151
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Cheremushkin EA, Petrenko NE, Yakovenko IA, Gordeev SA, Alipov NN, Sergeeva OV. Neurophysiological markers of high anxiety level in man during the process of preparing for a visual recognition. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 17:377-390. [PMID: 29154291 DOI: 10.3233/jin-170074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of EEG analysis the functional state of subjects with high and low levels of anxiety was studied in different periods preceding a cognitive task - a visual expression recognition. Several conditions were investigated: background/eyes closed; background/eyes opened; listening the instruction for the cognitive task; operative rest (time lapse between listening the instruction and the beginning of the task), as well as short intervals immediately preceding the exposition of target stimuli (stage of preparation) - pairs of faces pictures with identical or different emotional expressions. At all these pre-task stages high-anxiety subjects exhibited much lower amplitude values in alpha and theta bands (as compared with low-anxiety subjects). The most prominent differences were revealed in the phases of instruction listening and operative rest. These data could provide more precise electrophysiological markers of anxiety level in conditions preceeding cognitive task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy A Cheremushkin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezda E Petrenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Yakovenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Gordeev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay N Alipov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Sergeeva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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152
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Ahveninen J, Seidman LJ, Chang WT, Hämäläinen M, Huang S. Suppression of irrelevant sounds during auditory working memory. Neuroimage 2017; 161:1-8. [PMID: 28818692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory working memory (WM) processing in everyday acoustic environments depends on our ability to maintain relevant information online in our minds, and to suppress interference caused by competing incoming stimuli. A challenge in communication settings is that the relevant content and irrelevant inputs may emanate from a common source, such as a talkative conversationalist. An open question is how the WM system deals with such interference. Will the distracters become inadvertently filtered before processing for meaning because the primary WM operations deplete all available processing resources? Or are they suppressed post perceptually, through an active control process? We tested these alternative hypotheses by measuring magnetoencephalography (MEG), EEG, and functional MRI (fMRI) during a phonetic auditory continuous performance task. Contextual WM maintenance load was manipulated by adjusting the number of "filler" letter sounds in-between cue and target letter sounds. Trial-to-trial variability of pre- and post-stimulus activations in fMRI-informed cortical MEG/EEG estimates was analyzed within and across 14 subjects using generalized linear mixed effect (GLME) models. High contextual WM maintenance load suppressed left auditory cortex (AC) activations around 250-300 ms after the onset of irrelevant phonetic sounds. This effect coincided with increased 10-14 Hz alpha-range oscillatory functional connectivity between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left AC. Suppression of AC responses to irrelevant sounds during active maintenance of the task context also correlated with increased pre-stimulus 7-15 Hz alpha power. Our results suggest that under high auditory WM load, irrelevant sounds are suppressed through a "late" active suppression mechanism, which prevents short-term consolidation of irrelevant information without affecting the initial screening of potentially meaningful stimuli. The results also suggest that AC alpha oscillations play an inhibitory role during auditory WM processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Ahveninen
- Harvard Medical School - Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Tang Chang
- Harvard Medical School - Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matti Hämäläinen
- Harvard Medical School - Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Huang
- Harvard Medical School - Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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153
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Yokosawa K, Kimura K, Chitose R, Momiki T, Kuriki S. Alpha-band rhythm suppression during memory recall reflecting memory performance. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:4539-4542. [PMID: 28269286 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-band rhythm is thought to be involved in memory processes, similarly to other spontaneous brain rhythms. Ten right-handed healthy volunteers participated in our proposed sequential short-term memory task that provides a serial position effect in accuracy rate. We recorded alpha-band rhythms by magnetoencephalography during performance of the task and observed that the amplitude of the rhythm was suppressed dramatically in the memory recall period. The suppressed region was estimated to be in the occipital lobe, suggesting that alpha-band rhythm is suppressed by activation of the occipital attentional network. Additionally, the alpha-band suppression reflected accuracy rate, that is, the amplitude was suppressed more when recalling items with higher accuracy rate. The sensors with a significant correlation between alpha-band amplitude and accuracy rate were located widely from the frontal to occipital regions mainly in the right hemisphere. The results suggests that alpha-band rhythm is involved in memory recall and can be index of memory performance.
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154
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Trübutschek D, Marti S, Ojeda A, King JR, Mi Y, Tsodyks M, Dehaene S. A theory of working memory without consciousness or sustained activity. eLife 2017; 6:e23871. [PMID: 28718763 PMCID: PMC5589417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory and conscious perception are thought to share similar brain mechanisms, yet recent reports of non-conscious working memory challenge this view. Combining visual masking with magnetoencephalography, we investigate the reality of non-conscious working memory and dissect its neural mechanisms. In a spatial delayed-response task, participants reported the location of a subjectively unseen target above chance-level after several seconds. Conscious perception and conscious working memory were characterized by similar signatures: a sustained desynchronization in the alpha/beta band over frontal cortex, and a decodable representation of target location in posterior sensors. During non-conscious working memory, such activity vanished. Our findings contradict models that identify working memory with sustained neural firing, but are compatible with recent proposals of 'activity-silent' working memory. We present a theoretical framework and simulations showing how slowly decaying synaptic changes allow cell assemblies to go dormant during the delay, yet be retrieved above chance-level after several seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka Trübutschek
- Ecole des Neurosciences de Paris Ile-de-France, 15 rue de l'Ecole de médecine, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Marti
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Andrés Ojeda
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Rémi King
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, United States
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Brain Science Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Misha Tsodyks
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, Gif/Yvette, France
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France
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155
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Markovic A, Kühnis J, Jäncke L. Task Context Influences Brain Activation during Music Listening. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:342. [PMID: 28706480 PMCID: PMC5489556 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we examined brain activation in subjects during two music listening conditions: listening while simultaneously rating the musical piece being played [Listening and Rating (LR)] and listening to the musical pieces unconstrained [Listening (L)]. Using these two conditions, we tested whether the sequence in which the two conditions were fulfilled influenced the brain activation observable during the L condition (LR → L or L → LR). We recorded high-density EEG during the playing of four well-known positively experienced soundtracks in two subject groups. One group started with the L condition and continued with the LR condition (L → LR); the second group performed this experiment in reversed order (LR → L). We computed from the recorded EEG the power for different frequency bands (theta, lower alpha, upper alpha, lower beta, and upper beta). Statistical analysis revealed that the power in all examined frequency bands increased during the L condition but only when the subjects had not had previous experience with the LR condition (i.e., L → LR). For the subjects who began with the LR condition, there were no power increases during the L condition. Thus, the previous experience with the LR condition prevented subjects from developing the particular mental state associated with the typical power increase in all frequency bands. The subjects without previous experience of the LR condition listened to the musical pieces in an unconstrained and undisturbed manner and showed a general power increase in all frequency bands. We interpret the fact that unconstrained music listening was associated with increased power in all examined frequency bands as a neural indicator of a mental state that can best be described as a mind-wandering state during which the subjects are “drawn into” the music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Markovic
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Kühnis
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program, Dynamic of Healthy Aging, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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156
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Pan Y, Li X, Chen X, Ku Y, Dong Y, Dou Z, He L, Hu Y, Li W, Zhou X. ERPs and oscillations during encoding predict retrieval of digit memory in superior mnemonists. Brain Cogn 2017; 117:17-25. [PMID: 28697376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have consistently demonstrated that superior mnemonists (SMs) outperform normal individuals in domain-specific memory tasks. However, the neural correlates of memory-related processes remain unclear. In the current EEG study, SMs and control participants performed a digit memory task during which their brain activity was recorded. Chinese SMs used a digit-image mnemonic for encoding digits, in which they associated 2-digit groups with images immediately after the presentation of each even-position digit in sequences. Behaviorally, SMs' memory of digit sequences was better than the controls'. During encoding in the study phase, SMs showed an increased right central P2 (150-250ms post onset) and a larger right posterior high-alpha (10-14Hz, 500-1720ms) oscillation on digits at even-positions compared with digits at odd-positions. Both P2 and high-alpha oscillations in the study phase co-varied with performance in the recall phase, but only in SMs, indicating that neural dynamics during encoding could predict successful retrieval of digit memory in SMs. Our findings suggest that representation of a digit sequence in SMs using mnemonics may recruit both the early-stage attention allocation process and the sustained information preservation process. This study provides evidence for the role of dynamic and efficient neural encoding processes in mnemonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Pan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yujie Dong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng Dou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 10071, China.
