytokines were markedly enriched in exosomes from HIV-positive individuals relative to negative controls and to plasma. Moreover, exposure of naive peripheral blood mononuclear cells to exosomes purified from HIV-positive patients induced CD38 expression on naive and central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, probably contributing to inflammation and viral propagation via bystander cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateena Addae Konadu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Jane Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Ming Bo Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Praveen Kumar Amancha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Wendy Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael D Powell
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Vincent C Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
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181
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Guo BB, Bellingham SA, Hill AF. The neutral sphingomyelinase pathway regulates packaging of the prion protein into exosomes. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3455-67. [PMID: 25505180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the misfolding of the host-encoded prion protein, PrP(C), into a disease-associated form, PrP(Sc). The transmissible prion agent is principally formed of PrP(Sc) itself and is associated with extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Exosomes are released from cells both in vitro and in vivo, and have been proposed as a mechanism by which prions spread intercellularly. The biogenesis of exosomes occurs within the endosomal system, through formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), which are subsequently released from cells as exosomes. ILV formation is known to be regulated by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, although an alternative neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) pathway has been suggested to also regulate this process. Here, we investigate a role for the nSMase pathway in exosome biogenesis and packaging of PrP into these vesicles. Inhibition of the nSMase pathway using GW4869 revealed a role for the nSMase pathway in both exosome formation and PrP packaging. In agreement, targeted knockdown of nSMase1 and nSMase2 in mouse neurons using lentivirus-mediated RNAi also decreases exosome release, demonstrating the nSMase pathway regulates the biogenesis and release of exosomes. We also demonstrate that PrP(C) packaging is dependent on nSMase2, whereas the packaging of disease-associated PrP(Sc) into exosomes occurs independently of nSMase2. These findings provide further insight into prion transmission and identify a pathway which directly assists exosome-mediated transmission of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda B Guo
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shayne A Bellingham
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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182
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Compton AA, Bruel T, Porrot F, Mallet A, Sachse M, Euvrard M, Liang C, Casartelli N, Schwartz O. IFITM proteins incorporated into HIV-1 virions impair viral fusion and spread. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:736-47. [PMID: 25464829 PMCID: PMC7104936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins protect cells from diverse virus infections by inhibiting virus-cell fusion. IFITM proteins also inhibit HIV-1 replication through mechanisms only partially understood. We show that when expressed in uninfected lymphocytes, IFITM proteins exert protective effects during cell-free virus infection, but this restriction can be overcome upon HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread. However, when present in virus-producing lymphocytes, IFITM proteins colocalize with viral Env and Gag proteins and incorporate into nascent HIV-1 virions to limit entry into new target cells. IFITM in viral membranes is associated with impaired virion fusion, offering additional and more potent defense against virus spread. Thus, IFITM proteins act additively in both productively infected cells and uninfected target cells to inhibit HIV-1 spread, potentially conferring these proteins with greater breadth and potency against enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Compton
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris 75015, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marine Euvrard
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; École Normale Supérieure, Department of Biology, Cachan 94230, France
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill AIDS Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France.
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183
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Lokossou AG, Toudic C, Barbeau B. Implication of human endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins in placental functions. Viruses 2014; 6:4609-27. [PMID: 25421890 PMCID: PMC4246240 DOI: 10.3390/v6114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) represent 8% of the total human genome. Although the majority of these ancient proviral sequences have only retained non-coding long terminal repeats (LTRs), a number of “endogenized” retroviral genes encode functional proteins. Previous studies have underlined the implication of these ERV-derived proteins in the development and the function of the placenta. In this review, we summarize recent findings showing that two ERV genes, termed Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2, which encode former envelope (Env) proteins, trigger fusion events between villous cytotrophoblasts and the peripheral multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast layer. Such fusion events maintain the stability of this latter cell structure, which plays an important role in fetal development by the active secretion of various soluble factors, gas exchange and regulation of fetomaternal immunotolerance. We also highlight new studies showing that these ERV proteins, in addition to their localization at the cell surface of cytotrophoblasts, are also incorporated on the surface of various extracellular microvesicles, including exosomes. Such exosome-associated proteins could be involved in the various functions attributed to these vesicles and could provide a form of tropism. Additionally, through their immunosuppressive domains, these ERV proteins could also contribute to fetomaternal immunotolerance in a local and more distal manner. These various aspects of the implication of Syncytin-1 and -2 in placental function are also addressed in the context of the placenta-related disorder, preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjimon Gatien Lokossou
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2080 Saint-Urbain, Montréal, PQ H2X 3X8, Canada.
| | - Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2080 Saint-Urbain, Montréal, PQ H2X 3X8, Canada.
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2080 Saint-Urbain, Montréal, PQ H2X 3X8, Canada.
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184
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Feng Z, Li Y, McKnight KL, Hensley L, Lanford RE, Walker CM, Lemon SM. Human pDCs preferentially sense enveloped hepatitis A virions. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:169-76. [PMID: 25415438 DOI: 10.1172/jci77527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other picornaviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) is cloaked in host membranes when released from cells, providing protection from neutralizing antibodies and facilitating spread in the liver. Acute HAV infection is typified by minimal type I IFN responses; therefore, we questioned whether plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which produce IFN when activated, are capable of sensing enveloped virions (eHAV). Although concentrated nonenveloped virus failed to activate freshly isolated human pDCs, these cells produced substantial amounts of IFN-α via TLR7 signaling when cocultured with infected cells. pDCs required either close contact with infected cells or exposure to concentrated culture supernatants for IFN-α production. In isopycnic and rate-zonal gradients, pDC-activating material cosedimented with eHAV but not membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase, suggesting that eHAV, and not viral RNA exosomes, is responsible for IFN-α induction. pDC activation did not require virus replication and was associated with efficient eHAV uptake, which was facilitated by phosphatidylserine receptors on pDCs. In chimpanzees, pDCs were transiently recruited to the liver early in infection, during or shortly before maximal intrahepatic IFN-stimulated gene expression, but disappeared prior to inflammation onset. Our data reveal that, while membrane envelopment protects HAV against neutralizing antibody, it also facilitates an early but limited detection of HAV infection by pDCs.
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185
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Jeppesen DK, Hvam ML, Primdahl-Bengtson B, Boysen AT, Whitehead B, Dyrskjøt L, Orntoft TF, Howard KA, Ostenfeld MS. Comparative analysis of discrete exosome fractions obtained by differential centrifugation. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:25011. [PMID: 25396408 PMCID: PMC4224706 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.25011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells release a mixture of extracellular vesicles, amongst these exosomes, that differ in size, density and composition. The standard isolation method for exosomes is centrifugation of fluid samples, typically at 100,000×g or above. Knowledge of the effect of discrete ultracentrifugation speeds on the purification from different cell types, however, is limited. Methods We examined the effect of applying differential centrifugation g-forces ranging from 33,000×g to 200,000×g on exosome yield and purity, using 2 unrelated human cell lines, embryonic kidney HEK293 cells and bladder carcinoma FL3 cells. The fractions were evaluated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), total protein quantification and immunoblotting for CD81, TSG101, syntenin, VDAC1 and calreticulin. Results NTA revealed the lowest background particle count in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium media devoid of phenol red and cleared by 200,000×g overnight centrifugation. The centrifugation tube fill level impacted the sedimentation efficacy. Comparative analysis by NTA, protein quantification, and detection of exosomal and contamination markers identified differences in vesicle size, concentration and composition of the obtained fractions. In addition, HEK293 and FL3 vesicles displayed marked differences in sedimentation characteristics. Exosomes were pelleted already at 33,000×g, a g-force which also removed most contaminating microsomes. Optimal vesicle-to-protein yield was obtained at 67,000×g for HEK293 cells but 100,000×g for FL3 cells. Relative expression of exosomal markers (TSG101, CD81, syntenin) suggested presence of exosome subpopulations with variable sedimentation characteristics. Conclusions Specific g-force/k factor usage during differential centrifugation greatly influences the purity and yield of exosomes. The vesicle sedimentation profile differed between the 2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Jeppesen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael L Hvam
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anders T Boysen
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bradley Whitehead
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben F Orntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie S Ostenfeld
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;
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186
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Liu Z, Zhang X, Yu Q, He JJ. Exosome-associated hepatitis C virus in cell cultures and patient plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:218-22. [PMID: 25449270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects its target cells in the form of cell-free viruses and through cell-cell contact. Here we report that HCV is associated with exosomes. Using highly purified exosomes and transmission electron microscopic imaging, we demonstrated that HCV occurred in both exosome-free and exosome-associated forms. Exosome-associated HCV was infectious and resistant to neutralization by an anti-HCV neutralizing antibody. There were more exosome-associated HCV than exosome-free HCV detected in the plasma of HCV-infected patients. These results suggest exosome-associated HCV as an alternative form for HCV infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Xiugen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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187
