151
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Enterohormonal Changes After Digestive Adaptation: Five-Year Results of a Surgical Proposal to Treat Obesity and Associated Diseases. Obes Surg 2007; 18:17-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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152
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Maiorana A, Del Bianco C, Cianfarani S. Adipose Tissue: A Metabolic Regulator. Potential Implications for the Metabolic Outcome of Subjects Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA). Rev Diabet Stud 2007; 4:134-46. [PMID: 18084671 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2007.4.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, energy balance, inflammation and immune response. Abdominal obesity plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance because of the high lipolytic rate of visceral adipose tissue and its secretion of adipocytokines. Low birth weight subjects are prone to central redistribution of adipose tissue and are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Intrauterine adipogenesis may play a key role in the fetal origin of the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, knowledge of the behavior of visceral adipose tissue-derived stem cells could provide a greater understanding of the metabolic risk related to intrauterine growth retardation, with potential clinical implications for the prevention of long-term metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Maiorana
- Rina Balducci Center of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Tor Vergata University, 00133-Rome, Italy
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153
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Lupattelli G, Marchesi S, Ronti T, Lombardini R, Bruscoli S, Bianchini R, Vaudo G, Riccardi C, Mannarino E. Endothelial dysfunction in vivo is related to monocyte resistin mRNA expression. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007; 32:373-9. [PMID: 17635339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistin could be the linkage between the adipose tissue and the insulin resistance. In humans, the role of resistin on metabolic and vascular homeostasis is not well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between resistin expression and insulin resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated the relationship between monocyte expression of mRNA and anthropometric and metabolic parameters of insulin resistance. We focused on the potential role of resistin on endothelial function. Thirty-nine patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and clinically free from cardiovascular disease, and 15 healthy subjects were included in this study. All subjects underwent clinical examination, assessment of haematochemical parameters, bioimpedentiometry, measurement of monocyte resistin mRNA and of brachial-artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV). Patients with MS showed higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL; 2.1 +/- 1.2 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.9 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and reduced FMV (5.4 +/- 3.9 vs. 8.3 +/- 3.1%, P < 0.05). The subjects were divided into two groups: (i) subjects with high expression mRNA resistin levels and (ii) subjects with low or not detectable; Group 1 was younger (50 +/- 13 vs. 59 +/- 11 years, P = 0.01), showed higher IL-6 values (2.3 +/- 1.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 1.2, P = 0.03) and lower values of FMV (4.3 +/- 2.8 vs. 7.4 +/- 3.9%, P = 0.003). With univariate analysis monocyte mRNA showed a significant positive correlation with waist circumference (r = 0.27, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (r = 0.26, P < 0.05) and a negative correlation with FMV (r = -0.38, P < 0.005). With multivariate regression analysis brachial-artery diameter, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-6 and RNAm resistin expression were independent predictors of reduced FMV. CONCLUSIONS mRNA resistin negatively influences FMV, and is a possible in vivo index of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lupattelli
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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154
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Qatanani M, Lazar MA. Mechanisms of obesity-associated insulin resistance: many choices on the menu. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1443-55. [PMID: 17575046 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1550907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In the past decade, a large number of endocrine, inflammatory, neural, and cell-intrinsic pathways have been shown to be dysregulated in obesity. Although it is possible that one of these factors plays a dominant role, many of these factors are interdependent, and it is likely that their dynamic interplay underlies the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. Understanding the biology of these systems will inform the search for interventions that specifically prevent or treat insulin resistance and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Qatanani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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155
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Freitas ACTD. Cirurgia gastrointestinal no tratamento da diabete tipo 2. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202007000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RACIONAL: Evidências científicas demonstram o controle metabólico da diabete tipo 2 obtido com diversas intervenções sobre o sistema gastrointestinal, principalmente as operações bariátricas. OBJETIVOS: Revisar os dados da literatura referentes aos efeitos da cirurgia gastrointestinal na diabete tipo 2, especialmente os relacionados ao controle metabólico e sua fisiopatologia. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada pesquisa no Medline em páginas da internet procurando referências de artigos de maior relevância e estudos apresentados e publicados nos anais da conferência de Roma sobre os efeitos da cirurgia gastrointestinal no tratamento da diabete tipo 2 em 2007. Revisão da literatura - Entre as operações bariátricas, as derivações biliopancreáticas apresentam as mais altas taxas de controle da diabete tipo 2, seguidas pelo bypass gástrico e pela banda gástrica. Esse controle está relacionado à perda de peso e redução da ingestão de alimentos. As derivações biliopancreáticas e o bypass gástrico apresentam ainda efeito importante promovido por modificações hormonais. Os hormônios mais significativos são: o GLP-1, o GIP, o PYY, a grelina, a leptina, o IGF-1 e a adiponectina. Além dos efeitos sobre o controle do apetite no hipotálamo, os hormônios apresentam ação sobre as células β, promovem a secreção de insulina e diminuem sua resistência periférica. Duas hipóteses foram formuladas para explicar as modificações desses hormônios: a do intestino anterior, em que a exclusão do duodeno e do jejuno proximal previne a secreção de algum agente ainda não identificado que promove a resistência periférica à insulina; e a do intestino posterior, em que a derivação intestinal promove a passagem rápida do quimo até o intestino distal e induz à secreção precoce dos hormônios que promovem o controle da diabete. Além das operações bariátricas tradicionais, novos procedimentos promissores foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos. Entre eles estão o bypass duodeno-jejunal, a interposição ileal e as ressecções intestinais associadas à gastrectomia vertical. Esses novos procedimentos ainda são considerados experimentais. CONCLUSÃO: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos sobre o trato gastrointestinal, principalmente as cirurgias bariátricas, proporcionam controle metabólico da diabete tipo 2. Entre as cirurgias bariátricas os melhores resultados são obtidos com as derivações biliopancreáticas seguidas pelo bypass gástrico e pela banda gástrica. Novos procedimentos cirúrgicos, ainda considerados experimentais, estão demonstrando resultados preliminares favoráveis ao controle metabólico da diabete tipo 2.
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156
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Abstract
The concept of a metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of pre-clinical metabolic alterations commonly associated with obesity, is the object of much debate. Genetic studies have the potential to contribute to some of the key questions, including the true nature of the cluster of pre-clinical features and whether it is associated with human genetic variation. This review summarizes the evidence for the presence of familial aggregation for the individual components of MetS and their heritability levels. It also provides an overview of the studies that have dealt with candidate genes for MetS. Potential leads from genome-wide linkage scans are also discussed. The assumption is made that obesity, ectopic fat deposition and abnormal adipose tissue metabolism are responsible for alterations in lipid metabolism, which in turn generates the commonly observed pre-clinical shifts in glucose tolerance, lipids and lipoprotein profile, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, endothelial function, and a prothrombotic state. Progress in the understanding of the genetic basis of MetS should occur as soon as a consensus is reached on the true nature of MetS, its components and diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terán-García
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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157
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Duman BS, Cagatay P, Hatemi H, Ozturk M. Association of Resistin Gene 3'-Untranslated Region EX4-44G-->A Polymorphism with Obesity- and Insulin-Related Phenotypes in Turkish Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Rev Diabet Stud 2007; 4:49-55. [PMID: 17565416 PMCID: PMC1892521 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2007.4.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, has been associated with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in some, but not all, rodent models. In humans, the exact function of resistin is unkown. Because 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) single nucleotide substitutions (SNPs) have been shown to affect gene expression, we examined the EX4-44G-->A SNP in the 3'-UTR of exon 3 within the resistin gene. The objective of this study was to investigate, for the first time in a Turkish study group, whether the 3'-UTR EX4-44G-->A variation in the resistin gene influences the development of T2DM, obesity and insulin-related phenotypes. We analyzed the genotype frequencies of the EX4-44G-->A polymorphism of the resistin gene in 116 type 2 diabetic and 102 normal subjects. Serum lipids, obesity-related and insulin-related phenotypes were analyzed. No significant difference for genotypic frequencies were observed for the BseRI restriction site in type 2 diabetic patients as compared to controls. Waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, body fat and apoAI levels were found to be affected by resistin genotype. In the control group, BMI (p < 0.01), HIS (p < 0.05) and BF (p < 0.05) levels were found to be elevated, whereas HOMA beta-cell index (p < 0.01) and apo AI (p < 0.05) levels were found to be decreased in GG genotype carriers. In the diabetic group, the GG genotype carriers were found to have higher BMI levels (p < 0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.05), body fat (p < 0.01), HOMA (p < 0.001) and fasting insulin (p < 0.05), but lower HbA1c levels in comparison to GC + AA carriers. These data suggest that, in the Turkish study group, the EX4-44G-->A polymorphism of the resistin gene is associated with insulin and obesity-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Susleyici Duman
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Penbe Cagatay
- Department of Biostatistics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Husrev Hatemi
- Turkish Diabetes Hospital, Dr. Celal Oker Street. No. 10, Harbiye, Turkey
| | - Melek Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Address correspondence to: Melek Ozturk, e-mail:
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158
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Abstract
Over the past decade it has been established that adipose tissue is capable of secreting a variety of hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and other peptides that are capable of changing adipocyte biology as well as different organ systems, like the central nervous system, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscles. Also, it is well known that changes of thyroid function are associated with marked changes in both body weight and energy expenditure. In recent years an extensive research is under way to explore the mutual roles of different adipokines and thyroid hormones. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge on the role of basic peptides of adipose tissue, such as adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and resistin, in states of altered thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pontikides
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Panagia General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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159
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Weber-Hamann B, Kratzsch J, Kopf D, Lederbogen F, Gilles M, Heuser I, Deuschle M. Resistin and adiponectin in major depression: the association with free cortisol and effects of antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:344-50. [PMID: 16497334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction. Adipokines have been shown to link obesity with metabolic disturbances. Based on this finding the present study was designed to investigate the effect of antidepressive treatment with either amitriptyline or paroxetine on circulating concentrations of resistin and adiponectin in depressed patients, and to establish, whether these adipokines are associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-system. Thirty-seven depressed in-patients were treated in a double-blind, randomized protocol with either amitriptyline or paroxetine over a period of five weeks. After six drug free days blood was drawn on day 1 and again 36 days after antidepressive treatment for the measurement of resistin and adiponectin, fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. For quantification of free cortisol levels saliva was obtained daily at 0800 hours during weeks 1 and 5. While resistin concentrations decreased in patients remitting under amitriptyline and paroxetine (p<0.03), no changes were observed in non-remitters. At baseline, though not during treatment, circulating resistin concentrations correlated positively with free cortisol levels and with BMI (p<0.01). Adiponectin levels, however, did not change during treatment and were not associated with free cortisol concentrations but were instead positively related to QUICKI (p<0.03). In conclusion, the present data revealed resistin but not adiponectin to be related to free cortisol concentrations and to decline in remitters to antidepressive treatment.