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157
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Piantoni G, Romeijn N, Gomez-Herrero G, Van Der Werf YD, Van Someren EJW. Alpha Power Predicts Persistence of Bistable Perception. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5208. [PMID: 28701732 PMCID: PMC5507912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception is strongly affected by the intrinsic state of the brain, which controls the propensity to either maintain a particular perceptual interpretation or switch to another. To understand the mechanisms underlying the spontaneous drive of the brain to explore alternative interpretations of unchanging stimuli, we repeatedly recorded high-density EEG after normal sleep and after sleep deprivation while participants observed a Necker cube image and reported the durations of the alternating representations of their bistable perception. We found that local alpha power around the parieto-occipital sulcus within the first second after the emergence of a perceptual representation predicted the fate of its duration. An experimentally induced increase in alpha power by means of sleep deprivation increased the average duration of individual representations. Taken together, these findings show that high alpha power promotes the stability of a perceptual representation and suppresses switching to the alternative. The observations support the hypothesis that synchronization of alpha oscillations across a wide neuronal network promotes the maintenance and stabilization of its current perceptual representation. Elevated alpha power could also be key to the poorly understood cognitive deficits, that typically accompany sleep deprivation, such as the loss of mental flexibility and lapses of responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piantoni
- Dept. Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Dept. Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nico Romeijn
- Dept. Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - German Gomez-Herrero
- Dept. Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ysbrand D Van Der Werf
- Dept. Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Dept. Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dept. Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept. Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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158
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Implicit variations of temporal predictability: Shaping the neural oscillatory and behavioural response. Neuropsychologia 2017; 101:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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159
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Benedek M, Stoiser R, Walcher S, Körner C. Eye Behavior Associated with Internally versus Externally Directed Cognition. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1092. [PMID: 28713304 PMCID: PMC5491649 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
What do our eyes do when we are focused on internal representations such as during imagination or planning? Evidence from mind wandering research suggests that spontaneous shifts from externally directed cognition (EDC) to internally directed cognition (IDC) involves oculomotor changes indicative of visual disengagement. In the present study, we investigated potential differences in eye behavior between goal-directed forms of IDC and EDC. To this end, we manipulated the focus of attention (internal versus external) in two demanding cognitive tasks (anagram and sentence generation). IDC was associated with fewer and longer fixations and higher variability in pupil diameter and eye vergence compared to EDC, suggesting reduced visual scanning and higher spontaneous eye activity. IDC was further related to longer blinks, lower microsaccade frequency, and a lower angle of eye vergence. These latter changes appear conducive to attenuate visual input and thereby shield ongoing internal processes from external distraction. Together, these findings suggest that IDC is accompanied by characteristic eye behavior that reflects a decoupling of attention from external events and serves gating out visual input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Stoiser
- Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Sonja Walcher
- Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
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160
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Carabalona R. The Role of the Interplay between Stimulus Type and Timing in Explaining BCI-Illiteracy for Visual P300-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:363. [PMID: 28713233 PMCID: PMC5492449 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual P300-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) spellers enable communication or interaction with the environment by flashing elements in a matrix and exploiting consequent changes in end-user's brain activity. Despite research efforts, performance variability and BCI-illiteracy still are critical issues for real world applications. Moreover, there is a quite unaddressed kind of BCI-illiteracy, which becomes apparent when the same end-user operates BCI-spellers intended for different applications: our aim is to understand why some well performers can become BCI-illiterate depending on speller type. We manipulated stimulus type (factor STIM: either characters or icons), color (factor COLOR: white, green) and timing (factor SPEED: fast, slow). Each BCI session consisted of training (without feedback) and performance phase (with feedback), both in copy-spelling. For fast flashing spellers, we observed a performance worsening for white icon-speller. Our findings are consistent with existing results reported on end-users using identical white×fast spellers, indicating independence of worsening trend from users' group. The use of slow stimulation timing shed a new light on the perceptual and cognitive phenomena related to the use of a BCI-speller during both the training and the performance phase. We found a significant STIM main effect for the N1 component on P z and PO7 during the training phase and on PO8 during the performance phase, whereas in both phases neither the STIM×COLOR interaction nor the COLOR main effect was statistically significant. After collapsing data for factor COLOR, it emerged a statistically significant modulation of N1 amplitude depending to the phase of BCI session: N1 was more negative for icons than for characters both on P z and PO7 (training), whereas the opposite modulation was observed for PO8 (performance). Results indicate that both feedback and expertise with respect to the stimulus type can modulate the N1 component and that icons require more perceptual analysis. Therefore, fast flashing is likely to be more detrimental for end-users' performance in case of icon-spellers. In conclusion, the interplay between stimulus type and timing seems relevant for a satisfactory and efficient end-user's BCI-experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Carabalona
- Biomedical Technological Department, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
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161
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Sousa T, Amaral C, Andrade J, Pires G, Nunes UJ, Castelo-Branco M. Pure visual imagery as a potential approach to achieve three classes of control for implementation of BCI in non-motor disorders. J Neural Eng 2017; 14:046026. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa70ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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162
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Abstract
Two competing views about alpha oscillations suggest that cortical alpha reflect either cortical inactivity or cortical processing efficiency. We investigated the role of alpha oscillations in attentional control, as measured with a Stroop task. We used neurofeedback to train 22 participants to increase their level of alpha amplitude. Based on the conflict/control loop theory, we selected to train prefrontal alpha and focus on the Gratton effect as an index of deployment of attentional control. We expected an increase or a decrease in the Gratton effect with increase in neural learning depending on whether frontal alpha oscillations reflect cortical idling or enhanced processing efficiency, respectively. In order to induce variability in neural learning beyond natural occurring individual differences, we provided half of the participants with feedback on alpha amplitude in a 3-dimensional (3D) virtual reality environment and the other half received feedback in a 2D environment. Our results showed variable neural learning rates, with larger rates in the 3D compared to the 2D group, corroborating prior evidence of individual differences in EEG-based learning and the influence of a virtual environment. Regression analyses revealed a significant association between the learning rate and changes on deployment of attentional control, with larger learning rates being associated with larger decreases in the Gratton effect. This association was not modulated by feedback medium. The study supports the view of frontal alpha oscillations being associated with efficient neurocognitive processing and demonstrates the utility of neurofeedback training in addressing theoretical questions in the non-neurofeedback literature.