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Vaidyanathan R, Naghibosadat M, Rauf S, Korbie D, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Detecting exosomes specifically: a multiplexed device based on alternating current electrohydrodynamic induced nanoshearing. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11125-32. [PMID: 25324037 DOI: 10.1021/ac502082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes show promise as noninvasive biomarkers for cancer, but their effective capture and specific detection is a significant challenge. Herein, we report a multiplexed microfluidic device for highly specific capture and detection of multiple exosome targets using a tunable alternating current electrohydrodynamic (ac-EHD) methodology, referred to as nanoshearing. In our system, electrical body forces generated by ac-EHD act within nanometers of an electrode surface (i.e., within the electrical layer) to generate nanoscaled fluid flow that enhances the specificity of capture and also reduce nonspecific adsorption of weakly bound molecules from the electrode surface. This approach demonstrates the analysis of exosomes derived from cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and is also capable of specifically isolating exosomes from breast cancer patient samples. The device also exhibited a 3-fold enhancement in detection sensitivity in comparison to hydrodynamic flow based assays (LOD 2760 exosomes/μL for ac-EHD vs LOD 8300 exosomes/μL for hydrodynamic flow; (n = 3)). We propose this approach can potentially have relevance as a simple and rapid quantification tool to analyze exosome targets in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland , Corner College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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188
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Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:255-89. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3537] [Impact Index Per Article: 353.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colombo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
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189
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Van Deun J, Mestdagh P, Sormunen R, Cocquyt V, Vermaelen K, Vandesompele J, Bracke M, De Wever O, Hendrix A. The impact of disparate isolation methods for extracellular vesicles on downstream RNA profiling. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:24858. [PMID: 25317274 PMCID: PMC4169610 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.24858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an enormous interest in the role of extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, in cancer and their use as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, drug response and recurrence, there is no consensus on dependable isolation protocols. We provide a comparative evaluation of 4 exosome isolation protocols for their usability, yield and purity, and their impact on downstream omics approaches for biomarker discovery. OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation outperforms ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and Total Exosome Isolation precipitation in terms of purity, as illustrated by the highest number of CD63-positive nanovesicles, the highest enrichment in exosomal marker proteins and a lack of contaminating proteins such as extracellular Argonaute-2 complexes. The purest exosome fractions reveal a unique mRNA profile enriched for translation, ribosome, mitochondrion and nuclear lumen function. Our results demonstrate that implementation of high purification techniques is a prerequisite to obtain reliable omics data and identify exosome-specific functions and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Deun
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Mestdagh
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veronique Cocquyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karim Vermaelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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190
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Zhu L, Wang K, Cui J, Liu H, Bu X, Ma H, Wang W, Gong H, Lausted C, Hood L, Yang G, Hu Z. Label-free quantitative detection of tumor-derived exosomes through surface plasmon resonance imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8857-64. [PMID: 25090139 PMCID: PMC4151789 DOI: 10.1021/ac5023056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Exosomes
are endosome-derived membrane vesicles carrying proteins
and nucleic acids that are involved in cellular functions such as
intercellular communication, protein and RNA secretion, and antigen
presentation. Therefore, exosomes serve as potential biomarkers for
many diseases including cancer. Because exosomes are difficult to
enrich or purify from biofluids, quantification of exosomes is tedious
and inaccurate. Here, we present a real-time, label-free, and quantitative
method to detect and characterize tumor-derived exosomes without enrichment
or purification. Utilizing surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi)
in combination with antibody microarrays specific to the extracellular
domains of exosome membrane proteins, exosomes in tumor cell culture
medium can be quantitatively detected. We found a positive correlation
between the metastatic potential of tumor cell lines and exosome secretion.