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160
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Abstract
Insulin resistance typically reflects multiple defects of insulin receptor and post-receptor signalling that impair a diverse range of metabolic and vascular actions. Many potential intervention targets and compounds with therapeutic activity have been described. Proof of principle for a non-peptide insulin mimetic has been demonstrated by specific activation of the intracellular B-subunit of the insulin receptor. Potentiation of insulin action has been achieved with agents that enhance phosphorylation and prolong the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor and its protein substrates after activation by insulin. These include inhibitors of phosphatases and serine kinases that normally prevent or terminate tyrosine kinase signalling. Additional approaches involve increasing the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other downstream components of the insulin signalling pathways. Experimental interventions to remove signalling defects caused by cytokines, certain adipocyte hormones, excess fatty acids, glucotoxicity and negative feedback by distal signalling steps have also indicated therapeutic possibilities. Several hormones, metabolic enzymes, minerals, co-factors and transcription co-activators have shown insulin-sensitising potential. Since insulin resistance affects many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, it provides an opportunity for simultaneous therapeutic attack on a broad front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford J Bailey
- Deabetes Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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161
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Neumann E, Knedla A, Meier F, Tarner IH, Büchler C, Schäffler A, Müller-Ladner U. Adipozytokine als treibende Faktoren bei rheumatoider Arthritis. Z Rheumatol 2007; 66:139-41. [PMID: 17333076 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-007-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Neumann
- Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim.
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162
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Gu N, Han SP, Fei L, Pan XQ, Guo M, Chen RH, Guo XR. Resistin-binding peptide antagonizes role of resistin on white adipose tissue. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:221-6. [PMID: 17241525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the direct effects of resistin and resistin-binding peptide (RBP) on lipid metabolism and endocrine function in adipose tissue. METHODS Rat white adipose tissue was cultured in vitro and incubated for 24 h with 30 ng/mL recombinant rat resistin protein (rResistin) or combined with RBP of varying concentrations(1x10(-12) mol/L, 1x10(-10) mol/L, 1x10(-8) mol/L). Free fatty acids (FFA) released into medium was measured by a colorimetric kit. The levels of protein secretion and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and adiponectin were detected by ELISA kit and RT-PCR respectively. RESULTS The levels of FFA released into medium were significantly increased after 24 h of exposure to rResistin, but significantly decreased after RBP was applied, although there was no difference between the 3 concentrations. The protein level and gene expression of TNF-alpha in adipose tissue were significantly increased after 24 h of exposure to rResistin, but only obviously decreased after incubated with 1x10(-8) mol/L RBP. The levels of protein secretion and mRNA expression of adiponectin in adipose tissue were significantly decreased after 24 h of exposure to rResistin, but increased after incubated with RBP with the higher concentrations. CONCLUSION RBP can effectively antagonize the role of resistin on the lipid metabolism and endocrine function of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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163
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Bertolani C, Sancho-Bru P, Failli P, Bataller R, Aleffi S, DeFranco R, Mazzinghi B, Romagnani P, Milani S, Ginés P, Colmenero J, Parola M, Gelmini S, Tarquini R, Laffi G, Pinzani M, Marra F. Resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine: overexpression during chronic injury and induction of proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007. [PMID: 17148667 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance accelerate the progression of fibrosis during chronic liver disease. Resistin antagonizes insulin action in rodents, but its role in humans is still controversial. The aims of this study were to investigate resistin expression in human liver and to evaluate whether resistin may affect the biology of activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), key modulators of hepatic fibrogenesis. Resistin gene expression was low in normal human liver but was increased in conditions of severe fibrosis. Up-regulation of resistin during chronic liver damage was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In a group of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, resistin expression correlated with inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a possible action on HSCs. Exposure of cultured HSCs to recombinant resistin resulted in increased expression of the proinflammatory chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8, through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. Resistin induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration, mainly through calcium release from intracellular inositol triphosphate-sensitive pools. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM blocked resistin-induced NF-kappaB activation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. In conclusion, this study shows a role for resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine exerting proinflammatory actions in HSCs, via a Ca2+/NF-kappaB-dependent pathway and suggests involvement of this adipokine in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Bertolani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85, I-50134 Florence, Italy, and the Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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164
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Bertolani C, Sancho-Bru P, Failli P, Bataller R, Aleffi S, DeFranco R, Mazzinghi B, Romagnani P, Milani S, Ginés P, Colmenero J, Parola M, Gelmini S, Tarquini R, Laffi G, Pinzani M, Marra F. Resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine: overexpression during chronic injury and induction of proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 169:2042-53. [PMID: 17148667 PMCID: PMC1762467 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance accelerate the progression of fibrosis during chronic liver disease. Resistin antagonizes insulin action in rodents, but its role in humans is still controversial. The aims of this study were to investigate resistin expression in human liver and to evaluate whether resistin may affect the biology of activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), key modulators of hepatic fibrogenesis. Resistin gene expression was low in normal human liver but was increased in conditions of severe fibrosis. Up-regulation of resistin during chronic liver damage was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In a group of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, resistin expression correlated with inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a possible action on HSCs. Exposure of cultured HSCs to recombinant resistin resulted in increased expression of the proinflammatory chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8, through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. Resistin induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration, mainly through calcium release from intracellular inositol triphosphate-sensitive pools. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM blocked resistin-induced NF-kappaB activation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. In conclusion, this study shows a role for resistin as an intrahepatic cytokine exerting proinflammatory actions in HSCs, via a Ca2+/NF-kappaB-dependent pathway and suggests involvement of this adipokine in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Bertolani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85, I-50134 Florence, Italy, and the Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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165
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Seow KM, Juan CC, Ho LT, Hsu YP, Lin YH, Huang LW, Hwang JL. Adipocyte resistin mRNA levels are down-regulated by laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery in both obese and lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:1100-6. [PMID: 17208941 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate serum and adipocyte mRNA expression of resistin in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) before and 3 months after laparoscopic ovarian electrocauterization (LOE). METHODS Adipose tissue obtained from 12 women with PCOS (six obese and six lean, body mass index > 27 kg m(-1) as threshold point) before and after LOE was analysed. Gene expression of resistin was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Ten lean, age-matched healthy women served as controls. RESULTS Both lean and obese women with PCOS had significantly higher fasting and 2 h insulin and homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA(IR)) values and lower fasting glucose-to-insulin ratios (G(0)/I(0)) than did the controls. The serum levels of glucose and insulin and HOMA(IR) were significantly decreased, and the G(0)/I(0) ratio was significantly increased 3 months after LOE. No difference was found in serum resistin levels between controls and either obese or lean women with PCOS before LOE, nor between PCOS patients before and after LOE. However, resistin mRNA expression levels in both lean and obese women with PCOS before LOE were significantly higher than that in controls and were decreased significantly after LOE back to control levels. CONCLUSION Local resistin activity may be actively involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. LOE reduces insulin resistance and down-regulates resistin mRNA expression in lean and obese women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Min Seow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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166
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Nien JK, Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Gotsch F, Pineles BL, Friel LA, Espinoza J, Goncalves L, Santolaya J, Gomez R, Hong JS, Edwin S, Soto E, Richani K, Mazor M, Hassan SS. Resistin: a hormone which induces insulin resistance is increased in normal pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2007; 35:513-21. [PMID: 17919114 PMCID: PMC2413054 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2007.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Resistin, a newly discovered adipokine, is thought to play a key role in the regulation of insulin resistance. The objectives of this study were to develop a nomogram of maternal plasma concentrations of resistin from 11 weeks of gestation to term and to determine whether resistin concentrations differ between normal and overweight pregnant women. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, plasma concentrations of resistin were determined in normal pregnant women of normal body mass index (BMI 18.5-24.9; n=261), overweight pregnant women (BMI > or =25; n=140), and non-pregnant women of normal BMI (n=40). Blood samples were collected once from each woman between the first trimester and term. Percentiles for resistin concentration were determined for five pre-specified windows of gestational age. Plasma resistin concentration was determined by immunoassay. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS The median maternal plasma concentration of resistin between 11 to 14 weeks of gestation in women of normal weight was significantly higher than non-pregnant women; the plasma concentration of resistin increased with gestational age. CONCLUSIONS Normal pregnant women have a higher median plasma concentration of resistin than non-pregnant women and the concentration of this adipokine increases with advancing gestation. Alterations in the maternal plasma concentration of resistin during pregnancy could contribute to metabolic changes of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh Kae Nien
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI., Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Beth L. Pineles
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Lara A. Friel
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Luis Goncalves
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Joaquin Santolaya
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Center for Perinatal Diagnosis and Research (CEDIP), Hospital Sotero del Rio, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Puente Alto, Chile
| | - Joon-Seok Hong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Samuel Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Eleazar Soto
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Karina Richani
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Moshe Mazor
- Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, MI
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167
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Nagaev I, Bokarewa M, Tarkowski A, Smith U. Human resistin is a systemic immune-derived proinflammatory cytokine targeting both leukocytes and adipocytes. PLoS One 2006; 1:e31. [PMID: 17183659 PMCID: PMC1762367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of human resistin (RETN) are unclear and controversial despite intensive adipose-focused research. Its transcriptional and functional similarity with the murine myeloid-specific and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon (Cebpe)-dependent gene, resistin-like gamma (Retnlg), is unexplored. We examined the human CEBPE-regulatory pathway by unbiased reference and custom gene expression assays. Real-time RT-PCR analysis demonstrated lack of both the transcriptional factor CEBPE and RETN expression in adipose and muscle cells. In contrast, primary myelocytic samples revealed a concerted CEBPE-RETN transcription that was significantly elevated in inflammatory synoviocytes relative to intact peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Mouse Cebpe and Retnlg were predictably expressed in macrophages, whereas Retn was abundant in adipocytes. Quite the opposite, a low and inconsistent RETN transcription was seen in some human white adipose tissue (WAT) biopsies without any relationship to body mass index, insulin sensitivity, or fat depot. However, in these cases, RETN was co-detected with CEBPE and the leukocyte-specific marker, EMR1, indicating the presence of inflammatory cells and their possible resistin-mediated effect on adipocytes. Indeed, addition of human resistin to WAT in culture induced, like in PBMC, the inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL8 and TNF. Importantly, the expression of the adipose-specific markers CEBPA, FABP4 and SLC2A4 was unchanged, while the expected inhibitory effect was seen with TNF. Both cytokines increased the mRNA level of CCL2 and MMP3, which may further promote inflammation in WAT. Thus, the myeloid-restricted nature of CEBPE precludes the expression of RETN in human adipocytes which, however, are targeted by this innate immune-derived proinflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nagaev
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. ivan.nagaev@.gu.se
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168
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da Silva JLT, Barbosa DS, de Oliveira JA, Guedes DP. Distribuição centrípeta da gordura corporal, sobrepeso e aptidão cardiorrespiratória: associação com sensibilidade insulínica e alterações metabólicas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 50:1034-40. [PMID: 17221109 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar associações entre a distribuição centrípeta da gordura corporal e lipídios-lipoproteínas séricos, pressão arterial e índice Homa-IR de resistência insulínica, mediante ajuste estatístico de indicadores quanto ao sobrepeso e à aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Foram analisados 89 voluntários (44 homens e 45 mulheres). A distribuição centrípeta da gordura foi analisada através de circunferência da cintura (CC) e o sobrepeso pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC). A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi acompanhada pelo VO2máx estimado por teste de caminhada. Após ajuste pelos valores de IMC verificamos coeficientes de correlação significativos entre CC e níveis de pressão arterial e ApoB em homens, e entre CC e índice Homa-IR e triglicerídios em mulheres. Após ajuste pelos valores de VO2máx observamos correlações significativas entre CC e ApoB e índice Homa-IR em homens, e entre CC e índice Homa-IR em mulheres. Conclui-se que, dependendo do sexo, a quantidade e a distribuição da gordura corporal podem apresentar ações distintas na resistência insulínica e nas disfunções associadas. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória per se parece não contribuir na minimização da associação entre a distribuição centrípeta da gordura e o índice Homa-IR; porém, apresenta considerável impacto na associação entre a distribuição centrípeta da gordura e o metabolismo lipídico e os níveis de pressão arterial, sobretudo nos homens.