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163
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Peng Q, Schork NJ, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Whole genome sequence association and ancestry-informed polygenic profile of EEG alpha in a Native American population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:435-450. [PMID: 28436151 PMCID: PMC5435561 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
EEG alpha activity is the dominant oscillation in most adult humans, is highly heritable, and has been associated with a number of cognitive functions. Two EEG phenotypes, low- and high-voltage alpha (LVA & HVA), have been demonstrated to have high heritabilities. They have different prevalence depending on a population's ancestral origins. In the present study we assessed the influence of ancestry admixture on EEG alpha power, and conducted a whole genome sequencing association analysis and an ancestry-informed polygenic study on those phenotypes in a Native American (NA) population that has a high prevalence of LVA. Seven common variants, in LD with each other upstream from gene ASIC2, reached genome-wide significance (p = 2 × 10-8 ) having a positive association with alpha voltage. They had lower minor allele frequencies in the NAs than in a global population sample. Overall correlations between lower degrees of NA (higher degree European) ancestry and HVA, and higher degrees of NA and LVA were also found. Additionally a rare-variant gene-based study identified gene TIA1 being negatively associated with LVA. Approximately 3% of SNPs exhibited a 15-fold enrichment that explained nearly half of the total SNP-heritability for EEG alpha. These regions showed the most significant anti-correlations between NA ancestry and alpha voltage, and were enriched for genes and pathways mediating cognitive functions. Our findings suggested that these regions likely harbor causal variants for HVA, and lacking of such variants could explain the high prevalence of LVA in this NA population, possibly illuminating the ancestral origin and genetic basis for EEG alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
- Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
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164
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Villena-González M, Moënne-Loccoz C, Lagos RA, Alliende LM, Billeke P, Aboitiz F, López V, Cosmelli D. Attending to the heart is associated with posterior alpha band increase and a reduction in sensitivity to concurrent visual stimuli. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1483-1497. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Villena-González
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Cristóbal Moënne-Loccoz
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Department of Computer Sciences, School of Engineering; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Lagos
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Santiago Chile
- School of Public Health; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Luz M. Alliende
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Billeke
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Vladimir López
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Diego Cosmelli
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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165
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Nguyen LT, Mudar RA, Chiang HS, Schneider JM, Maguire MJ, Kraut MA, Hart J. Theta and Alpha Alterations in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment in Semantic Go/NoGo Tasks. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:160. [PMID: 28588479 PMCID: PMC5440918 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that cognitive control processes are impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI); however the nature of these alterations needs further examination. The current study examined differences in electroencephalographic theta and alpha power related to cognitive control processes involving response execution and response inhibition in 22 individuals with aMCI and 22 age-, sex-, and education-matched cognitively normal controls. Two Go/NoGo tasks involving semantic categorization were used. In the basic categorization task, Go/NoGo responses were made based on exemplars of a single car (Go) and a single dog (NoGo). In the superordinate categorization task, responses were made based on multiple exemplars of objects (Go) and animals (NoGo). Behavioral data showed that the aMCI group had more false alarms during the NoGo trials compared to controls. The EEG data revealed between group differences related to response type in theta (4–7 Hz) and low-frequency alpha (8–10 Hz) power. In particular, the aMCI group differed from controls in theta power during the NoGo trials at frontal and parietal electrodes, and in low-frequency alpha power during Go trials at parietal electrodes. These results suggest that alterations in theta power converge with behavioral deterioration in response inhibition, whereas alterations in low-frequency alpha power appear to precede behavioral changes in response execution. Both behavioral and electrophysiological correlates combined provide a more comprehensive characterization of cognitive control deficits in aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia T Nguyen
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, United States
| | - Raksha A Mudar
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, United States.,Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, United States
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Chiang
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Julie M Schneider
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Mandy J Maguire
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
| | - Michael A Kraut
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Hart
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, United States
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166
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Heinz AJ, Johnson JS. Load-Dependent Increases in Delay-Period Alpha-Band Power Track the Gating of Task-Irrelevant Inputs to Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:250. [PMID: 28555099 PMCID: PMC5430081 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies exploring the role of neural oscillations in cognition have revealed sustained increases in alpha-band power (ABP) during the delay period of verbal and visual working memory (VWM) tasks. There have been various proposals regarding the functional significance of such increases, including the inhibition of task-irrelevant cortical areas as well as the active retention of information in VWM. The present study examines the role of delay-period ABP in mediating the effects of interference arising from on-going visual processing during a concurrent VWM task. Specifically, we reasoned that, if set-size dependent increases in ABP represent the gating out of on-going task-irrelevant visual inputs, they should be predictive with respect to some modulation in visual evoked potentials resulting from a task-irrelevant delay period probe stimulus. In order to investigate this possibility, we recorded the electroencephalogram while subjects performed a change detection task requiring the retention of two or four novel shapes. On a portion of trials, a novel, task-irrelevant bilateral checkerboard probe was presented mid-way through the delay. Analyses focused on examining correlations between set-size dependent increases in ABP and changes in the magnitude of the P1, N1 and P3a components of the probe-evoked response and how such increases might be related to behavior. Results revealed that increased delay-period ABP was associated with changes in the amplitude of the N1 and P3a event-related potential (ERP) components, and with load-dependent changes in capacity when the probe was presented during the delay. We conclude that load-dependent increases in ABP likely play a role in supporting short-term retention by gating task-irrelevant sensory inputs and suppressing potential sources of disruptive interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Heinz
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
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167
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Bazan A. Alpha synchronization as a brain model for unconscious defense: An overview of the work of Howard Shevrin and his team. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 2017; 98:1443-1473. [PMID: 28247941 DOI: 10.1111/1745-8315.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Howard Shevrin and his team have developed a stringent subliminal priming methodology, which experimentally approximates a situation of an internal, mental triggering of unconscious defense. Through a series of four studies they thus are able to bring evidence for this type of unconscious defense. With event-related potentials, three clinical studies show how synchronization of a specific brain wave, the alpha wave, known for its inhibitory function, is also induced by subliminally presented conflictual subject-specific stimuli. Therefore, alpha synchronization could serve as the brain mechanism of unconscious defense. The results only make sense if we suppose the existence of a dynamic unconscious, which has inherited childhood conflicts, and with privileged connections to neurotic symptom characteristics. Moreover, by showing that the unconscious conflict phrases, inferred by clinicians from clinical interviews, have a similar brain behavior, Shevrin and his team provide evidence that these inferences are not simply clinician-dependent subjective interpretations but also imply some form of independent mental reality. Finally, interpretation of the results has led us to propose two distinct physiological mechanisms for defense: one, unconscious defense, by alpha synchronization in connection with the drive derivatives, and another, repression, based on the indications of reality in connection with the ego.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bazan
- Service de Psychologie Clinique et Différentielle, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie et Psychosomatique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - CP122, 50, Avenue Frankin Roosevelt, B-1050, Bruxelles
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168