This method provides an easy, efficient, and novel way to detect exosome
secretion and thus an avenue toward the diagnosis and prognosis prediction
of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11, Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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191
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Exosomes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells license quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes to replicate HIV-1 through a Nef- and ADAM17-dependent mechanism. J Virol 2014; 88:11529-39. [PMID: 25056899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01712-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resting CD4+ T lymphocytes resist human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we provide evidence that exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells render resting human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes permissive to HIV-1 replication. These results were obtained with transwell cocultures of HIV-1-infected cells with quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes in the presence of inhibitors of exosome release and were confirmed using exosomes purified from supernatants of HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. We found that the expression of HIV-1 Nef in exosome-producing cells is both necessary and sufficient for cell activation as well as HIV-1 replication in target CD4+ T lymphocytes. We also identified a Nef domain important for the effects we observed, i.e., the 62EEEE65 acidic cluster domain. In addition, we observed that ADAM17, i.e., a disintegrin and metalloprotease converting pro-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in its mature form, associates with exosomes from HIV-1-infected cells, and plays a key role in the HIV-1 replication in quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes. Treatment with an inhibitor of ADAM17 abolished both activation and HIV-1 replication in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. TNF-α is the downstream effector of ADAM17 since the treatment of resting lymphocytes with anti-TNF-α antibodies blocked the HIV-1 replication. The data presented here are consistent with a model where Nef induces intercellular communication through exosomes to activate bystander quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes, thus stimulating viral spread. IMPORTANCE Overall, our findings support the idea that HIV evolved to usurp the exosome-based intercellular communication network to favor its spread in infected hosts.
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192
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Heider S, Metzner C. Quantitative real-time single particle analysis of virions. Virology 2014; 462-463:199-206. [PMID: 24999044 PMCID: PMC4139191 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Providing information about single virus particles has for a long time been mainly the domain of electron microscopy. More recently, technologies have been developed—or adapted from other fields, such as nanotechnology—to allow for the real-time quantification of physical virion particles, while supplying additional information such as particle diameter concomitantly. These technologies have progressed to the stage of commercialization increasing the speed of viral titer measurements from hours to minutes, thus providing a significant advantage for many aspects of virology research and biotechnology applications. Additional advantages lie in the broad spectrum of virus species that may be measured and the possibility to determine the ratio of infectious to total particles. A series of disadvantages remain associated with these technologies, such as a low specificity for viral particles. In this review we will discuss these technologies by comparing four systems for real-time single virus particle analysis and quantification. We introduce four methods for virus particle-based quantification of viruses. They allow for quantification of a wide range of samples in under an hour time. The additional measurement of size and zeta potential is possible for some.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heider
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Building AC, 3rd Floor, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Metzner
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Building AC, 3rd Floor, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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193