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169
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Efstathiou SP, Tsiakou AG, Tsioulos DI, Panagiotou TN, Pefanis AV, Achimastos AD, Mountokalakis TD. Prognostic significance of plasma resistin levels in patients with atherothrombotic ischemic stroke. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 378:78-85. [PMID: 17173885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistin (RSN) is an adipocytokine involved in insulin resistance, obesity and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between plasma RSN and outcome after ischemic stroke. METHODS RSN measured within 24 h after the event was related to functional outcome and 5-year survival in 211 subjects with first-ever atherothrombotic ischemic stroke. Prognosis was assessed by the Kaplan Meier and the Cox techniques. RESULTS The probabilities of death were 80.4%, 46.2% and 15.7% (p<0.001) for patients stratified according to tertiles of RSN (>30 ng/mL, 20-30 ng/mL and<20 ng/mL, respectively). The proportion of dependency (modified Rankin Scale score>or=3) was greater in 5-year survivors with RSN in the upper tertile (6/11 [54.5%]) compared to the middle (20/56 [35.7%]) and the lowest tertile (8/43 [18.6%]; p<0.01). C-reactive protein levels (hazard ratio [HR] 3.96 [95% CI 2.06, 8.91]; p<0.001), coronary heart disease (2.69 [1.62, 6.23]; p<0.001), RSN levels (2.12 [1.31, 5.08] p<0.001), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score (2.02 [1.23, 4.49]; p<0.01) and age (1.84 [1.19, 3.93]; p<0.01) were independent predictors of death. CONCLUSIONS High plasma RSN appears to be associated with increased risk of 5-year mortality or disability after atherothrombotic ischemic stroke, independently of other adverse predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis P Efstathiou
- Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Hygeias Melathron, Third University Department of Medicine, Medical School, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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170
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Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:772-83. [PMID: 16998510 DOI: 10.1038/nri1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2168] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been much effort recently to define the role of adipocytokines, which are soluble mediators derived mainly from adipocytes (fat cells), in the interaction between adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. The adipocytokines adiponectin and leptin have emerged as the most abundant adipocyte products, thereby redefining adipose tissue as a key component not only of the endocrine system, but also of the immune system. Indeed, as we discuss here, several adipocytokines have a central role in the regulation of insulin resistance, as well as many aspects of inflammation and immunity. Other adipocytokines, such as visfatin, have only recently been identified. Understanding this rapidly growing family of mainly adipocyte-derived mediators might be of importance in the development of new therapies for obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Gut Inflammation and Department of Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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171
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Perseghin G, Burska A, Lattuada G, Alberti G, Costantino F, Ragogna F, Oggionni S, Scollo A, Terruzzi I, Luzi L. Increased serum resistin in elite endurance athletes with high insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1893-900. [PMID: 16685503 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Resistin is an adipokine associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in animal models, but in humans its role remains uncertain. This study was undertaken to test whether serum resistin is related to insulin resistance and markers of low-grade inflammation in elite athletes taken as a model of extreme insulin sensitivity. SUBJECTS MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 23 elite athletes (sprinters, middle-distance and marathon runners) and in 72 sedentary men including lean and obese individuals with NGT, and obese individuals with IGT or new-onset type 2 diabetes, we assessed insulin sensitivity using a whole-body insulin-sensitivity index (WBISI) derived from a 3-h OGTT; energy homeostasis was also assessed by means of indirect calorimetry, along with circulating adipokines and low-grade pro-inflammatory cyto-chemokines. RESULTS Professional athletes had increased WBISIs (p<0.001) and lipid oxidation (p<0.03); they also showed higher serum resistin concentrations (p<0.001), although the pro-inflammatory chemokines were not increased in comparison with the other study groups. Resistin was independently associated only with fasting plasma NEFA. Increased resistin was detected in the middle-distance and marathon runners, but not in the sprinters when compared with the lean, young, sedentary individuals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Serum resistin concentration is increased in elite athletes, providing evidence against the notion that resistin levels reflect insulin resistance in humans, as seen in animal studies. Increased resistin was observed in aerobic-endurance, but not sustained-power athletes and this feature appeared to be independently associated with parameters of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perseghin
- Internal Medicine, Section of Nutrition/Metabolism and Unit of Clinical Spectroscopy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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172
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Santoro S, Velhote MCP, Malzoni CE, Milleo FQ, Klajner S, Campos FG. Preliminary results from digestive adaptation: a new surgical proposal for treating obesity, based on physiology and evolution. SAO PAULO MED J 2006; 124:192-7. [PMID: 17086299 PMCID: PMC11065371 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802006000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Most bariatric surgical techniques include essentially non-physiological features like narrowing anastomoses or bands, or digestive segment exclusion, especially the duodenum. This potentially causes symptoms or complications. The aim here was to report on the preliminary results from a new surgical technique for treating morbid obesity that takes a physiological and evolutionary approach. DESIGN AND SETTING Case series description, in Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and Hospital da Polícia Militar, São Paulo, and Hospital Vicentino, Ponta Grossa, Paraná. METHODS The technique included vertical (sleeve) gastrectomy, omentectomy and enterectomy that retained three meters of small bowel (initial jejunum and most of the ileum), i.e. the lower limit for normal adults. The operations on 100 patients are described. RESULTS The mean follow-up was nine months (range: one to 29 months). The mean reductions in body mass index were 4.3, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1 and 10.7 kg/m2, respectively at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months. All patients reported early satiety. There was major improvement in comorbidities, especially diabetes. Operative complications occurred in 7% of patients, all of them resolved without sequelae. There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS This procedure creates a proportionally reduced gastrointestinal tract, leaving its basic functions unharmed and producing adaptation of the gastric chamber size to hypercaloric diet. It removes the sources of ghrelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and resistin production and leads more nutrients to the distal bowel, with desirable metabolic consequences. Patients do not need nutritional support or drug medication. The procedure is straightforward and safe.
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173
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Menzaghi C, Coco A, Salvemini L, Thompson R, De Cosmo S, Doria A, Trischitta V. Heritability of serum resistin and its genetic correlation with insulin resistance-related features in nondiabetic Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:2792-5. [PMID: 16670163 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum levels of resistin are believed to modulate insulin resistance in humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum resistin levels are genetically controlled and whether this control is shared with other insulin resistance traits. DESIGN AND METHODS The study cohort included 264 nondiabetic probands, Caucasian from Italy, and their 473 adult family members. Phenotypic characterization included anthropometric variables, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin, lipid profile, and resistin levels. Genotypes were determined at position g.-420C-->G (rs1862513), IVS2+181G-->A (rs3745367), and GAT((n)) polymorphisms of the resistin (RETN) gene. RESULTS In the 264 unrelated probands, resistin levels were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with adiposity, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome score. In a variance component analysis of the 264 probands and their 473 relatives, about 70% of the observed variation of serum resistin levels was heritable (P < 0.0001). A small, but significant (P = 0.004) proportion of this variance was explained by the G-->A variation at position IVS2+181 of the RETN gene. Significant genetic correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between resistin and body mass index (rho(g) = 0.30), waist circumference (rho(g) = 0.32), the insulin resistance index HOMA(IR) (rho(g) = 0.28), and the metabolic syndrome score (rho(g) = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that serum resistin is highly heritable and has some common genetic background with traits related to insulin resistance, reinforcing the hypothesis that this adipokine may play a pathogenic role in insulin resistance-related abnormalities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Menzaghi