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Jaarsveld S, Lachmann T. Intelligence and Creativity in Problem Solving: The Importance of Test Features in Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2017; 8:134. [PMID: 28220098 PMCID: PMC5292426 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of three features of psychometric tests for cognition research: construct definition, problem space, and knowledge domain. Definition of constructs, e.g., intelligence or creativity, forms the theoretical basis for test construction. Problem space, being well or ill-defined, is determined by the cognitive abilities considered to belong to the constructs, e.g., convergent thinking to intelligence, divergent thinking to creativity. Knowledge domain and the possibilities it offers cognition are reflected in test results. We argue that (a) comparing results of tests with different problem spaces is more informative when cognition operates in both tests on an identical knowledge domain, and (b) intertwining of abilities related to both constructs can only be expected in tests developed to instigate such a process. Test features should guarantee that abilities can contribute to self-generated and goal-directed processes bringing forth solutions that are both new and applicable. We propose and discuss a test example that was developed to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Jaarsveld
- Center for Cognitive Science, Cognitive and Developmental Psychology Unit, University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Lachmann
- Center for Cognitive Science, Cognitive and Developmental Psychology Unit, University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany
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169
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Braboszcz C, Cahn BR, Levy J, Fernandez M, Delorme A. Increased Gamma Brainwave Amplitude Compared to Control in Three Different Meditation Traditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170647. [PMID: 28118405 PMCID: PMC5261734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, effects of different types of meditation on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity are still being defined. We compared practitioners of three different meditation traditions (Vipassana, Himalayan Yoga and Isha Shoonya) with a control group during a meditative and instructed mind-wandering (IMW) block. All meditators showed higher parieto-occipital 60–110 Hz gamma amplitude than control subjects as a trait effect observed during meditation and when considering meditation and IMW periods together. Moreover, this gamma power was positively correlated with participants meditation experience. Independent component analysis was used to show that gamma activity did not originate in eye or muscle artifacts. In addition, we observed higher 7–11 Hz alpha activity in the Vipassana group compared to all the other groups during both meditation and instructed mind wandering and lower 10–11 Hz activity in the Himalayan yoga group during meditation only. We showed that meditation practice is correlated to changes in the EEG gamma frequency range that are common to a variety of meditation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Braboszcz
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - B. Rael Cahn
- University of Southern California Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Manuel Fernandez
- Meditation Research Institute, Swami Rama Sadhaka Grama, Rishikesh, India
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, Toulouse, France
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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170
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Chen YY, Caplan JB. Rhythmic Activity and Individual Variability in Recognition Memory: Theta Oscillations Correlate with Performance whereas Alpha Oscillations Correlate with ERPs. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:183-202. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During study trials of a recognition memory task, alpha (∼10 Hz) oscillations decrease, and concurrently, theta (4–8 Hz) oscillations increase when later memory is successful versus unsuccessful (subsequent memory effect). Likewise, at test, reduced alpha and increased theta activity are associated with successful memory (retrieval success effect). Here we take an individual-differences approach to test three hypotheses about theta and alpha oscillations in verbal, old/new recognition, measuring the difference in oscillations between hit trials and miss trials. First, we test the hypothesis that theta and alpha oscillations have a moderately mutually exclusive relationship; but no support for this hypothesis was found. Second, we test the hypothesis that theta oscillations explain not only memory effects within participants, but also individual differences. Supporting this prediction, durations of theta (but not alpha) oscillations at study and at test correlated significantly with d′ across participants. Third, we test the hypothesis that theta and alpha oscillations reflect familiarity and recollection processes by comparing oscillation measures to ERPs that are implicated in familiarity and recollection. The alpha-oscillation effects correlated with some ERP measures, but inversely, suggesting that the actions of alpha oscillations on memory processes are distinct from the roles of familiarity- and recollection-linked ERP signals. The theta-oscillation measures, despite differentiating hits from misses, did not correlate with any ERP measure; thus, theta oscillations may reflect elaborative processes not tapped by recollection-related ERPs. Our findings are consistent with alpha oscillations reflecting visual inattention, which can modulate memory, and with theta oscillations supporting recognition memory in ways that complement the most commonly studied ERPs.
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171
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Kong W, Zhou Z, Jiang B, Babiloni F, Borghini G. Assessment of driving fatigue based on intra/inter-region phase synchronization. Neurocomputing 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2016.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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172
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Alahmadi N, Evdokimov SA, Kropotov YJ, Müller AM, Jäncke L. Different Resting State EEG Features in Children from Switzerland and Saudi Arabia. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:559. [PMID: 27853430 PMCID: PMC5089970 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cultural neuroscience is an emerging research field concerned with studying the influences of different cultures on brain anatomy and function. In this study, we examined whether different cultural or genetic influences might influence the resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) in young children (mean age 10 years) from Switzerland and Saudi Arabia. Methods: Resting state EEG recordings were obtained from relatively large groups of healthy children (95 healthy Swiss children and 102 Saudi Arabian children). These EEG data were analyzed using group independent components analyses (gICA) and conventional analyses of spectral data, together with estimations of the underlying intracortical sources, using LORETA software. Results: We identified many similarities, but also some substantial differences with respect to the resting state EEG data. For Swiss children, we found stronger delta band power values in mesial frontal areas and stronger power values in three out of four frequency bands in occipital areas. For Saudi Arabian children, we uncovered stronger alpha band power over the sensorimotor cortex. The additionally measured theta/beta ratio (TBR) was similar for Swiss and Saudi Arabian children. Conclusions: The different EEG resting state features identified, are discussed in the context of different cultural experiences and possible genetic influences. In addition, we emphasize the importance of using appropriate EEG databases when comparing resting state EEG features between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsreen Alahmadi
- Department of Special Education, Institute of Higher Education Studies, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergey A Evdokimov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury Juri Kropotov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Lutz Jäncke
- Department of Special Education, Institute of Higher Education Studies, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neuropsychology, Psychological Institute, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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173
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Cohen SS, Parra LC. Memorable Audiovisual Narratives Synchronize Sensory and Supramodal Neural Responses. eNeuro 2016; 3:ENEURO.0203-16.2016. [PMID: 27844062 PMCID: PMC5103161 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0203-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brains integrate information across sensory modalities to generate perceptual experiences and form memories. However, it is difficult to determine the conditions under which multisensory stimulation will benefit or hinder the retrieval of everyday experiences. We hypothesized that the determining factor is the reliability of information processing during stimulus presentation, which can be measured through intersubject correlation of stimulus-evoked activity. We therefore presented biographical auditory narratives and visual animations to 72 human subjects visually, auditorily, or combined, while neural activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Memory for the narrated information, contained in the auditory stream, was tested 3 weeks later. While the visual stimulus alone led to no meaningful retrieval, this related stimulus improved memory when it was combined with the story, even when it was temporally incongruent with the audio. Further, individuals with better subsequent memory elicited neural responses during encoding that were more correlated with their peers. Surprisingly, portions of this predictive synchronized activity were present regardless of the sensory modality of the stimulus. These data suggest that the strength of sensory and supramodal activity is predictive of memory performance after 3 weeks, and that neural synchrony may explain the mnemonic benefit of the functionally uninformative visual context observed for these real-world stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Lucas C. Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
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174
