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Tumanova V, Woods C, Wang Q. Effects of Physiological Arousal on Speech Motor Control and Speech Motor Practice in Preschool-Age Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:3364-3379. [PMID: 32931716 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We examined the effects of physiological arousal on speech motor control and speech motor practice effects in preschool-age children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS). Method Participants included 18 CWS (M age = 4 years 5 months) and 18 age- and gender-matched CWNS. The participants repeated a phrase "buy bobby a puppy" interspersed with viewing pictures from the International Affective Picture System under two experimental conditions speaking after viewing pictures with (a) negative and (b) neutral valence. Participants' lip movements were tracked using Optotrak system. The spatiotemporal index and mean utterance duration were calculated to examine speech motor control and speech motor practice effects. Skin conductance level was measured during the experimental conditions to assess participants' physiological level of arousal. Results Preschool-age CWS demonstrated greater speech movement variability across all conditions and trials than CWNS. Furthermore, the younger participants produced more variable articulatory movements than the older participants. Participants' speech movement variability did not significantly differ between the negative and neutral experimental conditions, and the level of physiological arousal did not have a significant effect on it. There was a nonsignificant trend of decrease in speech movement variability across the repeated trials in both groups. Last, CWS and CWNS did not differ in their mean utterance duration, suggesting that their articulation rate was similar across all conditions and trials. Conclusions Our findings indicate that, compared to preschool-age CWNS, CWS demonstrate less mature speech motor control. However, present findings do not support the hypothesis that CWS benefit less from motor practice relative to CWNS. Given that our conditions elicited similar levels of arousal in the participants, future research is needed to examine whether physiological arousal disrupts speech motor control in preschool-age children potentially contributing to disruptions of speech fluency and the development of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tumanova
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse University, NY
| | - Carly Woods
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse University, NY
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Higher Education, Syracuse University, NY
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Elizabeth A, Adegbuyi A, Olusegun A, Benneth BA, Anthony E, Abayomi A, Solomon U. Morin hydrate attenuates chronic stress-induced memory impairment and degeneration of hippocampal subfields in mice: The role of oxidative, nitrergic and neuroinflammatory pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1145-1156. [PMID: 32653975 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Morin hydrate (MH) is the major flavonoid constituent of Morus alba acclaimed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress and neuroprotective properties. However, report on the effect of MH on memory performance and the underlying mechanism following chronic stress exposure is lacking. The current study aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effect of MH on chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced memory impairment in mice using the Y maze test. Mice were subjected to unpredicted stress for 14 days, during which MH (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg i.p) or 25 mg/kg Ginseng was administered to them. On the 14th day, 1 h after treatment, learning and memory deficit was evaluated using the Y maze test and thereafter brains were harvested for the estimation of glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation product; malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite. Levels of inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin1-beta (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB) expressions were also determined. The hippocampus was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) to examine any morphological changes in the neurons. Mice exposed to CUS showed evidence of impaired memory and increase levels of MDA, nitrite, TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, CUS reduced GSH level, increased the expressions of iNOS and NFкB immune-positive cells and produced loss of neuronal cells in the hippocampus. The MH treatment however improved memory, reduced MDA and nitrite levels, and enhanced brain GSH levels in CUS-mice. Besides, MH reduced brain levels of TNF-α and IL-1β levels, down regulated the expressions of iNOS and NF-кB and rescue neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region of mice exposed to CUS. The results of the study indicate that MH improved CUS-induced memory impairment, which may be related to its ability to boost antioxidant defense system and suppress neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinluyi Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Aderibigbe Adegbuyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeoluwa Olusegun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ben-Azu Benneth
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Eduviere Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ajayi Abayomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Umukoro Solomon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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153
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Abstract
In recent years, research in behavioral medicine has become increasingly focused on understanding how chronic and acute exposure to stress impacts health outcomes. During stress, the body’s physiological stress systems are activated. These systems closely interact with the immune system and are, thus, importantly implicated in the onset and maintenance of disease states. While much of the research in behavioral medicine that has investigated the effects of stress on disease has focused on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and its downstream biomarker, cortisol, it is evident that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) also plays a crucial role in both the biological stress process and the manifestation and maintenance of stress-related symptoms. In recent years salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has emerged as a valid and reliable marker of ANS activity in stress research and is therefore an important biomarker to consider in behavioral medicine. In this commentary, we will highlight research relevant for behavioral medicine that has utilized sAA measurements, both basally, and in response to stress, to examine ANS function in clinical populations. We will additionally summarize findings from studies that have examined the effects of various targeted interventions on changes in sAA levels. Through this, our aim is to present evidence that sAA can serve as a feasible biomarker of ANS (dys)function in health and disease. To this end, we will also highlight important methodological considerations for readers to keep in mind when including sAA assessments in their own studies. The overarching goal of this brief commentary is to highlight how a multidimensional approach toward physiological stress measurement can allow researchers to develop a better understanding of physical health and disease states.
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154
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: The incidence of novel coronavirus infection across the globe has been uneven, hitting some population subgroups harder than others. Media coverage has proffered explanations for this differential vulnerability, but psychosocial risk factors have been largely ignored. In contrast, multiple theories, medical and psychological, point to one psychosocial factor - stress - as important to the etiology of disease. They also agree that pathogenic stress arises from the particular circumstance in which adaptational demands overwhelm a person's resources, creating "stress overload" that deregulates normal functioning and increases susceptibility to illness. Assessment of stress overload is proposed as essential to understanding viral spread in the current pandemic.Methods: Studies are reviewed explicating (1) stress overload theories and relevant empirical evidence, (2) construction of a stress overload measure and related validity evidence.Results: Findings support the role of stress overload in illness and the accuracy of the measure in predicting illness.Conclusion: It is concluded that assessment of stress overload may help to explain the observed coronavirus disparities, and to identify populations at risk for imminent infection. The 10-item Stress Overload Scale-Short is offered as a potentially useful tool for researchers and clinicians working to map, and stem, the proliferation of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Amirkhan
- Psychology Department, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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155
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Ylikoski J, Markkanen M, Pirvola U, Lehtimäki JA, Ylikoski M, Jing Z, Sinkkonen ST, Mäkitie A. Stress and Tinnitus; Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Tinnitus-Triggered Stress Reaction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:570196. [PMID: 33041937 PMCID: PMC7527536 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tinnitus can become a strong stressor for some individuals, leading to imbalance of the autonomous nervous system with reduction of parasympathetic activity. It can manifest itself as sleep disturbances, anxiety and even depression. This condition can be reversed by bioelectrical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). Conventional invasive VNS is an approved treatment for epilepsy and depression. Transcutaneous VNS (taVNS) stimulating the auricular branch of the vagus nerve has been shown to activate the vagal pathways similarly as an implanted VNS. Therefore, taVNS might also be a therapeutic alternative in health conditions such as tinnitus-related mental stress (TRMS). This retrospective study in 171 TRMS patients reports the clinical features, psychophysiological characteristics, and results of the heart rate variability (HRV) tests before and after test-taVNS. This study also reports the therapy outcomes of 113 TRMS patients treated with taVNS, in combination with standard tinnitus therapy. Methods Diagnostic tinnitus and hearing profiles were defined. To detect possible cardiac adverse effects, test-taVNS with heart rate monitoring as well as pre- and post-stimulation HRV tests were performed. Daily taVNS home therapy was prescribed thereafter. To assess therapeutic usefulness of taVNS, 1-year follow-up outcome was studied. Results of HRV tests were retrospectively analyzed and correlated to diagnostic data. Results The large majority of patients with TRMS suffer from associated symptoms such as sleep disturbances and anxiety. Baseline HRV data showed that more than three quarters of the 171 patients had increased sympathetic activity before test-taVNS. Test-taVNS shifted mean values of different HRV parameters toward increased parasympathetic activity in about 80% of patients. Test-taVNS did not cause any cardiac or other side effects. No significant adverse effects were reported in follow-up questionnaires. Conclusion TRMS is an example of a stress condition in which patients may benefit from taVNS. As revealed by HRV, test-taVNS improved parasympathetic function, most efficiently in patients with a low starting HRV level. Our tinnitus treatment program, including taVNS, effectively alleviated tinnitus stress and handicap. For wider clinical use, there is a great need for more knowledge about the optimal methodology and parameters of taVNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Ylikoski