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Arenaccio C, Chiozzini C, Columba-Cabezas S, Manfredi F, Federico M. Cell activation and HIV-1 replication in unstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes ingesting exosomes from cells expressing defective HIV-1. Retrovirology 2014; 11:46. [PMID: 24924541 PMCID: PMC4229896 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A relevant burden of defective HIV-1 genomes populates PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients, especially during HAART treatment. These viral genomes, although unable to codify for infectious viral particles, can express viral proteins which may affect functions of host cells as well as bystander ones. Cells expressing defective HIV-1 have a lifespan longer than that of cells producing infectious particles. Hence, their interaction with other cell types, including resting lymphocytes, is expected to occur frequently in tissues where HIV actively replicates. We investigated the effects of the expression of a prototype of functionally defective HIV-1 on bystander, unstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes. Results We observed that unstimulated human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes were activated and became permissive for HIV-1 replication when co-cultivated with cells expressing a functionally defective HIV-1 (F12/Hut-78 cells). This effect depended on the presence in F12/Hut-78 supernatants of nanovesicles we identified as exosomes. By inspecting the underlying mechanism, we found that ADAM17, i.e., a disintegrin and metalloprotease converting pro-TNF-α in its mature form, associated with exosomes from F12/Hut-78 cells, and played a key role in the HIV-1 replication in unstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes. In fact, the treatment with an inhibitor of ADAM17 abolished both activation and HIV-1 replication in unstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes. TNF-α appeared to be the downstream effector of ADAM17 since the treatment of unstimulated lymphocytes with antibodies against TNF-α or its receptors blocked the HIV-1 replication. Finally, we found that the expression of NefF12 in exosome-producing cells was sufficient to induce the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in unstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes. Conclusions Exosomes from cells expressing a functionally defective mutant can induce cell activation and HIV-1 susceptibility in unstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes. This evidence highlights the relevance for AIDS pathogenesis of the expression of viral products from defective HIV-1 genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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194
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Kanwar SS, Dunlay CJ, Simeone DM, Nagrath S. Microfluidic device (ExoChip) for on-chip isolation, quantification and characterization of circulating exosomes. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1891-900. [PMID: 24722878 PMCID: PMC4134440 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bound vesicles, including microvesicles and exosomes, are secreted by both normal and cancerous cells into the extracellular space and in blood circulation. These circulating extracellular vesicles (cirEVs) and exosomes in particular are recognized as a potential source of disease biomarkers. However, to exploit the use of circulatory exosomes as a biomarker, a rapid, high-throughput and reproducible method is required for their isolation and molecular analysis. We have developed a simple, low cost microfluidic-based platform to isolate cirEVs enriched in exosomes directly from blood serum allowing simultaneous capture and quantification of exosomes in a single device. To capture specific exosomes, we employed "ExoChip", a microfluidic device fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and functionalized with antibodies against CD63, an antigen commonly overexpressed in exosomes. Subsequent staining with a fluorescent carbocyanine dye (DiO) that specifically labels the exosomes, we quantitated exosomes using a standard plate-reader. Ten independent ExoChip experiments performed using serum obtained from five pancreatic cancer patients and five healthy individuals revealed a statistically significant increase (2.34 ± 0.31 fold, p < 0.001) in exosomes captured in cancer patients when compared to healthy individuals. Exosomal origins of ExoChip immobilized vesicles were further confirmed using immuno-electron-microscopy and Western blotting. In addition, we demonstrate the ability of ExoChip to recover exosomes with intact RNA enabling profiling of exosomal-microRNAs through openarray analysis, which has potential applications in biomarker discovery. Based on our findings, ExoChip is a well suited platform to be used as an exosome-based diagnostic and research tool for molecular screening of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailender Singh Kanwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan-48109, USA.