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Notbohm A, Herrmann CS. Flicker Regularity Is Crucial for Entrainment of Alpha Oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:503. [PMID: 27790105 PMCID: PMC5061822 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that alpha oscillations (8–13 Hz) in human electroencephalogram (EEG) modulate perception via phase-dependent inhibition. If entrained to an external driving force, inhibition maxima and minima of the oscillation appear more distinct in time and make potential phase-dependent perception predictable. There is an ongoing debate about whether visual stimulation is suitable to entrain alpha oscillations. On the one hand, it has been argued that a series of light flashes results in transient event-related responses (ERPs) superimposed on the ongoing EEG. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that alpha oscillations become entrained to a series of light flashes if they are presented at a certain temporal regularity. This raises the question under which circumstances a sequence of light flashes causes entrainment, i.e., whether an arrhythmic stream of light flashes would also result in entrainment. Here, we measured detection rates in response to visual targets at two opposing stimulation phases during rhythmic and arrhythmic light stimulation. We introduce a new measure called “behavioral modulation depth” to determine differences in perception. This measure is capable of correcting for inevitable artifacts that occur in visual detection tasks during visual stimulation. The physical concept of entrainment predicts that increased stimulation intensity should produce stronger entrainment. Thus, two experiments with medium (Experiment 1) and high (Experiment 2) stimulation intensity were performed. Data from the first experiment show that the behavioral modulation depth (alpha phase-dependent differences in detection threshold) increases with increasing entrainment of alpha oscillations. Furthermore, individual alpha phase delays of entrained alpha oscillations determine the behavioral modulation depth: the largest behavioral modulation depth can be found if targets presented during the minimum of the entrained oscillation are compared to those presented during the maximum. In the second experiment stimulation with higher light intensity during both rhythmic and arrhythmic stimulation lead to an increased behavioral modulation depth, supposedly as a consequence of stronger entrainment during rhythmic stimulation. Altogether, our results reveal evidence for rhythmic and arrhythmic visual stimulation to induce fundamentally different processes in the brain: we suggest that rhythmic but not arrhythmic stimulation interacts with ongoing alpha oscillations via entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Notbohm
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence 'Hearing4all', European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence 'Hearing4all', European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburg, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburg, Germany
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175
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van Bochove ME, Ketel E, Wischnewski M, Wegman J, Aarts E, de Jonge B, Medendorp WP, Schutter DJLG. Posterior resting state EEG asymmetries are associated with hedonic valuation of food. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 110:40-46. [PMID: 27729231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Research on the hedonic value of food has been important in understanding the motivational and emotional correlates of normal and abnormal eating behaviour. The aim of the present study was to explore associations between hemispheric asymmetries recorded during resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) and hedonic valuation of food. Healthy adult volunteers were recruited and four minutes of resting state EEG were recorded from the scalp. Hedonic food valuation and reward sensitivity were assessed with the hedonic attitude to food and behavioural activation scale. Results showed that parieto-occipital resting state EEG asymmetries in the alpha (8-12Hz) and beta (13-30Hz) frequency range correlate with the hedonic valuation of food. Our findings suggest that self-reported sensory-related attitude towards food is associated with interhemispheric asymmetries in resting state oscillatory activity. Our findings contribute to understanding the electrophysiological correlates of hedonic valuation, and may provide an opportunity to modulate the cortical imbalance by using non-invasive brain stimulation methods to change food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E van Bochove
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva Ketel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands
| | - Miles Wischnewski
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Wegman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Aarts
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands
| | | | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands
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176
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Albu S, Meagher MW. Expectation of nocebo hyperalgesia affects EEG alpha-activity. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 109:147-152. [PMID: 27562424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in EEG activity have been related to clinical and experimental pain. Expectation of a negative outcome can lead to pain enhancement (nocebo hyperalgesia) and can alter the response to therapeutic interventions. The present study characterizes EEG alteration related to pain facilitation by nocebo. Thirty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to the nocebo or control group. Five-minute EEG was recorded under: resting state, tonic innocuous heat and tonic noxious heat before and after the application of a sham inert cream to the non-dominant volar forearm combined with cognitive manipulation. The intensity and unpleasantness of heat-induced pain increased after cognitive manipulation in the nocebo group compared to control and was associated with enhanced low alpha (8-10Hz) activity. However, changes in alpha activity were predicted by catastrophizing but not by pain intensity or unpleasantness, which suggest that low alpha power might reflect brain activity related to negative cognitive-affective responses to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Albu
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, United States.
| | - Mary W Meagher
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, United States
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177
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Alpha oscillations and their impairment in affective and post-traumatic stress disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:794-815. [PMID: 27435239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Affective and anxiety disorders are debilitating conditions characterized by impairments in cognitive and social functioning. Elucidating their neural underpinnings may assist in improving diagnosis and developing targeted interventions. Neural oscillations are fundamental for brain functioning. Specifically, oscillations in the alpha frequency range (alpha rhythms) are prevalent in the awake, conscious brain and play an important role in supporting perceptual, cognitive, and social processes. We review studies utilizing various alpha power measurements to assess abnormalities in brain functioning in affective and anxiety disorders as well as obsessive compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders. Despite some inconsistencies, studies demonstrate associations between aberrant alpha patterns and these disorders both in response to specific cognitive and emotional tasks and during a resting state. We conclude by discussing methodological considerations and future directions, and underscore the need for much further research on the role of alpha functionality in social contexts. As social dysfunction accompanies most psychiatric conditions, research on alpha's involvement in social processes may provide a unique window into the neural mechanisms underlying these disorders.
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178
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Kaiser AK, Doppelmayr M, Iglseder B. Electroencephalogram alpha asymmetry in geriatric depression : Valid or vanished? Z Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 51:200-205. [PMID: 27422260 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-016-1108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A correlation between asymmetry in electroencephalographs (EEG) and depression has been demonstrated in many studies. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies including oldest old geriatric patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate whether frontal and parietal alpha asymmetry can be used to differentiate between depressed and control patients in a cohort sample with a mean age of 80 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS Differences in the EEG were investigated in 39 right-handed female geriatric patients (mean age 80 years) with respect to frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) and parietal alpha asymmetry (PAA) in depression (n = 14), depression combined with anxiety (n = 11) and normal controls (n = 14) as assessed with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Band power was calculated for alpha 1 (6.9-8.9 Hz), alpha 2 (8.9-10.9 Hz) and alpha 3 bands (10.9-12.9 Hz). Furthermore, correlations between frontal and parietal alpha asymmetry and the geriatric depression scale (GDS), the HADS and the mini mental state examination (MMSE) were calculated. RESULTS A differentiation between the three groups was not possible with FAA and PAA. Significant correlations were found between PAA alpha 3 band and anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION The alpha asymmetry in EEG seemed to disappear with age. Correlations between PAA and anxiety and depression were found. The results are in line with the right (hemisphere) hemi-aging hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas K Kaiser
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Salzburger Landeskliniken Betriebs GesmbH, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich. .,Department of Clinical Psychology, Salzburger Landeskliniken Betriebs GesmbH, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Österreich.