- Helsinki Ear Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Salustim Group Inc., Kempele, Finland.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Markkanen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Pirvola
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matti Ylikoski
- Helsinki Ear Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Salustim Group Inc., Kempele, Finland
| | - Zou Jing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saku T Sinkkonen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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156
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Pesarico AP, Birmann PT, Pinto R, Padilha NB, Lenardão EJ, Savegnago L. Short- and Long-Term Repeated Forced Swim Stress Induce Depressive-Like Phenotype in Mice: Effectiveness of 3-[(4-Chlorophenyl)Selanyl]-1-Methyl-1H-Indole. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:140. [PMID: 33192355 PMCID: PMC7481394 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress highly correlates with the emergence of mood-related illnesses. Therefore, the present study was designed to characterize the acute and chronic effects of 3-((4-chlorophenyl)selanyl)-1-methyl-1H-indole (CMI) on depressive-like behavior induced by repeated forced swim stress (FSS) in male adult Swiss mice. In the repeated FSS, mice were placed in water to swim for a single trial during a 15-min period. Twenty-four hours after the first FSS, the animals were placed in water to swim through a series of four trials, and each of them swam for 6 min long; between each trial, mice were towel dried and returned to their home cage for 6 min. In addition, the oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and corticosterone levels of plasma of mice were investigated. The animals exposed to FSS were treated with CM in two different protocols. In protocol 1, CMI [1 and 10 mg/kg, intragastric (i.g.) route] or fluoxetine, a positive control (10 mg/kg, i.g. route), were administered 30 min before of sections of repeated FSS in both days of stress. After the last section of repeated FSS, the mice performed first the spontaneous locomotor activity and after the tail suspension test. In protocol 2, CMI or fluoxetine (1 mg/kg, i.g. route) was administered for 20 days after the exposition of repeated FSS. The spontaneous locomotor activity, tail suspension, and forced swimming tests were performed in this order after 24 h of last administration of CMI or fluoxetine. The euthanasia of animals was performed after the behavioral tests. CMI and fluoxetine abolished the depressive-like behavior induced by repeated FSS in mice in the two different treatments. CMI modulated the oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortices and hippocampi of mice subjected to repeated FSS. Mice subjected to repeated FSS had an increase in the corticosterone levels and CMI regulated the levels of this glucocorticoid. These findings demonstrate that CMI was effective to abolish the depressive-like behavior induced by repeated FSS, which was accompanied by changes in the corticosterone levels and oxidative stress of prefrontal cortices and hippocampi of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pesarico
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology-GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paloma T Birmann
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology-GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pinto
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology-GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Batista Padilha
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis-LASOL, CCQFA, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eder João Lenardão
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis-LASOL, CCQFA, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology-GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, Brazil
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157
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Barrero-Castillero A, Morton SU, Nelson CA, Smith VC. Psychosocial Stress and Adversity: Effects from the Perinatal Period to Adulthood. Neoreviews 2020; 20:e686-e696. [PMID: 31792156 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-12-e686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early exposure to stress and adversity can have both immediate and lasting effects on physical and psychological health. Critical periods have been identified in infancy, during which the presence or absence of experiences can alter developmental trajectories. There are multiple explanations for how exposure to psychosocial stress, before conception or early in life, has an impact on later increased risk for developmental delays, mental health, and chronic metabolic diseases. Through both epidemiologic and animal models, the mechanisms by which experiences are transmitted across generations are being identified. Because psychosocial stress has multiple components that can act as stress mediators, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between multiple adverse or beneficial experiences and their ultimate effects on health is essential to best identify interventions that will improve health and outcomes. This review outlines what is known about the biology, transfer, and effects of psychosocial stress and early life adversity from the perinatal period to adulthood. This information can be used to identify potential areas in which clinicians in neonatal medicine could intervene to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Barrero-Castillero
- Division of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah U Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Boston, MA
| | - Vincent C Smith
- Division of Neonatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Boston University, Boston, MA
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158
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Botero Rosas DA, Mosquera Dussán OL, Trujillo Rojas CG, Guzmán Pérez D, Zamudio Palacios JE, García Torres JA, Terán Ortega AP. Decision Making, Stress Assessed by Physiological Response and Virtual Reality Stimuli. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v29n2.74280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many decisions must be made under stress; therefore, stress and decision-making are intrinsically related not only at the behavioral level but also at the neural level. Additionally, virtual reality tools have been proposed as a method to induce stress in the laboratory. This review focuses on answering the following research question: Does stress assessed by physiological variables of a subject under virtual reality stimuli increase the chances of error in decision-making? The reviewed studies were consulted in the following databases: PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Science Direct. The analysis of the consulted literature indicates that the stress induced in the laboratory using virtual reality tools and the physiological response of the central and autonomous nervous system are complementary subjects and allow the design of training and support systems for the decision-making process
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159
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Allene C, Kalalou K, Durand F, Thomas F, Januel D. Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A biased nervous system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177:23-38. [PMID: 32800536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are generally triggered by an exceptionally intense threat. The consequences of this traumatogenic situation are explored here in chronological order, from exposure to the threat to development of symptoms. Such a situation may disrupt the equilibrium between two fundamental brain circuits, referred to as the "defensive" and "cognitive". The defensive circuit triggers the stress response as well as the formation of implicit memory. The cognitive circuit triggers the voluntary response and the formation of explicit autobiographical memory. During a traumatogenic situation, the defensive circuit could be over-activated while cognitive circuit is under-activated. In the most severe cases, overactivation of the defensive circuit may cause its brutal deactivation, resulting in dissociation. Here, we address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms at every scale: from neurons to behaviors, providing a detailed explanatory model of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allene
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - K Kalalou
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - F Durand
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - F Thomas
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
| | - D Januel
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
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160
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Obeng-Gyasi E. Cumulative Effects of Low-Level Lead Exposure and Chronic Physiological Stress on Hepatic Dysfunction-A Preliminary Study. Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:medsci8030030. [PMID: 32764282 PMCID: PMC7563970 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic physiological stress and hepatic injury were explored in this cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010. Lead exposure was measured using Blood Lead Levels (BLL), which were divided into quartiles of exposure based on the distribution within the database. Allostatic load (AL), a variable representing chronic physiological stress, was operationalized using ten clinical markers. The geometric mean values for markers of liver injury of interest (a) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), (b) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), (c) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and (d) Gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT) were explored in quartiles of lead exposure. Associations between AL and AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT among those exposed to lead were analyzed using linear regression models. In examining lead exposure in increasing quartiles, the geometric mean of the liver injury markers showed significant elevations as lead exposure levels increased. Simple linear regression revealed AL was positively associated with several markers of hepatic injury in all degrees of lead exposure. This study demonstrates the potential dangers of social and environmental exposures to liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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161
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Kim S, Kwon N, O'Connell H, Fisk N, Ferguson S, Bartlett M. "How are you?" Estimation of anxiety, sleep quality, and mood using computational voice analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:5369-5373. [PMID: 33019195 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method of estimating impactors of cognitive function (ICF) - such as anxiety, sleep quality, and mood - using computational voice analysis. Clinically validated questionnaires (VQs) were used to score anxiety, sleep and mood while salient voice features were extracted to train regression models with deep neural networks. Experiments with 203 subjects showed promising results with significant concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) between actual VQ scores and the predicted scores (0.46 = anxiety, 0.50 = sleep quality, 0.45 = mood).
