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Arias-Jayo N, Abecia L, Alonso-Sáez L, Ramirez-Garcia A, Rodriguez A, Pardo MA. High-Fat Diet Consumption Induces Microbiota Dysbiosis and Intestinal Inflammation in Zebrafish. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:1089-1101. [PMID: 29736898 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Energy-dense foods and overnutrition represent major starting points altering lipid metabolism, systemic inflammation and gut microbiota. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) over a period of 25 days on intestinal microbiota and inflammation in zebrafish. Microbial composition of HFD-fed animals was analysed and compared to controls by 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR. The expression level on several genes related to inflammation was tested. Furthermore, microscopic assessment of the intestine was performed in both conditions. The consumption of the HFD resulted in microbial dysbiosis, characterised by an increase in the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Moreover, an emerging intestinal inflammation via NF-κβ activation was confirmed by the overexpression of several genes related to signalling receptors, antimicrobial metabolism and the inflammatory cascade. The intestinal barrier was also damaged, with an increase of goblet cell mucin production. This is the first study performed in zebrafish which suggests that the consumption of a diet enriched with 10% fat changes the intestinal microbial community composition, which was correlated with low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Arias-Jayo
- Food research, Azti, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea 609, 48160, Derio, Spain.
| | - Leticia Abecia
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Laura Alonso-Sáez
- Marine research, Azti, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, 48395, Txatxarramendi, Spain
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Departmento de Immunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodriguez
- St Luke's General Hospital, Freshford Road, Friarsinch, Kilkenny, R95 FY71, Ireland
| | - Miguel A Pardo
- Food research, Azti, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea 609, 48160, Derio, Spain
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152
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Kulkarni S, Ganz J, Bayrer J, Becker L, Bogunovic M, Rao M. Advances in Enteric Neurobiology: The "Brain" in the Gut in Health and Disease. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9346-9354. [PMID: 30381426 PMCID: PMC6209840 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1663-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a large, complex division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates many digestive, immune, hormonal, and metabolic functions. Recent advances have elucidated the dynamic nature of the mature ENS, as well as the complex, bidirectional interactions among enteric neurons, glia, and the many other cell types that are important for mediating gut behaviors. Here, we provide an overview of ENS development and maintenance, and focus on the latest insights gained from the use of novel model systems and live-imaging techniques. We discuss major advances in the understanding of enteric glia, and the functional interactions among enteric neurons, glia, and enteroendocrine cells, a large class of sensory epithelial cells. We conclude by highlighting recent work on muscularis macrophages, a group of immune cells that closely interact with the ENS in the gut wall, and the importance of neurological-immune system communication in digestive health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205,
| | - Julia Ganz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James Bayrer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Laren Becker
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, and
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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153
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Bacterial Cohesion Predicts Spatial Distribution in the Larval Zebrafish Intestine. Biophys J 2018; 115:2271-2277. [PMID: 30448038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Are there general biophysical relationships governing the spatial organization of the gut microbiome? Despite growing realization that spatial structure is important for population stability, interbacterial competition, and host functions, it is unclear in any animal gut whether such structure is subject to predictive, unifying rules or if it results from contextual, species-specific behaviors. To explore this, we used light sheet fluorescence microscopy to conduct a high-resolution comparative study of bacterial distribution patterns throughout the entire intestinal volume of live, larval zebrafish. Fluorescently tagged strains of seven bacterial symbionts, representing six different species native to zebrafish, were each separately monoassociated with animals that had been raised initially germ-free. The strains showed large differences in both cohesion-the degree to which they auto-aggregate-and spatial distribution. We uncovered a striking correlation between each strain's mean position and its cohesion, whether quantified as the fraction of cells existing as planktonic individuals, the average aggregate size, or the total number of aggregates. Moreover, these correlations held within species as well; aggregates of different sizes localized as predicted from the pan-species observations. Together, our findings indicate that bacteria within the zebrafish intestine are subject to generic processes that organize populations by their cohesive properties. The likely drivers of this relationship-peristaltic fluid flow, tubular anatomy, and bacterial growth and aggregation kinetics-are common throughout animals. We therefore suggest that the framework introduced here of biophysical links between bacterial cohesion and spatial organization should be useful for directing explorations in other host-microbe systems, formulating detailed models that can quantitatively map onto experimental data, and developing new tools that manipulate cohesion to engineer microbiome function.
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154
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Modernized Tools for Streamlined Genetic Manipulation and Comparative Study of Wild and Diverse Proteobacterial Lineages. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01877-18. [PMID: 30301859 PMCID: PMC6178617 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01877-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A great challenge in microbiota research is the immense diversity of symbiotic bacteria with the capacity to impact the lives of plants and animals. Moving beyond correlative DNA sequencing-based studies to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which symbiotic bacteria influence the biology of their hosts is stalling because genetic manipulation of new and uncharacterized bacterial isolates remains slow and difficult with current genetic tools. Moreover, developing tools de novo is an arduous and time-consuming task and thus represents a significant barrier to progress. To address this problem, we developed a suite of engineering vectors that streamline conventional genetic techniques by improving postconjugation counterselection, modularity, and allelic exchange. Our modernized tools and step-by-step protocols will empower researchers to investigate the inner workings of both established and newly emerging models of bacterial symbiosis. Correlating the presence of bacteria and the genes they carry with aspects of plant and animal biology is rapidly outpacing the functional characterization of naturally occurring symbioses. A major barrier to mechanistic studies is the lack of tools for the efficient genetic manipulation of wild and diverse bacterial isolates. To address the need for improved molecular tools, we used a collection of proteobacterial isolates native to the zebrafish intestinal microbiota as a testbed to construct a series of modernized vectors that expedite genetic knock-in and knockout procedures across lineages. The innovations that we introduce enhance the flexibility of conventional genetic techniques, making it easier to manipulate many different bacterial isolates with a single set of tools. We developed alternative strategies for domestication-free conjugation, designed plasmids with customizable features, and streamlined allelic exchange using visual markers of homologous recombination. We demonstrate the potential of these tools through a comparative study of bacterial behavior within the zebrafish intestine. Live imaging of fluorescently tagged isolates revealed a spectrum of distinct population structures that differ in their biogeography and dominant growth mode (i.e., planktonic versus aggregated). Most striking, we observed divergent genotype-phenotype relationships: several isolates that are predicted by genomic analysis and in vitro assays to be capable of flagellar motility do not display this trait within living hosts. Together, the tools generated in this work provide a new resource for the functional characterization of wild and diverse bacterial lineages that will help speed the research pipeline from sequencing-based correlations to mechanistic underpinnings.