| | - Michael Doppelmayr
- Department for Sport Sciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland.,Center for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Österreich
| | - Bernhard Iglseder
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Salzburger Landeskliniken Betriebs GesmbH, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich
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179
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Hsueh J, Chen T, Chen J, Shaw F. Neurofeedback training of EEG alpha rhythm enhances episodic and working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2662-75. [PMID: 27038114 PMCID: PMC6867560 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback training (NFT) of the alpha rhythm has been used for several decades but is still controversial in regards to its trainability and effects on working memory. Alpha rhythm of the frontoparietal region are associated with either the intelligence or memory of healthy subjects and are also related to pathological states. In this study, alpha NFT effects on memory performances were explored. Fifty healthy participants were recruited and randomly assigned into a group receiving a 8-12-Hz amplitude (Alpha) or a group receiving a random 4-Hz amplitude from the range of 7 to 20 Hz (Ctrl). Three NFT sessions per week were conducted for 4 weeks. Working memory was assessed by both a backward digit span task and an operation span task, and episodic memory was assessed using a word pair task. Four questionnaires were used to assess anxiety, depression, insomnia, and cognitive function. The Ctrl group had no change in alpha amplitude and duration. In contrast, the Alpha group showed a progressive significant increase in the alpha amplitude and total alpha duration of the frontoparietal region. Accuracies of both working and episodic memories were significantly improved in a large proportion of participants of the Alpha group, particularly for those with remarkable alpha-amplitude increases. Scores of four questionnaires fell in a normal range before and after NFT. The current study provided supporting evidence for alpha trainability within a small session number compared with that of therapy. The findings suggested the enhancement of working and episodic memory through alpha NFT. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2662-2675, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen‐Jui Hsueh
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Shan Chen
- Department of PsychologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Jia‐Jin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Fu‐Zen Shaw
- Department of PsychologyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Mind Research and Imaging CenterNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
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180
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Bing-Canar H, Pizzuto J, Compton RJ. Mindfulness-of-breathing exercise modulates EEG alpha activity during cognitive performance. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1366-76. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaan Bing-Canar
- Department of Psychology; Haverford College; Haverford Pennsylvania USA
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181
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Doesburg SM, Bedo N, Ward LM. Top-down alpha oscillatory network interactions during visuospatial attention orienting. Neuroimage 2016; 132:512-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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182
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Rogenmoser L, Zollinger N, Elmer S, Jäncke L. Independent component processes underlying emotions during natural music listening. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1428-39. [PMID: 27217116 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the brain processes underlying emotions during natural music listening. To address this, we recorded high-density electroencephalography (EEG) from 22 subjects while presenting a set of individually matched whole musical excerpts varying in valence and arousal. Independent component analysis was applied to decompose the EEG data into functionally distinct brain processes. A k-means cluster analysis calculated on the basis of a combination of spatial (scalp topography and dipole location mapped onto the Montreal Neurological Institute brain template) and functional (spectra) characteristics revealed 10 clusters referring to brain areas typically involved in music and emotion processing, namely in the proximity of thalamic-limbic and orbitofrontal regions as well as at frontal, fronto-parietal, parietal, parieto-occipital, temporo-occipital and occipital areas. This analysis revealed that arousal was associated with a suppression of power in the alpha frequency range. On the other hand, valence was associated with an increase in theta frequency power in response to excerpts inducing happiness compared to sadness. These findings are partly compatible with the model proposed by Heller, arguing that the frontal lobe is involved in modulating valenced experiences (the left frontal hemisphere for positive emotions) whereas the right parieto-temporal region contributes to the emotional arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rogenmoser
- Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 02215, Boston, MA, USA Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Zollinger
- Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Elmer
- Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- Division of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland University Research Priority Program (URPP) "Dynamic of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Special Education, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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183
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ToTCompute: A Novel EEG-Based TimeOnTask Threshold Computation Mechanism for Engagement Modelling and Monitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40593-016-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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184
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Ki JJ, Kelly SP, Parra LC. Attention Strongly Modulates Reliability of Neural Responses to Naturalistic Narrative Stimuli. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3092-101. [PMID: 26961961 PMCID: PMC6601758 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2942-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional engagement is a major determinant of how effectively we gather information through our senses. Alongside the sheer growth in the amount and variety of information content that we are presented with through modern media, there is increased variability in the degree to which we "absorb" that information. Traditional research on attention has illuminated the basic principles of sensory selection to isolated features or locations, but it provides little insight into the neural underpinnings of our attentional engagement with modern naturalistic content. Here, we show in human subjects that the reliability of an individual's neural responses with respect to a larger group provides a highly robust index of the level of attentional engagement with a naturalistic narrative stimulus. Specifically, fast electroencephalographic evoked responses were more strongly correlated across subjects when naturally attending to auditory or audiovisual narratives than when attention was directed inward to a mental arithmetic task during stimulus presentation. This effect was strongest for audiovisual stimuli with a cohesive narrative and greatly reduced for speech stimuli lacking meaning. For compelling audiovisual narratives, the effect is remarkably strong, allowing perfect discrimination between attentional state across individuals. Control experiments rule out possible confounds related to altered eye movement trajectories or order of presentation. We conclude that reliability of evoked activity reproduced across subjects viewing the same movie is highly sensitive to the attentional state of the viewer and listener, which is aided by a cohesive narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Ki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, and
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, and
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185
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Reflection enhances creativity: Beneficial effects of idea evaluation on idea generation. Brain Cogn 2016; 103:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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186
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Silva G, Ribeiro MJ, Costa GN, Violante I, Ramos F, Saraiva J, Castelo-Branco M. Peripheral Attentional Targets under Covert Attention Lead to Paradoxically Enhanced Alpha Desynchronization in Neurofibromatosis Type 1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148600. [PMID: 26881921 PMCID: PMC4755663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited capacity of the human brain to process the full extent of visual information reaching the visual cortex requires the recruitment of mechanisms of information selection through attention. Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1) is a neurodevelopmental disease often exhibiting attentional deficits and learning disabilities, and is considered to model similar impairments common in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. In a previous study, we found that patients with NF1 are more prone to miss targets under overt attention conditions. This finding was interpreted as a result of increased occipito-parietal alpha oscillations. In the present study, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to study alpha power modulations and the performance of patients with NF1 in a covert attention task. Covert attention was required in order to perceive changes (target offset) of a peripherally presented stimulus. Interestingly, alpha oscillations were found to undergo greater desynchronization under this task in the NF1 group compared with control subjects. A similar pattern of desynchronization was found for beta frequencies while no changes in gamma oscillations could be identified. These results are consistent with the notion that different attentional states and task demands generate different patterns of abnormal modulation of alpha oscillatory processes in NF1. Under covert attention conditions and while target offset was reported with relatively high accuracy (over 90% correct responses), excessive desynchronization was found. These findings suggest an abnormal modulation of oscillatory activity and attentional processes in NF1. Given the known role of alpha in modulating attention, we suggest that alpha patterns can show both abnormal increases and decreases that are task and performance dependent, in a way that enhanced alpha desynchronization may reflect a compensatory mechanism to keep performance at normal levels. These results suggest that dysregulation of alpha oscillations may occur in NF1 both in terms of excessive or diminished activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Silva
- ICNAS – Brain Imaging Network of Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ribeiro
- IBILI – Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriel N. Costa
- ICNAS – Brain Imaging Network of Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal
- IBILI – Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Violante
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, The Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiana Ramos
- Medical Genetics Department, Pediatric Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Saraiva
- Medical Genetics Department, Pediatric Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- ICNAS – Brain Imaging Network of Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal
- IBILI – Institute for Biomedical Imaging in Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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187
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Villena-González M, López V, Rodríguez E. Orienting attention to visual or verbal/auditory imagery differentially impairs the processing of visual stimuli. Neuroimage 2016; 132:71-78. [PMID: 26876471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When attention is oriented toward inner thoughts, as spontaneously occurs during mind wandering, the processing of external information is attenuated. However, the potential effects of thought's content regarding sensory attenuation are still unknown. The present study aims to assess if the representational format of thoughts, such as visual imagery or inner speech, might differentially affect the sensory processing of external stimuli. We recorded the brain activity of 20 participants (12 women) while they were exposed to a probe visual stimulus in three different conditions: executing a task on the visual probe (externally oriented attention), and two conditions involving inward-turned attention i.e. generating inner speech and performing visual imagery. Event-related potentials results showed that the P1 amplitude, related with sensory response, was significantly attenuated during both task involving inward attention compared with external task. When both representational formats were compared, the visual imagery condition showed stronger attenuation in sensory processing than inner speech condition. Alpha power in visual areas was measured as an index of cortical inhibition. Larger alpha amplitude was found when participants engaged in an internal thought contrasted with the external task, with visual imagery showing even more alpha power than inner speech condition. Our results show, for the first time to our knowledge, that visual attentional processing to external stimuli during self-generated thoughts is differentially affected by the representational format of the ongoing train of thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Villena-González
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago CP 7820436, Chile
| | - Vladimir López
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago CP 7820436, Chile
| | - Eugenio Rodríguez
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago CP 7820436, Chile.