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162
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Yuan M, Rubin-Falcone H, Lin X, Rizk MM, Miller JM, Sublette ME, Oquendo MA, Burke A, Ogden RT, Mann JJ. Smaller left hippocampal subfield CA1 volume is associated with reported childhood physical and/or sexual abuse in major depression: A pilot study. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:348-354. [PMID: 32553377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smaller hippocampal volumes are reported in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and in reported childhood abuse. The hippocampus is a complex structure with distinct functional subfields. We sought to examine the effect of MDD diagnosis and childhood abuse on hippocampal subfields. METHODS Forty-one MDD participants (17 reported abuse and 24 did not) and 46 healthy volunteers (HV) (2 reported abuse) underwent T1- weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical characterization in a retrospective design. A subfield segmentation program was used to measure the whole and subfield hippocampal volumes. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted for group comparisons. RESULTS No main effect of diagnosis interaction effect between diagnosis and subfield region was observed. However, a comparison of abused MDD vs. HVs showed a group by region interaction. A significant interaction between childhood abuse and region was observed. Effects were confined to the left side of the brain, and post hoc, exploratory region-specific tests indicated smaller left CA1 volume in abused MDD compared with non-abused MDD. In addition, smaller amygdala volume was found in all MDD compared with HVs. LIMITATIONS We did not have a sample of healthy volunteers with reported childhood abuse. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of pure MDD may not be sufficient to exert effects on hippocampal volumes, indicating the importance of taking into account childhood trauma in studies on psychopathological mechanisms. Left CA1 might be the hippocampal subfield most relevant to reported childhood abuse. Smaller amygdala volume may be related to MDD diagnosis independent of childhood abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlan Yuan
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Harry Rubin-Falcone
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xuejing Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mina M Rizk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Jeffrey M Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ainsley Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.
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163
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Chronic Restraint Stress Affects Network Oscillations in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 437:172-183. [PMID: 32335214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is vulnerable to stress. Its dysfunction is observed in psychiatric disorders manifested as alterations in network oscillations. Mechanisms linking stress load to disturbed emotional-cognitive behaviors are of essential importance to further elucidate therapeutic strategies for psychiatric diseases. Here, we analyzed the effects of chronic restraint stress (CRS) load in juvenile mice on kainic acid (KA)-induced network oscillations in ACC slice preparations and on the forced swim test (FST). The immobility time (IT) was shortened at the beginning of the FST in CRS mice. Power spectral density (PSD) obtained from KA-induced oscillations in field potentials in the superficial layers of the ACC were altered in slices from the CRS mice. The PSD was decreased in CRS mice at the alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), low gamma (30-50 Hz), and high gamma (50-80 Hz) components. Noradrenaline increased the PSD of the theta (3-8 Hz) components in both the control and CRS groups, and also in alpha components only in the CRS group. Dopamine did not modulate the PSD of any frequency components in the control mice, whereas it enhanced the PSD of theta and alpha components in CRS mice. It was suggested that chronic stress load affects the dynamics of the network oscillations in the ACC with enhanced cathecolaminergic modulation.
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164
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D'Alessio L, Korman GP, Sarudiansky M, Guelman LR, Scévola L, Pastore A, Obregón A, Roldán EJA. Reducing Allostatic Load in Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Physical Activity and Yoga Practice as Add-On Therapies. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32581876 PMCID: PMC7287161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The allostatic load (AL) index constitutes a useful tool to objectively assess the biological aspects of chronic stress in clinical practice. AL index has been positively correlated with cumulative chronic stress (physical and psychosocial stressors) and with a high risk to develop pathological conditions (e.g., metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular pathology, inflammatory disorders) and the so-called stress-related psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depressive disorders. Chronic stress has negative effects on brain neuroplasticity, especially on hippocampal neurogenesis and these effects may be reversed by antidepressant treatments. Several evidences indicate that non-pharmacological interventions based on physical activity and yoga practice may add synergizing benefits to classical treatments (antidepressant and benzodiazepines) for depression and anxiety, reducing the negative effects of chronic stress. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on AL and chronic stress in relation to depression and anxiety, physical activity and yoga practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D'Alessio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, IBCN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Pablo Korman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Psicología, CAEA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Sarudiansky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Psicología, CAEA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Ruth Guelman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, CEFYBO-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Scévola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Amilcar Obregón
- Dirección Médica y Científica, Gador SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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165
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Quinones MM, Gallegos AM, Lin FV, Heffner K. Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:455-480. [PMID: 32170605 PMCID: PMC7682894 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence from animal and human research suggest a strong link between inflammation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, recent findings support compromised neurocognitive function as a key feature of PTSD, particularly with deficits in attention and processing speed, executive function, and memory. These cognitive domains are supported by brain structures and neural pathways that are disrupted in PTSD and which are implicated in fear learning and extinction processes. The disruption of these supporting structures potentially results from their interaction with inflammation. Thus, the converging evidence supports a model of inflammatory dysregulation and cognitive dysfunction as combined mechanisms underpinning PTSD symptomatology. In this review, we summarize evidence of dysregulated inflammation in PTSD and further explore how the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD, in the context of fear learning and extinction acquisition and recall, may interact with inflammation. We then present evidence for cognitive dysfunction in PTSD, highlighting findings from human work. Potential therapeutic approaches utilizing novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions that target inflammation and cognition also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Quinones
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Autumn M Gallegos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Feng Vankee Lin
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kathi Heffner
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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166
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Nikbakhtzadeh M, Borzadaran FM, Zamani E, Shabani M. Protagonist Role of Opioidergic System on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Pain. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:506-516. [PMID: 32492768 PMCID: PMC7324730 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain often co-occur. Studies have shown an interaction between pain and PTSD. In this narrative review, we aim to support conducting comprehensive studies by describing PTSD, pain and determining whether opioidergic system, its agonist and antagonist manipulation could positively or negatively affect PTSD symptoms and concurrent pain. METHODS Term searches was done in Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed databases as well as hand searching in key resource journals from 1979-2019. RESULTS There are a lot of contradictions and disputes when endogenous opioidergic system and opioidergic antagonist system are studied in PTSD patients. Exogenous morphine administration in PTSD patients can decrease the symptoms of PTSD but it doesn't have a pain reduction effect to an acceptable level. Beta-endorphin as an endogenous opioid is effective in pain reduction in the moment of events but after minutes to hours, the endorphins withdrawal syndrome leads to exaggerated intrusive thoughts and flashbacks of PTSD, which exacerbate the pain. It has also been shown that naloxone, as an opioidergic antagonist, can reduce or increase the PTSD symptoms and its associated pain. CONCLUSION Data suggest different roles of opioidergic system and their antagonist in pain control and mood in PTSD. However, further investigations need to be done in order to reveal the role of endogenous opioidergic system and opioidergic antagonist system as a mediator in PTSD patients suffering from acute or chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohtashami Borzadaran
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Zamani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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167
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Halbeisen G, Buttlar B, Kamp SM, Walther E. The timing-dependent effects of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative conditioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 152:44-52. [PMID: 32302644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-physiological response to stress has far-reaching implications for learning and memory processes. Here, we examined whether and how the stress-induced release of cortisol, following the socially-evaluated cold pressor test, influenced the acquisition of preferences in an evaluative conditioning (EC) procedure. We found that when the stressor preceded the evaluation phase, cortisol responders showed decreased evaluative conditioning effects. By contrast, impairing effects of a stressor-induced cortisol release before encoding were not found. Moreover, explicit memory was not found to be affected by the stressor or its timing. Implications of the timing-dependent effects of stress-induced cortisol release on EC and the relation between stress and associative memory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Halbeisen
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Benjamin Buttlar
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Siri-Maria Kamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Eva Walther
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany.