- Research Unit of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Scientific Institute "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) Italy.
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174
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Lubos E, Messow CM, Schnabel R, Rupprecht HJ, Espinola-Klein C, Bickel C, Peetz D, Post F, Lackner KJ, Tiret L, Münzel T, Blankenberg S. Resistin, acute coronary syndrome and prognosis results from the AtheroGene study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 193:121-8. [PMID: 16814296 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistin, an adipocyte and macrophage derived cytokine, causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. We investigated the impact of resistin as a diagnostic marker in patients with acute coronary syndrome and its prognostic value for future cardiovascular events. METHODS Resistin levels were determined in 1153 patients with stable angina (SAP), 380 patients with unstable angina, 278 patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 111 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). All patients have been followed up for a median follow-up of 2.6 years. During follow-up, 70 patients died from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS Compared to SAP, resistin levels (5.1 ng/mL in SAP) were elevated in patients with angina at rest (5.89 ng/mL, P=0.001), in patients with NSTEMI (6.00 ng/mL, P<0.001), and in patients with STEMI (5.98 ng/mL, P<0.001). Resistin levels rose at 3-6h after chest pain onset (5.46 ng/mL), persisted elevated among those individuals presenting between 6 and 12h after chest pain onset (5.57 ng/mL) and peaked in individuals presenting more than 12h after chest pain onset (5.74 ng/mL). An increase of one standard deviation of resistin levels was associated with a 1.22-fold (95% CI 1.04-1.43; P=0.02) risk for future fatal cardiovascular events in a model adjusted for risk factors and clinical and therapeutic variables. When adjustment for renal function was applied, this association lost its statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Resistin levels are elevated in patients presenting with unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI and might play a role as a diagnostic marker. In addition, systemic resistin level is moderately associated with future cardiovascular death in patients with documented coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lubos
- Department of Medicine II, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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175
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Yasuhara S, Kaneki M, Sugita H, Sugita M, Asai A, Sahani N, Chon JY, Tompkins RG, Martyn JAJ. Adipocyte Apoptosis After Burn Injury Is Associated With Altered Fat Metabolism. J Burn Care Res 2006; 27:367-76. [PMID: 16679908 DOI: 10.1097/01.bcr.0000216777.94365.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Burn injury often is associated with the abnormal lipid metabolism, including hyperlipidemia, desensitization to lipolytic responses to catecholamines, and reduction in the size of the white adipose tissue. Understanding the biological mechanisms for the decrease in fat mass despite desensitization to catecholamines is important both for the study of lipid metabolism and for the study of its relationship to concomitant insulin resistance. Using epididymal adipose tissue from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after burn injury (n = 102) or sham-burn injury (n = 102), we tested the hypothesis that a whole-body burn injury causes apoptosis in that tissue. At 1, 3, and 7 days after 40% to 50% body burn injury to the rat, epidydimal adipose tissue was harvested and studied for apoptotic changes and lipolytic properties. For apoptosis, paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue sections were analyzed by in situ TdT-mediated dUTP-X nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and tissue homogenates were also analyzed for DNA fragmentation by enzyme-linked immunoassay and ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction ladder assay. Isolated adipocytes were stimulated with isoprotenerol, and glycerol production was measured as a reflector of effectiveness of lipolysis. Epididymal adipose tissue showed increased apoptosis manifested by the positive TUNEL staining and increased DNA fragmentation by enzyme-linked immunoassay at day 3 and 7 after burn injury. The DNA fragmentation was confirmed further by the ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction ladder assay. This elevated DNA fragmentation persisted in the burned animals from day 3 until day 7 after burn injury, the end of observation period. Increase in apoptosis was correlated with decrease in DNA content and tissue weight in the epidydimis. At the functional level, a significant decrease in isoproterenol-induced lipolytic activity (glycerol production) was observed to almost 50% of control level at day 3 and 7 but was not decreased at day 1. Apoptosis of adipocytes may play a role in the altered lipid metabolism, including hyperlipidemia observed in burned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yasuhara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Burns Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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176
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Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes bioactive peptides, termed 'adipokines', which act locally and distally through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects. In obesity, increased production of most adipokines impacts on multiple functions such as appetite and energy balance, immunity, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, blood pressure, lipid metabolism and haemostasis, all of which are linked with cardiovascular disease. Enhanced activity of the tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 are involved in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. Angiotensinogen has been implicated in hypertension and plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in impaired fibrinolysis. Other adipokines like adiponectin and leptin, at least in physiological concentrations, are insulin sparing as they stimulate beta oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle. The role of resistin is less understood. It is implicated in insulin resistance in rats, but probably not in humans. Reducing adipose tissue mass, through weight loss in association with exercise, can lower TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels and increase adiponectin concentrations, whereas drugs such as thiazolinediones increase endogenous adiponectin production. In-depth understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular actions of adipokines may, in the coming years, lead to effective therapeutic strategies designed to protect against atherosclerosis in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ronti
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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177
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Lu HL, Wang HW, Wen Y, Zhang MX, Lin HH. Roles of adipocyte derived hormone adiponectin and resistin in insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1747-51. [PMID: 16586545 PMCID: PMC4124351 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i11.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect plasma levels of new adipocyte derived hormone adiponectin and resistin in type 2 diabetes patients and to explore their potential roles in insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
METHODS: According to the body mass index (BMI), 60 type 2 diabetes patients were divided into two groups, one group was non-obese diabetes patients with BMI < 25Kg/M2 (30 cases) and the other group was obese diabetes patients with BMI >25Kg/M2 (30 cases). There were 28 healthy persons in the control group. ELISA technique was employed to determine the plasma adiponectin and resistin concentrations. The fasting blood glucose, insulin and blood lipid were detected respectively by electrocheminescence immunoassay and immunoturbidimetric assay. Insulin resistance index and insulin sensitive index were calculated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMO).