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188
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Wang C, Rajagovindan R, Han SM, Ding M. Top-Down Control of Visual Alpha Oscillations: Sources of Control Signals and Their Mechanisms of Action. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:15. [PMID: 26834601 PMCID: PMC4718979 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) are thought to inversely correlate with cortical excitability. Goal-oriented modulation of alpha has been studied extensively. In visual spatial attention, alpha over the region of visual cortex corresponding to the attended location decreases, signifying increased excitability to facilitate the processing of impending stimuli. In contrast, in retention of verbal working memory, alpha over visual cortex increases, signifying decreased excitability to gate out stimulus input to protect the information held online from sensory interference. According to the prevailing model, this goal-oriented biasing of sensory cortex is effected by top-down control signals from frontal and parietal cortices. The present study tests and substantiates this hypothesis by (a) identifying the signals that mediate the top-down biasing influence, (b) examining whether the cortical areas issuing these signals are task-specific or task-independent, and (c) establishing the possible mechanism of the biasing action. High-density human EEG data were recorded in two experimental paradigms: a trial-by-trial cued visual spatial attention task and a modified Sternberg working memory task. Applying Granger causality to both sensor-level and source-level data we report the following findings. In covert visual spatial attention, the regions exerting top-down control over visual activity are lateralized to the right hemisphere, with the dipoles located at the right frontal eye field (FEF) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) being the main sources of top-down influences. During retention of verbal working memory, the regions exerting top-down control over visual activity are lateralized to the left hemisphere, with the dipoles located at the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) being the main source of top-down influences. In both experiments, top-down influences are mediated by alpha oscillations, and the biasing effect is likely achieved via an inhibition-disinhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajasimhan Rajagovindan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sahng-Min Han
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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189
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Kimura K, Chitose R, Yokosawa K. Alpha-band Amplitude During Memory Encoding Is an Index of Memory Performance. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.5.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryota Chitose
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University
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190
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Experienced stress produces inhibitory deficits in old adults' Flanker task performance: First evidence for lifetime stress effects beyond memory. Biol Psychol 2015; 113:1-11. [PMID: 26542527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies regarding aged individuals' performance on the Flanker task differ with respect to reporting impaired or intact executive control. Past work has explained this discrepancy by hypothesising that elderly individuals use increased top-down control mechanisms advantageous to Flanker performance. This study investigated this mechanism, focussing on cumulative experienced stress as a factor that may impact on its execution, thereby leading to impaired performance. Thirty elderly and thirty young participants completed a version of the Flanker task paired with electroencephalographic recordings of the alpha frequency, whose increased synchronisation indexes inhibitory processes. Among high stress elderly individuals, findings revealed a general slowing of reaction times for congruent and incongruent stimuli, which correlated with alpha desynchronisation for both stimulus categories. Results found high performing (low stress) elderly revealed neither a behavioural nor electrophysiological difference compared to young participants. Therefore, rather than impacting on top-down compensatory mechanisms, findings indicate that stress may affect elderly participants' inhibitory control in attentional and sensorimotor domains.
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191
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Bönstrup M, Hagemann J, Gerloff C, Sauseng P, Hummel FC. Alpha oscillatory correlates of motor inhibition in the aged brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:193. [PMID: 26528179 PMCID: PMC4602091 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exerting inhibitory control is a cognitive ability mediated by functions known to decline with age. The goal of this study is to add to the mechanistic understanding of cortical inhibition during motor control in aged brains. Based on behavioral findings of impaired inhibitory control with age we hypothesized that elderly will show a reduced or a lack of EEG alpha-power increase during tasks that require motor inhibition. Since inhibitory control over movements has been shown to rely on prior motor memory formation, we investigated cortical inhibitory processes at two points in time—early after learning and after an overnight consolidation phase and hypothesized an overnight increase of inhibitory capacities. Young and elderly participants acquired a complex finger movement sequence and in each experimental session brain activity during execution and inhibition of the sequence was recorded with multi-channel EEG. We assessed cortical processes of sustained inhibition by means of task-induced changes of alpha oscillatory power. During inhibition of the learned movement, young participants showed a significant alpha power increase at the sensorimotor cortices whereas elderly did not. Interestingly, for both groups, the overnight consolidation phase improved up-regulation of alpha power during sustained inhibition. This points to deficits in the generation and enhancement of local inhibitory mechanisms at the sensorimotor cortices in aged brains. However, the alpha power increase in both groups implies neuroplastic changes that strengthen the network of alpha power generation over time in young as well as elderly brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Bönstrup
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hagemann
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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192
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Toward a model-based cognitive neuroscience of mind wandering. Neuroscience 2015; 310:290-305. [PMID: 26427961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
People often "mind wander" during everyday tasks, temporarily losing track of time, place, or current task goals. In laboratory-based tasks, mind wandering is often associated with performance decrements in behavioral variables and changes in neural recordings. Such empirical associations provide descriptive accounts of mind wandering - how it affects ongoing task performance - but fail to provide true explanatory accounts - why it affects task performance. In this perspectives paper, we consider mind wandering as a neural state or process that affects the parameters of quantitative cognitive process models, which in turn affect observed behavioral performance. Our approach thus uses cognitive process models to bridge the explanatory divide between neural and behavioral data. We provide an overview of two general frameworks for developing a model-based cognitive neuroscience of mind wandering. The first approach uses neural data to segment observed performance into a discrete mixture of latent task-related and task-unrelated states, and the second regresses single-trial measures of neural activity onto structured trial-by-trial variation in the parameters of cognitive process models. We discuss the relative merits of the two approaches, and the research questions they can answer, and highlight that both approaches allow neural data to provide additional constraint on the parameters of cognitive models, which will lead to a more precise account of the effect of mind wandering on brain and behavior. We conclude by summarizing prospects for mind wandering as conceived within a model-based cognitive neuroscience framework, highlighting the opportunities for its continued study and the benefits that arise from using well-developed quantitative techniques to study abstract theoretical constructs.
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193
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Electrophysiological CNS-processes related to associative learning in humans. Behav Brain Res 2015; 296:211-232. [PMID: 26367470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neurophysiology of human associative memory has been studied with electroencephalographic techniques since the 1930s. This research has revealed that different types of electrophysiological processes in the human brain can be modified by conditioning: sensory evoked potentials, sensory induced gamma-band activity, periods of frequency-specific waves (alpha and beta waves, the sensorimotor rhythm and the mu-rhythm) and slow cortical potentials. Conditioning of these processes has been studied in experiments that either use operant conditioning or repeated contingent pairings of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (classical conditioning). In operant conditioning, the appearance of a specific brain process is paired with an external stimulus (neurofeedback) and the feedback enables subjects to obtain varying degrees of control of the CNS-process. Such acquired self-regulation of brain activity has found practical uses for instance in the amelioration of epileptic seizures, Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It has also provided communicative means of assistance for tetraplegic patients through the use of brain computer interfaces. Both extra and intracortically recorded signals have been coupled with contingent external feedback. It is the aim for this review to summarize essential results on all types of electromagnetic brain processes that have been modified by classical or operant conditioning. The results are organized according to type of conditioned EEG-process, type of conditioning, and sensory modalities of the conditioning stimuli.
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194
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Abstract
The beneficial effects of placebo treatments on fear and anxiety (placebo anxiolysis) are well known from clinical practice, and there is strong evidence indicating a contribution of treatment expectations to the efficacy of anxiolytic drugs. Although clinically highly relevant, the neural mechanisms underlying placebo anxiolysis are poorly understood. In two studies in humans, we tested whether the administration of an inactive treatment along with verbal suggestions of anxiolysis can attenuate experimentally induced states of phasic fear and/or sustained anxiety. Phasic fear is the response to a well defined threat and includes attentional focusing on the source of threat and concomitant phasic increases of autonomic arousal, whereas in sustained states of anxiety potential and unclear danger requires vigilant scanning of the environment and elevated tonic arousal levels. Our placebo manipulation consistently reduced vigilance measured in terms of undifferentiated reactivity to salient cues (indexed by subjective ratings, skin conductance responses and EEG event-related potentials) and tonic arousal [indexed by cue-unrelated skin conductance levels and enhanced EEG alpha (8-12 Hz) activity], indicating a downregulation of sustained anxiety rather than phasic fear. We also observed a placebo-dependent sustained increase of frontal midline EEG theta (4-7 Hz) power and frontoposterior theta coupling, suggesting the recruitment of frontally based cognitive control functions. Our results thus support the crucial role of treatment expectations in placebo anxiolysis and provide insight into the underlying neural mechanisms.