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168
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Frounfelker RL, Miconi D, Farrar J, Brooks MA, Rousseau C, Betancourt TS. Mental Health of Refugee Children and Youth: Epidemiology, Interventions, and Future Directions. Annu Rev Public Health 2020; 41:159-176. [PMID: 31910713 PMCID: PMC9307067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The number of refugee youth worldwide receives international attention and is a top priority in both academic and political agendas. This article adopts a critical eye in summarizing current epidemiological knowledge of refugee youth mental health as well as interventions aimed to prevent or reduce mental health problems among children and adolescents in both high- and low-to-middle-income countries. We highlight current challenges and limitations of extant literature and present potential opportunities and recommendations in refugee child psychiatric epidemiology and mental health services research for moving forward. In light of the mounting xenophobic sentiments we are presently witnessing across societies, we argue that, as a first step, all epidemiological and intervention research should advocate for social justice to guarantee the safety of and respect for the basic human rights of all refugee populations during their journey and resettlement. A constructive dialogue between scholars and policy makers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Miconi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada; , ,
| | - Jordan Farrar
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA; ,
| | | | - Cécile Rousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada; , ,
| | - Theresa S Betancourt
- Research Program on Children and Adversity, School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA; ,
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Chronic Stress and Cardiovascular Disease among Individuals Exposed to Lead: A Pilot Study. Diseases 2020; 8:diseases8010007. [PMID: 32183421 PMCID: PMC7151132 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress and cardiovascular disease risk were explored in a predominately middle-aged adult population exposed to elevated lead levels in this cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the period 2007-2010. Elevated lead exposure was defined using the epidemiological threshold of a blood lead level (BLL) > 5 μg/dL as defined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Allostatic load (AL), a measure of chronic stress, was operationalized using 10 clinical markers. The geometric mean values for clinical cardiovascular disease risk markers of interest (a) Gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT) (a marker of oxidative stress), and (b) non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-c) (a marker of cardiovascular disease risk) were explored among lead-exposed and less lead-exposed individuals with differential chronic stress (AL) levels. Associations between AL and GGT/non-HDL-C were analyzed using linear regression models. The likelihood of increased clinical markers in lead-exposed individuals with high compared to low AL was explored using binary logistic regression models. In analyzing lead-exposed as compared to less lead-exposed populations, the geometric mean of the variables of interest showed significant elevations among lead-exposed individuals as compared to less lead-exposed individuals. Simple linear regression revealed that AL was positively associated with the variables of interest among the lead-exposed. In binary logistic regression among the lead-exposed, those with high AL, as compared to those with low AL, had significantly higher odds of having elevated non-HDL-C. This study submits that those exposed to lead with increasing AL may experience adverse cardiovascular health outcomes.
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170
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Comeau J, Duncan L, Georgiades K, Wang L, Boyle MH. Social assistance and trajectories of child mental health problems in Canada: evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2020; 111:585-593. [PMID: 32124402 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-020-00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the link between stability and change in social assistance (SA) use and children's mental health trajectories to better understand whether social policies targeted at low-income families might be an effective population-based mechanism for preventing mental health problems among children at risk. METHODS The National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (N = 8981) is used to classify children into 5 categories based on their family's pattern of SA use from age 4-5 to 10-11: always or never on SA, a single transition on or off SA, or fluctuations on and off SA. Latent growth modelling is used to compare trajectories of emotional and behavioural problems among children with different patterns of SA exposure to their counterparts never on SA over this same time period. RESULTS Child emotional and behavioural problems are exacerbated over time in accordance with patterns of SA use: chronic SA use (behavioural) and moving onto SA (emotional and behavioural). These differential rates of change result in mental health disparities at age 10-11 that were not present at age 4-5. Children exposed to SA when they were age 4-5 but subsequently moved off continue to demonstrate elevated levels of emotional and behavioural problems at age 10-11. CONCLUSIONS Successful social policies and interventions will require understanding the specific mechanisms through which SA undermines child mental health and how programs can be modified to reduce its negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinette Comeau
- Department of Sociology, King's University College at Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, Division of Children's Health and Therapeutics, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Laura Duncan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact (formerly Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katholiki Georgiades
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael H Boyle
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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171
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Williams JL, Everett JM, D'Cunha NM, Sergi D, Georgousopoulou EN, Keegan RJ, McKune AJ, Mellor DD, Anstice N, Naumovski N. The Effects of Green Tea Amino Acid L-Theanine Consumption on the Ability to Manage Stress and Anxiety Levels: a Systematic Review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:12-23. [PMID: 31758301 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-00771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The green tea amino acid, L-theanine (L-THE) is associated with several health benefits, including improvements in mood, cognition and a reduction of stress and anxiety-like symptoms. This systematic review evaluated the effect of pure L-THE intake, in the form of orally administered nutritional supplements, on stress responses and anxiety levels in human randomised controlled trials. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, 9 peer-reviewed journal articles were identified where L-THE as a supplement was compared to a control. Our findings suggest that supplementation of 200-400 mg/day of L-THE may assist in the reduction of stress and anxiety in people exposed to stressful conditions. Despite this finding, longer-term and larger cohort clinical studies, including those where L-THE is incorporated into the diet regularly, are needed to clinically justify the use of L-THE as a therapeutic agent to reduce stress and anxiety in people exposed to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L Williams
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Julian M Everett
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nathan M D'Cunha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Nutrition & Health Substantiation Group, Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2605, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Richard J Keegan
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4000, South Africa
| | - Duane D Mellor
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Nicola Anstice
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Cohen JB, Schrauben SJ, Zhao L, Basso MD, Cvijic ME, Li Z, Yarde M, Wang Z, Bhattacharya PT, Chirinos DA, Prenner S, Zamani P, Seiffert DA, Car BD, Gordon DA, Margulies K, Cappola T, Chirinos JA. Clinical Phenogroups in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Detailed Phenotypes, Prognosis, and Response to Spironolactone. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2020; 8:172-184. [PMID: 31926856 PMCID: PMC7058514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess if clinical phenogroups differ in comprehensive biomarker profiles, cardiac and arterial structure/function, and responses to spironolactone therapy. BACKGROUND Previous studies identified distinct subgroups (phenogroups) of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). METHODS Among TOPCAT (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial) participants, we performed latent-class analysis to identify HFpEF phenogroups based on standard clinical features and assessed differences in multiple biomarkers measured from frozen plasma; cardiac and arterial structure/function measured with echocardiography and arterial tonometry; prognosis; and response to spironolactone. RESULTS Three HFpEF phenogroups were identified. Phenogroup 1 (n = 1,214) exhibited younger age, higher prevalence of smoking, preserved functional class, and the least evidence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and arterial stiffness. Phenogroup 2 (n = 1,329) was older, with normotrophic concentric LV remodeling, atrial fibrillation, left atrial enlargement, large-artery stiffening, and biomarkers of innate immunity and vascular calcification. Phenogroup 3 (n = 899) demonstrated more functional impairment, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, concentric LV hypertrophy, high renin, and biomarkers of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated inflammation, liver fibrosis, and tissue remodeling. Compared with phenogroup 1, phenogroup 3 exhibited the highest risk of the primary endpoint of cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, or aborted cardiac arrest (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.79 to 4.24); phenogroups 2 and 3 demonstrated similar all-cause mortality (phenotype 2 HR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.89 to 2.95; phenotype 3 HR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.77 to 2.87). Spironolactone randomized therapy was associated with a more pronounced reduction in the risk of the primary endpoint in phenogroup 3 (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.59 to 0.95; p for interaction = 0.016). Results were similar after excluding participants from Eastern Europe. CONCLUSIONS We identified important differences in circulating biomarkers, cardiac/arterial characteristics, prognosis, and response to spironolactone across clinical HFpEF phenogroups. These findings suggest distinct underlying mechanisms across clinically identifiable phenogroups of HFpEF that may benefit from different targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana B Cohen
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah J Schrauben
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Zhuyin Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Melissa Yarde