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155
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Earley AM, Graves CL, Shiau CE. Critical Role for a Subset of Intestinal Macrophages in Shaping Gut Microbiota in Adult Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2018; 25:424-436. [PMID: 30304682 PMCID: PMC6245655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is strongly influenced by environmental factors, although host contribution is far less understood. We leveraged macrophage-deficient interferon regulatory factor irf8 zebrafish mutants to investigate the role of macrophages in this process. In conventionally raised adult irf8-deficient mutants, we found a significant loss of intestinal macrophages associated with a strikingly altered gut microbiota when compared to co-housed siblings. The destabilization of the gut commensal microbiota was associated with a severe reduction in complement C1q genes and outgrowth of a rare bacterial species. Consistent with a critical function of irf8 in adult intestinal macrophages, irf8 is abundantly expressed in these cells normally, and restoring macrophage irf8 expression in irf8 mutants was sufficient to recover commensal microbes and C1q genes expression. This study reports an important subpopulation of intestinal macrophages that requires irf8 to establish in the gut, ensure normal colonization of gut microbes, and prevent immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Earley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christina L Graves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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156
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Liu H, Wu Q, Chu T, Mo Y, Cai S, Chen M, Zhu G. High-dose acute exposure of paraquat induces injuries of swim bladder, gastrointestinal tract and liver via neutrophil-mediated ROS in zebrafish and their relevance for human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:662-673. [PMID: 29723724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact toxicological mechanisms of paraquat (PQ) poisoning are not entirely clear, especially on the high-level acute exposure. To assess the health risk of PQ, especially to suicidal individuals, accidental ingestion eaters, occupational groups, and special multitude, firstly we explored the acute toxic effect and the possible mechanisms of high-level exposure of PQ using zebrafish. The mainly target organs of PQ were swim bladder which is the homolog of the mammalian lung, followed by gastrointestinal tract and liver. Morphological malformations which were further defined by histopathologic examination include smaller size, fibrosis and inflammatory cell invasion for swim bladder; irregularly arranged or dissolved epithelial folds, loss of villous architecture, and ecclasis of mucosal cells in a smaller lumen for gastrointestinal tract; as well as smaller size, degeneration, fibrous proliferation, atrophy for liver. In addition, PQ enhanced leukocyte recruitment (neutrophil migrated first, followed by macrophage) into swim bladder and induced ROS which can be scavenged by glutathione. Moreover, qRT-PCR results showed that PQ increased the expression level of genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as L-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TNF-β, IFN-1, TGF-β, and NF-kB. For the first time, our results demonstrated that acute exposure of PQ induced pulmonary toxicity which was followed by gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity via neutrophil-mediated ROS in zebrafish. In summary, these findings generated here will contribute to our better understanding of characteristics of PQ acute poisoning and can provide valuable information on better PQ poisoning treatments, occupational disease prevention, and providing theoretical foundation for risk management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcui Liu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianyi Chu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinyuan Mo
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology and Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Shuyang Cai
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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157
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Walton KD, Mishkind D, Riddle MR, Tabin CJ, Gumucio DL. Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e317. [PMID: 29513926 PMCID: PMC6002883 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient absorption of nutrients by the intestine is essential for life. In mammals and birds, convolution of the intestinal surface into finger-like projections called villi is an important adaptation that ensures the massive surface area for nutrient contact that is required to meet metabolic demands. Each villus projection serves as a functional absorptive unit: it is covered by a simple columnar epithelium that is derived from endoderm and contains a mesodermally derived core with supporting vasculature, lacteals, enteric nerves, smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and immune cells. In cross section, the consistency of structure in the billions of individual villi of the adult intestine is strikingly beautiful. Villi are generated in fetal life, and work over several decades has revealed that villus morphogenesis requires substantial "crosstalk" between the endodermal and mesodermal tissue components, with soluble signals, cell-cell contacts, and mechanical forces providing specific dialects for sequential conversations that orchestrate villus assembly. A key part of this process is the formation of subepithelial mesenchymal cell clusters that act as signaling hubs, directing overlying epithelial cells to cease proliferation, thereby driving villus emergence and simultaneously determining the location of future stem cell compartments. Interestingly, distinct species-specific differences govern how and when tissue-shaping signals and forces generate mesenchymal clusters and control villus emergence. As the details of villus development become increasingly clear, the emerging picture highlights a sophisticated local self-assembled cascade that underlies the reproducible elaboration of a regularly patterned field of absorptive villus units. This article is categorized under: Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Non-Branched Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Darcy Mishkind
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Misty R Riddle
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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158
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Amigo JD, Opazo JC, Jorquera R, Wichmann IA, Garcia-Bloj BA, Alarcon MA, Owen GI, Corvalán AH. The Reprimo Gene Family: A Novel Gene Lineage in Gastric Cancer with Tumor Suppressive Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1862. [PMID: 29941787 PMCID: PMC6073456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprimo (RPRM) gene family is a group of single exon genes present exclusively within the vertebrate lineage. Two out of three members of this family are present in humans: RPRM and RPRM-Like (RPRML). RPRM induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M in response to p53 expression. Loss-of-expression of RPRM is related to increased cell proliferation and growth in gastric cancer. This evidence suggests that RPRM has tumor suppressive properties. However, the molecular mechanisms and signaling partners by which RPRM exerts its functions remain unknown. Moreover, scarce studies have attempted to characterize RPRML, and its functionality is unclear. Herein, we highlight the role of the RPRM gene family in gastric carcinogenesis, as well as its potential applications in clinical settings. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge on the phylogeny and expression patterns of this family of genes in embryonic zebrafish and adult humans. Strikingly, in both species, RPRM is expressed primarily in the digestive tract, blood vessels and central nervous system, supporting the use of zebrafish for further functional characterization of RPRM. Finally, drawing on embryonic and adult expression patterns, we address the potential relevance of RPRM and RPRML in cancer. Active investigation or analytical research in the coming years should contribute to novel translational applications of this poorly understood gene family as potential biomarkers and development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Amigo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan C Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Roddy Jorquera
- CORE Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ignacio A Wichmann
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- CORE Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Benjamin A Garcia-Bloj
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Maria Alejandra Alarcon
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025 Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- CORE Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
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159
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Riddle MR, Boesmans W, Caballero O, Kazwiny Y, Tabin CJ. Morphogenesis and motility of the Astyanax mexicanus gastrointestinal tract. Dev Biol 2018; 441:285-296. [PMID: 29883660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Through the course of evolution, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been modified to maximize nutrient absorption, forming specialized segments that are morphologically and functionally distinct. Here we show that the GI tract of the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, has distinct regions, exhibiting differences in morphology, motility, and absorption. We found that A. mexicanus populations adapted for life in subterranean caves exhibit differences in the GI segments compared to those adapted to surface rivers. Cave-adapted fish exhibit bi-directional churning motility in the stomach region that is largely absent in river-adapted fish. We investigated how this motility pattern influences intestinal transit of powdered food and live prey. We found that powdered food is more readily emptied from the cavefish GI tract. In contrast, the transit of live rotifers from the stomach region to the midgut occurs more slowly in cavefish compared to surface fish, consistent with the presence of churning motility. Differences in intestinal motility and transit likely reflect adaptation to unique food sources available to post-larval A. mexicanus in the cave and river environments. We found that cavefish grow more quickly than surface fish when fed ad libitum, suggesting that altered GI function may aid in nutrient consumption or absorption. We did not observe differences in enteric neuron density or smooth muscle organization between cavefish and surface fish. Altered intestinal motility in cavefish could instead be due to changes in the activity or patterning of the enteric nervous system. Exploring this avenue will lead to a better understanding of how the GI tract evolves to maximize energy assimilation from novel food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Riddle
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivya Caballero
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Youcef Kazwiny
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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160
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini ACVV, Zanandrea R, Dos Santos BE, Genario R, de Oliveira GG, Friend AJ, Amstislavskaya TG, Kalueff AV. Psychoneuroimmunology and immunopsychiatry of zebrafish. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92:1-12. [PMID: 29609110 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of neural and immune disorders, their etiology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. As the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful model organism in biomedical research, mounting evidence suggests these fish as a useful tool to study neural and immune mechanisms and their interplay. Here, we discuss zebrafish neuro-immune mechanisms and their pharmacological and genetic modulation, the effect of stress on cytokines, as well as relevant models of microbiota-brain interplay. As many human brain diseases are based on complex interplay between the neural and the immune system, here we discuss zebrafish models, as well as recent successes and challenges, in this rapidly expanding field. We particularly emphasize the growing utility of zebrafish models in translational immunopsychiatry research, as they improve our understanding of pathogenetic neuro-immune interactions, thereby fostering future discovery of potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna E Dos Santos
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ashton J Friend
- Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine SB RAS, and Department of Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Pesochny, Russia; Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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161