RESULTS: The levels of plasma adiponectin were decreased significantly in diabetes group compared to that in control group (non-obese: 8.58 ±0.86, obese: 6.22 ±1.34 vs 10.53 ±1.47 P < 0.05); moreover, adiponectin concentration in obese diabetes group was significantly decreased compared to that in non-obese diabetes group (6.22 ±1.34 vs 8.58 ±0.86, P < 0.05). The levels of plasma resistin were increased significantly in diabetes group compared to that in control group (obese: 18.64 ±4.65, non-obese: 24.05 ± 9.07 vs 14.16 ±5.25, P < 0.05, P < 0.05); furthermore, the levels of resistin in obese diabetes group were increased significantly compared to that in non-obese diabetes group (P < 0.05). Plasma adiponectin was correlated negatively with BMI, blood glucose, insulin resistance index and triglyceride (respectively, r = - 0.55, P < 0.01; r = - 0.51, P < 0.05; r = - 0.52, P < 0.05;r = - 0.39, P < 0.05), while it was positively correlated with insulin sensitive index (r=0.45, P < 0.05). Conversely, plasma resistin correlated positively with BMI, blood glucose, triglyceride and insulin resistance index (respectively, r = 0.40, P < 0.05; r = 0.52, P < 0.05; r = 0.46, P < 0.01; r = 0.27, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with insulin sensitive index (r = - 0.32, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Plasma adiponectin and resistin are associated with the disorder of metabolism of glucose and lipid in diabetes. The relationship between these hormone and insulin sensitivity suggests that they may take part in the development of insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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178
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Mitchell M, Armstrong DT, Robker RL, Norman RJ. Adipokines: implications for female fertility and obesity. Reproduction 2006; 130:583-97. [PMID: 16264089 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a diverse set of metabolic disorders, and has reproductive consequences that are complex and not well understood. The adipose tissue-produced leptin has dominated the literature with regards to female fertility complications, but it is pertinent to explore the likely role of other adipokines--adiponectin and resistin--as our understanding of their biological functions emerge. Leptin influences the developing embryo, the functioning of the ovary and the endometrium, interacts with the release and activity of gonadotrophins and the hormones that control their synthesis. In this review such biological actions and potential roles of the adipokines leptin, adiponectin and resistin are explored in relation to female fertility and the complexity of the obese metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitchell
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Australia, 5011
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179
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Lopez IP, Milagro FI, Marti A, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martinez JA, De Miguel C. High-fat feeding period affects gene expression in rat white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 275:109-15. [PMID: 16335790 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-1082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of 76 sequences, previously isolated as differentially expressed in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) of female rats, fed with a high-fat diet for 11 days (Lopez et al., Biochem Biophys Res Comm 318: 234-239, 2004), was analyzed in epidydimal WAT of male rats after a feeding period of 65 days with the same diet, using microarray technology. After Northern blot validation of the results, only three genes appeared upregulated (caveolin-2, the alpha-1 chain of haemoglobin and rat mammary tumor-7) and two downregulated (adiponectin and dystroglycan). We have also analyzed caveolin-1 gene expression and found that follows the opposite pattern of caveolin-2, indicating that they are inversely regulated. Our results suggest that if feeding with a high-fat diet is prolonged, many of the initial changes in gene expression, probably aimed to consume the energy surplus and prevent excessive fat deposition, are not maintained, and adaptation to an increased lipid storage is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Navarra, Spain
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180
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Zhou L, Xia T, Li Y, Chen X, Peng Y, Yang Z. Transcriptional regulation of the resistin gene. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 30:98-107. [PMID: 16076545 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, which is a protein that is secreted exclusively by adipocytes, plays an important role in insulin resistance and adipocyte differentiation. Adipocytes express significant amounts of resistin mRNA, while preadipocytes express low levels of resistin mRNA. The mechanism that causes this difference is unclear. Therefore, we studied the mechanism regulating resistin expression and the roles of different transcriptional factors in this process. The results from fluorescent photography and semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and cyclic AMP response-element-binding protein (CREB) had no effect on resistin expression. By contrast, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha) increased resistin mRNA levels both in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and in 293T cells. The relative increase in the amount of resistin mRNA in the 293T cells was much larger than that in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Moreover, while C/EBPalpha was necessary for resistin expression, we found that up-regulating C/EBPalpha levels alone was not sufficient to induce a similar level of resistin in preadipocytes to that in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan city, Hubei Province 430070, China
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181
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Fujinami A, Ohta K, Matsui H, Kitada N, Kitaura Y, Kawahara Y, Obayashi H, Kuno S, Nakamura N, Ohta M. Resistin concentrations in murine adipose tissue and serum measured by a new enzyme immunoassay. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:199-205. [PMID: 16571844 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In an attempt to clarify the conflicting data on resistin mRNA expression and protein analysis by western blotting in adipose tissue and serum, we developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for direct measurement of mouse resistin. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We developed polyclonal antibodies directed to the N (21 to 40) and C (79 to 91) termini of mouse resistin. Then, affinity-purified anti-C-terminal resistin immunoglobin G (IgG) was biotinylated. ELISA was based on the sandwiching of antigen between antibody IgG coated on polystyrene plates and biotinylated antibody IgG. The bound biotinylated antibody was quantified with streptavidin-linked horseradish peroxidase. RESULTS New ELISA can measure a concentration as low as 0.5 ng/mL of recombinant mouse resistin and is sensitive and specific enough to measure resistin protein in various adipose tissues and in sera. In normal mice, decreases in resistin concentrations in both white adipose tissue and serum were age dependent during 6 to 24 weeks of development. Resistin concentrations were significantly higher in omental adipose tissue in comparison with perirenal and abdominal adipose tissues and were 2- to 5-fold higher in females than males during the growth period. ob/ob mice had significantly lower resistin concentrations than the control mice in both sera and the white adipose tissues, particularly in the omental fat. The treatment by testosterone, but not progesterone or beta-estradiol, in cultured adipocytes reduces resistin protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. DISCUSSION New sensitive ELISA for mouse resistin clarified that the resistin concentrations in normal mice were markedly elevated in the omental adipose depots as compared with the perirenal and abdominal adipocyte depots and significantly elevated compared with adipose tissues in genetically obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujinami
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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182
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Burnett MS, Lee CW, Kinnaird TD, Stabile E, Durrani S, Dullum MK, Devaney JM, Fishman C, Stamou S, Canos D, Zbinden S, Clavijo LC, Jang GJ, Andrews JA, Zhu J, Epstein SE. The potential role of resistin in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2006; 182:241-8. [PMID: 16159596 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine linked to insulin resistance and obesity, has recently been shown to activate endothelial cells (ECs). Using microarrays, we found that along with numerous other pro-atherosclerotic genes, resistin expression levels are elevated in the aortas of C57BL/6J apoE-/- mice; these findings led us to further explore the relation between resistin and atherosclerosis. Using TaqMan PCR and immunohistochemistry, we found that ApoE-/- mice had significantly higher resistin mRNA and protein levels in their aortas, and elevated serum resistin levels, compared to C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Incubation of murine aortic ECs with recombinant resistin increased monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 protein levels in the conditioned medium. Furthermore, human carotid endarterectomy samples stained positive for resistin protein, while internal mammary artery did not show strong staining. Patients diagnosed with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) were found to have higher serum levels of resistin than normal controls. In summary, resistin protein is present in both murine and human atherosclerotic lesions, and mRNA levels progressively increase in the aortas of mice developing atherosclerosis. Resistin induces increases in MCP-1 and sVCAM-1 expression in murine vascular endothelial cells, suggesting a possible mechanism by which resistin might contribute to atherogenesis. Finally, PCAD patients exhibited increased serum levels of resistin when compared to controls. These findings suggest a possible role of resistin in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Susan Burnett