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Priyanka T Bhattacharya
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Hospital Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana A Chirinos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stuart Prenner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Payman Zamani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Bruce D Car
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | | | - Kenneth Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Cappola
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julio A Chirinos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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173
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Harris BN. Stress hypothesis overload: 131 hypotheses exploring the role of stress in tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113355. [PMID: 31830473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress is ubiquitous and thus, not surprisingly, many hypotheses and models have been created to better study the role stress plays in life. Stress spans fields and is found in the literature of biology, psychology, psychophysiology, sociology, economics, and medicine, just to name a few. Stress, and the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), are involved in a multitude of behaviors and physiological processes, including life-history and ecological tradeoffs, developmental transitions, health, and survival. The goal of this review is to highlight and summarize the large number of available hypotheses and models, to aid in comparative and interdisciplinary thinking, and to increase reproducibility by a) discouraging hypothesizing after results are known (HARKing) and b) encouraging a priori hypothesis testing. For this review I collected 214 published hypotheses or models dealing broadly with stress. In the main paper, I summarized and categorized 131 of those hypotheses and models which made direct connections among stress and/or HPA/I and SNS, tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Of those 131, the majority made predictions about reproduction (n = 43), the transition from health to disease (n = 38), development (n = 23), and stress coping (n = 18). Additional hypotheses were classified as stage-spanning or models (n = 37). The additional 83 hypotheses found during searches were tangentially related, or pertained to immune function or oxidative stress, and these are listed separately. Many of the hypotheses share underlying rationale and suggest similar, if not identical, predictions, and are thus not mutually exclusive; some hypotheses spanned classification categories. Some of the hypotheses have been tested multiple times, whereas others have only been examined a few times. It is the hope that multi-disciplinary stress researchers will begin to harmonize their naming of hypotheses in the literature so as to build a clearer picture of how stress impacts various outcomes across fields. The paper concludes with some considerations and recommendations for robust testing of stress hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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174
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Mohalik PK, Sahoo SS, Mishra C, Dash SK, Nayak G. Novel polymorphism of HSP70 gene affected caprine physiological vital parameters. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:550-557. [PMID: 32049580 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1726364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is temperature-dependent and its response is considered as a cellular thermometer in response to thermal stress. The variation in HSP70 gene expression has been positively correlated with thermo-tolerance. Three different goat populations (Black Bengal, Ganjam and Raighar) which differ in body size, coat color and production performance were assessed for effect of thermal stress at different temperature humidity index (THI). The physiological vital parameters like rectal temperature (RT), skin temperature (ST), heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) which are related to thermal stress susceptibility were recorded. The genetic variation of HSP70 gene in the three goat populations and its effect on physiological vital parameters related to thermal stress was assessed. A novel polymorphism (C241T) in the exonic region of HSP70 gene with significant (p < .05) statistical association with the physiological vital parameters like RT, ST and RR was identified indicating its role in thermo-tolerance.HighlightsThe HSP70 gene was found to be polymorphic in Indian goats.The non-synonymous nucleotide change (C241T) resulted change in amino acid Arginine 241 Cysteine in mature polypeptide which were not reported earlier.The constructed phylogenetic tree showed that Ganjam and Raighar goats are more close to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Mohalik
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Siddhant Sekhar Sahoo
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Chinmoy Mishra
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Susant Kumar Dash
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gangadhar Nayak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Abstract
Homicide is a leading cause of death for young people in the United States aged 15-34, but it has a disproportionate impact on one subset of the population: African American males. The national decline in homicide mortality that occurred from 1991 to 2014 thus provides an opportunity to generate evidence on a unique question-How do population health and health inequality change when the prevalence of one of the leading causes of death is cut in half? In this article, we estimate the impact of the decline in homicide mortality on life expectancy at birth as well as years of potential life lost for African American and white males and females, respectively. Estimates are generated using national mortality data by age, gender, race, and education level. Counterfactual estimates are constructed under the assumption of no change in mortality due to homicide from 1991 (the year when the national homicide rate reached its latest peak) to 2014 (the year when the homicide rate reached its trough). We estimate that the decline in homicides led to a 0.80-year increase in life expectancy at birth for African American males, and reduced years of potential life lost by 1,156 years for every 100,000 African American males. Results suggest that the drop in homicide represents a public health breakthrough for African American males, accounting for 17 % of the reduction in the life expectancy gap between white and African American males.
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176
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Marino L, Rose NA, Visser IN, Rally H, Ferdowsian H, Slootsky V. The harmful effects of captivity and chronic stress on the well-being of orcas (Orcinus orca). J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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177
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Lecei A, van Winkel R. Hippocampal pattern separation of emotional information determining risk or resilience in individuals exposed to childhood trauma: Linking exposure to neurodevelopmental alterations and threat anticipation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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178
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White KJ. Financial Stress and the Relative Income Hypothesis Among Black College Students. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-019-09531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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179
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Environment and early life: Decisive factors for stress-resilience and vulnerability. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 150:155-185. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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180
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Shoji H, Miyakawa T. Differential effects of stress exposure via two types of restraint apparatuses on behavior and plasma corticosterone level in inbred male BALB/cAJcl mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2019; 40:73-84. [PMID: 31872573 PMCID: PMC7292218 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Restraint stress is one of the most widely used experimental methods for generating rodent models of stress‐induced neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Although various types of restraint apparatuses have been used to expose animals to stress, the magnitudes of the effects of stress exposure via different types of restraint apparatuses on physiology and behavior have not been compared in the same environment. Here, we investigated the effects of stress exposure via two types of restraint apparatuses on body weight, locomotor activity, anxiety‐ and depression‐related behaviors, and plasma corticosterone levels in mice. Methods Adult male BALB/cAJcl mice were restrained by placing them in either a well‐ventilated plastic conical tube or a tapered plastic film envelope for 6 hours per day for 10 or 21 consecutive days. Mice were weighed during and after the stress period and were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests, including light/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt forced swim, tail suspension, and sucrose preference tests, starting on the day after the last stress session. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in another cohort of mice on the 1st and the 21st stress sessions and after the Porsolt forced swim test. Results Exposure to repeated stress via the two above mentioned types of restraint apparatuses caused body weight loss, heightened locomotor activity, altered immobility during forced swim, and increased plasma corticosterone levels, and some of these results differed between the restraint stress protocols. Film‐restraint–stressed mice had significantly lower body weights than tube‐restraint–stressed mice. Film‐restraint–stressed mice exhibited significantly higher or lower immobility during forced swim than tube‐restraint–stressed mice, depending on the test time. Additionally, the stress‐induced increase in plasma corticosterone levels was found to be higher in film‐restraint–stressed mice than in tube‐restraint–stressed mice. Conclusion Our results indicate that film‐restraint stress has more pronounced effects on body weight, depression‐related behavior, and corticosterone response than tube‐restraint stress in mice. These findings may help guide which restraint stress procedures to use, depending on the objectives of a given study, in generating animal models of stress‐induced neuropsychiatric disorders. This study investigated the effects of stress exposure via two types of restraint apparatuses, a well‐ventilated plastic conical tube and a tapered plastic film envelope, on body weights, behaviors, and plasma corticosterone levels in male BALB/cAJcl mice. Film‐restraint stress had more pronounced effects on body weight, depression‐related behavior, and corticosterone response than tube‐restraint stress, which may help guide which restraint stress procedures to use in generating animal models of stress‐induced disorders.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Shoji
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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181