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195
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Vargas A, Zhou S, Éthier-Chiasson M, Flipo D, Lafond J, Gilbert C, Barbeau B. Syncytin proteins incorporated in placenta exosomes are important for cell uptake and show variation in abundance in serum exosomes from patients with preeclampsia. FASEB J 2014; 28:3703-19. [PMID: 24812088 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate intercellular communication and are involved in several biological processes. The objective of our study was to determine whether endogenous retrovirus group WE, member l (ERVWE1)/syncytin-1 and endogenous retrovirus group FRD, member 1 (ERVFRDE1)/syncytin-2, encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) envelope (env) genes, are present at the surface of exosomes produced by placenta-derived villous cytotrophoblasts and whether they play a role in cellular uptake of exosomes. In addition, we sought to determine whether these proteins are present in various abundances in serum-derived exosomes from normal pregnant women vs. women with preeclampsia (PE). Isolated exosomes were analyzed for their content by Western blot, a bead-associated flow cytometry approach, and a syncytin-2 ELISA. Binding and uptake were tested through confocal and electron microscopy using the BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line. Quality control of exosome preparations consisted of detection of exosomal and nonexosomal markers. Exosome-cell interactions were compared between cells incubated in the presence of control exosomes, syncytin-1 or syncytin-2-deprived exosomes, or exosomes solely bearing the uncleaved forms of these HERV env proteins. From our data, we conclude that villous cytotrophoblast exosomes are positive for both env proteins and are rapidly taken up by BeWo cells in a syncytin-1- and syncytin-2-dependent manner and that syncytin-2 is reduced in serum-derived exosomes from women with PE when compared to exosomes from normal pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Vargas
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Maude Éthier-Chiasson
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Denis Flipo
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Julie Lafond
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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196
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Rodríguez M, Silva J, López-Alfonso A, López-Muñiz MB, Peña C, Domínguez G, García JM, López-Gónzalez A, Méndez M, Provencio M, García V, Bonilla F. Different exosome cargo from plasma/bronchoalveolar lavage in non-small-cell lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:713-24. [PMID: 24764226 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes mediate tumorigenesis by facilitating tumor growth, metastasis, development of drug resistance, and immunosuppression. However, little is known about the exosomes isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in patients with lung neoplasm. Exosomes isolated in plasma and BAL from 30 and 75 patients with tumor and nontumor pathology were quantified by acetylcholinesterase activity and characterized by Western Blot, Electron Microscopy, and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Differences in exosome cargo were analyzed by miRNA quantitative PCR in pooled samples and validated in a second series of patients. More exosomes were detected in plasma than in BAL in both groups (P < 0.001). The most miRNAs evaluated by PCR array were detected in tumor plasma, tumor BAL, and nontumor BAL pools, but only 56% were detected in the nontumor plasma pool. Comparing the top miRNAs with the highest levels detected in each pool, we found close homology only between the BAL samples of the two pathologies. In tumor plasma, we found a higher percentage of miRNAs with increased levels than in tumor BAL or in nontumor plasma. The data reveal differences between BAL and plasma exosome amount and miRNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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197
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Momen-Heravi F, Balaj L, Alian S, Mantel PY, Halleck AE, Trachtenberg AJ, Soria CE, Oquin S, Bonebreak CM, Saracoglu E, Skog J, Kuo WP. Current methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1253-62. [PMID: 23770532 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, are nano- to micron-sized vesicles, which may deliver bioactive cargos that include lipids, growth factors and their receptors, proteases, signaling molecules, as well as mRNA and non-coding RNA, released from the cell of origin, to target cells. EVs are released by all cell types and likely induced by mechanisms involved in oncogenic transformation, environmental stimulation, cellular activation, oxidative stress, or death. Ongoing studies investigate the molecular mechanisms and mediators of EVs-based intercellular communication at physiological and oncogenic conditions with the hope of using this information as a possible source for explaining physiological processes in addition to using them as therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers in a variety of diseases. A major limitation in this evolving discipline is the hardship and the lack of standardization for already challenging techniques to isolate EVs. Technical advances have been accomplished in the field of isolation with improving knowledge and emerging novel technologies, including ultracentrifugation, microfluidics, magnetic beads and filtration-based isolation methods. In this review, we will discuss the latest advances in methods of isolation methods and production of clinical grade EVs as well as their advantages and disadvantages, and the justification for their support and the challenges that they encounter.