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195
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Jäncke L, Kühnis J, Rogenmoser L, Elmer S. Time course of EEG oscillations during repeated listening of a well-known aria. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:401. [PMID: 26257624 PMCID: PMC4507057 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While previous studies have analyzed mean neurophysiological responses to musical stimuli, the current study aimed to identify specific time courses of electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations, which are associated with dynamic changes in the acoustic features of the musical stimulus. In addition, we were interested in whether these time courses change during a repeated presentation of the same musical piece. A total of 16 subjects repeatedly listened to the well-known aria “Nessun dorma,” sung by Paul Potts, while continuous 128-channel EEG and heart rate, as well as electrodermal responses, were recorded. The time courses for the EEG oscillations were calculated using a time resolution of 1 second for several frequency bands, on the basis of individual alpha-peak frequencies (theta, low alpha-1, low alpha-2, upper alpha, and beta). For all frequency bands, we identified a more or less continuous increase in power relative to a baseline period, indicating strong event-related synchronization (ERS) during music listening. The ERS time courses, however, did not correlate strongly with the time courses of the acoustic features of the aria. In addition, we did not observe changes in EEG oscillations after repeated presentation of the same musical piece. Aside from this distinctive feature, we identified a remarkable variability in EEG oscillations, both within and between the repeated presentations of the aria. We interpret the continuous increase in ERS observed in all frequency bands during music listening as an indicator of a particular neurophysiological and psychological state evoked by music listening. We suggest that this state is characterized by increased internal attention (accompanied by reduced external attention), increased inhibition of brain networks not involved in the generation of this internal state, the maintenance of a particular level of general alertness, and a type of brain state that can be described as “mind wandering.” The overall state can be categorized as a psychological process that may be seen as a “drawing in” to the musical piece. However, this state is not stable and varies considerably throughout the music listening session and across subjects. Most important, however, is the finding that the neurophysiological activations occurring during music listening are dynamic and not stationary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Jäncke
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland ; International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland ; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland ; University Research Priority Program, Dynamic of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland ; Department of Special Education, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Jürg Kühnis
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lars Rogenmoser
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland ; Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Stefan Elmer
- Division Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
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196
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Mayer A, Schwiedrzik CM, Wibral M, Singer W, Melloni L. Expecting to See a Letter: Alpha Oscillations as Carriers of Top-Down Sensory Predictions. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3146-60. [PMID: 26142463 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictions strongly influence perception. However, the neurophysiological processes that implement predictions remain underexplored. It has been proposed that high- and low-frequency neuronal oscillations act as carriers of sensory evidence and top-down predictions, respectively (von Stein and Sarnthein 2000; Bastos et al. 2012). However, evidence for the latter hypothesis remains scarce. In particular, it remains to be shown whether slow prestimulus alpha oscillations in task-relevant brain regions are stronger in the presence of predictions, whether they influence early categorization processes, and whether this interplay indeed boosts perception. Here, we directly address these questions by manipulating subjects' prior expectations about the identity of visually presented letters while collecting magnetoencephalographic recordings. We find that predictions lead to increased prestimulus alpha oscillations in a multisensory network representing grapheme/phoneme associations. Furthermore, alpha power interacts with stimulus degradation and top-down expectations to predict visibility ratings, and correlates with the amplitude of early sensory components (P1/N1m complex), suggesting a role in the selective amplification of predicted information. Our results thus indicate that low-frequency alpha oscillations can serve as a mechanism to carry and test sensory predictions about letters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mayer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wibral
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf Singer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucia Melloni
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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197
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Kemmer PB, Guo Y, Wang Y, Pagnoni G. Network-based characterization of brain functional connectivity in Zen practitioners. Front Psychol 2015; 6:603. [PMID: 26029141 PMCID: PMC4428224 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a number of neuroimaging studies have investigated the neurophysiological effects associated with contemplative practices. Meditation-related changes in resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) have been previously reported, particularly in the default mode network, frontoparietal attentional circuits, saliency-related regions, and primary sensory cortices. We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a sample of 12 experienced Zen meditators and 12 meditation-naïve matched controls during a basic attention-to-breathing protocol, together with behavioral performance outside the scanner on a set of computerized neuropsychological tests. We adopted a network system of 209 nodes, classified into nine functional modules, and a multi-stage approach to identify rsFC differences in meditators and controls. Between-group comparisons of modulewise FC, summarized by the first principal component of the relevant set of edges, revealed important connections of frontoparietal circuits with early visual and executive control areas. We also identified several group differences in positive and negative edgewise FC, often involving the visual, or frontoparietal regions. Multivariate pattern analysis of modulewise FC, using support vector machine (SVM), classified meditators, and controls with 79% accuracy and selected 10 modulewise connections that were jointly prominent in distinguishing meditators and controls; a similar SVM procedure based on the subjects’ scores on the neuropsychological battery yielded a slightly weaker accuracy (75%). Finally, we observed a good correlation between the across-subject variation in strength of modulewise connections among frontoparietal, executive, and visual circuits, on the one hand, and in the performance on a rapid visual information processing test of sustained attention, on the other. Taken together, these findings highlight the usefulness of employing network analysis techniques in investigating the neural correlates of contemplative practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phebe B Kemmer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yikai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pagnoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
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198
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Malik AS, Khairuddin RNHR, Amin HU, Smith ML, Kamel N, Abdullah JM, Fawzy SM, Shim S. EEG based evaluation of stereoscopic 3D displays for viewer discomfort. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:21. [PMID: 25886584 PMCID: PMC4359762 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumer preference is rapidly changing from 2D to 3D movies due to the sensational effects of 3D scenes, like those in Avatar and The Hobbit. Two 3D viewing technologies are available: active shutter glasses and passive polarized glasses. However, there are consistent reports of discomfort while viewing in 3D mode where the discomfort may refer to dizziness, headaches, nausea or simply not being able to see in 3D continuously. METHODS In this paper, we propose a theory that 3D technology which projects the two images (required for 3D perception) alternatively, cannot provide true 3D visual experience while the 3D technology projecting the two images simultaneously is closest to the human visual system for depth perception. Then we validate our theory by conducting experiments with 40 subjects and analyzing the EEG results of viewing 3D movie clips with passive polarized glasses while the images are projected simultaneously compared to 2D viewing. In addition, subjective feedback of the subjects was also collected and analyzed. RESULTS A higher theta and alpha band absolute power is observed across various areas including the occipital lobe for 3D viewing. We also found that the complexity of the signal, e.g. variations in EEG samples over time, increases in 3D as compared to 2D. Various results conclude that working memory, as well as, attention is increased in 3D viewing because of the processing of more data in 3D as compared to 2D. From subjective feedback analysis, 75% of subjects felt comfortable with 3D passive polarized while 25% preferred 3D active shutter technology. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 3D passive polarized technology provides more comfortable visualization than 3D active shutter technology. Overall, 3D viewing is more attractive than 2D due to stereopsis which may cause of high attention and involvement of working memory manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Saeed Malik
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Raja Nur Hamizah Raja Khairuddin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Hafeez Ullah Amin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | | | - Nidal Kamel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Centre for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. .,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Samar Mohammad Fawzy
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Seongo Shim
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, North Branch, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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199
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Action observation and motor imagery in performance of complex movements: Evidence from EEG and kinematics analysis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:290-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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200
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Cohen N, Pell L, Edelson MG, Ben-Yakov A, Pine A, Dudai Y. Peri-encoding predictors of memory encoding and consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:128-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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