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Lo Cascio P, Calabrò C, Bertuccio C, Iaria C, Marino F, Denaro MG. Immunohistochemical Characterization of PepT1 and Ghrelin in Gastrointestinal Tract of Zebrafish: Effects of Spirulina Vegetarian Diet on the Neuroendocrine System Cells After Alimentary Stress. Front Physiol 2018; 9:614. [PMID: 29881359 PMCID: PMC5976732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal function in vertebrates is influenced by stressors, such as fasting and refeeding, different types of diet and hormonal factors. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of a Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) diet, a microalga known for its nutraceutical properties, on the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish (Danio rerio) regarding expression of oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and ghrelin (GHR). Food deprivation and refeeding was investigated to elucidate expression of PepT1 and GHR at a gastrointestinal level and the zebrafish compensatory mechanism. PepT1 is responsible for absorbing di- and tripeptides through a brush border membrane of intestinal mucosa. GHR is a brain-gut peptide in fish and mammals, stimulating growth hormone secretion and regulating appetite. Samples were taken after 2 and 5 days of specimen fasting, and 2 and 5 days of refeeding with Sera Spirulina tabs, in which the major constituent is Spirulina sp. (50.2% protein). Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of PepT1 and GHR were carried out. Control specimen intestinal tract showed normal morphology of the digestive tract. Fasting caused fold structural changes and intestinal lumen constriction. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a PepT1 level reduction after fasting and an increase after refeeding, reaching very high levels after 5 days, compared to controls. GHR levels increased after food deprivation and gradually decreased after refeeding. Increased expression of PepT1 in refeeding fish suggests a compensatory physiological mechanism, as does the increase in GHR levels in fasting fish followed by a reduction after refeeding. A compensatory mechanism may be induced by fasting and refeeding and by a higher protein Spirulina diet. The microalga, for its nutraceutical properties, is an excellent candidate for animal breeding and human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Calabrò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Clara Bertuccio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria G Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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162
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Enya S, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Kawaoka S. A novel zebrafish intestinal tumor model reveals a role for cyp7a1-dependent tumor-liver crosstalk in causing adverse effects on the host. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.032383. [PMID: 29592890 PMCID: PMC6124559 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of host organs and genes that underlie tumor-induced physiological disruption on the host remains ill-defined. Here, we establish a novel zebrafish intestinal tumor model that is suitable for addressing this issue, and find that hepatic cyp7a1, the rate-limiting factor for synthesizing bile acids [or, in the case of zebrafish, bile alcohol (BA)], is such a host gene. Inducing krasG12D by Gal4 specifically expressed in the posterior intestine resulted in the formation of an intestinal tumor. The local intestinal tumor caused systemic detrimental effects on the host, including liver inflammation, hepatomegaly, growth defects and organismal death. Whole-organism-level gene expression analysis and metabolite measurements revealed that the intestinal tumor reduced total BA levels, possibly via altered expression of hepatic cyp7a1 Genetically overexpressing cyp7a1 in the liver restored BA synthesis and ameliorated tumor-induced liver inflammation, but not other tumor-dependent phenotypes. Thus, we found a previously unknown role of cyp7a1 as the host gene that links the intestinal tumor, hepatic cholesterol-BA metabolism and liver inflammation in tumor-bearing zebrafish larvae. Our model provides an important basis to discover host genes responsible for tumor-induced phenotypes and to uncover mechanisms underlying how tumors adversely affect host organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Enya
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.,ERATO Sato Live Bio-forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Science, Kashiwa 277-8651, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kawaoka
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), The Thomas N. Sato BioMEC-X Laboratories, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan .,ERATO Sato Live Bio-forecasting Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
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163
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Estensoro I, Pérez-Cordón G, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Piazzon MC. Bromodeoxyuridine DNA labelling reveals host and parasite proliferation in a fish-myxozoan model. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:651-662. [PMID: 29265424 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum leei is a myxozoan parasite responsible for enteritis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The parasite proliferates in the paracellular space of the intestinal epithelium and induces an inflammatory reaction. To assess intestinal cell turnover and parasite proliferation, fish were infected with the parasite by anal intubation; after 17 and 64 days, the cell proliferative marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered; and after 24 hr, tissue samples were taken for immunohistochemical detection. Parasite exposure induced increased epithelial and immune cell proliferation in all intestinal segments at all time points, even before parasite establishment. This increased turnover was triggered early after intubation and mainly at a local level, as shown by an increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) gene expression only at the posterior intestine after 17 days (not found in lymphohaematopoietic organs). Incorporation of BrdU in parasite secondary and tertiary daughter cells indicated that parasite endogeny is not by schizogonial division, which uses de novo synthesis pathway of pyrimidines. Altogether, BrdU immunolabelling and pcna gene expression showed the rapid proliferative response of the fish intestines upon a myxozoan infection and how this response is effectively triggered even before the parasite reaches or establishes in the site.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - G Pérez-Cordón
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - A Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - M C Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
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164
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Lie KK, Tørresen OK, Solbakken MH, Rønnestad I, Tooming-Klunderud A, Nederbragt AJ, Jentoft S, Sæle Ø. Loss of stomach, loss of appetite? Sequencing of the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) genome and intestinal transcriptomic profiling illuminate the evolution of loss of stomach function in fish. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:186. [PMID: 29510660 PMCID: PMC5840709 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) belongs to a large teleost family containing more than 600 species showing several unique evolutionary traits such as lack of stomach and hermaphroditism. Agastric fish are found throughout the teleost phylogeny, in quite diverse and unrelated lineages, indicating stomach loss has occurred independently multiple times in the course of evolution. By assembling the ballan wrasse genome and transcriptome we aimed to determine the genetic basis for its digestive system function and appetite regulation. Among other, this knowledge will aid the formulation of aquaculture diets that meet the nutritional needs of agastric species. RESULTS Long and short read sequencing technologies were combined to generate a ballan wrasse genome of 805 Mbp. Analysis of the genome and transcriptome assemblies confirmed the absence of genes that code for proteins involved in gastric function. The gene coding for the appetite stimulating protein ghrelin was also absent in wrasse. Gene synteny mapping identified several appetite-controlling genes and their paralogs previously undescribed in fish. Transcriptome profiling along the length of the intestine found a declining expression gradient from the anterior to the posterior, and a distinct expression profile in the hind gut. CONCLUSIONS We showed gene loss has occurred for all known genes related to stomach function in the ballan wrasse, while the remaining functions of the digestive tract appear intact. The results also show appetite control in ballan wrasse has undergone substantial changes. The loss of ghrelin suggests that other genes, such as motilin, may play a ghrelin like role. The wrasse genome offers novel insight in to the evolutionary traits of this large family. As the stomach plays a major role in protein digestion, the lack of genes related to stomach digestion in wrasse suggests it requires formulated diets with higher levels of readily digestible protein than those for gastric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai K. Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box. 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, NO Norway
| | - Ole K. Tørresen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, NO Norway
| | - Monica Hongrø Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, NO Norway
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, NO Norway
| | - Ave Tooming-Klunderud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, NO Norway
| | - Alexander J. Nederbragt
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, NO Norway
- Biomedical Informatics Research Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, NO Norway
| | - Øystein Sæle
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box. 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, NO Norway
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165
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Troll JV, Hamilton MK, Abel ML, Ganz J, Bates JM, Stephens WZ, Melancon E, van der Vaart M, Meijer AH, Distel M, Eisen JS, Guillemin K. Microbiota promote secretory cell determination in the intestinal epithelium by modulating host Notch signaling. Development 2018; 145:145/4/dev155317. [PMID: 29475973 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resident microbes promote many aspects of host development, although the mechanisms by which microbiota influence host tissues remain unclear. We showed previously that the microbiota is required for allocation of appropriate numbers of secretory cells in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Because Notch signaling is crucial for secretory fate determination, we conducted epistasis experiments to establish whether the microbiota modulates host Notch signaling. We also investigated whether innate immune signaling transduces microbiota cues via the Myd88 adaptor protein. We provide the first evidence that microbiota-induced, Myd88-dependent signaling inhibits host Notch signaling in the intestinal epithelium, thereby promoting secretory cell fate determination. These results connect microbiota activity via innate immune signaling to the Notch pathway, which also plays crucial roles in intestinal homeostasis throughout life and when impaired can result in chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua V Troll
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - M Kristina Hamilton
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Melissa L Abel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Julia Ganz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bates
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - W Zac Stephens
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ellie Melancon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Distel
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith S Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA .,Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z8
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166
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Racing to Stay Put: How Resident Microbiota Stimulate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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167