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198
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Ji H, Greening DW, Barnes TW, Lim JW, Tauro BJ, Rai A, Xu R, Adda C, Mathivanan S, Zhao W, Xue Y, Xu T, Zhu HJ, Simpson RJ. Proteome profiling of exosomes derived from human primary and metastatic colorectal cancer cells reveal differential expression of key metastatic factors and signal transduction components. Proteomics 2013; 13:1672-86. [PMID: 23585443 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular 40-100 nm diameter membrane vesicles of late endosomal origin that can mediate intercellular transfer of RNAs and proteins to assist premetastatic niche formation. Using primary (SW480) and metastatic (SW620) human isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines we compared exosome protein profiles to yield valuable insights into metastatic factors and signaling molecules fundamental to tumor progression. Exosomes purified using OptiPrep™ density gradient fractionation were 40-100 nm in diameter, were of a buoyant density ~1.09 g/mL, and displayed stereotypic exosomal markers TSG101, Alix, and CD63. A major finding was the selective enrichment of metastatic factors (MET, S100A8, S100A9, TNC), signal transduction molecules (EFNB2, JAG1, SRC, TNIK), and lipid raft and lipid raft-associated components (CAV1, FLOT1, FLOT2, PROM1) in exosomes derived from metastatic SW620 cells. Additionally, using cryo-electron microscopy, ultrastructural components in exosomes were identified. A key finding of this study was the detection and colocalization of protein complexes EPCAM-CLDN7 and TNIK-RAP2A in colorectal cancer cell exosomes. The selective enrichment of metastatic factors and signaling pathway components in metastatic colon cancer cell-derived exosomes contributes to our understanding of the cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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199
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Bastian AR, Contarino M, Bailey LD, Aneja R, Moreira DRM, Freedman K, McFadden K, Duffy C, Emileh A, Leslie G, Jacobson JM, Hoxie JA, Chaiken I. Interactions of peptide triazole thiols with Env gp120 induce irreversible breakdown and inactivation of HIV-1 virions. Retrovirology 2013; 10:153. [PMID: 24330857 PMCID: PMC3878761 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the underlying mechanism of action of the peptide triazole thiol, KR13 that has been shown previously to specifically bind gp120, block cell receptor site interactions and potently inhibit HIV-1 infectivity. Results KR13, the sulfhydryl blocked KR13b and its parent non-sulfhydryl peptide triazole, HNG156, induced gp120 shedding but only KR13 induced p24 capsid protein release. The resulting virion post virolysis had an altered morphology, contained no gp120, but retained gp41 that bound to neutralizing gp41 antibodies. Remarkably, HIV-1 p24 release by KR13 was inhibited by enfuvirtide, which blocks formation of the gp41 6-helix bundle during membrane fusion, while no inhibition of p24 release occurred for enfuvirtide-resistant virus. KR13 thus appears to induce structural changes in gp41 normally associated with membrane fusion and cell entry. The HIV-1 p24 release induced by KR13 was observed in several clades of HIV-1 as well as in fully infectious HIV-1 virions. Conclusions The antiviral activity of KR13 and its ability to inactivate virions prior to target cell engagement suggest that peptide triazole thiols could be highly effective in inhibiting HIV transmission across mucosal barriers and provide a novel probe to understand biochemical signals within envelope that are involved in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N 15th Street, New College Building, Room No, 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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200
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Zöller M. Pancreatic cancer diagnosis by free and exosomal miRNA. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2013; 4:74-90. [PMID: 24340225 PMCID: PMC3858795 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v4.i4.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PaCa) have a dismal prognosis. This is in part due to late diagnosis prohibiting surgical intervention, which provides the only curative option as PaCa are mostly chemo- and radiation resistance. Hope is raised on a reliable non-invasive/minimally invasive diagnosis that is still missing. Recently two diagnostic options are discussed, serum MicroRNA (miRNA) and serum exosomes. Serum miRNA can be free or vesicle-, particularly, exosomes-enclosed. This review will provide an overview on the current state of the diagnostic trials on free serum miRNA and proceed with an introduction of exosomes that use as a diagnostic tool in serum and other body fluids has not received sufficient attention, although serum exosome miRNA in combination with protein marker expression likely will increase the diagnostic and prognostic power. By their crosstalk with host cells, which includes binding-initiated signal transduction, as well as reprogramming target cells via the transfer of proteins, mRNA and miRNA exosomes are suggested to become a most powerful therapeutics. I will discuss which hurdles have still to be taken as well as the different modalities, which can be envisaged to make therapeutic use of exosomes. PaCa are known to most intensely crosstalk with the host as apparent by desmoplasia and frequent paraneoplastic syndromes. Thus, there is hope that the therapeutic application of exosomes brings about a major breakthrough.
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