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Ten Hoeve Y, Brouwer J, Kunnen S. Turnover prevention: The direct and indirect association between organizational job stressors, negative emotions and professional commitment in novice nurses. J Adv Nurs 2019; 76:836-845. [PMID: 31788848 PMCID: PMC7028052 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims Getting insight in the most crucial organizational job stressors for novice nurses' professional commitment and whether the job stressors are mediated through negative emotions. Design The study used an observational cohort design. Methods Organizational job stressors were derived from 580 diary entries by 18 novice nurses combined with measures on emotions and commitment. The diaries were collected from September 2013–September 2014. Results Path modelling revealed that lack of support from colleagues, negative experiences with patients and confrontations with existential events were most strongly negatively related to professional commitment through negative emotions. Other indirectly and negatively related organizational job stressors to commitment were complexity of care, lack of control and work‐life imbalance; only conflicting job demands, and lack of control related to professional commitment directly. Conclusion(s) To enhance professional commitment, it is important to reduce negative emotions in novice nurses by collegial support in dealing with negative experiences with patients, complexity of care and existential events and to prevent lack of control and an imbalance between private life and work. Nurse supervisors and managers can encourage nurses to share negative patient experiences, issues related to complexity of care and existential events. Impact Considering the worldwide nursing shortage and early turnover, more understanding is needed about how negative emotions mediate the relationship between organizational negative job stressors and professional commitment and the relative impact of organizational job stressors to professional commitment. The study stresses the importance of a supportive role of supervisors and nurse managers to improve the work environment and hence increase novice nurses' commitment and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ten Hoeve
- Health Sciences - Nursing Research, University of Groningen/University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasperina Brouwer
- Faculty Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Kunnen
- Faculty Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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182
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Bartlett JD, Smith S. The role of early care and education in addressing early childhood trauma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 64:359-372. [PMID: 31449682 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Young children's experience of trauma is associated with a wide range of adverse events and circumstances, including abuse and neglect, domestic violence, loss of a parent, and community violence. Policymakers and practitioners are increasingly aware that trauma during the first few years of life is especially widespread, and there is growing interest in new ways to support these young children and their families. Many young children who experience trauma attend early care and education (ECE) programs, and these settings offer important opportunities to promote their well-being. This paper examines strategies currently being implemented in ECE to address early childhood trauma. The paper first examines research on how trauma affects young children's development, ECE environments, and society. We then describe the unique needs of young, traumatized children and features of trauma-informed care that can address their needs, along with emerging interventions and supports that can be incorporated into or linked with ECE settings as part of a trauma-informed approach. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for ECE and trauma research, policy, and practice, bearing in mind both the promise of new approaches and a limited evidence base to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila Smith
- National Center for Children in Poverty, Bank Street Graduate School of Education, New York, NY, USA
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183
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Pusceddu MM, Barboza M, Keogh CE, Schneider M, Stokes P, Sladek JA, Kim HJD, Torres-Fuentes C, Goldfild LR, Gillis SE, Brust-Mascher I, Rabasa G, Wong KA, Lebrilla C, Byndloss MX, Maisonneuve C, Bäumler AJ, Philpott DJ, Ferrero RL, Barrett KE, Reardon C, Gareau MG. Nod-like receptors are critical for gut-brain axis signalling in mice. J Physiol 2019; 597:5777-5797. [PMID: 31652348 DOI: 10.1113/jp278640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS •Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors regulate cognition, anxiety and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. •Nod-like receptors regulate central and peripheral serotonergic biology. •Nod-like receptors are important for maintenance of gastrointestinal physiology. •Intestinal epithelial cell expression of Nod1 receptors regulate behaviour. ABSTRACT Gut-brain axis signalling is critical for maintaining health and homeostasis. Stressful life events can impact gut-brain signalling, leading to altered mood, cognition and intestinal dysfunction. In the present study, we identified nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors (NLR), Nod1 and Nod2, as novel regulators for gut-brain signalling. NLR are innate immune pattern recognition receptors expressed in the gut and brain, and are important in the regulation of gastrointestinal physiology. We found that mice deficient in both Nod1 and Nod2 (NodDKO) demonstrate signs of stress-induced anxiety, cognitive impairment and depression in the context of a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These deficits were coupled with impairments in the serotonergic pathway in the brain, decreased hippocampal cell proliferation and immature neurons, as well as reduced neural activation. In addition, NodDKO mice had increased gastrointestinal permeability and altered serotonin signalling in the gut following exposure to acute stress. Administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, abrogated behavioural impairments and restored serotonin signalling. We also identified that intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of Nod1 (VilCre+ Nod1f/f ), but not Nod2, increased susceptibility to stress-induced anxiety-like behaviour and cognitive impairment following exposure to stress. Together, these data suggest that intestinal epithelial NLR are novel modulators of gut-brain communication and may serve as potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of gut-brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Pusceddu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Barboza
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melinda Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Stokes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Sladek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Jung D Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lily R Goldfild
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shane E Gillis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kyle A Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlito Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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184
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Ramiah SK, Awad EA, Mookiah S, Idrus Z. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and concentrations of malondialdehyde, zinc in tissues, and corticosterone in broiler chickens under heat stress conditions. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3828-3838. [PMID: 30839088 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanominerals, such as nano-zinc, represents a promising and emerging technology in the animal farming industry. Due to the small particle size and bioavailability of nano-zinc, it can be easily assimilated in the digestive system, thereby reducing excretion and environmental pollution. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on the growth performance, zinc (Zn) concentration in edible tissues, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and corticosterone concentrations in broilers reared under normal or heat stress environmental conditions. The experiment was performed with a completely randomized design based on a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of 4 diets (basal diet + 60 mg/kg conventional zinc oxide as control diet; basal diet + 40 mg/kg of ZnONPs; basal diet + 60 mg/kg of ZnONPs; and basal diet + 100 mg/kg of ZnONPs) and 2 environmental conditions (normal and heat stress). On day 22, birds from each dietary group were divided equally to normal temperature (23 ± 1°C throughout) or heat stress conditions (34 ± 1°C daily for 6 h from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm). From 1 to 42 D of age, the broiler chickens fed 100 mg/kg ZnONPs exhibited lower feed intake and feed conversion ratio than the control. The accumulation of Zn in the liver of broilers was significantly higher among all treatment groups compared to breast and thigh muscle tissues regardless of the temperature conditions. At 40 and 60 mg/kg ZnONPs, the malondialdehyde content increased in thigh muscle of broilers at 7 D postmortem, indicating that ZnONPs potentially inhibited the antioxidant system in muscle tissues. The control and ZnONPs at 40 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg led to low serum corticosterone levels that may be attributed to the antioxidant and antistress properties of Zn. Taken together, although supplementation with ZnONPs at 40 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg alleviated the negative results of heat stress, further research is needed to determine the optimal level of dietary ZnONPs supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Kumari Ramiah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Elmutaz Atta Awad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Poultry Production, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Saminathan Mookiah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6 Persiaran Instituti, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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185
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LeWinn KZ, Shih EW. Social Experience and the Developing Brain: Opportunities for Social Epidemiologists in the Era of Population-Based Neuroimaging. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-019-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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186
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Liang X, Tang J, Chao FL, Zhang Y, Chen LM, Wang FF, Tan CX, Luo YM, Xiao Q, Zhang L, Qi YQ, Jiang L, Huang CX, Gao Y, Tang Y. Exercise improves depressive symptoms by increasing the number of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus of CUS-Induced depression model rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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187