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Ganz J. Gut feelings: Studying enteric nervous system development, function, and disease in the zebrafish model system. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:268-278. [PMID: 28975691 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest part of the peripheral nervous system and is entirely neural crest-derived. It provides the intrinsic innervation of the gut, controlling different aspects of gut function, such as motility. In this review, we will discuss key points of Zebrafish ENS development, genes, and signaling pathways regulating ENS development, as well as contributions of the Zebrafish model system to better understand ENS disorders. During their migration, enteric progenitor cells (EPCs) display a gradient of developmental states based on their proliferative and migratory characteristics, and show spatiotemporal heterogeneity based on gene expression patterns. Many genes and signaling pathways that regulate the migration and proliferation of EPCs have been identified, but later stages of ENS development, especially steps of neuronal and glial differentiation, remain poorly understood. In recent years, Zebrafish have become increasingly important to test candidate genes for ENS disorders (e.g., from genome-wide association studies), to identify environmental influences on ENS development (e.g., through large-scale drug screens), and to investigate the role the gut microbiota play in ENS development and disease. With its unique advantages as a model organism, Zebrafish will continue to contribute to a better understanding of ENS development, function, and disease. Developmental Dynamics 247:268-278, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ganz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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168
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Venditti M, Donizetti A, Fiengo M, Fasano C, Santillo A, Aniello F, Minucci S. Temporal and spatial expression of insulin-like peptide (insl5a and insl5b) paralog genes during the embryogenesis of Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:33-40. [PMID: 29319231 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin (RLN) and insulin (INSL)-like peptides are member of the INSL/RLN superfamily, which are encoded by seven genes in humans and can activate the G-protein coupled receptor RXFP 1-4. These peptides evolved from a common ancestor, RLN3-like gene. Two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) in early vertebrate evolution, together with an additional WGD in the teleost lineage, caused an expansion of RLN genes set in the genome of Danio rerio. In particular, six RLN genes are present: a single copy of rln and insl3 genes, and two paralogs for the rln3 gene (rln3a and rln3b), and the insl5 gene (insl5a and insl5b). We have already reported the presence of rln3a and rln3b genes in the developing zebrafish brain, as well as the expression of rln gene in the developing zebrafish brain and extraneural territories, such as thyroid gland and pancreas. Here, we report for the first time the expression of the two parologs genes for insl5, insl5a, and insl5b in D. rerio embryonic development. The corresponding transcripts of both the paralogs are present in all embryonic stages analyzed by RT-qPCR. In situ hybridization analyses showed a restricted signal in intestinal cells and the pancreatic region at 72 hpf for insl5a, while at 96 hpf both genes are expressed in specific intestinal cells. Furthermore, in adult zebrafish intestine tissue, in situ hybridation experiments showed that insl5a transcript is specifically localized in the goblet cells, while insl5b transcript is in enteroendocrine cells. These data revealed a high degree of gene expression pattern conservation for such genes in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcella Fiengo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Fasano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Aniello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Minucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. Fisiologia Umana e Funzioni Biologiche Integrate, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
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169
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Vierstraete J, Willaert A, Vermassen P, Coucke PJ, Vral A, Claes KBM. Accurate quantification of homologous recombination in zebrafish: brca2 deficiency as a paradigm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16518. [PMID: 29184099 PMCID: PMC5705637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous Recombination (HR) repair is essential for repairing DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in dividing cells and preventing tumorigenesis. BRCA2 plays an important role in HR by recruiting the DNA recombinase RAD51 to the DSB. Despite being a popular model organism in genetic and cancer research, knowledge on the conservation of the HR pathway and function of zebrafish Brca2 is limited. To evaluate this, we developed a Rad51 foci assay in zebrafish embryos. We identified the zebrafish embryonic intestinal tissue as an ideal target for Rad51 immunostaining. After inducing DSB through irradiation, Rad51 foci were present in irradiated embryos but not in unirradiated controls. We present a method for accurate quantification of HR. Both morpholino-induced knockdown and knockout of Brca2 lead to almost complete absence of Rad51 foci in irradiated embryos. These findings indicate conserved function of Brca2 in zebrafish. Interestingly, a statistically significant decrease in Rad51 foci was observed in Brca2 heterozygous carriers compared to wild types, indicative of haploinsufficiency, a hypothesised cause of some tumours in patients with a germline BRCA2 mutation. In conclusion, we demonstrated the suitability of zebrafish as an excellent in vivo model system for studying the HR pathway and its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Vierstraete
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department for Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Vermassen
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul J Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Department for Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen B M Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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170
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Li Y, Song X, Yi X, Wang R, Lee SMY, Wang X, Zheng Y. Zebrafish: A Visual Model To Evaluate the Biofate of Transferrin Receptor-Targeted 7Peptide-Decorated Coumarin 6 Micelles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39048-39058. [PMID: 29039926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the zebrafish was explored as an in vivo model to assess the biofate of transferrin receptor (TfR)-targeted coumarin 6 (C6) micelles across various biological barriers. Three 7peptide (7pep)-decorated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) micelles loaded with fluorescence coumarin 6 (7pep-M-C6) with different ligand densities were constructed with particle sizes between 30 and 40 nm. Whole-mount immunostaining revealed that the expression level of TfR in the retina, brain, and intestine increased along with development stage. Compared to unmodified micelles, 7pep-M-C6 demonstrated higher uptake efficiency in the larval zebrafish. Preinhibition of TfR with 7pep implicated the TfR-mediated endocytosis pathway in the uptake of 7pep-M-C6. Confocal images of the larval zebrafish eye and brain showed the efficient delivery of C6 across the retinal pigment epithelial to the ganglion cell layer and the significant accumulation of C6 in all brain tissues, respectively, which plateaued when the ligand density was 10%. To investigate the intestinal distribution of C6, micelles were administered to adult zebrafish via gavaging. Notably, 7pep-M-C6 enhanced the transport of C6 across the villi and increased its aggregation into the basolateral membrane of the intestine. After the oral administration of 7pep-M-C6, C6 accumulated in the eye and brain. Förster resonance energy transfer analysis suggested that intact 7pep-modified micelles could enter the epithelial cells of the intestine, brain, and eye after oral administration in adult zebrafish. In conclusion, zebrafish could be used as a model for in vivo visual assessment of the biofate of TfR-targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
| | - Xiaoning Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
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171
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Innovative Disease Model: Zebrafish as an In Vivo Platform for Intestinal Disorder and Tumors. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040058. [PMID: 28961226 PMCID: PMC5744082 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the world’s most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths, causing more than 50,000 estimated deaths each year. Several risk factors are highly associated with CRC, including being overweight, eating a diet high in red meat and over-processed meat, having a history of inflammatory bowel disease, and smoking. Previous zebrafish studies have demonstrated that multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can be regulated through genetic or epigenetic alterations. Zebrafish research has also revealed that the activation of carcinogenesis-associated signal pathways plays an important role in CRC. The biology of cancer, intestinal disorders caused by carcinogens, and the morphological patterns of tumors have been found to be highly similar between zebrafish and humans. Therefore, the zebrafish has become an important animal model for translational medical research. Several zebrafish models have been developed to elucidate the characteristics of gastrointestinal diseases. This review article focuses on zebrafish models that have been used to study human intestinal disorders and tumors, including models involving mutant and transgenic fish. We also report on xenograft models and chemically-induced enterocolitis. This review demonstrates that excellent zebrafish models can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases and help facilitate the evaluation of novel anti-tumor drugs.
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172
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Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Vertebrate Model Host To Study Colonization, Pathogenesis, and Transmission of Foodborne Escherichia coli O157. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00365-17. [PMID: 28959735 PMCID: PMC5607324 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00365-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are a major cause of diarrheal illness in humans and can lead to severe complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle and other ruminants are the main reservoir of EHEC, which enters the food chain through contaminated meat, dairy, or vegetables. Here, we describe the establishment of a vertebrate model for foodborne EHEC infection, using larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a host and the protozoan prey Paramecium caudatum as a vehicle. We follow pathogen release from the vehicle, intestinal colonization, microbe-host interactions, and microbial gene induction within a live vertebrate host, in real time, throughout the course of infection. We demonstrate that foodborne EHEC colonizes the gastrointestinal tract faster and establishes a higher burden than waterborne infection. Expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), a key EHEC virulence factor, was observed early during infection, mainly at sites that experience fluid shear, and required tight control to enable successful host colonization. EHEC infection led to strain- and LEE-dependent mortality in the zebrafish host. Despite the presence of the endogenous microbiota limiting EHEC colonization levels, EHEC colonization and virulence can be studied either under gnotobiotic conditions or against the backdrop of an endogenous (and variable) host microbiota. Finally, we show that the model can be used for investigation of factors affecting shedding and transmission of bacteria to naive hosts. Overall, this constitutes a useful model, which ideally complements the strengths of existing EHEC vertebrate models. IMPORTANCE Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen which can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and, in some cases, severe complications such as kidney failure in humans. Up to 30% of cattle are colonized with EHEC, which can enter the food chain through contaminated meat, dairy, and vegetables. In order to control infections and stop transmission, it is important to understand what factors allow EHEC to colonize its hosts, cause virulence, and aid transmission. Since this cannot be systematically studied in humans, it is important to develop animal models of infection and transmission. We developed a model which allows us to study foodborne infection in zebrafish, a vertebrate host that is transparent and genetically tractable. Our results show that foodborne infection is more efficient than waterborne infection and that the locus of enterocyte effacement is a key virulence determinant in the zebrafish model. It is induced early during infection, and loss of tight LEE regulation leads to a decreased bacterial burden and decreased host mortality. Overall, the zebrafish model allows us to study foodborne infection, including pathogen release from the food vehicle and gene regulation and its context of host-microbe interactions, as well as environmental shedding and transmission to naive hosts.