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, 108 Irving Street, N.W., Room 217, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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183
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Hwang JS. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2006. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2006.49.7.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soon Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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184
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Kusminski CM, McTernan PG, Kumar S. Role of resistin in obesity, insulin resistance and Type II diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:243-56. [PMID: 16104844 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resistin is a member of a class of cysteine-rich proteins collectively termed resistin-like molecules. Resistin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated insulin resistance and T2DM (Type II diabetes mellitus), at least in rodent models. In addition, resistin also appears to be a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Taken together, resistin, like many other adipocytokines, may possess a dual role in contributing to disease risk. However, to date there has been considerable controversy surrounding this 12.5 kDa polypeptide in understanding its physiological relevance in both human and rodent systems. Furthermore, this has led some to question whether resistin represents an important pathogenic factor in the aetiology of T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Although researchers still remain divided as to the role of resistin, this review will place available data on resistin in the context of our current knowledge of the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated diabetes, and discuss key controversies and developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Kusminski
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, UHCW Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
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185
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Gouni-Berthold I, Giannakidou E, Faust M, Kratzsch J, Berthold HK, Krone W. Resistin gene 3'-untranslated region +62G-->A polymorphism is associated with hypertension but not diabetes mellitus type 2 in a German population. J Intern Med 2005; 258:518-26. [PMID: 16313475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resistin, a peptide hormone produced by adipocytes, has been associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) in some rodent models. In humans the exact function of resistin remains unknown. Some, but not all studies have found associations between polymorphisms in the resistin gene with DM-2. Recently a 3'-untranslated region +62G-->A polymorphism of the resistin gene has been associated with decreased risk for DM-2 and for hypertension in diabetics in a Chinese population. Purpose of the present study was to examine for the first time in a German Caucasian population the possible association between this polymorphism and DM-2, hypertension, lipoprotein levels, resistin levels as well as atherosclerosis. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS A total of 818 subjects participated in the study. The presence of the +62G-->A polymorphism of the resistin gene was investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 384 subjects with DM-2 [224 men, 160 women, age 63.4 +/- 10.6 years, body mass index (BMI) 28.7 +/- 5.1 kg m(-2)] and in 434 nondiabetic age- and sex-matched control subjects (248 men, 186 women, age 64.4 +/- 6.5 years, BMI 26.5 +/- 3.7 kg m(-2)). RESULTS Thirty-four subjects were found to be carrying the +62G-->A polymorphism in the control and 24 in the diabetic group (allelic frequencies 4% and 3.2% respectively). Subjects with DM-2 were not found to have a different frequency of the genotypes (93.75% and 6.258%, for GG:GA/AA respectively) than the control subjects (92.2% and 7.8% for GG:GA/AA respectively) (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.44-1.3, P = 0.31). In the total cohort, carriers of the A allele had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03-3.21, P = 0.039). When analysed separately, the control group showed a strong association between the presence of the A allele and hypertension (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.38-6.15, P = 0.005), whilst no such association could be established in the diabetic group (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.43-2.54, P = 0.92). Multiple regression analysis confirmed that the presence of the A variant is associated with hypertension in control but not in diabetic subjects, independent of age and BMI. The polymorphism had no significant influence on the presence of atherosclerotic disease, BMI, and on triglyceride, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, both, in the control and the diabetic groups. There was no difference in the serum resistin levels between the 62G-->A variant carriers and noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present data suggest that in a German Caucasian population the +62G-->A polymorphism of the resistin gene is associated with hypertension but not with DM-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gouni-Berthold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Cologne and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, Germany.
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186
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Considerable evidence implicates altered fat topography and defects in adipocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In individuals who develop type 2 diabetes, fat cells tend to be enlarged. Enlarged fat cells are resistant to the antilipolytic effects of insulin, leading to day-long elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Chronically increased plasma FFA stimulates gluconeogenesis, induces hepatic and muscle insulin resistance, and impairs insulin secretion in genetically predisposed individuals. These FFA-induced disturbances are referred to as lipotoxicity. Enlarged fat cells also have diminished capacity to store fat. When adipocyte storage capacity is exceeded, lipid 'overflows' into muscle and liver, and possibly the beta-cells of the pancreas, exacerbating insulin resistance and further impairing insulin secretion. In addition, dysfunctional fat cells produce excessive amounts of insulin resistance-inducing, inflammatory and atherosclerosis-provoking cytokines, and fail to secrete normal amounts of insulin-sensitizing cytokines. As more evidence emerges, there is a stronger case for targeting adipose tissue in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, for example the thiazolidinediones, redistribute fat within the body (decrease visceral and hepatic fat; increase subcutaneous fat) and have been shown to enhance adipocyte insulin sensitivity, inhibit lipolysis, reduce plasma FFA and favourably influence the production of adipocytokines. This article examines in detail the role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and highlights the potential of PPAR agonists to improve the management of patients with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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187
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Ng PC, Lee CH, Lam CWK, Chan IHS, Wong E, Fok TF. Resistin in preterm and term newborns: relation to anthropometry, leptin, and insulin. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:725-30. [PMID: 16189200 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000180556.76864.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate 1) the plasma resistin concentration at birth, 2) the relationship of resistin with leptin and insulin, and 3) the association of resistin with anthropometric indexes in newborn infants. Blood samples for hormonal assay were obtained from preterm and term newborns within the first 2 h of life and before milk feeding or energy intake. Although these infants required blood sampling for clinical reasons, all were proved to be noninfected. Plasma resistin was significantly higher in term than in preterm infants. It was also significantly correlated with serum leptin, and both hormones were significantly associated with gestational age and anthropometric indexes. Infants who were born vaginally were found to have significantly higher plasma resistin levels compared with those who were born by cesarean section. In the multivariate forward stepwise regression models, resistin was found to be significantly associated with the mode of delivery and gestational age or birth weight. The association among resistin, leptin, and anthropometric indexes suggested that both hormones might be gestation related. A high circulating resistin level at term gestation could be advantageous to the infant by promoting hepatic glucose production and preventing hypoglycemia after birth. Infants who were born vaginally had significantly higher plasma resistin levels, suggesting that this hormone might also be associated with stress or inflammation induced by the birth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Cheng Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.