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Wang L, Han D, Yin P, Teng K, Xu J, Ma Y. Decreased tryptophan hydroxylase 2 mRNA and protein expression, decreased brain serotonin concentrations, and anxiety-like behavioral changes in a rat model of simulated transport stress. Stress 2019; 22:707-717. [PMID: 31184239 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1625328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport stress causes not only physiological changes but also behavioral responses, including anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in animals. The serotonergic system in the brain plays a pivotal role in processing anxiety. This study aimed to explore changes in concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and the expression changes of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) mRNA and protein associated with anxiety-related behavioral responses under transport stress. A model of simulated transport stress was established in 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, including a control group (n = 20) and a transport stress (TS) group (n = 20). The results showed that the rats in the TS group exhibited an increased feeding latency in the novelty-suppressed feeding test and a reduced frequency and dwelling time in the central area in the open-field test (OFT). Two hours following the final behavioral test, blood samples were collected. Creatine kinase (CK) activities and glucose and corticosterone concentrations in serum were significantly higher in the rats in the TS group than in the control group. Transport stress also significantly reduced the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the hippocampus, striatum, and raphe nuclei and also reduced the expression levels of mRNA and protein for TPH2 in the raphe nuclei. Notably, the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons was higher in the dorsal raphe nucleus under transport stress, whereas the number of 5-hydroxytryptamine-positive neurons was significantly lower. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the 5-hydroxytryptamine transmitter in the hippocampus, striatum, and raphe nuclei is involved in processing anxiety-related behavioral responses under transport stress. Lay summary Physiological and psychological stress responses were induced in a rat model of simulated transport stress. We examined whether serotonin in the brain may be involved in mediating behavioral responses following exposure to transport stress. Tissue concentrations of serotonin in rat brain regions, including the hippocampus, striatum, and raphe nuclei, were reduced following exposure to transport stress. Expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 mRNA and protein, which catalyses serotonin synthesis, as well as numbers of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons, were decreased in the brainstem raphe nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Deping Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Peng Yin
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Kedao Teng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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188
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Yao T, Cui Q, Liu Z, Wang C, Zhang Q, Wang G. Metabolomic evidence for the therapeutic effect of gentiopicroside in a corticosterone-induced model of depression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109549. [PMID: 31655313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a disease that seriously threatens the quality of human life. To explore the effect of gentiopicroside on depression, this study investigated the therapeutic effect of gentiopicroside on corticosterone-induced depressionin vivo and in vitro by using metabolomic methods. METHODS A total of 36 rats were randomly assigned to three groups: a normal group, model group (depression), and treatment group (depression + gentiopicroside). Corticosterone was administrated to induce depression-like model rats. Morris water maze test was used to validated the behavior performance. The hippocampus of rats was obtained for metabolomic detection. Metabolites that were differentially expressed between the groups were extracted for Heatmap, Go, and pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, neuronal cells were cultured and examined to validated the effect of gentiopicroside. RESULTS Corticosterone injured rats learning capacity, and decreased the levels of 5-HT, and reversed by gentiopicroside delivery. Metabolites obtained from the hippocampus of rats in the three groups were subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA). Go and pathway enrichment analyses revealed the involvement of sphingolipid metabolism et al. Gentiopicroside could inhibit apoptosis caused by corticosterone, and also decrease neuronal cell proliferation and BDNF levels in vitro. Arachidonic acid (ARA) reversed the protective effect of gentiopicroside on neuronal cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that gentiopicroside reduces apoptosis and increases the proliferation of hippocampus cells in depressed animals by regulating metabolites. Moreover, our study provides a new basis for the clinical treatment of depression and demonstrates the potential efficacy of gentiopicroside in this area of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Cui
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cuifang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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189
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Firmino EMS, Kuntze LB, Lagatta DC, Dias DPM, Resstel LBM. Effect of chronic stress on cardiovascular and ventilatory responses activated by both chemoreflex and baroreflex in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.204883. [PMID: 31558591 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress results in physiological and somatic changes. It has been recognized as a risk factor for several types of cardiovascular dysfunction and changes in autonomic mechanisms, such as baroreflex and chemoreflex activity. However, the effects of different types of chronic stress on these mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated, in adult male rats, the effect of repeated restraint stress (RRS) or chronic variable stress (CVS) on baroreflex, chemoreflex and heart rate variability in a protocol of 14 days of stress sessions. Exposure to RRS and CVS indicated no changes in the basal level of either arterial pressure or heart rate. However, RRS and CVS were able to attenuate sympathovagal modulation and spontaneous baroreflex gain. Additionally, only RRS was able to increase the power of the low-frequency band of the systolic blood pressure spectrum, as well as the slope of linear regression of baroreflex bradycardic and tachycardic responses induced by vasoactive compounds. Additionally, our study is one of the first to show that exposure to RRS and CVS decreases the magnitude of the pressor response and potentiates respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation, which can trigger cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies. Furthermore, the basal respiratory parameters, such as minute ventilation and tidal volume, were significantly decreased by both protocols of chronic stress. However, only CVS increased the basal respiratory frequency. In this way, the findings of the present study demonstrate the impact of chronic stress in terms of not only depressive-like behavior but also alterations of the autonomic baroreflex responses and cardiocirculatory variability (systolic blood pressure and pulse interval).Our results provide evidence that chronic stress promotes autonomic dysregulation, and impairment of baroreflex, chemoreflex and heart rate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidi Mayara Silva Firmino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bärg Kuntze
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | - Davi Campos Lagatta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Barbosa Moraes Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-090, Brazil
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Marinath L, Vaz J, Kumar D, Thiyagesan K, Baskaran N. Drivers of stereotypic behaviour and physiological stress among captive jungle cat (Felis chaus Schreber, 1777) in India. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112651. [PMID: 31419448 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zoos play a vital role in managing and conserving a wide range of threatened species and in enhancing their populations in natural habitats through captive breeding and reintroduction programmes. Most small felids are poor breeders in zoos, owing to a range of issues such as spatial constraints, diet, disturbance from visitors, small population size, social grouping and other environmental factors in the exhibits. Many of these factors have also been found to influence the glucocorticoid levels among them. Chronic elevations in glucocorticoids can ultimately lead to psychological and physiological problems, eventually affecting reproduction and fitness. We assessed the influence of four biological and seven environmental factors on stress level linked to psychological (stereotype), and physiological (Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite, FGM) conditions and positive welfare behaviour (active and inactive) among 14 jungle cats Felis chaus managed at three zoos in Indian (two in Kerala and one in Maharashtra) during May 2014-March 2017. Stereotype, a behavioural indicator of stress, and welfare behaviour were assessed through 336 h daylight focal sampling and physiological stress following non-invasive FGM extraction using Enzyme-Immunoassay (EIA) from 63 fresh faecal samples. Overall, jungle cats spent more time on inactive (72%) compared to active behaviour (23%) and 5% on stereotypic behaviour. On average, the jungle cats had 43.3 ng/g of FGM. The Principal Component Analysis on 11 independent factors revealed that daylight hour did not influence active, inactive and stereotype behaviours. In addition, age also had no significant influence on FGM levels. Binary logistic regression revealed that active behaviour was more likely to be observed in cats fed live chicken, housed on natural substrate and in females. Inactive behaviour was significantly lower in younger cats, but higher in cats managed with hideouts. Our results suggest that cats housed with non-relatives and in enclosures lacking hideouts have higher rates of stereotype. Multiple regression analyses on behaviour indicate that active behaviour was significantly higher in cats when the arrival age at the zoo was <1 year, among females compared to males, fed live chicken compared to beef, when managed in natural compared to artificial enclosures and in enclosures without hideouts. Remarkably, inactive behaviour increased significantly with increase in visitor intensity and when cats fed beef compared to live chicken. The stereotypic behaviour was significantly lower in females and higher when the arrival age at the zoo was >1 year. It was also the case when the cats were fed beef vs. whole live chicken, when managed in enclosures without hideouts, and also when managed with unrelated conspecifics compared to those kept in enclosures with hideouts and in solitary condition. The FGM levels were significantly higher among males but lower among cats managed in natural and larger enclosures, and enclosures with hideouts, when compared to those managed in artificial, smaller enclosures and enclosures without hideouts. We recommend the provision of larger (>29 m2) natural enclosures with hideout facilities, management in solitary condition or in social groupings with related conspecifics and feeding of live prey to promote positive welfare and reduce psychological and physiological stress among the jungle cats in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Marinath
- Department of Zoology & Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai 609 305, India
| | - Janice Vaz
- Department of Zoology & Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai 609 305, India.