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173
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Dupret B, Völkel P, Vennin C, Toillon RA, Le Bourhis X, Angrand PO. The histone lysine methyltransferase Ezh2 is required for maintenance of the intestine integrity and for caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:1079-1093. [PMID: 28887218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2, as part of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), mediates H3K27me3 methylation which is involved in gene expression program repression. Through its action, EZH2 controls cell-fate decisions during the development and the differentiation processes. Here, we report the generation and the characterization of an ezh2-deficient zebrafish line. In contrast to its essential role in mouse early development, loss of ezh2 function does not affect zebrafish gastrulation. Ezh2 zebrafish mutants present a normal body plan but die at around 12 dpf with defects in the intestine wall, due to enhanced cell death. Thus, ezh2-deficient zebrafish can initiate differentiation toward the different developmental lineages but fail to maintain the intestinal homeostasis. Expression studies revealed that ezh2 mRNAs are maternally deposited. Then, ezh2 is ubiquitously expressed in the anterior part of the embryos at 24 hpf, but its expression becomes restricted to specific regions at later developmental stages. Pharmacological inhibition of Ezh2 showed that maternal Ezh2 products contribute to early development but are dispensable to body plan formation. In addition, ezh2-deficient mutants fail to properly regenerate their spinal cord after caudal fin transection suggesting that Ezh2 and H3K27me3 methylation might also be involved in the process of regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dupret
- Cell Plasticity & Cancer, Inserm U908/University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pamela Völkel
- Cell Plasticity & Cancer, Inserm U908/University of Lille, Lille, France; CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Constance Vennin
- Cell Plasticity & Cancer, Inserm U908/University of Lille, Lille, France; SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille, France
| | | | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- Cell Plasticity & Cancer, Inserm U908/University of Lille, Lille, France
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174
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Bernier-Latmani J, Petrova TV. Intestinal lymphatic vasculature: structure, mechanisms and functions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:510-526. [PMID: 28655884 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is richly supplied with lymphatic vasculature, which has functions ranging from maintenance of interstitial fluid balance to transport of antigens, antigen-presenting cells, dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. In this Review, we provide in-depth information concerning the organization and structure of intestinal lymphatics, the current view of their developmental origins, as well as molecular mechanisms of intestinal lymphatic patterning and maintenance. We will also discuss physiological aspects of intestinal lymph flow regulation and the known and emerging roles of intestinal lymphatic vessels in human diseases, such as IBD, infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Route Cantonale 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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175
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Lickwar CR, Camp JG, Weiser M, Cocchiaro JL, Kingsley DM, Furey TS, Sheikh SZ, Rawls JF. Genomic dissection of conserved transcriptional regulation in intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002054. [PMID: 28850571 PMCID: PMC5574553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves critical physiologic functions that are shared among all vertebrates. However, it is unknown how the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying these functions have changed over the course of vertebrate evolution. We generated genome-wide mRNA and accessible chromatin data from adult intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in zebrafish, stickleback, mouse, and human species to determine if conserved IEC functions are achieved through common transcriptional regulation. We found evidence for substantial common regulation and conservation of gene expression regionally along the length of the intestine from fish to mammals and identified a core set of genes comprising a vertebrate IEC signature. We also identified transcriptional start sites and other putative regulatory regions that are differentially accessible in IECs in all 4 species. Although these sites rarely showed sequence conservation from fish to mammals, surprisingly, they drove highly conserved IEC expression in a zebrafish reporter assay. Common putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) found at these sites in multiple species indicate that sequence conservation alone is insufficient to identify much of the functionally conserved IEC regulatory information. Among the rare, highly sequence-conserved, IEC-specific regulatory regions, we discovered an ancient enhancer upstream from her6/HES1 that is active in a distinct population of Notch-positive cells in the intestinal epithelium. Together, these results show how combining accessible chromatin and mRNA datasets with TFBS prediction and in vivo reporter assays can reveal tissue-specific regulatory information conserved across 420 million years of vertebrate evolution. We define an IEC transcriptional regulatory network that is shared between fish and mammals and establish an experimental platform for studying how evolutionarily distilled regulatory information commonly controls IEC development and physiology. The epithelium lining the intestine is an ancient animal tissue that serves as a primary site of nutrient absorption and interaction with microbiota. Its formation and function require complex patterns of gene transcription that vary along the intestine and in specialized intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) subtypes. However, it is unknown how the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have changed over the course of vertebrate evolution. Here, we used genome-wide profiling of mRNA levels and chromatin accessibility to identify conserved IEC genes and regulatory regions in 4 vertebrate species (zebrafish, stickleback, mouse, and human) separated from a common ancestor by 420 million years. We identified substantial similarities in genes expressed along the vertebrate intestine. These data disclosed putative conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) enriched in accessible chromatin near IEC genes and in regulatory sites with accessibility restricted to IECs. Fluorescent reporter assays in transparent zebrafish showed that these regions, which frequently lacked sequence conservation, were still capable of driving conserved expression patterns. We also found a highly conserved region near mammalian and fish hes1 sufficient to drive expression in a specific population of IECs with active Notch signaling. These results establish a platform to define the conserved transcriptional networks underlying vertebrate IEC physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for the Genomics of Microbial Systems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Gray Camp
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Weiser
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jordan L. Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for the Genomics of Microbial Systems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Terrence S. Furey
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shehzad Z. Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for the Genomics of Microbial Systems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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176
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Abstract
Host-microbe interactions are influenced by complex host genetics and environment. Studies across animal taxa have aided our understanding of how intestinal microbiota influence vertebrate development, disease, and physiology. However, traditional mammalian studies can be limited by the use of isogenic strains, husbandry constraints that result in small sample sizes and limited statistical power, reliance on indirect characterization of gut microbial communities from fecal samples, and concerns of whether observations in artificial conditions are actually reflective of what occurs in the wild. Fish models are able to overcome many of these limitations. The extensive variation in the physiology, ecology, and natural history of fish enriches studies of the evolution and ecology of host-microbe interactions. They share physiological and immunological features common among vertebrates, including humans, and harbor complex gut microbiota, which allows identification of the mechanisms driving microbial community assembly. Their accelerated life cycles and large clutch sizes and the ease of sampling both internal and external microbial communities make them particularly well suited for robust statistical studies of microbial diversity. Gnotobiotic techniques, genetic manipulation of the microbiota and host, and transparent juveniles enable novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the digestive tract and disease states. Many diseases involve a complex combination of genes which are difficult to manipulate in homogeneous model organisms. By taking advantage of the natural genetic variation found in wild fish populations, as well as of the availability of powerful genetic tools, future studies should be able to identify conserved genes and pathways that contribute to human genetic diseases characterized by dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Lescak
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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177
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Brady C, Denora M, Shannon I, Clark KJ, Rich A. Intestinal Transit Time and Cortisol-Mediated Stress in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2017; 14:404-410. [PMID: 28727940 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal motility, the spontaneous and rhythmic smooth muscle contraction, is a complex process that is regulated by overlapping and redundant regulatory mechanisms. Primary regulators intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract include interstitial cells of Cajal, enteric neurons, and smooth muscle cells. Extrinsic primary regulators include the autonomic nervous system, immune system, and the endocrine system. Due to this complexity, a reductionist approach may be inappropriate if the ultimate goal is to understand motility regulation in vivo. Motility can be directly visualized in intact zebrafish, with intact regulatory systems, because larvae are transparent. Intestinal motility can therefore be measured in a complete system. However, the intestinal tract may respond to external influences, such as handling, which may invoke a stress response and influence intestinal transit. We used SR4G transgenic zebrafish, which express green fluorescent protein following activation of glucocorticoid receptors, and showed that handling required for the intestinal motility assay induces stress. Separate experiments showed that exogenous application of hydrocortisone did not influence intestinal transit, suggesting that handling may not interfere with transit measurements in intact zebrafish larvae. These experiments contribute to further development of the zebrafish model for intestinal motility research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Brady
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
| | - Maxwell Denora
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
| | - Ian Shannon
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
| | - Karl J Clark
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adam Rich
- 1 Department of Biology, SUNY Brockport , Brockport, New York
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178
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Pu J, Tang S, Tong Q, Wang G, Jia H, Jia Q, Li K, Li D, Yang D, Yang J, Li H, Li S, Mei H. Neuregulin 1 is involved in enteric nervous system development in zebrafish. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:1182-1187. [PMID: 28190554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung's disease (HD, also known as congenital colon aganglionosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the absence of intramural ganglion cells in the distal gastrointestinal tract, which results in tonic contraction of the aganglionic gut segment and functional intestinal obstruction. Recent studies have indicated neuregulin 1 (NRG1) as a new candidate gene involved in the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in humans. METHODS In our study, we investigated the role of NRG1 in zebrafish ENS development by assessing NRG1 expression patterns during ENS development. Knockdown, overexpression and rescue zebrafish models of NRG1 were created to evaluate differences in phenotype, numbers of enteric neurons, ENS-related factors and nerve fiber arrangements. RESULTS NRG1 was expressed in zebrafish intestine at both the larval and adult stage. We also found that decreased expression of NRG1 resulted in reductions in enteric neuron number and decreased expression of ENS development markers. Moreover, NRG1-knockdown zebrafish exhibited a disordered arrangement of nerve fibers. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results demonstrated that NRG1 expression might play a role in zebrafish ENS development. In addition, by modulating NRG1 expression, we created a model that may be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Pu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Shaotao Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointetinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Gastrointetinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Mei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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179