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188
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Vilarrasa N, Vendrell J, Maravall J, Broch M, Estepa A, Megia A, Soler J, Simón I, Richart C, Gómez JM. Distribution and determinants of adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin in a randomly selected healthy population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:329-35. [PMID: 16117822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin and the IGF-I system seem to play an important role in the regulation of body composition throughout life, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of our study was to analyse the distribution among sexes and all decades of the adult life of adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin and their relationship with anthropometric, body composition parameters and the IGF-I system. SUBJECTS One hundred and thirty-four men and 127 healthy women were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS Plasma concentration of adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, total IGF-I, free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were determined in all subjects. Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS Resistin and ghrelin were not affected by age. Plasma adiponectin correlated negatively with age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM) and body fat (BF) in men. Adiponectin correlated negatively with WHR and positively with free IGF-I in women. Resistin correlated positively with BMI and WC only in men, and ghrelin correlated positively with WC, BMI and FM and negatively with free IGF-I in men. In multiple regression analysis adiponectin remained associated with WHR (beta=-0.19, P=0.01) in women. Resistin was positively associated with BMI (beta=0.30, P=0.003) in women and ghrelin was negatively related to free IGF-I (beta=-0.158, P=0.019) in men. CONCLUSIONS Plasma adiponectin declines with age and is negatively associated with FM in men. Our data suggest the existence of a positive correlation of adiponectin and the IGF-I axis in women and of an inverse relationship between ghrelin and the IGF-I system in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Vilarrasa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
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189
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Oh KW, Lee WY, Rhee EJ, Baek KH, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Yun EJ, Park CY, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ, Park SW. The relationship between serum resistin, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin levels and bone mineral density in middle-aged men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63:131-8. [PMID: 16060905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body weight is a significant predictor of bone mass. Hormonal factors such as sex hormones, insulin, leptin and adiponectin are thought to play a role in the mechanisms controlling the association of body weight and fat mass with bone mass. However, contradictory results have been reported for the association between serum adipocytokines and bone mineral density (BMD). We therefore examined whether the serum adipocytokine and ghrelin levels, markers of fat metabolism, are associated with BMD in male adults. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS For 80 male adults (average age 54.5 +/- 6.4 years; average body mass index (BMI) 24.4 +/- 2.5 kg/m2), the correlations between serum resistin, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin levels with BMD were investigated. RESULTS Among the adipocytokines, serum resistin levels were negatively correlated with lumbar spine BMD (r = -0.237, P = 0.05). After adjustment was made for age and BMI, log-transformed serum leptin showed a significant negative correlation with lumbar spine BMD, which was not seen on bivariate analysis (r = -0.237, P = 0.039). Femoral neck BMD was marginally associated only with serum adiponectin levels (r = -0.226, P = 0.062). In multiple regression analyses, among the adipokines, only resistin was a significant determinant of lumbar spine BMD, although the variance was small (R2 = 0.256). Serum ghrelin levels were not correlated with the BMD of either body site. CONCLUSIONS Serum resistin level showed a significant negative correlation with lumbar spine BMD, although the variance was small. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of adipocytokines in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Pyungchon-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-city, Kyungki-do, Chunchon, Korea.
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190
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The dysmetabolic syndrome, consisting of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia and central obesity, has been well recognized as a major risk for cardiovascular disease in adults. Although the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors has also been identified in childhood, the occurrence of full-blown dysmetabolic syndrome at younger ages has only recently been investigated. In this article we attempted an overview of the data for children and adolescents, focused on the mechanisms and natural history of the disease, the prevalence among paediatric populations, the assessment and the treatment approaches. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence that the dysmetabolic syndrome has its origins in childhood. In the face of the epidemic increase of obesity in children and adolescents, the development of effective screening and preventive strategies would be a major challenge for paediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bitsori
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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191
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Munir I, Yen HW, Baruth T, Tarkowski R, Azziz R, Magoffin DA, Jakimiuk AJ. Resistin stimulation of 17alpha-hydroxylase activity in ovarian theca cells in vitro: relevance to polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4852-7. [PMID: 15886251 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A newly discovered hormone resistin has been shown to be increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to confirm increased resistin concentrations in women with PCOS and to test the direct effect of resistin on human theca cell androgen production. DESIGN Resistin was measured in fasting serum samples by RIA. To test the direct effects of resistin on ovarian androgen biosynthesis, human theca cells were cultured with resistin for 3 d in the presence and absence of forskolin and insulin. PATIENTS Fasting serum samples were obtained from 45 women with PCOS and 74 regularly cycling premenopausal control women in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles, and ovarian theca cell cultures were established from two control women. RESULTS The mean serum resistin concentration was increased (40%) in women with PCOS. Serum resistin concentrations correlated positively with body mass index and testosterone in PCOS women but not in controls. There were no significant correlations between resistin and fasting insulin or indicators of insulin resistance when corrected for body mass index. In cultured human theca cells, basal 17alpha-hydroxylase activity was unchanged by resistin alone, but resistin enhanced 17alpha-hydroxylase activity in the presence of forskolin or a combination of forskolin plus insulin. Resistin (> or =1 ng/ml) augmented forskolin and forskolin plus insulin stimulation of CYP17 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These data indicate that abnormal resistin secretion in PCOS may play a role in causing ovarian hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Munir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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192
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Bo S, Gambino R, Pagani A, Guidi S, Gentile L, Cassader M, Pagano GF. Relationships between human serum resistin, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:1315-20. [PMID: 16044175 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data on the association of resistin levels with markers of insulin resistance are highly contrasting in humans and very few studies about its role in inflammation are available. This study investigates associations between serum resistin levels and markers of insulin resistance, inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP)) and of oxidative stress (nytrotirosine (NT)). SUBJECTS A randomly collected sample of 300 men from a population-based cohort was analysed, separated into two groups according to body mass index (BMI) and waist values. RESULTS Correlations between resistin and BMI, waist, triglyceride, uric acid, fasting glucose, insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) values were significant in subjects with normal BMI, but not in overweight/obese subjects. In a multiple regression model, after multiple adjustments and exclusion of diabetic patients, only fasting glucose remained significantly associated with resistin levels. Otherwise, resistin is associated to CRP levels in all individuals, after multiple adjustments and exclusion of diabetic patients (in normal BMI beta=0.82; 95% CI 0.21, 1.42; in overweight/obese beta=0.43; 95% CI 0.10, 0.76). In the same model, resistin values are negatively related to NT levels in normal weight individuals (beta=-1.61; 95% CI -0.77-2.45). CONCLUSIONS Serum resistin is weakly associated with metabolic abnormalities in subjects with normal BMI, while in overweight/obese patients this correlation is not significant, perhaps due to the higher fat content in these subjects. Serum resistin is directly correlated with CRP and inversely to NT. An intriguing hypothesis, which needs to be tested, is that resistin is secreted in response to a chronic low-grade inflammation, and has antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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193
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Al-Daghri N, Chetty R, McTernan PG, Al-Rubean K, Al-Attas O, Jones AF, Kumar S. Serum resistin is associated with C-reactive protein & LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in a Saudi population. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2005; 4:10. [PMID: 15998471 PMCID: PMC1183229 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Resistin is an adipocyte-derived factor implicated in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study examines the association between human serum resistin, T2DM and coronary heart disease. METHODS One hundred and fourteen Saudi Arabian patients (male: female ratio 46:68; age 51.4 (mean +/- SD)11.7 years; median and range: 45.59 (11.7) years and BMI: 27.1 (mean +/- SD) 8.1 Kgm2 median and range: 30.3 (6.3) were studied. Serum resistin and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation CRP levels, were measured in all subjects. (35 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); 22 patients had coronary heart disease (CHD). RESULTS Serum resistin levels were 1.2-fold higher in type 2 diabetes and 1.3-fold higher in CHD than in controls (p = 0.01). In addition, CRP was significantly increased in both T2DM and CHD patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002 respectively). The use of regression analysis also determined that serum resistin correlated with CRP levels (p = 0.04, R2 0.045). CONCLUSION The findings from this study further implicate resistin as a circulating protein associated with T2DM and CHD. In addition this study also demonstrates an association between resistin and CRP, a marker of inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Al-Daghri
- King Saud University College of Science, Biochemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Chetty
- Birmingham Heartland Hospital, Clinical Biochemistry, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - PG McTernan
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Diabetes & Metabolism Unit, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - K Al-Rubean
- King Saud University, College of Medicine, Medicine Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - O Al-Attas
- King Saud University College of Science, Biochemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AF Jones
- Birmingham Heartland Hospital, Clinical Biochemistry, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - S Kumar
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Diabetes & Metabolism Unit, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Al-Harithy RN, Al-Ghamdi S. Serum resistin, adiposity and insulin resistance in Saudi women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25:283-7. [PMID: 16212119 PMCID: PMC6148019 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2005.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adipocyte hormones in modulating insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are of increasing interest and importance in studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently a unique signaling molecule, resistin, has been proposed as playing a role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance, but its relevance to human diabetes remains uncertain. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between serum resistin concentrations and insulin resistance in lean, overweight and obese (OW/OB) non-diabetic and diabetic Saudi women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We measured fasting serum resistin levels in 44 diabetic women with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 31.82 +/- 4.35 kg/m2, 21 OW/OB non-diabetic women with a mean BMI 30.71 +/- 3.42 kg/m2 and in 24 lean women with a mean BMI of 23.33 +/- 1.24 kg/m2. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance formula derived from fasting insulin and glucose levels. RESULTS The concentrations of fasting serum resistin showed significant differences among the three groups (P<0.001). Mean serum resistin concentrations increased from lean (11.59 +/- 2.08) to OW/OB non-diabetic (16.29 +/- 2.29) to diabetic (19.42 +/- 3.60 ng/mL) women. Significantly higher levels of glucose (P<0.001) and values for the homeostasis model assessment ratio (HOMA-R) (P<0.01) occurred in the diabetic compared to the lean and OW/OB non-diabetic subjects. Furthermore, resistin correlated significantly and positively with hip circumferences (r=0.39, P=0.039), weight (r=0.51, P=0.005), insulin (r=0.40, P=0.033), HOMA-R (r=0.49, P=0.007) and glucose (r=0.39, P=0.038) in diabetic women. In OW/OB non-diabetic subjects, resistin correlated with insulin (r=0.59, P=0.015) and HOMA-R (r=0.616, P=0.011). No correlation was observed with glucose, height, hip, waist, weight, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in the lean and OW/OB non-diabetic groups. CONCLUSION Resistin concentrations are elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes and are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. These data indicate that resistin might be involved in the development of diabetes in humans.