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Centre for Venom Informatics, Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Thiyagesan
- Department of Zoology & Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai 609 305, India
| | - Nagarajan Baskaran
- Department of Zoology & Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai 609 305, India.
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Das A. Genes, depressive symptoms, and chronic stressors: A nationally representative longitudinal study in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2019; 242:112586. [PMID: 31610276 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Das
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada.
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Wang J, Li J, Yu M, Wang Y, Ma Y. An enhanced expression of hypothalamic neuronal nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of simulated transport stress. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:323. [PMID: 31492189 PMCID: PMC6731554 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport stress not only causes physiological changes but also induces behavioral responses, including anxiety-like and depression-like behavioral responses in animals. The neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays a pivotal role in transport stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute transport stress on the expression of nNOS and the distribution of nNOS-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus in rats and to explore the neuroendocrine mechanism of transport stress. RESULTS In this study, for the first time, we investigated the effects of transport stress on nitric oxide (NO)-NOS in the hypothalamus. After simulated stress, rats exhibited behavioral changes in the open field test (OFT), increased serum corticosterone (CORT) and norepinephrine (NE) levels, and increased NO content in the hypothalamus. In addition, nNOS expression in the hypothalamic PVN was upregulated, and its distribution was altered in stressed rats compared with that of unstressed rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that simulated transport stress increases nNOS expression and alters its distribution in the PVN of the rat hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mingyuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Theses for a metatheory of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Goshen I, Huss E, Koch SC. Creating an Embodied Phenomenological Typology for Describing the Qualitative Experience of Traumatic Space from Continued Bombings. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2018.1507471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilai Goshen
- Shaar Hanegev Psychological Services, Hadarom, Israel
| | - Ephrat Huss
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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195
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Vila G, Godin C, Charbonnier S, Sakri O, Labyt E, Campagne A. Physiological response to acute stress against confounding factors: a white-box research method. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Johansson L, Sacuiu S, Kern S, Guo X, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Zettergren A, Skoog I. Longstanding psychological stress in relation to biomarkers of neuronal dysfunction in cerebrospinal fluid: a 25-year follow-up study in women. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:111-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Bhaumik R, Ren X. Increased protein and mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), decreased CRF receptors and CRF binding protein in specific postmortem brain areas of teenage suicide subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:233-243. [PMID: 31005044 PMCID: PMC7061258 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function has been implicated in depression and suicidal behavior. This is based on the observation of an abnormal dexamethasone (DEX) and DEX-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test in patients with depression and suicidal behavior. Recently, some studies have also found abnormalities of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), CRF receptors (CRF-R) and CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) in depressed and suicidal patients. Some investigators have also observed increased levels of CRF in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and altered levels of MR, GR and CRF in the postmortem brain of depressed and suicidal subjects. We have earlier reported decreased protein and mRNA expression of GR and GILZ, a chaperone protein, in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide subjects. We have further studied CRF and its receptors in different areas of the postmortem brain of suicide subjects, i.e., the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIPPO), subiculum and amygdala (AMY) from teenage suicide subjects. The CRF and its receptors were determined in the PFC (Brodmann area 9), HIPPO, subiculum and different amygdaloid nuclei from 24 normal control subjects and 24 teenage suicide subjects. Protein expression of CRF, its receptors and CRF-BP was determined by immunolabeling using the Western blot technique and mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR (qPCR) technique. We found that the mRNA levels of CRF were significantly increased in the PFC, in the central amygdaloid nucleus (CeAMY) and in the subiculum. mRNA levels of CRF-R1 and CRF-BP were significantly decreased in the PFC. We did not find any changes in the HIPPO of any of the CRF components we studied. When we compared the protein expression of CRF components we found that CRF was significantly increased and CRF-R1, CRF-R2 and CRF-BP significantly decreased in the PFC. On the other hand, there were no changes in the protein expression of CRF components in the HIPPO. Our results in the postmortem brain suggest that, as found by clinical studies in the CSF, there are significant alterations of CRF and its receptors in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide subjects. These alterations of CRF and its components were region-specific, as changes were not generally observed in the HIPPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Corresponding Author: Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Phone (312) 413-4540, Fax: (312) 413-4547,
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Abstract
Objectives: Literature suggests C-reactive protein (CRP)-as a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation-may mediate the linkage between chronic stressors and cardiometabolic conditions. Previous population-based reports are based on weak methodologies and may have yielded incorrect inferences. The current study examined linkages of within-person CRP variation with corresponding variation in stressor burdens. Method: Data were from the 2006, 2010, and 2014 waves of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study. Analysis was through unit fixed effects and first-difference estimators. Both gender-combined and gender-specific models were run. Results: In none of the analyses was CRP positively associated with chronic stressors. This was true among both genders, and in models of linear as well as nonlinear change. Results held in a series of separate robustness checks. Discussion: CRP may not mediate the social etiology of degenerative diseases. Population representative evidence of inflammation's role in these processes remains absent.
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Wang X, Duan H, Kan Y, Wang B, Qi S, Hu W. The creative thinking cognitive process influenced by acute stress in humans: an electroencephalography study. Stress 2019; 22:472-481. [PMID: 31023110 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1604665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the underlying neural mechanism of acute stress affecting creative thinking. Twenty-six male participants underwent the Alternative Uses Test before and after acute stress test (Montreal Imaging Stress Task). Compared to before stress, stressed participants responded with higher salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase. The electroencephalogram results indicated a general decrease in upper-frequency alpha power after stress, compared with that of before stress. The decrease in upper-frequency alpha power observed in the first stage after exposure to stress was related to memory and attention. Additionally, stress also reduced the differences between individuals with different creative abilities. In summary, these findings indicated that acute stress impaired creative thinking and primarily affected the earlier phase of the process of creative cognition. This study provides some practical implications for educational practice and corporate innovation in that a more relaxed environment promotes creative output. Lay Summary Acute stress impaired creative thinking performance and mainly affects the earlier phase of the process of creative cognition. Additionally, stress seems to reduce the differences between individuals with different creative abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Haijun Duan
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P. R. China
- b Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Towards Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yuecui Kan
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Botao Wang
- c Mental Health Education Center, Xidian University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Senqing Qi
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Weiping Hu
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P. R. China
- b Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Towards Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University , Beijing , P. R. China
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