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Lee JA, Renshaw SA. Zebrafish screens for new colitis treatments - a bottom-up approach. FEBS J 2017; 284:399-401. [PMID: 28168859 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many factors interact in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease. This complexity demands a combination of methods to disentangle the pathology of this disease. As reported by Oehlers et al. in this issue, the zebrafish drug screen is one simple approach that could enable the elucidation of the pathways involved in IBD and ultimately the discovery of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jou A Lee
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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180
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Figueroa RJ, Carrasco-Avino G, Wichmann IA, Lange M, Owen GI, Siekmann AF, Corvalán AH, Opazo JC, Amigo JD. Reprimo tissue-specific expression pattern is conserved between zebrafish and human. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178274. [PMID: 28562620 PMCID: PMC5451059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprimo (RPRM), a member of the RPRM gene family, is a tumor-suppressor gene involved in the regulation of the p53-mediated cell cycle arrest at G2/M. RPRM has been associated with malignant tumor progression and proposed as a potential biomarker for early cancer detection. However, the expression and role of RPRM, as well as its family, are poorly understood and their physiology is as yet unstudied. In this scenario, a model system like the zebrafish could serve to dissect the role of the RPRM family members in vivo. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that RPRM and RPRML have been differentially retained by most species throughout vertebrate evolution, yet RPRM3 has been retained only in a small group of distantly related species, including zebrafish. Herein, we characterized the spatiotemporal expression of RPRM (present in zebrafish as an infraclass duplication rprma/rprmb), RPRML and RPRM3 in the zebrafish. By whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrate that rprm (rprma/rprmb) and rprml show a similar spatiotemporal expression profile during zebrafish development. At early developmental stages rprmb is expressed in somites. After one day post-fertilization, rprm (rprma/rprmb) and rprml are expressed in the notochord, brain, blood vessels and digestive tube. On the other hand, rprm3 shows the most unique expression profile, being expressed only in the central nervous system (CNS). We assessed the expression patterns of RPRM gene transcripts in adult zebrafish and human RPRM protein product in tissue samples by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, respectively. Strikingly, tissue-specific expression patterns of the RPRM transcripts and protein are conserved between zebrafish and humans. We propose the zebrafish as a powerful tool to elucidate the both physiological and pathological roles of the RPRM gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J. Figueroa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio A. Wichmann
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Lange
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gareth I. Owen
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C. Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julio D. Amigo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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181
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Hao MM, Bergner AJ, Hirst CS, Stamp LA, Casagranda F, Bornstein JC, Boesmans W, Vanden Berghe P, Young HM. Spontaneous calcium waves in the developing enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 2017; 428:74-87. [PMID: 28528728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network of neurons in the gut wall that arises from neural crest-derived cells. Like other populations of neural crest cells, it is known that enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) influence the behaviour of each other and therefore must communicate. However, little is known about how ENCCs communicate with each other. In this study, we used Ca2+ imaging to examine communication between ENCCs in the embryonic gut, using mice where ENCCs express a genetically-encoded calcium indicator. Spontaneous propagating calcium waves were observed between neighbouring ENCCs, through both neuronal and non-neuronal ENCCs. Pharmacological experiments showed wave propagation was not mediated by gap junctions, but by purinergic signalling via P2 receptors. The expression of several P2X and P2Y receptors was confirmed using RT-PCR. Furthermore, inhibition of P2 receptors altered the morphology of the ENCC network, without affecting neuronal differentiation or ENCC proliferation. It is well established that purines participate in synaptic transmission in the mature ENS. Our results describe, for the first time, purinergic signalling between ENCCs during pre-natal development, which plays roles in the propagation of Ca2+ waves between ENCCs and in ENCC network formation. One previous study has shown that calcium signalling plays a role in sympathetic ganglia formation; our results suggest that calcium waves are likely to be important for enteric ganglia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene M Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia; Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annette J Bergner
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline S Hirst
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franca Casagranda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia
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182
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Li Y, Miao X, Chen T, Yi X, Wang R, Zhao H, Lee SMY, Wang X, Zheng Y. Zebrafish as a visual and dynamic model to study the transport of nanosized drug delivery systems across the biological barriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:227-235. [PMID: 28544957 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With the wide application of nanotechnology to drug delivery systems, a simple, dynamic and visual in vivo model for high-throughput screening of novel formulations with fluorescence markers across biological barriers is desperately needed. In vitro cell culture models have been widely used, although they are far from a complimentary in vivo system. Mammalian animal models are common predictive models to study transport, but they are costly and time consuming. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a small vertebrate model, have the potential to be developed as an "intermediate" model for quick evaluations. Based on our previously established coumarin 6 nanocrystals (C6-NCs), which have two different sizes, the present study investigates the transportation of C6-NCs across four biological barriers, including the chorion, blood brain barrier (BBB), blood retinal barrier (BRB) and gastrointestinal (GI) barrier, using zebrafish embryos and larvae as in vivo models. The biodistribution and elimination of C6 from different organs were quantified in adult zebrafish. The results showed that compared to 200nm C6-NCs, 70nm C6-NCs showed better permeability across these biological barriers. A FRET study suggested that intact C6-NCs together with the free dissolved form of C6 were absorbed into the larval zebrafish. More C6 was accumulated in different organs after incubation with small sized NCs via lipid raft-mediated endocytosis in adult zebrafish, which is consistent with the findings from in vitro cell monolayers and the zebrafish larvae model. C6-NCs could be gradually eliminated in each organ over time. This study demonstrated the successful application of zebrafish as a simple and dynamic model to simultaneously assess the transport of nanosized drug delivery systems across several biological barriers and biodistribution in different organs, especially in the brain, which could be used for central nervous system (CNS) drug and delivery system screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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183
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Hanyang L, Xuanzhe L, Xuyang C, Yujia Q, Jiarong F, Jun S, Zhihua R. Application of Zebrafish Models in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:501. [PMID: 28515725 PMCID: PMC5413514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent, and remitting inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. As a clinically frequent disease, it can affect individuals throughout their lives, with multiple complications. Unfortunately, traditional murine models are not efficient for the further study of IBD. Thus, effective and convenient animal models are needed. Zebrafish have been used as model organisms to investigate IBD because of their suggested highly genetic similarity to humans and their superiority as laboratory models. The zebrafish model has been used to study the composition of intestinal microbiota, novel genes, and therapeutic approaches. The pathogenesis of IBD is still unclear and many risk factors remain unidentified. In this review, we compare traditional murine models and zebrafish models in terms of advantages, pathogenesis, and drug discovery screening for IBD. We also review the progress and deficiencies of the zebrafish model for scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hanyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Xuanzhe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xuyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu Yujia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Jiarong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Jun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Zhihua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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184
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de Alvarenga KAF, Sacramento EK, Rosa DV, Souza BR, de Rezende VB, Romano-Silva MA. Effects of antipsychotics on intestinal motility in zebrafish larvae. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27981679 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotics are essential for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, due to side effects, both continuity of treatment and patients' general health can be jeopardized. Some of these drugs, especially clozapine, have a class of side effects attributed to their antimuscarinic properties, such as dysmotility, a condition in which muscles of the digestive system become impaired. Dysmotility may also alter the speed, strength or coordination of the digestive organs, causing distention, disturbing gastrointestinal transit, leading to symptoms such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, and even malnutrition. In this study, our aim was to develop an in vivo assay capable of identifying and studying the antimuscarinic effects of antipsychotics in a zebrafish model. METHODS We performed video recordings of in vivo 5-day postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae gastrointestinal tracts and analyzed the frequency of spontaneous and regular cycles of contractions of the gut. KEY RESULTS The assay was first validated with treatment with atropine. We showed that this antimuscarinic drug reduces peristaltic cycles. Subsequently, the larvae were treated with the antipsychotics haloperidol, risperidone, and clozapine. Neither haloperidol nor risperidone reduced gut motility, but clozapine significantly reduced the frequency of cycles of contractions (P<.0001), which confirms the existing clinical data. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We conclude that this zebrafish assay efficiently identifies anticholinergic side effects of antipsychotics, and can thus be a quick and useful way to screen for this property in new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A F de Alvarenga
- Laboratório de Neurociência, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - E K Sacramento
- Laboratório de Neurociência, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - D V Rosa
- Laboratório de Neurociência, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - B R Souza
- Laboratório de Neurociência, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - V B de Rezende
- Laboratório de Neurociência, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M A Romano-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociência, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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185
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Zhai G, Song J, Shu T, Yan J, Jin X, He J, Yin Z. LRH-1 senses signaling from phosphatidylcholine to regulate the expansion growth of digestive organs via synergy with Wnt/β-catenin signaling in zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28642062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that is critical for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and other biological processes, including lipid transportation and metabolism, sexual determination and steroidogenesis. However, because homozygous lrh-1-/- mice die in utero, the regulatory mechanisms involved in embryonic development mediated by this receptor are poorly understood. In the present study, we performed transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated loss-of-function assays, taking advantage of zebrafish external fertilization, to investigate the function of lrh-1. The digestive organs were affected by lrh-1 depletion as a result of cell-cycle arrest (at the checkpoint of G1 to S phase), but not cell apoptosis. Biochemical analysis revealed that LRH-1 augments the transcriptional activity of β-catenin 1 and 2 via physical interactions. Screening the specific ligand(s) sensed by LRH-1 during organogenesis revealed that phosphatidylcholine (PC), a potential ligand, is the upstream target of LRH-1 during endoderm development. These data provide evidence for the crosstalk between the PC/LRH-1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways during the expansion growth of endoderm organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiangyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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186