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Graveleau C, Zaha VG, Mohajer A, Banerjee RR, Dudley-Rucker N, Steppan CM, Rajala MW, Scherer PE, Ahima RS, Lazar MA, Abel ED. Mouse and human resistins impair glucose transport in primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and oligomerization is required for this biological action. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31679-85. [PMID: 15983036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504008200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocytokine resistin impairs glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in rodents. Here, we examined the effect of resistin on glucose uptake in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes. Murine resistin reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, establishing the heart as a resistin target tissue. Notably, human resistin also impaired insulin action in mouse cardiomyocytes, providing the first evidence that human and mouse resistin homologs have similar functions. Resistin is a cysteine-rich molecule that circulates as a multimer of a dimeric form dependent upon a single intermolecular disulfide bond, which, in the mouse, involves Cys26; mutation of this residue to alanine (C26A) produces a monomeric molecule that appears to be bioactive in the liver. Remarkably, unlike native resistin, monomeric C26A resistin had no effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse cardiomyocytes. Resistin impairs glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes by mechanisms that involve altered vesicle trafficking. Thus, in cardiomyocytes, both mouse and human resistins directly impair glucose transport; and in contrast to effects on the liver, these actions of resistin require oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Graveleau
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Tejero ME, Cole SA, Cai G, Peebles KW, Freeland-Graves JH, Cox LA, Mahaney MC, Rogers J, VandeBerg JL, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG. Genome-wide scan of resistin mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue of baboons. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:406-12. [PMID: 15326464 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hormone resistin was recently discovered in adipose tissue of mice. Functional tests suggest a role for resistin in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. However, human studies have reported controversial results on the metabolic function of this hormone. METHODS A 1 g omental adipose tissue biopsy was obtained from 404 adult baboons. Resistin mRNA expression was assayed by real-time, quantitative RT-PCR, and univariate and bivariate quantitative genetic analyses were performed, via the variance decomposition approach. A genome scan analysis was conducted using resistin mRNA abundance in omental adipose tissue as a quantitative phenotype. RESULTS A significant heritability of h2 = 0.23 (P = 0.003) was found for resistin mRNA abundance in omental adipose tissue. A genome scan detected a quantitative trait locus for resistin expression with an LOD score of 3.8, in the region between markers D19S431 and D19S714, corresponding to human chromosome 19 p13. This chromosomal region contains genes related to insulin resistance phenotypes, such as resistin, insulin receptor, angiopoietin-like 4 protein and LDL receptor. CONCLUSIONS Individual variation in resistin mRNA expression has a significant genetic component, and a gene or genes on chromosome 19 p13 may regulate resistin mRNA levels in baboon omental adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Tejero
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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197
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Kurlawalla-Martinez C, Stiles B, Wang Y, Devaskar SU, Kahn BB, Wu H. Insulin hypersensitivity and resistance to streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice lacking PTEN in adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2498-510. [PMID: 15743841 PMCID: PMC1061603 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.6.2498-2510.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In adipose tissue, insulin controls glucose and lipid metabolism through the intracellular mediators phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase AKT. Phosphatase and a tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway, is hypothesized to inhibit the metabolic effects of insulin. Here we report the generation of mice lacking PTEN in adipose tissue. Loss of Pten results in improved systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, associated with decreased fasting insulin levels, increased recruitment of the glucose transporter isoform 4 to the cell surface in adipose tissue, and decreased serum resistin levels. Mutant animals also exhibit increased insulin signaling and AMP kinase activity in the liver. Pten mutant mice are resistant to developing streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Adipose-specific Pten deletion, however, does not alter adiposity or plasma fatty acids. Our results demonstrate that in vivo PTEN is a potent negative regulator of insulin signaling and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. Furthermore, PTEN may be a promising target for nutritional and/or pharmacological interventions aimed at reversing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kurlawalla-Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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198
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistin, a plasma protein, induces insulin resistance in rodents. Recent reports suggest that circulating levels of resistin are elevated in obese and insulin-resistant rodents and humans. Whereas rodent resistin is made in adipocytes, macrophages are a major source of human resistin. Given the convergence of adipocyte and macrophage function, resistin may provide unique insight into links between obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined whether plasma resistin levels were associated with metabolic and inflammatory markers, as well as with coronary artery calcification (CAC), a quantitative index of atherosclerosis, in 879 asymptomatic subjects in the Study of Inherited Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis. Resistin levels were positively associated with levels of inflammatory markers, including soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-2 (P<0.001), interleukin-6 (P=0.04), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (P=0.002), but not measures of insulin resistance in multivariable analysis. Resistin levels also were associated (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval in ordinal regression) with increasing CAC after adjustment for age, sex, and established risk factors (OR, 1.23 [CI, 1.03 to 1.52], P=0.03) and further control for metabolic syndrome and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (OR, 1.25 [CI, 1.04 to 1.50], P=0.01). In subjects with metabolic syndrome, resistin levels further predicted CAC, whereas CRP levels did not. CONCLUSIONS Plasma resistin levels are correlated with markers of inflammation and are predictive of coronary atherosclerosis in humans, independent of CRP. Resistin may represent a novel link between metabolic signals, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Further studies are needed to define the relationship of resistin to clinical cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa, USA.
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Brown R, Wiesner G, Ur E, Wilkinson M. Pituitary resistin gene expression is upregulated in vitro and in vivo by dexamethasone but is unaffected by rosiglitazone. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 81:41-8. [PMID: 15809511 DOI: 10.1159/000084873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A physiological role for the adipose-derived hormone, resistin, remains unsolved and its putative involvement in insulin resistance is largely controversial. Like leptin and other adipokines, we detected resistin in the rodent hypothalamic-pituitary system. In addition, the pituitary corticotrope cell line, AtT20, is also a source of resistin. These data suggested that resistin could be involved in diverse physiological processes in non-adipose tissue. Initial studies indicated that pituitary resistin gene expression was regulated in a nutritional (fed>fasted), age- (young>old) and gender-specific manner (male>female). In the present work we hypothesized that pituitary resistin expression should be regulated through signalling pathways similar to those reported for adipose tissue. For example, dexamethasone (DEX) potently stimulates production of resistin in murine adipose tissue, whereas thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone (ROSI), acting via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma, reportedly inhibit or stimulate resistin expression. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR we determined that injection of DEX (10 and 50 microg) yielded 7- and 9-fold increases in pituitary resistin gene expression in prepubertal, but not adult mice. In addition, adrenalectomy attenuated pituitary resistin gene expression, which was restored by DEX (10 microg). In AtT20 cells, exposure to corticosterone (10(-7) and 10(-6)M; 24 h) and DEX (10(-9)-10(-6)M) stimulated resistin mRNA more than 65% (p<0.05) and 115% (p<0.0001), respectively. In contrast, ROSI, injected (5 and 20 mg/kg s.c. for 14 days) or given orally (3 mg/kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day for up to 7 weeks), failed to alter pituitary resistin gene expression in healthy male CD1 mice. Treatment of AtT20 cells with ROSI (10(-5)-10(-10)M; 24 h or 96 h) or the PPARgamma agonist GW 1929 (10(-9) and 10(-5)M; 24 h) had no effect on resistin mRNA. The PPARgamma antagonist GW 9662 (10(-6) and 10(-5)M) was also ineffective. In conclusion, pituitary resistin mRNA levels are robustly stimulated by corticosteroids, particularly at the time of puberty. This is consistent with our previous suggestion that resistin may be involved in maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In contrast, pituitary resistin gene expression appears to be PPARgamma-independent and therefore different from the situation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Bloomgarden ZT. Insulin resistance: causes and consequences. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 65:1-24. [PMID: 16140051 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(04)65001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bloomgarden
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10028, USA
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