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Roy-Carson S, Natukunda K, Chou HC, Pal N, Farris C, Schneider SQ, Kuhlman JA. Defining the transcriptomic landscape of the developing enteric nervous system and its cellular environment. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:290. [PMID: 28403821 PMCID: PMC5389105 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motility and the coordination of moving food through the gastrointestinal tract rely on a complex network of neurons known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). Despite its critical function, many of the molecular mechanisms that direct the development of the ENS and the elaboration of neural network connections remain unknown. The goal of this study was to transcriptionally identify molecular pathways and candidate genes that drive specification, differentiation and the neural circuitry of specific neural progenitors, the phox2b expressing ENS cell lineage, during normal enteric nervous system development. Because ENS development is tightly linked to its environment, the transcriptional landscape of the cellular environment of the intestine was also analyzed. RESULTS Thousands of zebrafish intestines were manually dissected from a transgenic line expressing green fluorescent protein under the phox2b regulatory elements [Tg(phox2b:EGFP) w37 ]. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to separate GFP-positive phox2b expressing ENS progenitor and derivatives from GFP-negative intestinal cells. RNA-seq was performed to obtain accurate, reproducible transcriptional profiles and the unbiased detection of low level transcripts. Analysis revealed genes and pathways that may function in ENS cell determination, genes that may be identifiers of different ENS subtypes, and genes that define the non-neural cellular microenvironment of the ENS. Differential expression analysis between the two cell populations revealed the expected neuronal nature of the phox2b expressing lineage including the enrichment for genes required for neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, and identified many novel genes not previously associated with ENS development. Pathway analysis pointed to a high level of G-protein coupled pathway activation, and identified novel roles for candidate pathways such as the Nogo/Reticulon axon guidance pathway in ENS development. CONCLUSION We report the comprehensive gene expression profiles of a lineage-specific population of enteric progenitors, their derivatives, and their microenvironment during normal enteric nervous system development. Our results confirm previously implicated genes and pathways required for ENS development, and also identify scores of novel candidate genes and pathways. Thus, our dataset suggests various potential mechanisms that drive ENS development facilitating characterization and discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to improve gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Roy-Carson
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Natukunda
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Hsien-Chao Chou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present Address: National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Narinder Pal
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present address: North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, 1305 State Ave, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
| | - Caitlin Farris
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present address: Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnson, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Stephan Q Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Julie A Kuhlman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,642 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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187
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Mixing and pumping functions of the intestine of zebrafish larvae. J Theor Biol 2017; 419:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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188
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The Vital Dye CDr10b Labels the Zebrafish Mid-Intestine and Lumen. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030454. [PMID: 28335401 PMCID: PMC6155399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of the fluorescent reporter compound CDr10b to label mid-intestinal structures in zebrafish larvae after simple immersion. CDr10b is deposited into the gut where it initially fills the lumen and is excreted. Using laser-mediated injury of the intestine, we show that CDr10b provides a useful readout of the integrity and repair of the epithelial cell barrier. In addition, CDr10b specifically labels the absorptive mid-intestine segment that is analogous to the mammalian small intestine. By perturbing retinoic acid signaling, which regulates the size of the mid-intestine segment, we show that CDr10b is a valuable tool to rapidly assess developmental malformations of the intestine in live animals.
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189
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Inhibition of Fgf signaling in short bowel syndrome increases weight loss and epithelial proliferation. Surgery 2017; 161:694-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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190
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Rességuier J, Delaune E, Coolen AL, Levraud JP, Boudinot P, Le Guellec D, Verrier B. Specific and Efficient Uptake of Surfactant-Free Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanovaccine Vehicles by Mucosal Dendritic Cells in Adult Zebrafish after Bath Immersion. Front Immunol 2017; 8:190. [PMID: 28289416 PMCID: PMC5326745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mucosal immunity is a key milestone for next-generation vaccine development. Biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs) are promising vectors and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination. However, their in vivo uptake by mucosae and their biodistribution in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) need to be better understood to optimize mucosal nanovaccine designs. Here, we assessed if APCs are efficiently targeted in a spontaneous manner by surfactant-free poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles (PLA-NPs) after mucosal administration. Combining histology and flow imaging approaches, we describe and quantify the mucosal uptake of 200 nm PLA-NPs in adult zebrafish. Following bath administration, PLA-NPs penetrated and crossed epithelial barriers from all exposed mucosae. In mucosae, PLA-NPs accumulated in APCs, which were identified as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and IgZ+ B cells in gills and skin. PLA-NP uptake by phagocytes was specific to these cell types, as PLA-NPs were not detected in neutrophils. Importantly, quantitative analyses in gills revealed that DCs take up PLA-NPs with specifically high efficiency. This study shows that surfactant-free PLA-NPs, which display optimal biocompatibility, can spontaneously target DCs with high efficiency in vivo following mucosal administration, and highlights PLA-NPs as powerful platforms for mucosal vaccine delivery in the medical and veterinary fields, and particularly in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rességuier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Emilie Delaune
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Anne-Line Coolen
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Dominique Le Guellec
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Lyon , France
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191
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Opazo R, Fuenzalida K, Plaza-Parrochia F, Romero J. Performance of Debaryomyces hansenii as a Diet for Rotifers for Feeding Zebrafish Larvae. Zebrafish 2017; 14:187-194. [PMID: 28192066 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish larval stage is a critical moment due to high mortality rates associated with inadequate supplies of nutritional requirements. Larval feeding has important challenges associated with such factors as small mouth gape (≈100 μm), the low activity of digestive enzymes, and the intake of live food. A common zebrafish live food at the onset of exogenous feeding is rotifers, mainly Brachionus plicatilis. These rotifers should be fed with other microorganisms such as microalgae or yeast, mostly from the Saccharomyces genus. In the laboratory, the culture of microalgae is more expensive than the culture of yeast. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Debaryomyces hansenii as a diet for rotifers in comparison to a microalgae-based diet (Rotigrow®). To achieve this aim, we assessed the rotifer total protein content, the rotifers fatty acid profile, zebrafish larval growth performance, the expression of key growth, and endocrine appetite regulation genes. The total protein and fatty acids content were similar in both rotifer cultures, averaging 35% of dry matter (DM) and 18% of DM, respectively. Interestingly, the fatty acids profile showed differences between the two rotifer cultures: omega-3 fatty acids were only observed in the Microalgae/rotifer, whereas, omega-6 fatty acids presented similar levels in both rotifer cultures. No differences were observed in the larval body length distribution or mortalities between the rotifer cultures. However, gh, igf-1, and cck gene expression showed significantly higher upregulation in zebrafish fed the Microalgae/rotifer diet compared with those fed the Debaryomyces/rotifer diet. In conclusion, D. hansenii could be an alternative diet for rotifer used as a live food in zebrafish larvae at the onset of exogenous feeding. The gene responses observed in this work open up the opportunity to study the effect of omega-3 supply on growth regulation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Opazo
- 1 Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Fuenzalida
- 2 Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Plaza-Parrochia
- 1 Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Romero
- 1 Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
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192
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Løvmo SD, Speth MT, Repnik U, Koppang EO, Griffiths GW, Hildahl JP. Translocation of nanoparticles and Mycobacterium marinum across the intestinal epithelium in zebrafish and the role of the mucosal immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:508-518. [PMID: 27343826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microparticles are promising carrier systems for oral delivery of drugs or vaccines, particularly in fish aquaculture. However, the mechanisms of uptake, trans-epithelial transport and immune response to nano/micrometer sized particles, or microorganisms such as bacteria are poorly understood in fish. Here, adult zebrafish were used to study the uptake of different nano- and microparticles and the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium marinum in the intestine, and their interactions with epithelial cells and the mucosal immune system. Fluorescent particles or bacteria were delivered directly into the adult zebrafish intestine by oral intubation and their localization was imaged in intestine, liver and spleen sections. Zebrafish do not appear to have M-cells, but both nanoparticles and bacteria were rapidly taken up in the intestine and transported to the liver and spleen. In each tissue, both bacteria and particles largely localized to leukocytes, presumably macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Dille Løvmo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Tobias Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Wyn Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jon Paul Hildahl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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193
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Graham HK, Maina I, Goldstein AM, Nagy N. Intestinal smooth muscle is required for patterning the enteric nervous system. J Anat 2017; 230:567-574. [PMID: 28116763 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal smooth muscle occurs in a spatially and temporally correlated manner, but how they influence each other is unknown. In the developing mid-gut of the chick embryo, we find that α-smooth muscle actin expression, indicating early muscle differentiation, occurs after the arrival of migrating enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). In contrast, hindgut smooth muscle develops prior to ENCC arrival. Smooth muscle development is normal in experimentally aganglionic hindguts, suggesting that proper development and patterning of the muscle layers does not rely on the ENS. However, inhibiting early smooth muscle development severely disrupts ENS patterning without affecting ENCC proliferation or apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that early intestinal smooth muscle differentiation is required for patterning the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Graham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivy Maina
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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194
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Nagy N, Goldstein AM. Enteric nervous system development: A crest cell's journey from neural tube to colon. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:94-106. [PMID: 28087321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is comprised of a network of neurons and glial cells that are responsible for coordinating many aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) function. These cells arise from the neural crest, migrate to the gut, and then continue their journey to colonize the entire length of the GI tract. Our understanding of the molecular and cellular events that regulate these processes has advanced significantly over the past several decades, in large part facilitated by the use of rodents, avians, and zebrafish as model systems to dissect the signals and pathways involved. These studies have highlighted the highly dynamic nature of ENS development and the importance of carefully balancing migration, proliferation, and differentiation of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). Proliferation, in particular, is critically important as it drives cell density and speed of migration, both of which are important for ensuring complete colonization of the gut. However, proliferation must be tempered by differentiation among cells that have reached their final destination and are ready to send axonal extensions, connect to effector cells, and begin to produce neurotransmitters or other signals. Abnormalities in the normal processes guiding ENCC development can lead to failure of ENS formation, as occurs in Hirschsprung disease, in which the distal intestine remains aganglionic. This review summarizes our current understanding of the factors involved in early development of the ENS and discusses areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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195
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Abstract
Although the zebrafish was initially developed as a model system to study embryonic development, it has gained increasing attention as an advantageous system to investigate human diseases, including intestinal disorders. Zebrafish embryos develop rapidly, and their digestive system is fully functional and visible by 5days post fertilization. There is a large degree of homology between the intestine of zebrafish and higher vertebrate organisms in terms of its cellular composition and function as both a digestive and immune organ. Furthermore, molecular pathways regulating injury and immune responses are highly conserved. In this chapter, we provide an overview of studies addressing developmental and physiological processes relevant to human intestinal disease. These studies include those related to congenital disorders, host-microbiota interactions, inflammatory diseases, motility disorders, and intestinal cancer. We also highlight the utility of zebrafish to functionally validate candidate genes identified through mutational analyses and genome-wide association studies, and discuss methodologies to investigate the intestinal biology that are unique to zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Pack
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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196
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Gays D, Hess C, Camporeale A, Ala U, Provero P, Mosimann C, Santoro MM. An exclusive cellular and molecular network governs intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation in vertebrates. Development 2017; 144:464-478. [PMID: 28049660 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal smooth muscle cells (iSMCs) are a crucial component of the adult gastrointestinal tract and support intestinal differentiation, peristalsis and epithelial homeostasis during development. Despite these crucial roles, the origin of iSMCs and the mechanisms responsible for their differentiation and function remain largely unknown in vertebrates. Here, we demonstrate that iSMCs arise from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) in a stepwise process. Combining pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that TGFβ/Alk5 signaling drives the LPM ventral migration and commitment to an iSMC fate. The Alk5-dependent induction of zeb1a and foxo1a is required for this morphogenetic process: zeb1a is responsible for driving LPM migration around the gut, whereas foxo1a regulates LPM predisposition to iSMC differentiation. We further show that TGFβ, zeb1a and foxo1a are tightly linked together by miR-145 In iSMC-committed cells, TGFβ induces the expression of miR-145, which in turn is able to downregulate zeb1a and foxo1a The absence of miR-145 results in only a slight reduction in the number of iSMCs, which still express mesenchymal genes but fail to contract. Together, our data uncover a cascade of molecular events that govern distinct morphogenetic steps during the emergence and differentiation of vertebrate iSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Gays
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Christopher Hess
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Camporeale
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy .,Vesalius Research Center, VIB-KUL, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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197
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Abstract
Zebrafish are an excellent model for the study of intestinal immunity. The availability of several transgenic reporter fish for different innate and adaptive immune cells and the high homology in terms of gut function and morphology enables in depth analysis of the process of intestinal inflammation. Here, we describe a method to induce intestinal inflammation by intra-rectal injection of the hapten oxazolone in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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198
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Sharma P, Akhtar MS, Singh AK, Das P, Sarma D. Histomorphological changes in digestive tract of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) during different developmental stages. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1681-1698. [PMID: 27315219 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Histomorphological changes in digestive tract of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) were examined in larvae [starting from hatching to 45 days post-hatching (dph)], fry, fingerling, and adult. Digestive tract appeared during hatching, on the dorsal side of yolk sac, as a straight tube with a narrow lumen. Mouth opening and appearance of liver and pancreas were observed at 2 dph, and subsequently anal opening, appearance of goblet cells in esophagus, and posterior intestine were evident at 3 dph. The remodeling of oral cavity in terms of epithelial stratification, appearance of taste buds, and goblet cells were observed in a window of 4-5 dph. Intestinal folding was found to be initiated at 8 dph. From 12 to 45 dph, thickening of oral and esophageal mucosal/extramucosal layers, increase in intestinal folding, increases in the density of goblet cells in entire gut were observed. Within the same time window, other histological changes such as disappearance of vacuoles in liver, and abundance of zymogen granules in pancreas were also observed. Supranuclear vesicles in mid-to-posterior intestine were found to be prominent from first feeding to 45 dph; however, this phenomenon was no longer evident in fry and fingerling. Overall, the increase in intestinal folding and complexity of extramucosal layer were found to be continuous from the first appearance to adult, and this inferred the fact that the nutritional physiology, in terms of digestion and assimilation, progressively changes throughout the life stages of golden mahseer. Findings of this study will, therefore, help in preparing diets for different life stages of this fish, and in addition, the present information widens the understanding of digestive physiology of golden mahseer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Sharma
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - M S Akhtar
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - A K Singh
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Partha Das
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Debajit Sarma
- Environmental Fish Biology and Nutrient Profiling Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, 263136, India.
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199
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Estensoro I, Ballester-Lozano G, Benedito-Palos L, Grammes F, Martos-Sitcha JA, Mydland LT, Calduch-Giner JA, Fuentes J, Karalazos V, Ortiz Á, Øverland M, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Dietary Butyrate Helps to Restore the Intestinal Status of a Marine Teleost (Sparus aurata) Fed Extreme Diets Low in Fish Meal and Fish Oil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166564. [PMID: 27898676 PMCID: PMC5127657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a constant need to find feed additives that improve health and nutrition of farmed fish and lessen the intestinal inflammation induced by plant-based ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding an organic acid salt to alleviate some of the detrimental effects of extreme plant-ingredient substitution of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in gilthead sea bream diet. Three experiments were conducted. In a first trial (T1), the best dose (0.4%) of sodium butyrate (BP-70 ®NOREL) was chosen after a short (9-weeks) feeding period. In a second longer trial (T2) (8 months), four diets were used: a control diet containing 25% FM (T2-D1) and three experimental diets containing 5% FM (T2-D2, T2-D3, T2-D4). FO was the only added oil in D1, while a blend of plant oils replaced 58% and 84% of FO in T2-D2, and T2-D3 and T2-D4, respectively. The latter was supplemented with 0.4% BP-70. In a third trial (T3), two groups of fish were fed for 12 and 38 months with D1, D3 and D4 diets of T2. The effects of dietary changes were studied using histochemical, immunohistochemical, molecular and electrophysiological tools. The extreme diet (T2-D3) modified significantly the transcriptomic profile, especially at the anterior intestine, up-regulating the expression of inflammatory markers, in coincidence with a higher presence of granulocytes and lymphocytes in the submucosa, and changing genes involved in antioxidant defences, epithelial permeability and mucus production. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (Rt) was also decreased (T3-D3). Most of these modifications were returned to control values with the addition of BP-70. None of the experimental diets modified the staining pattern of PCNA, FABP2 or ALPI. These results further confirm the potential of this additive to improve or reverse the detrimental effects of extreme fish diet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Gabriel Ballester-Lozano
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Benedito-Palos
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Fabian Grammes
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ass, Norway
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Liv-Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ass, Norway
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Fuentes
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology. CCMar, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ass, Norway
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
- * E-mail:
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200
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Brijs J, Hennig GW, Kellermann AM, Axelsson M, Olsson C. The presence and role of interstitial cells of Cajal in the proximal intestine of shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:347-357. [PMID: 27875260 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic contractions of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract can occur in the absence of neuronal or hormonal stimulation owing to the generation of spontaneous electrical activity by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells. The myogenically driven component of gastrointestinal motility patterns in fish probably also involves ICC; however, little is known of their presence, distribution and function in any fish species. In the present study, we combined immunohistochemistry and in vivo recordings of intestinal motility to investigate the involvement of ICC in the motility of the proximal intestine in adult shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Antibodies against anoctamin 1 (Ano1, a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel), revealed a dense network of multipolar, repeatedly branching cells in the myenteric region of the proximal intestine, similar in many regards to the mammalian ICC-MY network. The addition of benzbromarone, a potent blocker of Ano1, altered the motility patterns seen in vivo after neural blockade with TTX. The results indicate that ICC are integral for the generation and propagation of the majority of rhythmic contractile patterns in fish, although their frequency and amplitude can be modulated via neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Brijs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Reno, Nevada, NV 89557, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Kellermann
- Department of Nature and Engineering, Bremen University of Applied Sciences, Bremen 28199, Germany
| | - Michael Axelsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Catharina Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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